DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Water Management in the Fitzroy River Valley Information Availability, Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Water Management in the Fitzroy River Valley Information Availability, Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs Environmental Water Management in the Fitzroy River Valley Information availability, knowledge gaps and research needs Bradley J. Pusey The University of Western Australia & Jarrod Kath Western Australian Department of Water i Executive Summary The Fitzroy River is the largest river in the Kimberley region of Western Australia and contains significant biological, conservation and geoheritage values. Socio/cultural values, especially Indigenous values, are significant also but are not considered here. Current land use is dominated by rangeland grazing and very limited irrigated agriculture. The water resources of the basin are significant and potentially available for expanded agricultural development but the impact on the environment of increased water use, especially of groundwater is largely unknown. The current report addresses the availability of information that could be used to guide the formation and implementation of management strategies aimed at maintaining existing values. Currently available information useful in this regard is highly limited. Moreover, available information was found to be rarely in a form (i.e. quantitative relationships between flow and environmental factors) that would enable a full assessment of the impacts of different water resource use scenarios to be undertaken. Similarly, there is limited information that could provide the basis for ongoing assessment (i.e. monitoring) of the efficacy of any imposed water management strategies. Significant knowledge gaps were identified relating to five major themes: 1. The nature of aquatic habitats in the basin and their relationship to the flow regime and groundwater and including identity, extent and distribution, connectivity and conservation value; 2. Responses of riparian, floodplain and groundwater dependent vegetation to changes in water regime; 3. Responses of individual biotic elements and assemblages to changes in water regime and habitat structure and ecological interactions between elements and within assemblages; 4. The nature of the foodweb sustaining assemblages in different water bodies and its relationship to the flow regime, habitat structure and dependency on ground water inputs during the dry season; and 5. The absence of information concerning interactions between flow dependent phenomena and other non-flow related factors that may either exacerbate flow related impacts or obscure changes in environmental values in response to water regime change and thus lessen the capacity to evaluate the efficacy of environmental water management plans. A significant research effort is needed to address these knowledge deficiencies and recommendations as to the nature of required investigations are made. A total of 22 distinct and separate research projects is proposed. Nine of the 22 projects are short-term in nature and are designed to make use of existing data to determine whether such data can provide useful guidance or specific flow ecology relationships. Long-term projects, in contrast, are field based and designed to gather new information which can be synthesised to provide quantitative flow ecology relationships. Each addresses one or more of the themes detailed above. ii Table of contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Information related to flow/ecology relationships in the Fitzroy River ......................................... 4 3 Overview of the geomorphology, climate, hydrology and landuse of the Fitzroy River Valley ..... 7 3.1 Geomorphology ...................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Climate .................................................................................................................................... 7 3.3 Hydrology ................................................................................................................................ 7 3.4 Land use – grazing and cropping ........................................................................................... 10 3.5 Catchment disturbance and condition in the Fitzroy River Valley........................................ 12 3.6 Current water use ................................................................................................................. 13 3.7 Water quality ........................................................................................................................ 15 4 Potential future water resource use for agriculture ..................................................................... 16 4.1 Focus areas for increased water demand and potential water sources ............................... 16 4.2 Impacts of future water use on the hydrograph .................................................................. 16 5 Hydrosystems and Protected Areas in the Fitzroy River Valley .................................................... 17 5.1 Hydrosystem definition ......................................................................................................... 17 5.1.1 The Fitzroy River estuary and associated King Sound ................................................... 17 5.1.2 Riverine hydrosystem ................................................................................................... 19 5.1.3 Palustrine hydrosystems ............................................................................................... 20 5.1.4 Subterranean hydrosystems ......................................................................................... 21 5.1.5 Artificial ......................................................................................................................... 21 5.2 Protected areas ..................................................................................................................... 22 6 Water dependent assemblages and processes ............................................................................ 23 6.1 Riparian and floodplain vegetation ....................................................................................... 23 6.1.1 Identifying the distribution of high value riparian and floodplain vegetation (including mapping of groundwater dependent communities) .................................................................... 23 6.1.2 A special type of riparian vegetation - Groundwater dependent vegetation .............. 25 6.1.3 Valuing riparian and floodplain vegetation .................................................................. 29 6.1.4 Ground water requirements for riparian and floodplain vegetation in the Fitzroy River Valley ....................................................................................................................................... 31 6.1.5 The importance of floods and surface waters for riparian and floodplain vegetation . 32 6.1.6 Transferability of previous DoW riparian vegetation studies ....................................... 