RETA Vol. 1 Issue 1

MARCHRE 2015 VI E W O F

European & Transatlantic A ¬ a i r s

VOLUME I ISSUE 1 SPRING 2015

review of European & Transatlantic A¬airs

VOLUME I ISSUE 1 SPRING 2015

eur pean h rizons review of European & Transatlantic A¬airs

VOLUME I ISSUE 1 SPRING 2015

ISSN 2378-2641 [PRINT] ISSN 2378-2684 [WEB]

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Paul Linden-Retek Philipp Kotlaba

MANAGING EDITOR/ JOURNAL COORDINATOR Aisenour Bitsen

COPY EDITOR Martin Lim

LAYOUT EDITOR Vincent Tanutama

COVER DESIGN Loide Marwanga

Review of European & Transatlantic Affairs is a semesterly publication of European Horizons. www.europeanhorizons.org

This publication contains the collective views of an international group of students and experts and does not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or the stated policy of European Horizons and the European Union.

Printed in the United States of America, with the support of the ERASMUS+ programme of the European Union. table of contents

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 1. 1. Letter from the Editors-in-Chief 1 Paul Linden-Retek and Philipp Kotlaba 1. 2. Letter from the Executive Directors 4 Olga Karnas and Nasos Abuel, Managing Editor/Journal Coordinator Aisenour Bitsen 1. 3. Letter from the Ambassador of the European Union 6 to the United States David O’ Sullivan

IDENTITY 2. 1. The Institutions of Identity 8 2. 2. 1. The Importance of Identity 12 2. 2. 2. Response to 2. 2. 1. 19 Simon Glendinning 2. 2. 3. Response to 2. 2. 1. 22 Stefan Simon 2. 3. 1. Closing the Gap Between the European Union and its Citizens 26 2. 3. 2. Response to 2. 3. 1. 31 Jan Truszczyński 2. 4. Identity and an Economic Narrative? 34 2. 5. Identity and a Human Rights Narrative? 39 2. 6. Response to 2. 44 Erhard Busek

BORDERS 3. 1. Securitization of Migration 46 3. 2. Uniﬁcation of Migration Policy 50 3. 3. Integration 54 3. 4. The European Neighborhood Policy 59 3. 5. Response to 3. 63 Achim Ladwig 3. 6 . Response to 3. 65 Jolyon Howorth TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS 4. 1. Customer Protection 69 4. 2. Transparency and the Negotiating Process 75 4. 3. An Energy Chapter in the TTIP Agreement 80 4. 4. 1. Harmonizing Regulations and Standards 86 4. 4. 2. Response to 4. 4. 1. 92 Pascal Lamy 4. 5. Investor-State Arbitration 96

ECONOMY 5. 1. Closing the European Investment Gap and Implications for 103 Fiscal & Monetary Policy 5. 2. Access to Capital 112 5. 3. 1. The Future of Education in Europe 118 5. 3. 2. Response to 5. 3. 1. 124 Luc Peeperkorn 5. 4. 1. The Role of Technological Hubs of Innovation in Advancing the 126 Digital Economy in Europe 5. 4. 2. Response to 5. 4. 1. 133 Richard Tufft

DEMOCRACY 6. 1. 1. EU Response to Antidemocratic Behavior of Member States 136 6. 1. 2. Response to 6. 1. 1. 140 Christine Landfried 6. 2. 1. Reform of the European Citizen Initiative, Part I 142 6. 2. 2. Reform of the European Citizen Initiative, Part II 148 6. 3. 1. Reform of the Elections to the European Parliament 153 6. 3. 2. Response to 6. 3. 1. 160 Andrew Duff 6. 4. European Political Parties 164 6. 5. Response to 6. 168 Wolfgang Petritsch

CONCLUDING REMARKS 7. 1. Letter from Directors 172 Igor Mitschka and Melina Sánchez Montañés review of European & Transatlantic A¬airs

1 Introductory Remarks

1. 1. Letter from the Editors-in-Chief

Paul Linden-Retek and Philipp Kotlaba, Editors-in-Chief

It is our great pleasure to present to you the inaugural issue of the Review of European & Transatlantic Affairs. The review is meant to initiate a conversation of diverse voices working in common to address the challenges and possibilities confronting the European project today. In focusing on the Euro- pean Union, the journal does so from a unique perspective. In the first instance, it is a journal that highlights the writing of scholars, students, and policy makers who view and consider Europe from afar. We see European integration, at least in part, from another shore, along another heading; our perspective is from the outside in. And our intention is that the distance offered by this view from without will enable not merely a sharper or clearer self-criticism but also the kind of creative thought that only richer, comparative understanding of institutions, societies, and values makes possible. Transatlantic distance is as much a source of inspiration as it is one of self-reflection and critique. The articles and reflections included in this journal will be wide-ranging and interdisciplinary. They explore and develop 1. 1. Letter from the Editors-in-Chief

ideas across philosophy, political science, sociology, anthropology, economics, history, culture and law. They will capture the voices of individuals ranging from students and young scholars to senior officials, policy makers, bureaucrats, business leaders, theorists, and practitioners. Each year, this journal will publish two issues: the first, a compendium of policy papers and analysis drawn from the spring European Student Conference; the second, an extended issue of full-length articles and deeper commentaries on themes related to the preceding conference discussions. This first inaugural issue is, therefore, a summation of the Eu- ropean Student Conference at Yale University, 13-14 February 2015. Its foremost purpose is to collect the thoughtful insights explored during this gathering. Policy papers drafted by each workshop group are printed alongside responses from prominent policy makers and academics—many of whom attended the conference itself. This compilation, presented in such a way, is meant to encourage a host of conversations building upon these ideas. For those who could not attend the annual conference, the issue should serve as a primer for participating in and moving the discussion forward. Drawing on the conference structure, this journal subdi- vides its discussion into five themes of central importance to the contemporary EU. The ‘Borders’ section features submissions that grapple with issues such as European migration, neighborhood policy, and integration. ‘Democracy’ challenges the reader to theorize new answers to the recurring problem of increasing democratic participation in European institutions. The ‘Econo- my’ subtheme introduces contributions on issues of youth unemployment and economic reorientation in research, technology, and education; and the ‘Transatlantic Relations’ confronts directly the challenges and opportunities of the proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) agreement. Finally, our ‘Identity’ chapter poses the question: ‘Upon what can we build European solidarity and identity?’ Taken together, these contributions offer a blueprint for reconsidering the myriad issues that today confront European policy makers and citizens alike. Years ago, speaking before the European Parliament, the late Czech President Vaclav Havel reflected on the task of Europe- an integration. ‘More than a set of rules and regulations,’ Havel urged, the European Union ‘must embody, far more clearly than it has so far, a particular relationship to the world, to human life and ultimately to the world order.’

eur 2 opean h orizons Paul Linden-Retek and Philipp Kotlaba

It is our hope that this process of deepening the dimensions and meanings of European integration—social, political, economic, symbolic, ethical—may be fruitfully advanced by these views from across the Atlantic, guided by the many citizens here who still look with interest and anticipation to European affairs.

Paul Linden-Retek is a doctoral student in the Department of Po- litical Science at Yale University, where he focuses on contemporary political and legal theory, cosmopolitan thought, and European constitutional law. He serves as a Director of European Horizons and is a fellow at Yale Law School’s Schell Center for International Human Rights.

Philipp Kotlaba graduated from Yale Law School in 2015 and currently serves as co-editor of the Journal of European & Transatlantic Affairs.

3 review of European & Transatlantic A¬airs 1. 2. Letter from the Executive Editors and Managing Editor/ Journal Coordinator

Olga Karnas and Nasos Abuel, Executive Editors Aisenour Bitsen, Managing Editor/Journal Coordinator

Since its inception this past February, European Horizons has em- barked on an ambitious mission to propound ideas that address the major challenges that face the European Union and develop a network of qualified people committed to the European ideal. The Review of European & Transatlantic Affairs serves both purposes. By serving as an outlet for young people to articulate their policy prescriptions to European problems, the Review facilitates and promotes participation in the public discourse of bright minds that are passionate about the European Union. This first issue features the sum of the policy papers gen- erated at the European Student Conference 2015, authored by 80 undergraduate and graduate students from 46 American universities and College d’Europe. The policy papers bravely submit to the public discourse visions for enhancing democratic participation within the European Union, developing a common immigration policy, reinvigorating the European economy, exploring Euro- pean identity and reinforcing a mutually beneficial transatlantic trade and investment agreement. Each policy paper is the product of months of research and reflection and of a fruitful debate between students, academics and policymakers that took place at the European Student Conference 2015. This issue also includes commentary from distinguished advisers from politics, business and civil society. This commentary is insightful and endeavors to suggest new angles for further research and policy refinement, which are necessary in order for good ideas to mature into realistic and operational proposals. Indeed, this fertile process of linking young minds teeming with ideas with experienced decisionmakers is one of the defining elements of European Horizons. Lastly, the Review of European & Transatlantic Affairs is eur 4 opean h orizons Olga Karnas, Nasos Abuel and Aisenour Bitsen evidence of European Horizons’ aspiration to ensure diversity of opinion. Even viewpoints that may be at variance with European Horizons’ principles and positions on certain subjects will also be welcome, provided they are relevant to the European project and meet our high standards of academic quality and integrity. In effect, the Review of European & Transatlantic Affairs provides a wealth of ideas for the consideration of the reader, which all contribute to achieving our dream for a more complete and perfect Union. The Review of European & Transatlantic Affairs is central to the mission of European Horizons. As our network of chapters extends its reach to a number of academic institutions, our journal will bear the lasting legacy of the ideas created and exchanged within European Horizons. The Review of European & Transatlan- tic Affairs will be publicly available online at no charge and will be delivered to respected libraries across the United States and Europe. We believe that the journal will not only enhance the dialogue on the future of the European Union but will also enrich existing academic material available to students and scholars. By bringing together people from many universities, Euro- pean institutions and European society, the Review of European & Transatlantic Affairs offers a unique perspective on European affairs. As you read this first issue, we hope that you will be inspired to endorse European Horizons and participate in its ambitious project for transforming Europe. To learn more about Euro- pean Horizons and get involved in our activities, please visit www. europeanhorizons.org.

