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Albert L. Tester Memorial Symposium 22-23 April 1976 the Social Use of Space in the Hawaiian Ghost Crab, Ocypode Ceratophthalmus

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Albert L. Tester Memorial Symposium 22-23 April 1976 the Social Use of Space in the Hawaiian Ghost Crab, Ocypode Ceratophthalmus ABST RA CT S OF P AP ER S Albert L. Tester Memorial Symposium 22-23 April 1976 A symposium, intended to be an annual event, was held in honor of Albert L. Tester, who, at the time of his death, was Senior Professor of Zoology at the University of Hawaii and an active participant in th e affairs of the D epartment of Zoology in teaching formal courses, directing graduate stu dent research, and serving on committees of the D epartment. The faculty and students of the D epart­ ment of Zoology proposed an annual symposium of student research papers as a means of ho noring, in a continuing and active way, Tester's lively enco uragement of student research in a broad range of fields within marine biology. Papers reporting original research on any aspect of marine biology were solicited fro m students of the University of Hawaii.Income from contributions to the Albert L. Tester Memorial Fun d of the University of Hawaii Foun dation was used to pro­ vide two prizes, one for the best paper on fish or fisherie s biology, Tester's own field of special interest, and one for the best paper in any other area. Papers were jud ged by National Science Foundation Distinguished Visiting Scholar Arthur M. Myrberg, Professor, Rosensteil School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Uni­ versity of Miami, and by D rs. Julie Brock, James Shaklee, and John Stimson from the D epartment of Zoology, Uni versity of Hawaii. Papers were judged on quality, originality, importance of the research reported, and on the quality of the public pres entation . Presentations honored with prizes were those of Paul At kins with D ennis Gorlick, in fish biology, and of Tina Weatherby. The Social Use of Space in the Hawaiian Ghost Crab, Ocypode ceratophthalmus FREDERICK J. L IGHTER I stud ied the spatial pattern and related social thespati al pattern of the population was rand om. behavior of the Hawaiian ghost crab, Oiypode Of the remaining threepopulations, two showed ceratophtha/mus, using nearest-neighb or and a pattern of agg regation and one showed a " mean crowding" techniques. Ana lyses were pattern of uniformity. made of 13 different natu ral populations, repre­ Both sex and age differences were present in senting a total of 901 individuals. D ensity burrowing behavior and burrow structure. measurements for these populations range from Juveniles of both sexes constructed two basic 0.48 to 1.01 crabs jrn-; " mean cro wding " esti­ patterns of burrow structu re: mature females mates range from 0.58 to 1.78 other indivi­ and mature nonreproductively active males duals/quadrat/individual. In 10 of the samples, constructed a similar structure and repro­ ductively active males constructed another. Behavioral differences in burrow defense and Abstracts presented in this symposium were written by social interactions were also observed. All crabs graduate students in the University of Hawaii Depart­ ment of Zoology, 2538 The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii defended their burrows by using one or two 96822. defensive behaviors; a burrow inhabitant either 211 212 PACIFI C SCIENCE, Volume 30, July 1976 assumed a threat posture toward the intruder indicates that one male will prevent another and/or chased the intruder. However, repro­ from constructing a burrow within a radius of ductively active males utilized two additional 71 cm from his own burrow. When total popu­ defensive behaviors. Physical interactions with lation density rose above 0.6 crabs jm-, the male intruders took the form either of pushing with pattern of uniformity was lost, and the pattern folded chelae or of actual combat. became random. Behavioral evidence also Field measurements have demonstrated that indicated that, at population densities above reproductively active male O. ceratophthalmus this level, territorial defense ofa burrow is lost, show a uniform pattern ofspacing among them­ and agonistic behavior occurs in contexts selves when total population density is below which are not relate d to habitation and defense approximately 0.6 crabs jrn-, Behavioral eviden ce ofa burrow. Light Adaptation Strategies of Hermatypic Corals R AN D! R EDALJ E Hermatypic corals growing at low light in­ tionjcm- coral tissue increased with a decrease in tensities generally show flattened growth for ms, light. Cyphastrea showed a decrease in chloro­ low calcification rates, and deep pigmentation. phyll-e/cm'' at the lowest light level; L eptoseris These characteristics can be attributed to the did not show this decrease. There was no change physiologica l adaptations of their symbiotic in the numbers of zooxanthellae with light. zooxanthellae. The responses of zooxanthellae Chlorophyll-a/alga l cell increased with a de­ to a range of light intensities can be compared crease in light for both species except at the to the light responses of " sun-" and"shade-" lowest