34 iii 6.2 Aquatic plants and periphyton.............................................................................................. 37 6.2.1 Aquatic plants ............................................................................................................... 38 6.2.2 Periphyton ..................................................................................................................... 38 6.2.3 Water resource development impacts on primary production. ................................... 39 6.3 Macroinvertebrates .............................................................................................................. 40 6.3.1 AUSRIVAS and similar condition assessments .............................................................. 40 6.3.2 Macroinvertebrates in the Pilbara ................................................................................ 41 6.3.3 Macroinvertebrates of human significance .................................................................. 44 6.4 Subterranean fauna .............................................................................................................. 45 6.5 Riverine Fishes ...................................................................................................................... 49 6.5.1 Distribution of freshwater fishes .................................................................................. 49 6.5.2 Estuarine fishes ............................................................................................................. 51 6.5.3 Elasmobranch fishes of high conservation significance ................................................ 52 6.5.4 Relationships between fish populations and surface or groundwater ......................... 53 6.5.5 Connectivity and movement ......................................................................................... 55 6.6 Amphibians and reptiles ....................................................................................................... 58 6.6.1 Frogs .............................................................................................................................. 58 6.6.2 Turtles ........................................................................................................................... 59 6.6.3 Crocodiles and monitor lizards ..................................................................................... 60 6.7 Birds .....................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Action Statement No.134
    Action statement No.134 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Yarra Pygmy Perch Nannoperca obscura © The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning 2015 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms, the Victorian Government logo and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Cover photo: Tarmo Raadik Compiled by: Daniel Stoessel ISBN: 978-1-74146-670-6 (pdf) Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. Accessibility If you would like to receive this publication in an alternative format, please telephone the DELWP Customer Service Centre on 136 186, email [email protected], or via the National Relay Service on 133 677, email www.relayservice.com.au. This document is also available on the internet at www.delwp.vic.gov.au Action Statement No. 134 Yarra Pygmy Perch Nannoperca obscura Description The Yarra Pygmy Perch (Nannoperca obscura) fragmented and characterised by moderate levels is a small perch-like member of the family of genetic differentiation between sites, implying Percichthyidae that attains a total length of 75 mm poor dispersal ability (Hammer et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Djugerari LP1 Amendment 1 Report
    Djugerari Layout Plan 1 Background Report December 2010 Date endorsed by WAPC Amendments Amendment 1 - September 2012 CONTENTS CONTACTS ...................................................................................................................................... I LIST OF ACRONYMS USED IN THIS REPORT .................................................................................... II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. III PREAMBLE ......................................................................................................................................... III DEVELOPMENT AT DJUGERARI ............................................................................................................. IV 1 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 LOCATION & PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY............................................................................................ 1 1.2 DJUGERARI CLIMATE .................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 HISTORY .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 CLP STATUS ............................................................................................................................... 3 2. EXISTING SITUATION ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Haemogregariny Parazitující U Želv Rodu Pelusios: Fylogenetické Vztahy, Morfologie a Hostitelská Specifita
    Haemogregariny parazitující u želv rodu Pelusios: fylogenetické vztahy, morfologie a hostitelská specifita Diplomová práce Bc. Aneta Maršíková Školitel: MVDr. Jana Kvičerová, Ph.D. Školitel specialista: doc. MVDr. Pavel Široký, Ph.D. České Budějovice 2016 Maršíková A., 2016: Haemogregariny parazitující u želv rodu Pelusios: fylogenetické vztahy, morfologie a hostitelská specifita. [Haemogregarines in Pelusios turtles: phylogenetic relationships, morphology, and host specificity, MSc. Thesis, in Czech] – 68 pp., Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Annotation: The study deals with phylogenetic relationships, morphology and host specificity of blood parasites Haemogregarina sp. infecting freswater turtles of the genus Pelusios from Africa. Results of phylogenetic analyses are also used for clarification of phylogenetic relationships between "haemogregarines sensu lato" and genus Haemogregarina. Prohlašuji, že svoji diplomovou práci jsem vypracovala samostatně pouze s použitím pramenů a literatury uvedených v seznamu citované literatury. Prohlašuji, že v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném znění souhlasím se zveřejněním své bakalářské práce, a to v nezkrácené podobě – v úpravě vzniklé vypuštěním vyznačených částí archivovaných Přírodovědeckou fakultou - elektronickou cestou ve veřejně přístupné části databáze STAG provozované Jihočeskou univerzitou v Českých Budějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách, a to se zachováním mého autorského práva k odevzdanému textu této kvalifikační práce. Souhlasím dále s tím, aby toutéž elektronickou cestou byly v souladu s uvedeným ustanovením zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. zveřejněny posudky školitele a oponentů práce i záznam o průběhu a výsledku obhajoby kvalifikační práce. Rovněž souhlasím s porovnáním textu mé kvalifikační práce s databází kvalifikačních prací Theses.cz provozovanou Národním registrem vysokoškolských kvalifikačních prací a systémem na odhalování plagiátů.