Olga Karnas is a senior at Yale college, double-majoring in Anthropol- ogy and Economics. She comes from Poland and graduated from the Mahindra United World College of India. Having served as the Par- ticipants Coordinator for the initial European Student Conference in 2015, Olga is now the Executive Director of European Horizons.

Coming from Athens, Greece, Nasos Abuel served as the Transatlan- tic Relations Workshop Coordinator of the European Student Con- ference at Yale in 2015. Today, he serves as the Executive Director of European Horizons and is a Senior at Yale University majoring in Political Science.

Coming from Istanbul, Turkey, Aisenour Bitsen is a sophomore at Yale University. She is a prospective Ethics, Politics and Economics major. Aisenour directs European Horizons’ journal, budget and sponsorship work.

5 review of European & Transatlantic A¬airs 1. 3. Letter from the Ambassador of the European Union to the United States

David O’ Sullivan Ambassador of the European Union to the United States

I had the great pleasure of opening the European Student Con- ference at Yale in February. In engaging with the students, I was struck by their great knowledge of the European Union, our mission and values. It was clear to me that they believed in our unique European project that has brought peace and prosperity to our continent. Listening to the students, I realized this conference was not just about what the European Union is today but equally about finding ways to improve the EU of tomorrow. This important conference debate is reflected in this first edition of the Review of European & Transatlantic Affairs. Togeth- er with the establishment of the first chapters of the think tank European Horizons at key universities across the United States, this journal demonstrates that the European Student Conference was not just a one-off exercise but a solid commitment to continuing the discussion about the EU and our important relationship with the United States. As you read this journal, I’m certain you will be impressed by the breadth and depth of the many proposals, ranging from how to create a more democratic and transparent Europe to concrete ideas on what should be included in a final Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership deal. The fact that this is a student-led initiative should not be overlooked as youth will play a particularly important role in developing and defining the future direction of the EU. Today’s Eu- ropean Union will certainly look very different in 10 years’ time as we continue to evolve and integrate—and even more so 20 or 30 years from now. That future EU will belong to this student generation and that is why it is critical that they take ownership of eur 6 opean h orizons David O’ Sullivan this debate and continue to define where we go next. This journal should be seen as a shining example of doing just that.

David O’ Sullivan assumed the position of Ambassador of the Eu- ropean Union to the United States in Washington, D.C., in 2014. Previously, from October 2011 to October 2014, Ambassador O’Sul- livan held the position of Chief Operating Ofﬁcer of the European External Action Service.

7 review of European & Transatlantic A¬airs 2 Identity

2. 1. The Institutions of Identity

SUBMITTED BY Andrey Sazonov, Joshua Altman, Vincenz Klemm, and Brais Gomez

OBSERVATIONS

The Institutions of Identity workshop observes the following:

1. Workshop participants believe that one of the primary reasons the European Union lacks unity and a greater sense of common European identity is due to lack of shared institutions, which in this context refers to a set of shared practices, associations and customs that cultivate identity. a. We believe that there is a need to establish further shared institutions and practices that would enable cooperation among members of the European Union and that would foster a sense of a common identity.

2. We believe that currently European students, scholars, young professionals and entrepreneurs are not provided with enough opportunities that would allow them to engage in interactions with their peers/colleagues from the other European Union nations. We think that exchange of ideas and collaborative work on variety of projects among European individuals would facilitate development of shared European identity and thus we see a need for establishment of shared institutions/programs/initiatives. Identity ------9 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Andrey Sazonov, Joshua Altman, Vincenz Klemm, and Brais Gomez Brais and Klemm, Vincenz Altman, Joshua Sazonov, Andrey ademic seminars can be organized on pre- and post- uni post- and pre- on organized be can seminars ademic versity levels and can involve visitors and speakers from We consider the Erasmus programme to ductive be and beneficial and very thus believe that pro it should be further expanded to students in pre-university levels and vocational training in order to not limit the merits of this institution to the academic population. We suggest the implementation of academic institutions which would focus on importance of diversity, unity, and Ac society. European the within identity European shared The EU’s governing elites withhold more direct means of participation, with the justification that a public sphere of all Europeans is not ready to engage in a European the that think we However, yet. issues those about debate EU’s public sphere is disengaged, because there are too polls held in the first place. few votes and public

a. b. a. tional and labor mobility between different states. The Bologna di right the in step a was system educational tier two a of process rection. However, it has failed to meet expectations of increasing mobility and better recognition of degrees in the labor market. Therefore we propose: There is a need for more diverse opportunities for Europeans to collaborate and interact with other European citizens. In order to following set of proposals: address this demand we submit the education reform further should states member that consider We al systems and bureaucratic practices in order to facilitate educa into an identity of the elite, as opposed to an identity of all Euro pean citizens. Thus we believe that there is a substantial need for touch lives of all Europeans. institutions that will Signiﬁcant part of the European population has a feeling of being being of feeling a has population European the of part Signiﬁcant alienated from Europe itself and from its institutions while the European elites have a somewhat strong sense of European iden tity. A major concern is that the European identity will develop

4. 5. 3. The Institutions of Identity workshop envisions the following: The Institutions of Identity workshop POLICY VISION Identity eur h 2. 1.TheInstitutionsofIdentity 10 orizons opean 7. 6.

the followingproposal: submit we demand this address to order In elitist. borderline are topics their and small very is reach their Euronews and Arte like projects media European are there Whereas this. in role crucial a plays Media identity. hence and values common about debate wide Europe about bring to necessary is sphere public European ions. However, we propose to increase the number of common of number the increase to propose we However, ions. the national forces. So far there are a number of binational battal tion. Therefore identity should be fostered within institutions like tions promoting a common identity outside of the realm of educa institu European design to important is it that convinced are We c. a.

fund. bridges national boundaries should be provided by an EU which content entertainment even or aggregators stations, news broadcasting as such projects, media ropean Eu for Funding offerings. media bilateral, even or wide, Europe for ventures joint promote to companies media public and private European of initiative an propose We take partinsuchinitiative. to willing be will who professionals and scholars ropean Eu The schools/universities. their in produce to tributed con have they projects the present to encouraged be will students camp youth each of end the by and weeks three projects. to two between anywhere last can camps youth Proposed artistic and design, policy-making activities, volunteering as such topics different on focusing by ple peo of number highest the to their appeal to order in diversify themes should camps Youth activities. and ects proj joint on collaborate to order in backgrounds verse di from students European together bringing at aimed camps Youth create should Commission European the that believe We Camps: Youth European of creation The professionals who willbewillingtotakepartinsuchinitiative. and scholars European the by be proposed can themes Final proposals. and ideas their submit to participating in interested are who students European offering by decided be can seminars the of Content days. five to three last can and universities European in different year per twice least at place take can and Institute ty Universi European the as such entities of assistance the with organized be can Seminars countries. EU of variety ------Identity - - - - - 11 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Andrey Sazonov, Joshua Altman, Vincenz Klemm, and Brais Gomez Brais and Klemm, Vincenz Altman, Joshua Sazonov, Andrey expansion of this particular program by writing articles would discuss the which benefits of further expansion and by engaging in communication with officials responsible for this program. schools across the EU and pursue them to collaborate between each other in order to organize an academic seminar or series of seminars across the EU. We and the newly established think-tank can advocate for the promote this idea further by contacting and collaborating with officials responsible for such initiatives and working closely with mentioned above. them to expand the programs and experiences We as members of the newly created think tank can contact stu dent organizations and student leadership in universities and as well as at pre-university educational levels and should educate young European generation about common identity in order to facilitate collaboration between EU students and their countries in future. With the help of the newly created think-tank we would like to We would like to put an emphasis on the importance of young Eu young of importance the on emphasis an put to like would We ropeans, thus, we believe that we as a team and the newly created think tank can engage in writing scholarly articles which would discuss diversity, unity, importance of collective European iden tity and other topics related to the common identity. These pub lications should be available to European students at university The newly created think tank is in itself an institution of identity. It should serve as a thought provoking platform, which aims to introduce the views and ideas of a younger European generation into the debate. battalions, since EU security interests are ever more synchronized synchronized more ever are interests security EU since battalions, source of identity. important non-elitist and it is an

12. 11. 10. 9. 8. The Institutions of Identity workshop would like to implement the following ini tiatives: PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY PARTICIPANTS’ Identity eur h 2. 1. 1 The ImportanceofIdentityworkshopobservesthefollowing: OBSERVATIONS

12 last visitedonFebruary, 4th2015] [http://chet.org.za/ﬁles/CASTELLS%202004%20European%20Identity.pdf, Union. European the of idency Castells, Manuel. 2002. “ 2002. Manuel. Castells, orizons opean 3. 1. 2.

The ImportanceofIdentity A sharedEuropeanIdentitymattersforthefollowing reasons: Albana ShehajandOlivierSirello Catherine Le,EliaFrancescoNigris, SUBMITTED BY that appealstothemaslegitimate” system institutional and culture European distinctive a to belong they that feel to them for possible it making by citizens ropean of set Eu most “to a meaning provide that be principles and to values shared identity European consider we follows, what In support thispresupposition. subsequently and evaluate critically to wish We matters. identity common a that presuppose it strengthen would that policies to and Identity European of analysis an to energy and time Devoting citizens. its and Union European the of is future identity the to an important such how and why of understanding necessarily an for Identity calls European about discussion a in Engaging a.