light level, where Cyphastrea showed a adapted phytoplankton, where a decrease in decline. These preliminary results indicate that lightintensity generally causes an increase in cell the zooxanthellae of Cyphastrea are adapted to chlorophyll-a content. T wo species of coral, higher light levels than are those of L eptoseris Cypbastrea ocellina, a shallow reef species, and and are unable to increase further their cell Leptoseris incrustans, a deeper reef species, were chlorophyll content at light levels lower than placed in four light treatments (10-, 20-, 40-, 20-percent surfa ce light. L eptoseris zooxan­ 6O-percent surface illumination) to investigate thellae wo uld be expected to . show a similar changes in pigment concentration and in decrease in cell chlorophyll content but at a numbers ofzooxanthellae with changes in light. lower light level than was used in thi s experi ­ For both species, chlorophyll-a concentra- ment. The Role of Relative Size in Competition for Shelter by Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Decapoda) JOHN B RAD PEEBLES Relative size has been reported to be an were made on the day of simultaneous intro­ important behavioral factor influencing dis­ duction, two, three, and six days after intro­ persal in a number of crustaceans. This factor duction. Behavioral interactions were recorded was studied by pairing two adult anima ls in only on the day of simultaneous introduction. elliptical tanks (diameter 1 = 137 cm, dia­ Position in space was recorded on all four meter 2 = 75 cm, water depth = 34 em). These observation periods. A total of 360 minutes of tanks offered no avenues ofemigration. A series observation was made for the 15 male pairs. of 15 male pairs was studied. Observations The results ofa partial correlation ofshelter use ·Abstracts of Papers 213 on relative differences in body length, body important roles in determining the outcome of weight, length of right chela, length of left competition for shelter in Macrobrachium rosen­ chela, and carap ace length, indicate tha t relative bergii. differences in chela length and body weig ht play Anatomy and Functional Morphology of Dermal Collagen Fibers in Sharks PHILIP J. M OTTA The dermis of sharks consists in part of a the majority of the angles lying from 50° to 70°. highly ordered array of collagen fibers . These Fibers lying within the latter range are believed fibers form layers of alternately oriented sheets to undergo minimum change in length during that runin helical paths aro und the shark's body. contraction and resultant thickening of the The fiber paths are oriented from dorsocranial lateral muscles that accompanies swimming; to ventrocaudal and from ventrocranial to therefore, the fibers imp ose minimum restric­ dorsocaudal. tion on the swimming shark . As many as 46 layers of thes e strong, only The fiber layers are believed to serve at least partly extensible collagen fibers are found in in part a mechanically protecti ve function and as adult Ging(ymostoma cirratum. In all sharks a firm and evenly dist ributed anchorage for the examined, these layers were closely and firmly body musculature. bound together by cross-over collagen fibrils Single layers of the more superficial collagen that joined alternate layers. fibers overlie the ceratotrichia of the caudal fin, The angle that the fibers make to the longi­ lending support to the flexible ceratotrichia and tudinal axis of the shark varies from 90° in the probably giving the fins additional support and occipital region to almost 0° in the caudal fin, rigidity. Fecundity as a Measure of Reproductive Investment in Marine Fishes S TEPHEN R AL STO N Fish fecundity data are most frequently fitted widely between species and may reflect dif­ to a power function where fecundity = a size fl. feren ces in the adaptation of species to their Given some information about total energy environment. intake, we see that estimates of the exponent(fl) Estimates offl allow us to infer that allocation can provide insights into th e manner in which of energy toward reproduction may increase available energy is allocated to growth, repro­ geo metrically with the size and weight of the ductive, and maintenance processes. individual. A simple model is presented that Fecundity exponents and their 9S-percent explores alternative ways in which these confidence intervals have been determined for a increases may arise in Chaetodon miliaris, a variety of H awaiian fishes. Estimates vary Hawaiian endemic butterflyfish. Comparative Ultrastructure of Intestinal Epithelia from a Freshwater Prawn and a Desert Scorpion W ILLIAM]. C OOKE The intestinal epithelia. of th e freshwater the ultrastructural level. The midg ut cells of the prawn Macrobracbito» rosenbergii and the desert prawnare similar in their shape and organization scorpion Hadrnrus arizonensis are compared on to generalized transporting epithelia. They are 214 PA CIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 30, July 1976 long columnarcells having manylong microvilli in some states of dehydration, the intestine is projecting into the lumen, a central or basal filled with precipitated guanine crystals.
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