    [Show full text]
  • Mingalkala Layout Plan 1 Background Report
    Mingalkala Layout Plan 1 Background Report September 2005 Date endorsed by WAPC Amendments Amendment 1 - April 2013 Amendment 2 - August 2018 Amendment 3 - July 2020 MINGALKALA LAYOUT PLAN 1 Layout Plan 1 (LP1) was prepared during 2005 by Sinclair Knight Merz. LP1 has been endorsed by the resident community (25 July 2005), the Shire of Halls Creek (25 August 2005) and the Western Australian Planning Commission (WAPC) (27 September 2005). During the period April 2013 until August 2018 the WAPC endorsed 2 amendments to LP1. The endorsed amendments are listed in part 7 of this report. Both amendments were map-set changes, with no changes made to the background report. Consequently, the background report has become out-of-date, and in June 2020 it was updated as part of Amendment 3. The Amendment 3 background report update sought to keep all relevant information, while removing and replacing out-of-date references and data. All temporal references in the background report refer to the original date of preparation, unless otherwise specified. As part of the machinery of government (MOG) process, a new department incorporating the portfolios of Planning, Lands, Heritage and Aboriginal lands and heritage was established on 1st of July 2017 with a new department title, Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage. Since the majority of this report was finalised before this occurrence, the Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage will be referred to throughout the document. Other government departments mentioned throughout this document will be referred to by their department name prior to the 1st of July 2017. Mingalkala Layout Plan No.
    [Show full text]
  • Their Botany, Essential Oils and Uses 6.86 MB
    MELALEUCAS THEIR BOTANY, ESSENTIAL OILS AND USES Joseph J. Brophy, Lyndley A. Craven and John C. Doran MELALEUCAS THEIR BOTANY, ESSENTIAL OILS AND USES Joseph J. Brophy School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales Lyndley A. Craven Australian National Herbarium, CSIRO Plant Industry John C. Doran Australian Tree Seed Centre, CSIRO Plant Industry 2013 The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. ACIAR operates as part of Australia's international development cooperation program, with a mission to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems, for the benefit of developing countries and Australia. It commissions collaborative research between Australian and developing-country researchers in areas where Australia has special research competence. It also administers Australia's contribution to the International Agricultural Research Centres. Where trade names are used this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by ACIAR. ACIAR MONOGRAPH SERIES This series contains the results of original research supported by ACIAR, or material deemed relevant to ACIAR’s research and development objectives. The series is distributed internationally, with an emphasis on developing countries. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) 2013 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from ACIAR, GPO Box 1571, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia, [email protected] Brophy J.J., Craven L.A. and Doran J.C. 2013. Melaleucas: their botany, essential oils and uses. ACIAR Monograph No. 156. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra.
    [Show full text]
  • Register of Heritage Places - Assessment Documentation
    REGISTER OF HERITAGE PLACES - ASSESSMENT DOCUMENTATION HERITAGE COUNCIL OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA 11. ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE The criteria adopted by the Heritage Council in November, 1996 have been used to determine the cultural heritage significance of the place. 11. 1 AESTHETIC VALUE * -------------- 11. 2. HISTORIC VALUE The place is located on an early pastoral lease issued in the Kimberley region in 1883. (Criterion 2.1) The cave structures were established as a response to war time threat but were utilised later for educational purposes. (Criterion 2.2) The place is closely associated with the Emanuel family who pioneered the lease in 1883 and also held leases over Christmas Creek, Cherrabun and Meda. (Criterion 2.3) 11. 3. SCIENTIFIC VALUE --------------- 11. 4. SOCIAL VALUE Gogo Cave School contributed to the educational needs of the community and was reputedly the first school to be established on a cattle station in Western Australia. (Criterion 4.1) * For consistency, all references to architectural style are taken from Apperly, R., Irving, R., Reynolds, P., A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture: Styles and Terms from 1788 to the Present Angus & Robertson, North Ryde, 1989. Register of Heritage Places - Assessment Doc’n Gogo Homestead & Cave School 1 11/12/1998 12. DEGREE OF SIGNIFICANCE 12. 1. RARITY The use of man-made caves for educational purposes is unusual in the State. (Criterion 5.1) 12. 2 REPRESENTATIVENESS Gogo Homestead is representative of a north-west station plan, with centre core and surrounding verandahs. 12. 3 CONDITION Gogo Homestead is in good condition although the building requires general maintenance.