The Construction of European Identity European of Construction The as wellScotland’sandCatalonia’s independence 2008, in independence Kosovo’s region. the characterize that statehood and autonomy for currents underlying the recognize to 1993 in 27 to 1989 in countries 9 post-communist from bloc the of transition rapid the recall only with the collapse of communism in the 1990s. One needs autonomy Europe throughout reverberated have that for statehood and movements prevailing the given crucial particularly is identity European a of development The ,” statement prepared for the European Pres European the for prepared statement ,” 1 . - - Identity ------13 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Catherine Le, Elia Francesco Nigris, Albana Shehaj and Olivier Sirello and Olivier Shehaj Albana Nigris, Elia Francesco Le, Catherine to benefit the struggling economies of Greece, Spain, It aly or Portugal face significant voter and citizen backlash create winners and losers in the short term, the latter of long- the promoting while them, resist to likely are which term interests of all European While Union in times member of economic growth states. and stable interna tional relations implementation of such policies may not be problematic, their implementation, particularly in the criti confronts soil, European multi-ethnic the of context finan from resulting crisis with faced when obstacles cal discontent instability, economic fluctuations, market cial conditions, these Under etc. marginalization, trade by led policy initiatives such as those undertaken by Germany tated to a great extent by the coexistence of shared Amer ican, Canadian or Indian identities with individual state loyalties and closely identified ethnic or caste identities. It is this coexistence of identities that continues to influ ence patterns of political and economic development by promoting the synergy amongst the individual states. A European Identity would serve a similar uniting role in the European context and its development is needed to support and establish a vital and functioning European political community. Additionally, a European Identity is needed to facilitate the implementation of EU-developed policies that may cessionist and nationalist European currents in a way that way a in currents European nationalist and cessionist capitalizes on national-level incentives of “dual” belong ing in efforts to promote the EU objective of strengthen ing the economic, political and social integration of the European states. We maintain that the need for a com mon European Identity rises precisely due to the social and ethnic diversity of the EU member states. While his tory suggests that the multi-national anatomy of federal states like US, Canada, India etc. has not impeded democratic success the or economic growth of these states, facili were developments such that recognized be must it movement movement further indicate this ongoing dynamic. While upholding their national roots and claiming dence on the indepen grounds of ethnicity and nationality, these movements simultaneously share an underlying recogni tion that their independence could only function in the context of the European Union. The challenge therefore is to structure the rising and potentially problematic se

b. Identity eur h 4 3 2. 1.TheImportanceofIdentity 2

14 Brutter, Michael.2005. “ eb/eb71/eb713_future_europe.pdf, lastvisitedonJanuary, 18th2015] Standard Eurobarometer 71, “ eb/eb71/eb713_future_europe.pdf, last visitedonJanuary,18th2015] Standard Eurobarometer 71, “ orizons opean 5. 4.

in several EU member states member EU several in identity “cultural” a over prevail to begun has system political identity a as European Union European “civic” the to a belonging of of sentiments on form founded a optimism: for room is there notwithstanding, challenges these that, observe lastly We er extent. lowed by a region (91%) and only then comes ‘feeling European’ fol (94%), nation a to is today belonging of feeling strongest the that identity indicates data shared Eurobarometer a challenges: significant such faces of establishment the that observe ther fur we Identity, European a of importance the observed Having other European states like Romania and Latvia notion, this embrace Slovakia and Sweden, Hungary, Germany, Finland, Denmark, While identity.” “European a to belonging of idea the about Europe in regions among disparity is there Also, face ofadversity. the in unity show to together joined people European and leaders European when 11th, January of rally Paris the in strongly most and Dublin, to Athens from Lisbon, to Helsinki from support of Europe. The unified response manifested itself through showings of people the unite that values liberal common and shared of set a on attacks as perceived been have attacks The Paris. in attacks terrorist recent tragic the of aftermath the in community united a as responded have Europeans identity. European a of velopment de the for hope is there tragedy of times in particularly, or even, Citizens of Europe? The Emergence of a Mass European Identity European Mass a of Emergence The Europe? of Citizens Future of Europe of Future Europe of Future continue tothrive. would Union European the of robustness and legitimacy terventions. It is therefore under these conditions that the in social and economic political, European-level cilitate ropean citizenship and political community that could fa Eu a supporting by developments these against protect would Identity European shared a that believe We tation. implemen successful their hinders and complicates that ”, Identity, p. 35 [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ ”, Identity, p. 34 [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ 4 . Recent events have indicated that indicated have events Recent . 3 do so to a far less .” NewYork:Palgrave 2 ------. Identity ------15 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Catherine Le, Elia Francesco Nigris, Albana Shehaj and Olivier Sirello and Olivier Shehaj Albana Nigris, Elia Francesco Le, Catherine stiftung des deutschen Volkes: held in the summer for 1-2 weeks, 1-2 for summer the in held Volkes: deutschen des stiftung peace a in participants of number select small, a unite could they metro of distractions the minimize to order in region, scenic ful, politan life and encourage reflection. The goal would be to foster dialogue and friendship between gifted young people of all spe young people from all over Europe who have the potential to be come leaders in their respective fields (academia, culture, jour nalism, business, and public service, to name just bring them a together in few); a collaborative, and collegial, and instructive environment. The Summer Retreats could the be model of the Sommerakademien structured run by Germany’s Studien after the European Union Youth Orchestra is an excellent way of bring of way excellent an is Orchestra Youth Union European the ing future leading artists from all over Europe together to work with and learn from each other. The workshop recommends that the EU establish interdisciplinary programs of a similar nature, named Summer Retreats for Young European Leaders. These in terdisciplinary Summer Retreats should identify highly-talented emphatic reminder of the significant advantages of the united Eu united the of advantages significant the of reminder emphatic such events possible. rope and European identity that make Similarly, this workshop believes that the EU convince young should European thought strive leaders of to the importance of a shared European identity. A precedent for this already exists: discuss different approaches to the sensitive topic of both reli gious and anti-religious material in the media and in print, and clergy of different religions could establish interfaith events and programs. Such a wealth of opportunities to meet fellow leaders from all across Europe in an organized setting would be of great personal and professional benefit to all, and would serve as an of popular opinion. Such symposia could take place several times several place take could symposia Such opinion. popular of a year, and need not be explicitly dedicated to the ideal of Euro pean unity, but rather could serve to facilitate professional col instance, For fields. different many of leaders between laboration leading musicians and dancers collaborations, journalists could and writers could work with clergy form to ground-breaking The European Union should strive to convince European thought leaders of the importance of a shared dedicated that the EU organize symposia workshop recommends European identity. This leading Europe’s among collaboration and discourse fostering to artists, journalists, clergy, writers, and other significant shapers

7. 6. The Importance of Identity group believes that: of Identity The Importance POLICY VISION POLICY Identity eur h 2. 1.TheImportanceofIdentity 16 orizons opean 9. 8.

a young political activist from the UK. In this way, tomorrow’s way, this In UK. the from meet activist political would young a Germany from pianist young a and Luxembourg, from novelist young a meet would Latvia from researcher cancer young a instance, For Europe. over all from disciplines cialized o’ laes il e mesd n a in immersed be will leaders row’s tomor Leaders, European Young for Retreats Summer Through individuals’ diverseperspectives. its of sum the is that Europe opportunity-rich an reveals borders crucial part of individual consciousness, looking beyond national a still is identity national while that, aware become consequently will people young These countries. home their outside ployment and encourages these young leaders to consider study and/or em gramming that addresses the importance of political engagement In addition to dialogue, the Summer Retreats should include pro means tobeEuropean. it what of facets myriad the recognize to learning thus spectives, per and backgrounds, interests, other’s each of diversity the ate appreci and peers their meet to opportunity the have will leaders friends and professional contacts from all over Europe. This will This of Europe. over all from contacts network professional and friends a and experiences gain and environment national) about the EU. Currently, a majority of the national media remains principles social and political about ideas share and promote to means fundamental a represent platforms) Internet-based ious media and new ways of unmediated communication (such as var the Both process. integration European the regarding as ternet In the and media by played role the is point crucial another Yet, EU memberstates. are introduced at all educational levels and must be adopted by all policies such that propose We citizens. European of integration cultural and social the advancing simultaneously while “others” different culturally of uniqueness the appreciate to state ticular par a of citizens allowing Thus, Identity. European a of portance im the underscore also that textbooks via realized be can This states. European various of languages and history culture, the to member states to promote the continuous in-school introduction incentivizes EU the that suggest we national-states, the of thority au the under remain measures educational While crucial. is eral gen in education of role the that believes further workshop The ropean identity. Eu shared a of champions into develop to them inspire may and future, the in cooperation pan-European foster to them enable European a opsd to opposed (as ------Identity ------17 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Catherine Le, Elia Francesco Nigris, Albana Shehaj and Olivier Sirello and Olivier Shehaj Albana Nigris, Elia Francesco Le, Catherine pecially young people motivated in the field of the aim The EU Commission. EU the by and action the in supported they be would impor the of public young a convince to only not is project the of tance of the EU in everyday life, but also to explain the complex institutional mechanisms that underlie the functioning of EU in school” across all EU member states: this program, France by the Jeunes Européens de started France, would consist of a se in art, history, (European subject European a to related classes of ries etc.) that every single high-school student would have the oppor needed extra-expenses without graduation before follow to tunity for the host school. These classes are taught by volunteers, es Promote and diffuse an educational program called “Europe at natory social and cultural conditions, the ability of European cit izens and low-skill migrants to move freely within the European and so does the potential to labor borders increases significantly, expand one’s sense of self and identity to align with those of the larger European borders. necessarily calls for policy and cultural accommodation tra-European immigration and migration from third party states. of in The expectation is that these policies would promote ethnic ac ceptance and multi-cultural integration within Europe and en courage the mobility of European workers. In an atmosphere of an open European labor market characterized by non-discrimi Union. We expect that the influence of this type of media would raise awareness of EU citizens about EU affairs and incentivize participation. The workshop lastly believes that, given the multi-ethnic char acter of Europe, the establishment of a shared European Identity engaged engaged in EU affairs stance. but To address this, leans we suggest the towards development of a an Euro pean anti-integration Union media adapted at the national level European the of authority the under is by which of agenda the states, all member

11. 10. a set of different strategies that this workshop might suggest to foster the creation the foster to suggest might workshop this that strategies different of set a and development of a “European identity”: We believe that education may be the most important pillar in order to shared foster and common identity among a all European citizens. We therefore propose PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY Identity eur h 2. 1.TheImportanceofIdentity 18 orizons opean 13. 12.

