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Assessment of Deficiencies and Preservation of Bridge Substructures Below the Waterline

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Assessment of Deficiencies and Preservation of Bridge Substructures Below the Waterline NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT ASSESSMENT OF DEFICIENCIES AND PRESERVATION OF BRIDGE SUBSTRUCTURES BELOW THE WATERLINE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1982 Officers Chairman DARRELL V MANNING, Director, Idaho Transportation Department Vice Chairman LAWRENCE D. DAHMS, Executive Director, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, San Francisco Bay Area Secretary THOMAS B. DEEN, Executive Director, Transportation Research Board Members RAY A. BARNHART, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio) WILLIAM J. HARRIS, JR., Vice President for Research and Test Department, Association of American Railroads (ex officio) J. LYNN HELMS, Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) THOMAS D. LARSON, Secretary of Transportation, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (ex officio, Past Chairman 1981) RAYMOND A. PECK, JR., National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) ARTHUR E. TEELE, JR., Urban Mass Transportation Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) CHARLEY V. WOOTAN, Dir^cfor, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University (ex officio. Past Chairman 1980) GEORGE J. BEAN, Director of Aviation, Hillsborough County (Florida) Aviation Authority JOHN R. BORCHERT,/"ro/^iior, Department of Geography. University of Minnesota RICHARD P. BRAUN, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportation ARTHUR J. BRUEN, JR., Vice President, Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company of Chicago JOSEPH M. CLAPP, Senior Vice President, Roadway Express, Inc. ALAN G. DUSTIN, President and Chief Executive Officer, Boston and Maine Corporation ROBERT E. FARRIS, Commissioner, Tennessee Department of Transportation ADRIANA GIANTURCO, Director, California Department of Transportation JACK R. GILSTRAP, Executive Vice President, American Public Transit Association MARK G GOODE, Engineer-Director, Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation WILLIAM C. HENNESSY, Commissioner of Transportation, New York State Department of Transportation LESTER A. HOEL, Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia MARVIN L. MANHEIM,/"ro/ejjof, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology FUJIO MATSUDA, President, University of Hawaii DANIEL T. MURPHY, County Executive, Oakland County Courthouse, Michigan ROLAND A. OUELLETTE, Director of Transportation Affairs, General Motors Corporation RICHARD S. PAGE, General Manager, Washington (D.C.) Metropolitan Area Transit Authority MILTON PIKARSKY, Director of Transportation Research, Illinois Institute of Technology GUERDON S. SINES, Vice President, Information and Control Systems, Missouri Pacific Railroad JOHN E. STEINER, Vice President, Corporate Product Development, The Boeing Company RICHARD A. WARD, Director-Chief Engineer, Oklahoma Department of Transportation NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for NCHRP DARRELL V MANNING, Idaho Transp. Dept. (Chairman) RAY A. BARNHART, U.S. Dept. of Transp. LAWRENCE D. DAHMS, Metropolitan Transp. Commission, San Francisco Bay Area THOMAS D. LARSON, Pennsylvania Dept. of Trans. FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, Amer. Assn. of State Hwy. & Transp. Officials THOMAS B. DEEN, Transportation Research Board Field of Materials and Construction Area of Specifications, Procedures, and Practices Project Panel DIO-16 CHARLES SEIM, T. Y. Lin International (Chairman) RALPH T. MANCILL, JR., U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters JOHN J. AHLSKOG, Federal Highway Administration RICHARD H. McGINN, Massachusetts Dept. of Public Works D. JAMES KANELLITSAS, Michigan Dept. of Transportation SIDNEY L. POhEYi^ARD, Raymond Technical Facilities. Inc. T. ROBERT KEALEY, Modjeski and Masters JACK W. ROBERTS, Florida Dept. of Transportation GAYLE E. LANE, Illinois Dept. of Transportation CRAIG A. BALLINGER, Federal Highway Administration ADRIAN G. CLARY, Transportation Research Board Program Staff KRIEGER W. HENDERSON, JR., Director, Cooperative Research Programs ROBERT J. REILLY, Projects Engineer LOUIS M. MACGREGOR, Administrative Engineer HARRY A. SMITH, Projects Engineer CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Projects Engineer ROBERT E. SPICHER, Projects Engineer R. IAN KINGHAM, Projects Engineer HELEN MACK, Editor NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT ASSESSMENT OF DEFICIENCIES AND PRESERVATION OF BRIDGE SUBSTRUCTURES BELOW THE WATERLINE M. C. RiSSEL, D. R. GRABER, M. J. SHOEMAKER and T. S. FLOURNOY Byrd, Taliamy, MacDonald and Lewis Falls Church, Virginia RESEARCH SPONSORED BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS IN COOPERATION WITH THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION AREAS OF INTEREST STRUCTURES DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE MAINTENANCE (HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION) (PUBLIC TRANSIT) (RAIL TRANSPORTATION) FEB 2 51983 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 1 18RAK< NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WASHINGTON, D.C. OCTOBER 1982 NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM NCHRP REPORT 251 Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effec• Project 10-16 FY '81 tive approach to the solution of many problems facmg high• ISSN 0077-5614 way admmistrators and engineers. Often, highway problems ISBN 0-309-03421-3 are of local interest and can best be studied by highway L C Catalog Card No 82-62041 departments individually or in cooperation with their state Price: $8.40 universities and others. Hpwever, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex prob• NOTICE lems of wide mterest to highway authorities. These problems The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooper• are best studied through a coordinated program of coopera• ative Highway Research Program conducted by the TransportaUon Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research tive research. Council, acting in behalf of the National Academy of Sciences Such approval In recognition of these needs, the highway adnumstrators of reflects the Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of the American Association of State Highway and Transporta• national importance and appropnate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council tion Officials imtiated in 1%2 an objective national highway The members of the techmcal committee selected to momtor this project and to research program employing modem scientific techniques. review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropnate to the project. The This program is supported on a continuing basis by fiinds opimons and conclusions expressed or imphed are those of the research agency from participating member states of the Association and it that performed the research, and, while they have been accepted as appropnate receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal by the technical committee, they are not jiecessanly those of the Transporta• tion Research Board, the National Research Council, the National Academy of Highway Administration, United States Department of Sciences, or the program sponsors Transportation. Each repon is reviewed and processed according to procedures estabbshed and momtored by the Report Review Committee of the National Academy of Sci• The Transportation Research Board of the National Re• ences Distnbution of the report is approved by the President of the Academy search Council was requested by the Association to admin• upon satisfactory completion of the review process ister the research program because of the Board's recognized The National Research Council was estabhshed by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad commumty of science and technology objectivity and understanding of modem research practices. with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advismg the The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as: it maintains Federal Government The Council operates in accordance with genera] poh- an extensive committee structure from which authorities on cies detenmned by the Academy under the authonty of its congressional charter of 1863, which estabhshes the Academy as a pnvate, nonprofit, self- any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it pos• governing membership corporation The Council has become the pnncipal sesses avenues of communications and cooperation with operaung agency of both the Nabonal Academy of Sciences and the National federal, state, and local governmental agencies, universities, Academy of Engineenng in the conduct of their services to the government, the pubkc, and the scientific and engmeenng commumties It is admmistered and industry: its relationship to its parent organization, the jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Acad• National Academy of Sciences, a private, nonprofit institu• emy of Engmeenng and the InsUtute of Medicine were estabhshed in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences tion, is an insurance of objectivity; it mamtains a fiill-time The Transportation Research Board evolved from the 54-year-old Highway research correlation staff of specialists in highway transpor• Research Board
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