    [Show full text]
  • Demographic Consequences of Superabundance in Krefft's River
    i The comparative ecology of Krefft’s River Turtle Emydura krefftii in Tropical North Queensland. By Dane F. Trembath B.Sc. (Zoology) Applied Ecology Research Group University of Canberra ACT, 2601 Australia A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Applied Science (Resource Management). August 2005. ii Abstract An ecological study was undertaken on four populations of Krefft’s River Turtle Emydura krefftii inhabiting the Townsville Area of Tropical North Queensland. Two sites were located in the Ross River, which runs through the urban areas of Townsville, and two sites were in rural areas at Alligator Creek and Stuart Creek (known as the Townsville Creeks). Earlier studies of the populations in Ross River had determined that the turtles existed at an exceptionally high density, that is, they were superabundant, and so the Townsville Creek sites were chosen as low abundance sites for comparison. The first aim of this study was to determine if there had been any demographic consequences caused by the abundance of turtle populations of the Ross River. Secondly, the project aimed to determine if the impoundments in the Ross River had affected the freshwater turtle fauna. Specifically this study aimed to determine if there were any difference between the growth, size at maturity, sexual dimorphism, size distribution, and diet of Emydura krefftii inhabiting two very different populations. A mark-recapture program estimated the turtle population sizes at between 490 and 5350 turtles per hectare. Most populations exhibited a predominant female sex-bias over the sampling period. Growth rates were rapid in juveniles but slowed once sexual maturity was attained; in males, growth basically stopped at maturity, but in females, growth continued post-maturity, although at a slower rate.
    [Show full text]
  • Pasture Regeneration in East Kimberley
    Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 3 Volume 7 Number 1 January-February, 1958 Article 6 1-1958 Pasture regeneration in East Kimberley W. M. Nunn Follow this and additional works at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture3 Recommended Citation Nunn, W. M. (1958) "Pasture regeneration in East Kimberley," Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 3: Vol. 7 : No. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture3/vol7/iss1/6 This article is brought to you for free and open access by Research Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 3 by an authorized administrator of Research Library. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fig- 1.—Bare soil east of the Ord River. This particular patch extends 60 miles in a north-south direction, traversing sections of several East Kimberley stations PASTURE REGENERATION IN EAST KIMBERLEY By W. M. NUNN, B.Sc. (Agric), Officer-in-Charge, North-West Branch RIALS established by officers of the North-West Branch to demonstrate methods T of recovering eaten-out country under pastoral conditions, have met with con­ siderable success and have been described in earlier issues of the Journal. This article tells of two particular Kimberley station projects which are noteworthy for two very different reasons. 1.—ORD RIVER STATION These are rich black soils which should In the upper catchment area of the Ord recover well given a chance. The back River in East Kimberley and extending country in this region must have grass into the Northern Territory, are perhaps because the stations are still producing the worst and most extensive of the and the cattle still have the run of the bare areas which already are gullying northern areas subject to, or threatened quite severely in places.
    [Show full text]
  • Testudines: Chelidae) of Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia
    Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 134, 401–421. With 7 figures Electrophoretic delineation of species boundaries within the genus Chelodina (Testudines: Chelidae) of Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia ARTHUR GEORGES1*, MARK ADAMS2 and WILLIAM McCORD3 1Applied Ecology Research Group, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 2Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia 3East Fishkill Animal Hospital, 285 Rt 82, Hopewell Junction NY 12533, USA Received February 2001; revised and accepted for publication June 2001 A total of 281 specimens of long-necked chelid turtles (Chelodina) were obtained from drainages of Australia, Papua New Guinea and the island of Roti in Indonesia. Ten diagnosable taxa were identified using allozyme profiles at 45 presumptive loci. Chelodina expansa, C. parkeri, C. rugosa and C. burrungandjii are in a Group A clade, C. longi- collis, C. novaeguineae, C. steindachneri, C. pritchardi and C. mccordi are in a Group B clade, and C. oblonga is in a monotypic Group C clade, with each clade thought to represent a distinct subgenus. Chelodina siebenrocki is syn- onymised with C. rugosa. An eleventh taxon, C. reimanni, could not be distinguished from C. novaeguineae on the basis of allozyme profiles, but it is morphologically distinct. Its status is therefore worthy of further investigation. Three instances of natural hybridization were detected. Chelodina rugosa and C. novaeguineae hybridize in the Gulf country of Queensland, with evidence of backcrossing to C. novaeguineae. Chelodina longicollis and C. novaeguineae hybridize in central coastal Queensland, and C. rugosa and C. burrungandjii hybridize along their zone of contact in the plateau escarpment streams and pools.