we would suggest the spread of this program all over the EU with EU the over all program this of spread the suggest would we taking part into the project has been growing. In that perspective, pecially located in the suburbs of Paris and the number of schools stitutions. The program has already started in several schools, es research sponsoredbyourThinkTank. with level, state the at commitment, the with compliance the and policies such of effectiveness the monitoring while Universities, as well as schools, secondary and primary European in ucation ed languages EU of terms in commission EU the and ernments gov national of part the on commitment increased an for Lobby contribute. and register may world the around from students interested all and other research on a common and multilingual website, where papers articles, of publication the through achieved be can This identity. European a of creation the on level academic and retical theo the at discussion the enhance to order in possible as Univer sities many as in project network tank think new a Establish speciﬁc purpose. that for Commission EU the by provided funding in increase an - - - - - Identity ------19 matter in Europe. Howev European & Transatlantic A¬airs actually review of a developed sense of European identity

way: the “importance” of this identity lies in needs

instrumental At the end of this brief response I will say something about So the claim is that a federal Europe—the outcome of the tirely er, to begin with it is worth mentioning that the authors regard the whole question of developing a European identity in an en important policy task for “European thought leaders” today. important policy task for “European the specific values that I think could become sufficiently widely affirmed to provide the basis for a for basis the provide to affirmed widely sufficiently become could spec concretely not do They belonging. European of sense genuine ify any of these values and principles, and indeed they suggest that acknowledging developed, be to yet has identity European robust a among dominate to still seem identities regional and national that an as development its regard clearly they Nevertheless, Europeans. The authors of the Policy Paper “The Importance of Identity” con that principles and values of set a of terms in identity European ceive to 2.2.1. The Importance of Identity The Importance to 2.2.1. Simon Glendinning Professor of European Philosophy in the European Institute at the 2. 2. 2. Response 2. 2. London School of Economics successful “economic, political and social integration of the Eu ropean states”— “prob by dismembered literally be to not is it if citizens its among lematic secessionist and nationalist European currents.” as it were, would otherwise profoundly negate “efforts to mote the pro EU objective of strengthening the economic, political and social integration of the European states.” The authors look to “federal states like US, Canada, [and] India,” as successfully combining a federal-level identity (American, Canadian, Indian) with and alongside a national (or caste) identity. the fact that its “development is needed to support and establish argu The community.” political European functioning and vital a ment for this conclusion is itself telling. The authors regard the development of a European identity as a sort of counter-pole to existing national or regional identities which, left to themselves

Identity eur h 2. Responseto1.TheImportanceofIdentity model oftheunionpeople union onthe“socialcontract” by thinkingaboutEuropean tive, “thirdway,”canbeseen The outlinesofanalterna in anation. 20 orizons opean then reflect (as again the authors do) that a political body of body political a that do) authors the again (as reflect then that has for so long scarred Europe’s history. However, one might nationalism petty the all, for and once overcoming, of way ideal the is Europe federal a of formation the that do) authors the (as clined to read it differently. It is not in the least irrational to think for each memberhasonly al state, but the formation of an enduring union of states in which the formation of a new state-like sovereign political body, a feder not is “objective” The maximised. is each by retained sovereignty the that order in institutions) supranational (through shared is sovereignty (state) individual of amount certain a same: the is ple princi the union international an In maximised. thereby is each of freedom the that understanding the on laws coercive of body same the to themselves submit to agree rationally can dividuals in that is idea the case latter the In nation. a in people of union the of model contract” “social the on union European about ing think by seen be can way,” “third alternative, an of outlines The true. not is that But regionalism. and nationalism of forces ing disintegrat to succumbing is Europe to federal alternative a of real formation only the the that thinks one if arises only It ma. belong and identity of sense supranational a crisis) of sign first the at apart fall to not is it (if needs or presupposes requires, sort which national and regional and national which in conditions realising of time, same the at but, union enduring o vle ad rnils Ised i vru o te neet in interest the of virtue in Instead, principles. and values mon com of set a by counter-balanced be to something nor hatred, and distrust mutual of source a either longer no are differences harmonious I don’t disagree with that claim. Not at all. However, I am in This model not only promises the possibility of securing an securing of possibility the promises only not model This international relations: conditions in which these - limited absence of such an identity, one is one identity, an such of absence the In done. have regions and tions na old the as much as bit every ing differences of belongingandidentity. hn ae wt a ifiut choice: difficult a with faced then and now, to developing that sense that developing to now, and here can, one what doing towards vision” “policy their develop thors au The presupposes. success its ty can to develop the European identi one what do or Europe, federal a Either give up the dream of forming sovereignty. oee, t s fle dilem false a is it However, are themselves the basis the themselves are that ------

Identity - - - - - 21 tolera and Simon Glendinning Simon solidarity European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of —the values, I think, that really lie at the heart of Europe. lie at the heart I think, that really —the values, ropean Institute at the London School of Economics.construction, His backgroundbut his recent work focuses on questions of European Simon Glendinning is Professor of European Philosophy in the Eu each state for maintaining the whole, the enduring union encour union enduring the whole, the maintaining for state each ages the development and cultivation of one might call the inter mediate values (neither a part nor apart) of tion is in the continental European traditions ofcultural phenomenology identity. and de Identity eur h

2 1

22 European Communities C364/1,(2000/C364/01) the of Journal Official 18.12.2000, UNION, EUROPEAN THE OF RIGHTS FUNDAMENTAL OF CHARTER last visitedonMarch30,2015 http://chet.org.za/files/CASTELLS%202004%20European%20Identity.pdf, Union. European the of idency Castells, Manuel. 2002. “The Construction of European Identity,” statement prepared for the European Pres orizons opean influences through centuries and millennia. Our museums and museums Our millennia. and centuries through influences non-European and European many experienced and history long a has diversity European transition. and metamorphosis tinuous shall respectcultural,religiousandlinguisticdiversity.” Union “The states: diversity linguistic and religious cultural, on 2. 3.Response The Cultur of Preservation the for (IPCH) Institute Heritage Yale’s al of Director Inaugural Stefan Simon to 2.2.1.TheImportanceofIdentity and institutionalsystemthatappealstothemaslegitimate.” culture European distinctive a to belong they that feel to them for provide meaning to most European citizens by making it possible that principles and values shared of set a be “to it considers tity human rightsasnewnarratives. and solidarity economic and citizens, its and EU between gap the closing identity, of Institutions identity, of importance EU: the of five were dealing with the significance of a European identity for the future EU the for crafted recommendations policy concrete tank, think young a of creation the in resulted and policymakers European and professors Yale with universities U.S. from students together brought conference The giant.” sleeping the up “wake possibly the European Union, which, as Karel Schwarzenberg put it, could ruary 2015 was soliciting and aiming at collecting “great ideas” for European Student Conference Student European Diversity is key for the European identity, a concept of con of concept a identity, European the for key is Diversity EU the of Rights Fundamental of Charter the of 22 Article The first policy paper on the importance of European iden European of importance the on paper policy first The European Horizons European , at its conclusion. Among the 22 the Among conclusion. its at , hosted by Yale University in Feb 1 - - - - 2 -

Identity - 5 ------23 Stefan Simon Stefan European & Transatlantic A¬airs It represents the history of re 4 is “a very fragile patrimony and is review of 3 The importance of preservation of cultural heritage, based should Europe coherence, internal its for times challenging “In This Cultural Heritage Cultural heritage is, however, ephemeral and cannot be re economic growth. By addressing the key issues of cultural heritage, heritage, cultural of issues key the addressing By growth. economic identity formation as well as intellectual, artistic, creative and will contribute of this research legacy Union, his the torical European to a more resilient, innovative and creative European society pursu relevance and importance whose in diversity’ of ‘Unity goal the ing has been highlighted by the recent financial and economic crisis.” searched by scientists will attempt to see historical and contemporary contemporary and historical see to attempt will scientists by searched efforts, these In differences. between bridges and/or commonalities new technologies interpretations and richer and digital new cultural enable they heritage as role should play innovative an portant im sustainable to contributing while culture European common our of European framework Horizon 2020: improve the understanding of its encourage cultural to heritage and and of its solidarity and identi cohesion strengthen to order in ties people separating than Rather of past. its uses and visions modern re cultures of understanding our nostalgia, misplaced inspiring and a multitude of extra-European roots. a multitude of extra-European on the columns of conservation, accessibility and authenticity, is obvious. Often neglected in an irresponsible way, cultural heri economy post-industrial a in driver economic strong a also is tage and contributes to sustainable growth. This is recognized by the gions, states and Europe, as a result of an ongoing process, with lated narratives and using them for shaping the European identity. European the shaping for them using and narratives lated archives, the architecture surrounding us and our cities and land and cities our and us surrounding architecture the archives, Europe on research and of study the for resources rich hold scapes not accessible these make help to need institutions EU diversity. an re the explaining public, wider the to also but researchers, to only garded as a renewable commodity. Preserving it requires a sus tainable approach as well as a commitment made by society as exposed to multiple risks due to ageing, adverse environmental conditions and human pressure.” Safeguarding of the intangible Cultural Heritage, Paris, 17 October 2003. ‘Cultural initiative programming joint research the on 2010 April 26 of RECOMMENDATION COMMISSION Heritage and Global Change: a new challenge for Europe’ (2010/238/EU), L 106/18 European Union 28.4.2010. EN L 106/18 Official Journal of the European Union 28.4.2010 Official Journal of the HORIZON 2020, WORK PROGRAMME 2014 – 2015 ,13. Europe in a changing world – inclusive, innovative and reflective Societies, Revised, adopted on 10 December 2013. Consolidated version following European Commission Decision C (2014)9294 of 10 December 2014 Definition of ‘tangible and intangible cultural heritage’, refer to: UNESCO, Convention concerning the Pro tection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Paris, 16 November 1972; UNESCO, Convention for the

5 3 4 Identity eur h 9 8 7 6 2. 3.Responseto1.TheImportanceofIdentity Europe.” niﬁcant forcefor21 “Culturalheritageisasig

24 eu/en/getting-cultural-heritage-to-work-for-europe-pbKI0115128/ http://bookshop.europa. 2015 Innovation and Research for Directorate-General Heritage Cultural on Group Expert 2020 Horizon the of Report Europe, for work to heritage cultural Getting COMMISSION EUROPEAN March 30,2015) (accessed http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/communic/pdf/culture/cult_de.pdf laendern/ (accessedMarch30,2015) http://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/28278/umfrage/anzahl-der-museumsbesuche-nach-bundes sion.htm (accessedMarch30,2015) http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/vi Madrid Organisation, Tourism World Vision, 2020 -Tourism UNWTO orizons opean Bernd Neumann. Culture for Minister State German former said situations,” itive and are more and more becoming decisive parameters in compet underestimated. Cultural and natural heritage attract investments enhancing standing and appeal for a whole region are still widely tourism. in position leading globally its keep may therefore which Eu rope, for tourists million 700 to 100% about of increase an 2020 until expects Organization Tourism World the 1995, in tourists vation and use of cultural heritage in the context of global change.” um- to long-term research needs and objectives in the area of preser opment of a “common strategic research agenda establishing medi iiis ae rdtoal be rgre a css o society.” to costs as regarded been traditionally have tivities ac cultural as focus in essential change significant nat a is and an This capital. ural cultural as socioeconomic, underlying appreciated Europe’s widely Indeed, of part GDP. now European is to heritage contributor cultural positive a re as increasingly is garded heritage Cultural environments. living and lives people’s performance, economic improving of citizens means and a as governments both by discovered being is it Euro be pean, to means it what of heart the at it is only Not Europe. million visitors. Clua hrtg i a infiat oc fr 21 for force significant a is heritage “Cultural “Positive indirect impacts of cultural heritage and its role for international million 335 approximately from Starting devel the for calls also recommendation Commission’s The 6 German museums alone received in 2013 more than 117 st -century 7 8 - rity and sustainable exploitation.” sustainable and rity secu its ensuring forms, its all in heritage cultural preserve to help can level Union at research of field the in coordination and operation co how on vision common a velop de to “encouraged are States ber Mem EU the why is This whole. a st -century ------4 9 - - Identity ------10 25 Stefan Simon Stefan European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of This fundamental change seems to not have yet 11 In the light of the current ongoing cultural crisis, is seems “Historic “Historic preservation is typically judged to be a sound in The role of education as indicated in the policy paper is in augural Director of turalYale’s Heritage new Institute (IPCH),servation overseeingfor the laboratoriesPreservation its research, and ofdigitization programs.Cul and con Stefan Simon is the President of the ICOMOS International Scientific also important to note that many recent conflicts “are more ‘cul tural’ and not any longer about dominance, but power rather about politics identity and aim and at the destruction economic of the ‘other.’” not boosts the value of the property, and as an economic develop economic an as and property, the of value the boosts not ment tool, historic preservation has proved its worth. Nearly any way the effects are measured, be they direct or indirect, historic economy.” to yield significant benefits to the preservation tends vestment. vestment. By most accounts, it is more efficient and profitable to preserve a historic building than to construct a new one. Desig nating a landmark or district as historical typically maintains if Cultural heritage is not an elitist concept. It shapes our lives in conscious and unconscious way. Preserving cultural heritage is as much about the future as it is about the past. It should become an integral part of all discussion on European identity, like the economic and human rights narratives. OSCE Mission to Ukraine, where tremendous damage to cultural heritage has occurred since 2014. deed crucial; expanding the ERASMUS program to high school students an excellent idea. The role of media including the new social media in shaping identity should not be underestimated. reached the political and diplomatic levels, as we can see, for ex ample, illustrated by the absence of a cultural dimension to the Committee Stone (ISCS) and corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI). Since 2009, he has been Honorary Professor at Xian Jiaotong University (PR China) and, since 2013, also at Technical University Berlin. In 2014, he was appointed In ECONOMICS AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION: AGUIDE AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, Randall Ma Randall LITERATURE, THE OF REVIEW AND AGUIDE PRESERVATION: HISTORIC AND ECONOMICS Metropolitan Institution Brookings The the for Prepared Paper Discussion A , Pennsylvania of University son, Policy Program, September 2005 http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2005/9/metro politanpolicy-mason/20050926_preservation.pdf (accessed on April 30, 2015) Wolfgang Petritsch , oral communication at Conference “Culture in Crisis” V&A Museum London and Yale University, Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, April 14 , London

11 10 Identity eur h 2 1 The Identityworkshopobservesthefollowing: OBSERVATIONS 2. 3.1. 4 6 3 5

26 In Eds. Hermann, Richard, Thomas Risse and Marilynn Brewer. Europe.” New the in Matters Choice Identity How Nationals: than “More (2004) Sides. John and Jack Citrin, Ibid EU the in an European Commission.(2014) Risse, Thomas. (2010) Thomas. Risse, Publishers. Budrich Barbara MI: Hills, Farmington Roger. Antoine and Magni-Berton Raul Fuchs, Dieter by European Commission. (2013) Fuchs, Dieter, Antoine Roger, and Raul Magni-Berton. 2009. “Euroscepticism and Support for the EU: A EU: the In Discussion.” for Conceptual Support and “Euroscepticism 2009. Magni-Berton. Raul and Roger, Antoine Dieter, Fuchs, Cornell UniversityPress. orizons opean . 3. 2. 1. . Lanham,MD:RowmanandLittleﬁeld Publishers.

welfare would increase their “feeling” of being a European citizen. robarometer polls, 41% of respondents agreed that stronger social several scholars have observed that greater support of the EU is EU the of support greater that observed have scholars several s European. as found among people who hold even a low degree of identification European Union the and Its between Citizens Gap the Closing Stacey GorskiSpringandHuan-KaiTseng Antoine Sander,LuisavonRichthofen, SUBMITTED BY ciently salient. salient. suffi ciently achievements its make not does Union European The the on conditions micro level. living citizens’ improve visibly, not least at not, does It restrictions. and norms implementing body, latory regu a as citizens of lives the in present is Union European The those who have more interactions throughout Europe 35% of citizens see the EU as “conjuring a positive image” positive a “conjuring as EU the see citizens of 35% its institutions as disconnected from their daily concerns. A mere Citizens of the European Union today see the European Union and A Community of Europeans? Transnational Identities and Public Spheres Public and Identities Transnational Europeans? of Community A Euroscepticism: Images of Europe Among Mass Publics and Political Elites Elites Political and Publics Mass Among Europe of Images Euroscepticism: Eurobarometer Eurobarometer 234 fe ietfiain ih uoe s togr in stronger is Europe with identification Often . Brussels. . Brussels. Transnational Identities: Becomining Europe Becomining Identities: Transnational 5 and in Eu . Ithaca, NY: Ithaca, . 1 , and , edited - - - 6 - Identity ------27 7 European & Transatlantic A¬airs . Brussels. review of Youth on the move – Analytical Report They would be placed based on language skills (or after These groups should be purposefully mixed between do mestic workers and those who hail from other EU coun tries on short-term projects. The idea would be to reach group unemployed highest the employ once: at goals two and foster connections among people so as to enhance a unitary European identity. Similar ideas could include creating a EU version of City Corps, AmeriCorps, Teach for America, and/or Senior Corps. The first three programs would consist of people from age 15–30. Applicants would apply to where in work Europe in any their given trade or area of interest. into work sites so that workers and those observing the projects whould have greater association progress between being made the or services provided and the EU’s financial contributions. Roo D. Franklin to akin something launch could EU The sevelt’s New Deal programs that put American youth in the Great Depression into residency in more rural areas in order to complete public works projects. Rather than simply funding projects through the Member State and having them hire local contractors, the projects should be completed by groups of young, unemployed workers. Current infrastructure projects often recognizing feature the EU’s signage financial recognizable contributions. use of Further the EU flag should be incorporated

c. b. a. The European Union should enhance its image by better show loyalty greater foster to order in projects in involvement its casing to EU-funded projects and programs; while programs for youth developed and implemented. should be further EU citizens may be inclined to think their employment options are limited to opportunities within their own country; more than move or study abroad. are willing to 60% of youth Antoine Sander, Luisa von Richthofen, Stacey Gorski Spring and Huan-Kai Tseng Huan-Kai and Spring Gorski Stacey Richthofen, von Luisa Sander, Antoine

5. 4. European Commission. (2011)

7 The Identity workshop believes that: The Identity workshop POLICY VISION Identity eur h 2. 3.1.ClosingTheGapbetweentheEuropeanUnionanditsCitizens 28 orizons opean 6.