    [Show full text]
  • Permit AU-COM2018-417-Young-KNP
    Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 Access to Biological Resources in a Commonwealth Area for Non-Commercial Purposes Permit number AU-COM2018-417 Date of issue 30 August 2018 Date of expiry 31 December 2019 Name and organisation of person to Mathew Young whom the permit is issued: University of Canberra Locked Bag 1, University of Canberra, Kirinari St, Bruce ACT 2617 Provision of Regulations for which permit issued 8A.06 Collection of biological material from Kakadu National Park—University of Canberra Access is permitted from 30 August 2018 to the following location: Kakadu National Park to collect the following biological resources for non-commercial purposes: Common name Taxon (to the most specific Amount/number/volume taxonomic level known) Up to 60 skin biopsies Pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta Up to 20 embryos. Northern long-necked turtle Chelodina oblonga Up to 60 skin biopsies Sandstone snake-necked turtle Chelodina burrungandjii Up to 60 skin biopsies Northern snapping turtle Elseya dentata Up to 60 skin biopsies Yellow-bellied snapping turtle Elseya flaviventralis Up to 60 skin biopsies Painted turtle Emydura subglobosa Up to 60 skin biopsies Permit Number: AU-COM2018-417 Page 1 of 2 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 Conditions: 1. The permit holder may authorise in writing another person to perform actions specified in this permit. 2. The permit holder must obtain all other required permit(s) to conduct the specified project. 3. Collection methods shall not attract undue attention or cause unapproved damage, depletion, or disturbance to the environment and other resources such as historic sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Sendle Zones
    Suburb Suburb Postcode State Zone Cowan 2081 NSW Cowan 2081 NSW Remote Berowra Creek 2082 NSW Berowra Creek 2082 NSW Remote Bar Point 2083 NSW Bar Point 2083 NSW Remote Cheero Point 2083 NSW Cheero Point 2083 NSW Remote Cogra Bay 2083 NSW Cogra Bay 2083 NSW Remote Milsons Passage 2083 NSW Milsons Passage 2083 NSW Remote Cottage Point 2084 NSW Cottage Point 2084 NSW Remote Mccarrs Creek 2105 NSW Mccarrs Creek 2105 NSW Remote Elvina Bay 2105 NSW Elvina Bay 2105 NSW Remote Lovett Bay 2105 NSW Lovett Bay 2105 NSW Remote Morning Bay 2105 NSW Morning Bay 2105 NSW Remote Scotland Island 2105 NSW Scotland Island 2105 NSW Remote Coasters Retreat 2108 NSW Coasters Retreat 2108 NSW Remote Currawong Beach 2108 NSW Currawong Beach 2108 NSW Remote Canoelands 2157 NSW Canoelands 2157 NSW Remote Forest Glen 2157 NSW Forest Glen 2157 NSW Remote Fiddletown 2159 NSW Fiddletown 2159 NSW Remote Bundeena 2230 NSW Bundeena 2230 NSW Remote Maianbar 2230 NSW Maianbar 2230 NSW Remote Audley 2232 NSW Audley 2232 NSW Remote Greengrove 2250 NSW Greengrove 2250 NSW Remote Mooney Mooney Creek 2250 NSWMooney Mooney Creek 2250 NSW Remote Ten Mile Hollow 2250 NSW Ten Mile Hollow 2250 NSW Remote Frazer Park 2259 NSW Frazer Park 2259 NSW Remote Martinsville 2265 NSW Martinsville 2265 NSW Remote Dangar 2309 NSW Dangar 2309 NSW Remote Allynbrook 2311 NSW Allynbrook 2311 NSW Remote Bingleburra 2311 NSW Bingleburra 2311 NSW Remote Carrabolla 2311 NSW Carrabolla 2311 NSW Remote East Gresford 2311 NSW East Gresford 2311 NSW Remote Eccleston 2311 NSW Eccleston 2311 NSW Remote
    [Show full text]
  • List of Plant Species List of Plant Species
    List of plant species List of Plant Species Contents Amendment history .......................................................................................................................... 2 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Application ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Relationship with planning scheme ..................................................................................... 3 1.3 Purpose ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Aim ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Who should use this manual? ............................................................................................. 3 2 Special consideration ....................................................................................................................... 3 3 Variations ......................................................................................................................................... 4 4 Relationship ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Appendix A – Explanatory notes & definitions .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]