the portal were abundant enough, we would hope that the portal the that hope would we enough, abundant were portal the job for references seekers around main Europe. If the employment the opportunities listed on of one become should portal This reach topopulationwithoutmuchaccesstheInternet. forms plat such as television media and newspapers to on extend this program’s portal this advertise also should EU the Finally, employer. the of language the in CVs translate automatically and format Europass unitary the with work must portal the words, er all from CVs oth In allow language. own his in anyone by read be to Europe around should Europass project. new this of core the at be must that initiative great a is CV Europass current The them availabletothelargerEuropeanpopulation. eration with national job services to retrieve their offers and make coop in work potentially could EU The possible. as offers many as retrieve to EURES through States Member among cooperation increased entails also This elsewhere. it post they before portal cruit through the portal or re requiring them to post to the offer on this employers subsidizing Europe like means, across necessary program all through the advertise to work should it ment; can share the common labor market created by freedom of move the most accessible platform on which citizens all around Europe portal Program Mobility Job European the make should EU The reality enacted not be individual states, but rather by the EU itself. country. Moreover, it could make the Youth Guarantee program a European another in life new a build and skills their export to ers rent unemployment situation, this portal can enable mobile work could become part of European citizens’ daily lives. Given the cur ipants aspartofaEurope-wideprogram. shirts with an EU logo—something that identiﬁes partic as helpful—such be would again, identity, of modes ple Sim State-sponsored. Member of instead EU-sponsored be should programs These seniors. other to companions or grandparents foster of role the in services provide or abroad visits short-term do would program this in ipants partic pensioners; for program volunteer a as designed is SeniorCorps areas. low-income in students to toring men and work aid healthcare instruction, school mary pri childcare, including projects coordinate AmeriCorps and CityCorps location). on depending $28,000–33,000 (roughly wage living a paid are workers all and housing provide projects Some training). language granted being ------Identity ------29 1000 € 500 to € European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of per trip. We are aiming at an initial number of Enhance the promotion of European tional multina projects in the multi-national domain of “macaronic” culture (eg: cultural tions: ﬁlms, European culture produc festivals e.g. the Frankfurt Book Fair), see the project: Creative Europe ative-europe/index_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/cre Free European study trips and seminars young for public a (e.g. Five days and activities in another with European country, and workshops depending on the country costing

i. ii. Cultural events:

a. the European institutes could consider collaborating in synergy. for sponsoring and organizing: These institutes would be responsible enhanced cooperation in the domain of culture—visual arts, cine arts, culture—visual of domain the in cooperation enhanced sec the in projects European multilateral like), the and music ma, language of domain the in services to access easy and culture of tor acquisition. The role model for these European institutes should Française, Alliance the Institut, Goethe the as institutions such be the British Council, Instituto Cervantes and the like, with whom The EU should stimulate the development of EU sponsored cul tural institutions, so called “Houses of Europe.” It should create a tight network of European cultural institutes an in capitals. the These Europe institutes should promote common cultural frameworks (a sense of common European cultural identity and State. Such exchanges would help make the European job market would help make the European State. Such exchanges more ﬂexible, provide citizens with more employment opportu com European the further unify and image EU’s the better nities, munity. Creating the Erasmus of the job market should thus be a Union. priority of the European but the idea would be to provide speciﬁc information about indi making the transition easier. vidual Member States, measure possible every implement to try should EU the Generally, to facilitate intra-European migration and provide unemployed youth with the opportunity to build anew in another Member The portal should provide practical information about the impli cations of moving to another country within the EU. The “Free dom to Move and Live in Europe” document available online al citizens, EU of rights the about information useful provides ready Antoine Sander, Luisa von Richthofen, Stacey Gorski Spring and Huan-Kai Tseng Huan-Kai and Spring Gorski Stacey Richthofen, von Luisa Sander, Antoine

7. Identity eur h The participants of the Identity Workshop in order to realize their vision intend to: PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY 2. 3.1.ClosingTheGapbetweentheEuropeanUnionanditsCitizens 30 orizons opean 10. 9. 8.

be foremostEuropeancitizensfrominsidetheUnion. should audience targeted the though countries, candidate EU to these institutes turns out to be of successful, it could possibly be extended work the If EU. the of city major every in then and EU, the of capitals all in implemented ﬁrstly be would institutes The or inthebroadermedia,advocating theseexpansionsofinterest. online, publications, student in either articles, newspaper Write grams andideas. or pro US potential these forwarding the papers policy publish either to Europe in based students graduate among Advocate to Workshop Identity their respectivegovernments. the by forward put ideas petitions—the online and forums Internet groups, advocacy promote—through help and public brief this in issued recommendations the Make c. b.

Education aboutEuropeanIssues Languages oftheEuropeanUnion: vii. vi. v. iv. iii.

ies inelementaryschoolsandhighschool) stud (European educators for seminars Europe Translation work. Diploma preparation, Language classes(alsoe-learningcourses), bitions, seminars,lectures). (exhi topics European to related events Cultural dent exchanges. stu cross-national non-physical increase to gies generally, technolo new of more advantage take could or schools participants.), 300 about - - - - - Identity - - - - - 31 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of

ski ń

Make no mistake: when I say “solutions”, I do not mean The paper offers several interesting and fresh ideas on how In this sense I not only share the reality snapshot selected by selected snapshot reality the share only not I sense this In uted equally to every individual. to support such work, focusing on volunteering, Europe-wide la bor opportunities and European cultural frameworks. etal model, our togetherness can only be maintained—and also defended—through patient work at the grassroots in all corners of Europe, helped on and supported by public policy schemes at national and European level. And in such work, it makes sense to reach out to others across national and ethnic borders. Practice teaches there is always net gain from that, even if it is not distrib data on top of the facts and figures presented by them. But it would it But them. by presented figures and facts the of top on data Euro what are solutions and solutions, to closer any us bring not pean societies need. So let me look at the paper under this angle. there is a silver bullet, some miracle recipe. Our values, our soci rising tide of discontent, alienation and mistrust in the capability of European elites to understand the developments and to design brighter future. policy tools helping us all back to a the authors of the paper, I could easily pile more gloomy recent For well over 20 years, millions of wise people across Europe kept Europe across people wise of millions years, 20 over well For to elected those between distance emotional the shorten to trying govern and those who voted for them. Reflections on how to ad hundred several to up add EU the in deficit” “democratic the dress sovereign and financial of outbreak the since Yet, pages. thousand debt crisis no amount of such work would be enough to turn the to 2.3.1. Closing The Gapand its Citizens between the European Union Jan Truszczy Former Director-General for Education and Culture, 2. 3. 2. Response 2. 3. European Commission

Identity eur h 2. 3.Responseto1.ClosingTheGapbetweentheEuropeanUnion anditsCitizens national andEuropeanlevel. ed bypublicpolicyschemesat rope, helpedonandsupport grassroots inallcornersofEu through patientworkatthe tained—and alsodefended— getherness canonlybemain our societalmodel,to miracle recipe.Ourvalues, there isasilverbullet,some “solutions”, Idonotmean Make nomistake:whenIsay 32 orizons opean for young Europeans and has no offer for mid-career or retired or mid-career for offer no has and Europeans young for designed is It year. each it from benefit people 7000 only about lar and performing European Volunteer Program. But it is small— Europe, examples coming to mind are initiatives like the Europe the like initiatives are mind to coming examples Europe, in life of facet growing steadily a is virtual, and physical borders, across networking Cultural facilities. bricks-and-mortar of another set need we sure not am I institutes. cultural European of you don’tworkonitsnuts and boltsaswell. if arise will design grand no all, after Brussels; in action and tion authors may seem small steps, but each of them is worth a reflec address andfirstportofcall.Theseotherproposals fromthe priority a as portal, mobility job European the EURES, using to employers the commit to and incentivize to is suggestion useful ocean and seek inspiration in American volunteering tools, as ad the across look to well-advised be would Europe in work unteer vol about care who those all and makers policy EU Hence, lost. is momentum the and EP, the left he But Cohn-Bendit. Daniel by promising initiative in this regard in the European Parliament, led very a been has There cross-border. go to these helping schemes, an volunteering local and national for as vehicle unifying and umbrella develop to unable now until been has it And individuals. Now for the idea on the “Houses of Europe”, a new network popu hugely a EU the in have We work. volunteer the First, - - - - ihn niiul tts Another states. individual within just not and EU entire the in able action be should Guarantee Youth the that idea the instance for come wel I Here, move. to ready those all supporting in imaginative more and efficient more be can certainly we However, birth. their of the country than other a country in European work and reside working-age Europeans of 2% over just and program, Erasmus+ the use to able are students European of 5% Barely territory. one-flag one-language, a not are we and panacea, a not mobility is cross-border that know We authors. the by advocated ket, mar job the for program Erasmus vised bythepaper. Second, the equivalent of the of equivalent the Second, ------Identity - - - ski 33 ń Jan Truszczy Jan European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of ski has recently retired after a long and distinguished ń Finally, a word on education about European issues. The career both in his native Poland and in the European institutions in Brussels. Highlights from his career prior to the EU include rep Jan Truszczy resenting Poland as the Ambassador to the European Union from in the next step. We do have European integration as part of civic education in our schools in basically every EU member state, but in terms of the learning outcomes our achievements remain very underwhelming. Suggestions on how to improve the European scores are much needed! operation, inject innovative contents and formats of cross-border cross-border of formats and contents innovative inject operation, models for public-private partnerships. activity, and create paper rightly signals it as an important area, but stops short of discussing it in detail. I believe that this is what should be done an House of Culture, or A Soul for Europe. So is the cooperation between national cultural institutions within the network called EUNIC. My advice would be to help things that already exist: dis co efficient hamper which barriers financial and legal the mantle 1996 to 2001, leading the Polish negotiation team for accession to the EU in the early 2000s, and leading the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs as Secretary of State. Following Poland’s accession to the EU, Mr. Truszczynski became the Managing Director of the Foundation for Polish-German Cooperation in Warsaw. Identity eur h 2. 4. 2 1 The Identityworkshopobservesthefollowing: OBSERVATIONS

34 http://www.euclidnetwork.eu/ﬁles/Technical_Proﬁle_ http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do orizons opean

3. 1. 2.

Economic Narrative? Identity andan Carla FreundandPhilMooney Sean Bray,LucieHinzelin, SUBMITTED BY es as well as economic nationalism in Europe—from the success the Europe—from in nationalism economic as well as es The apparent rise of non ay Srz i Gec, n te ninds n Spain—reveals in Indignados the and Greece, in Syriza many, Ger in Pegida of popularity increasing the to Britain in UKIP of that morecanbedone. believe we but problem; this address to begun already have 2013, in launched Initiative, Employment Youth the as such policies, 25 years of age, but only 10% for the age bracket 25- bracket age the for 10% only but age, of years 25 under citizens for 25% almost was Union European the in ment unemploy 2012, In market. labor the of “insiders” as protected well relatively remain generations older whereas crisis, current the from most the suffering are people young that reveal Studies needs the EU seems to be split on a North/South and East/West rozone membership (Copenhagen criteria). axis. In terms of economic East an itiveness and innovation. This economic duality is also reﬂected in in terms of growth, employment, labor market ﬂexibility, compet social and Germany Bismarckian marily gal) and France seem to be left behind by a dynamic “North” (pri Portu and Spain Malta, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, (including states” the one hand, a weak South comprised of “Mediterranean welfare On EU. the of nature” “dualized the discloses crisis current The West divide, and in the form of the obligations tied to Eu to tied obligations the of form the in and divide, West

2 mainstream Right and Left political forc

_EU_policies_for_youth_unemployment.pdf

democratic Scandinavia) democratic 74.

1 Some ------Identity ------35

term defined defined econom defined

wide economic policy. European & Transatlantic A¬airs paying jobs in less-developed

tech industries that have long review of Sean Bray, Lucie Hinzelin, Carla Freund and Phil Mooney and Phil Freund Carla Hinzelin, Lucie Bray, Sean cultural conflicts. First, the EU should not push states to drastically cut back their welfare expenditures for purely budgetary reasons. To help fund this, the EU should encourage Member States to adopt strategies that tackle and pursue fiscal fraud effectively. programs, increasing economic growth through spending, and attracting investment in high icy Vision below. And, in turn, it will lay the environment an create can groundwork which responsibility, of feeling shared for a times. for sustainable reform, even in difficult And, all of this is achievable: by creating and maintaining a fair welfare incentive-based supporting field, playing competitive and for European solidarity and innovative economic growth. Where historic national identities fail to provide inclusion and upward mobility to disenfranchise citizens, an EU identity can also pro sense of purpose. vide hope and unifying This idea of “family” will underpin the social policies in our Pol With this in mind, the success and fundamental stability of the EU hinges on the presentation and promotion of a well European identity. As mobilization and globalization increase, traditionally implicit European cultures must become more ex plicit in order to accommodate European citizens from different essential is family European the of recognition The backgrounds. the failure of the European Union to provide a unifying identity and common economic narrative for all of its citizens, although groups varies. impact of these the political ropean economic goals, more well regions, peace, political and economic stability, and the amelio ration of cross growth potential, the EU could find the political capital to achieve to capital political the find could EU the potential, growth better A clear: be would benefits The goals. these ic identity will lead to increased European solidarity, shared Eu

5. 4. German social market model as an example for European In order to achieve this familial identity, we believe that it is necessary to use the POLICY VISION Identity eur h 2. 4.IdentityandanEconomicNarrative? 36 orizons opean 6. 10. 9. 8. 7.

man Ger the to similar instruments create should EU the particular, ol—n xhne ih ainl iitis te C, think ECB, the tanks and civil society ministries, actors specialized in economic questions— national with exchange Commission could—in the narrative, economic common a formulate To also receiveperformance could States Member competitiveness. economic encourage to bined with child care policies and innovative education programs com be should flexi-security as such policies market labor tive Ac inequality. of causes root the attack and will chances equal create EU the future, the in investing By investment. social erous gen and active with expenditures social passive replace to states member encourage and help to programs launch should EU The European debate. raise awareness of the problem but also foster the emergence of a only not would which election, Parliament run-up European next the the to in proposed and discussed be could idea this field, policy this communitarize to reluctance States’ Member Given structures. business their improve and reform to how businesses panies in wealthier countries might be encouraged to teach ailing practices should be exchanged on an institutionalized level: com Intra ideas. business innovative generate can frastructure ter SMEs’ innovative capacity. New cutting fos and needs systems’ production the meet to order in training vocational expand and systems educational their reform to States To generate a stronger tax base, the EU should advise its Member on Europeaneconomicsolidarity. have could costs labor rising that impact the emphasize should it GDP, its and wage average State’s Member a between link titative ing labor costs in export stagnat of problem the address openly should Commission The also made. are union fiscal a toward steps if implemented be only can this (consumption prevailing EU the two in models the economic between balance a find also should EU The tural incentives—such as participation in committees—to Mem committees—to in participation as incentives—such tural struc and financial offer also could EU The State. Member each parliaments), the Commission could specify the goals to reach for national and EP as (such entities elected democratically with tion consulta public the After guidelines. policy shared broad draft Länderfinanzausgleich

oriented countries: By showing the quan basedﬁnancialrewardsandtaxbreaks. eulzto pyet) O course, Of payments). (equalization edge education and in

and export and

based). In based).

EU best EU ------Identity ------37 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Sean Bray, Lucie Hinzelin, Carla Freund and Phil Mooney and Phil Freund Carla Hinzelin, Lucie Bray, Sean chef Dijsselbloem) and appoint an elected represen States’ taxation rates. Lobby for and negotiate thresholds for European equality ments. pay capacity. Such a ranking might consider improvements and mod and improvements consider might ranking a Such capacity. time over facilities) and infrastructure instance, for (in, ernization provided. education the of quality the certify that labels create and Increase cooperation and organize meetings of national finance ministers in order to encourage the equalization of Member Create an online exchange platform for businesses, so that ailing compa successful from learn and ideas exchange can companies field. nies’ experiences operating in the same innovative universities’ shows that ranking university EU an Create We recognize that our economic narrative is not feasible without taking into consideration other narratives that stress education, in the EU. national defence and the role of immigration with the EU’s overarching monetary goals. with the EU’s overarching per positive the encourage that strategies develop should EU The effort coordinated and concerted A policies. these of all of ception across the highest and most public levels of EU leadership will increase support for our familial narrative. The EU should institute regular meetings of leaders of the larg est European unions (such as business federations, ETUC and Eurozone in heard be to voices their allow will This group. this lead to tative identification greater ensure will and governance, Eurozone’s the ber States once they agree on strategies. This could successfully subordinate their specific interests and attain the con policy to EU’s lead would this run, broader long the In narrative. economic with the EU. identification and a stronger public vergence

17. 16. 14. 15. 13. 12. 11. The participants of the Identity Workshop in order to realize their vision intend to: intend vision their realize to order in Workshop Identity the of participants The PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY Identity eur h 2. 4.IdentityandanEconomicNarrative? 38 orizons opean 19. 18. 21. 20.

Publish clearandwell Promote thisfamilialidentitytoyouthpoliticalpartiesinEurope. social marketmodel. German our of structures the develop and research to Continue identity toAmericanstudents,faculty,andpublic. European promote and explain to campus on positions our Use -definedarticlesonthefamilyidentity. Identity ------39 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of ings are also due to the lack of a broader, European-level internal strategy for human and minority rights. Furthermore, the nar rative of human rights appears distant and somewhat detached from Europeans’ daily hardships—dire economic conditions, a lasting crisis, the influence of far-right parties that are denying the focus on human rights, cosmopolitanism and minority rights minority and cosmopolitanism rights, human on focus the was especially translated in the negotiations on Turkey’s acces sion to the EU. enforceable only are they as incomplete, seem rights minority Yet, shortcom Such one. collective a on not and basis individual an on new purpose for the EU, now strained with the current econom ic and security situations in Europe. Yet, it is also crucial to note the inherent link between both peace and human rights, as the respect for rights can prevent the escalation of tensions towards the breakdown of peace, and the achievement of peace offers fer recently, More rights. human of establishment the for ground tile “The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, human for respect of values the on founded is Union “The freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for hu man rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minori ties.” (Article II) Achieving relative peace on the continent created the need for a The European Union’s narrative has progressively shifted from a peace-oriented narrative to one of human rights, cosmopolitan ism and minority rights. This shift is reflected in the six found by the Lisbon Treaty in 2009: ing principles of the EU established SUBMITTED BY Meeus, Donatienne Ruy, Martin Artidoro Pagoli Mikaela Rabb, and Identity and a Human and Identity Narrative? Rights

3. 2. 1.

The Identity workshop observes the following: The Identity workshop observes the OBSERVATIONS

2. 5. Identity eur h 3 2 1 2. 5.IdentityandaHumanRightsNarrative?

40 http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/01/29/eu-lackluster-commitment-rights-protection (page viewed 2/4/2015). viewed (page http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/01/29/eu-lackluster-commitment-rights-protection Human Rights Watch, 29 January 2015, “EU: Lackluster Commitment to Rights Protection”. tion_n_5391873.html (pageviewed2/2/2015). http://www.hufﬁngtonpost.co.uk/2014/05/26/far-right-europe-elec Available online at: at: online Available Post. Hufﬁngton Parliament”, European The In Now Parties Far-Right Scariest 9 Elections: “European 2014, May 26 J., Elgot, precise accountofparties’voteshares intheEP2014elections. a for http://www.europarl.europa.eu/elections2014-results/en/seats-member-state-absolut.html and html, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/05/far-right-parties-sweep-eu-polls-20145261436233584. See orizons opean 6. 5. 4.

ber Statesneedtoadvocateforrightsandrespectthem athome. order to build a In credible narrative around policies. human rights, EU asylum Mem and migration as such action, adequate out EU for allowing abusive practices around the EU to proceed with force the rule of law in Member States, a powerful tool for the for tool ensuring this new narrative. powerful a States, Member in law of rule the force en to Commission European the of power increased the lighted high organization the report, Watch Rights Human 2015 the In French laws on the display of religious symbols or clothing items. upholding Rights Human of Court European the for case the was as level, EU the at supported been also have policies these ever, How rights. human and peace between correlation the see we again, Here States. Member several in threats terrorist growing ing number of European jihadists leaving for Iraq and Syria or the increas the Hebdo, Charlie on attack the with attention national towards minority rights and policies religious freedom have recently come exclusionary to inter countries’ EU some addition, In to link rights and the reality of people’s existence—for example, existence—for people’s of reality the and rights link to way a ﬁnd to yet has EU The concerns. political and economic ty, securi immediate addressing to seat back a taken has narrative some of these rights, etc. As such, truly following through on this mark, Greece, Austria and the Netherlands. the and Austria Greece, mark, to Den France, include countries These immigration. of waves new opposition an and cultures national long-standing to threat supposed a particular in EU, the by upheld freedoms and values 2014—which are openly hostile to some of the most fundamental ties—making up one-third of the European Parliament, as of May a signiﬁcant rise of extreme far-right and Euroskeptic political par experienced have countries European several years, recent In ditions. con respectable in work and dignity in live to right the through religious minorities(Hungary’sJobbik,forexample). certain against discrimination for called or “Finns”) (Finland’s people LGBT for rights equal rejected openly have members ties’ 3 However, HRW heavily critiqued the 1 Some of these par these of Some 2

------Identity ------41 5 million in social € European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of 16 million (including € Donatienne Ruy, Martin Meeus, Mikaela Rabb, and Artidoro Pagoli Artidoro and Rabb, Mikaela Meeus, Martin Ruy, Donatienne tal values of the Union by ans’ daily explicitly lives—for example, linking respect them for human to dignity in Europe the workplace and living conditions. Seeing as the 2014 campaign cost approximately ciple of equality and non-discrimination which are only enforce able on an individual basis, the EU should provide remedies for communities as a whole. The DG Communication should devise campaign a with media the and stated cultural goals of spreading the fundamen tools across the Union within such a strategy, especially between countries facing growing numbers of minorities. One way of do ing so would be to take a collective rather than individual stance Instead minorities. of protection and rights human of policies on of protecting minorities through classic individual fundamental prin the or religion of freedom speech, of freedom as such rights the yet-to-be-drafted internal strategy into concrete work. that are linked to these agencies’ daily principles Given the lack of an internal human rights strategy, the Europe an Parliament should devise stronger protective policies for the rights of minorities by establishing clear criteria and comparison allel to meetings of practitioners—police forces, border patrols— border forces, practitioners—police of meetings to allel with the speciﬁc aim to establish best practices and benchmarks in the protection of rights regarding immigrants and border con trol. Furthermore, the EU Fundamental Rights Agency Frontex and national law en work in collaboration with Europol, should and Rights Human of Charter the translate to agencies forcement to prevent some states from sliding towards authoritarian rule. from sliding towards authoritarian to prevent some states The EU should make full use of the new tools at its disposition— in particular Court and Commission oversight of human rights and border policies. In particular, it should consider convening a bi-annual meeting of immigration and security ministers, in par Given the EU’s lack of enforcement capacity with regard to de mocracy and human rights among its Member should States, implement the checks EU and balances through a mechanism peer-review that would take place regularly, every three or four years for example. This would create a system of collective action

10. 9. 8. 7. The Identity Workshop believes that: Workshop believes The Identity POLICY VISION POLICY Identity eur h 4 The participants of the Identity Workshop in order to realize their vision intend to: PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY 2. 5.IdentityandaHumanRightsNarrative?

42 Gaydazhieva S., 10 September 2013, “EP launches European elections campaign”, New Europe. Available Europe. online at: http://www.neurope.eu/article/ep-launches-european-elections-campaign New (page viewed 2/3/2015). campaign”, elections European launches “EP 2013, September 10 S., Gaydazhieva orizons opean 12. 11. 14. 13.

ei expenses), media in citizens’lives. norities of Europe and the practical implications of human rights mi the about education include should policy This 1997. since education rights human in leader a Europe, of Council the with collaboration in policy education rights human comprehensive a tus of human rights in Europe, the European Union should adopt sta the about research and knowledge general foster to order In lighting bestandworstpractices. these lists are expected to put sales, pressure on Member States these by high for tool enforcement no is there While states. such in arms of sale the deter to order in situations conflict facing are that countries sensitive of lists establish should ministers affairs foreign of meetings the end, this To 2012. June in adopted Plan tegic Framework on Human Rights and Democracy and its Action human rights as the lynchpin of their strategy and utilize the Stra address to continue Commission European the of President Vice and Policy Security and Affairs Foreign for Representative High ty concerns faced by many EU Member States. It is crucial that the Promoting human rights is an appropriate tool to address securi protection. rights minority positions and policy rights EU’s human immigration, the on clarify to opportunity an as used be than less require likely most would and feasible, is campaign media a such basis, stronger a rative think tank, we believe it is our duty to render European human European render to duty our is it believe student we tank, European think a of contributors future and participants As ness andstrengthenourarguments. interconnected this of understanding better a have can we that we must look intertwined, towards engaging with other workshop participants so so are ESC of workshops five the as Naturally, 4 n gvn h iprac o gvn te nar the giving of importance the given and € 16 million. Finally, it could it Finally, million. 16 ------Identity - - 43 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Donatienne Ruy, Martin Meeus, Mikaela Rabb, and Artidoro Pagoli Artidoro and Rabb, Mikaela Meeus, Martin Ruy, Donatienne should, beyond the writing of articles, engage in productive con versations between themselves and, whenever possible, with EU the as see they what on opinions share to scholars EU and officials the human rights narrative. real issues facing rights proponent. As members of academic communities, it is our responsibility to spread awareness of the challenges ahead and offer solutions— where there is a possibility to do so—by creating and fostering links between universities. Such a network of young scholars rights rights policies and narratives more accessible to the public. We clear more would that articles publishing by this accomplish can ly establish the relation between human rights and Europeans’ daily lives, as well as with the larger project of the EU as a human

15. Identity eur h

44 orizons opean So far we shall use the capacity of scientists and researchers, es researchers, and scientists of capacity the use shall we far So the understanding of history. We have still a huge differentiation. similar exercisesarenotenoughusedforidentity. ation of identity in this context and also an exchange of use. Such cre a also is there but sexy, quite is Contest Song Eurovision The moment. the at is it than sexy more be should It now. is it than information over spread to possible more is it where internet, of possibilities the also with connection in broadcaster, public own an means that Euro-news: better example for need we Therefore about aggressions, borders between peoples and states and so on. reporting only are they because helpful, much very not are media to spread it over, in connection with the media. In the moment the have we so other, each about enough know not do we that is lem of Europe. countries the in histories of perception different the confront to sible to write a unified understanding of history, but it is possible pos not is It countries. the in history of perceptions different the pecially historians, but also others, to give more knowledge about 2. 6.Response Former Vice-Chancellor of Austria of Vice-Chancellor Former Erhard Busek to 2.Identity give ageneraloverview. how topushitthroughand to underline.Thedifficultyis The importanceofidentityis Another point is a long-lasting strategy on the question of question the on strategy long-lasting a is point Another erh Te prob re The search. and science education, on also but society, civil on concentrate to you asking am I Here overview. general a give and through it push to how is difficulty The line. identity is to under of importance The ------Identity 45 Erhard Busek Erhard European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of I am asking the think tank to elaborate on these points, Another importance is art and culture! For example we have have we example For culture! and art is importance Another Erhard Busek, former Vice Chancellor, Federal Minister for Science about possible knowledge, but is it used in the right way? I think, has to be done. in this direction more which do not solve all the problems, but are of great importance, interest. out of a real humanistic to look to Russian culture to keep the bridge between our Russian our between bridge the keep to culture Russian to look to yet not are they moment the For Europeans. other the and friends full are on so and bookshops halls, concert theatres, our but used, and Research, and Federal Minister for Education of Austria, is a Jean Monnet Professor ad personam, Chairman of the Institute for the Danube Region and Central Europe, and President of the Vienna Economic Forum. 3 Borders

3. 1. Securitization of Migration

SUBMITTED BY Yoana Kuzmova, Giovanni Solidoro, Marko Grujicic and Lauren Moses

OBSERVATIONS

The Borders Workshop observes the following:

1. An ever-growing number of migrants attempt to cross the Medi- terranean Sea to reach European coasts. Just in 2014, crossing the Mediterranean cost the lives of at least 3,419 people, an unprecedented death toll both in the region and globally.1 While all Mem- ber States recognize this as an appalling trend, there has been a meager coordinated policy response to this crisis that prioritizes the human rights of migrants.

2. Mediterranean Member States such as Greece, Italy, Malta, Spain and France have called for stronger EU measures in response to the growth of irregular migrants, while others have shown reluctance to cooperate in joint EU activities in the Mediterranean. Strikingly, the United Kingdom refused to participate in search- and-rescue operations because it deemed that such efforts only encourage more irregular migration.

1 United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees, News Release: UNHCR urges focus on saving lives as2014 boat people numbers near 350,000, (Dec. 10, 2014). Borders ------of 47 3 while 4 3 million came from Eu from came million 3 € European & Transatlantic A¬airs , (Aug. 16, 2014). review of

. 5 2 Europe’s Huddled Masses from 26/27 June 2014. 9 million a month on Operation Mare Nostrum, and was left unassisted € Yoana Kuzmova, Giovanni Solidoro, Marko Grujicic and Lauren Moses Lauren and Grujicic Marko Solidoro, Giovanni Kuzmova, Yoana The Economist, See , (2013). Regardless of the varying attitudes toward the search-and-rescue effectiveness of operations, all Member States remain com- securing the borders, are ubiquitous in both northern and south ern Member States Increases in the migratory inﬂow across the Mediterranean stress Mediterranean the across inﬂow migratory the in Increases local economies and communities in outermost Member States. Meanwhile, indirect responses to surges in migration, expressed as societal resistance to migrants and alarm over poor efforts at States’ concern. These events take place against the backdrop of what some ob servers have termed the build-up of “Fortress Europe,” an effort to deepen and thicken the external borders of the Union, marked by the creation of Frontex and the progressive ‘securitization’ In light of the foregoing, the European Union’s initiatives at their at initiatives Union’s European the foregoing, the of light In Mediterranean borders have far-reaching effects throughout the Member all is effective are actions these Ensuring States. Member grants, be they regular or irregular, and the current situation in the Mediterranean. European civil society, UN bodies and human networks rights have advocacy raised concerns about the the EU’s normative obligation to uphold the human dissonance rights of mi between EU borders. The strategy of expanding the operations of Fron tex is continually upheld at the European Council level, 63 million in 2013 alone to thwart illegal immigration, of which only which of immigration, illegal thwart to alone 2013 in million 63

€ 6. 3. 5. 4. Conclusions of the European Council See, for example, “Mediterranean Flows into Europe: Migration ate-General for and External Policies, European Parliament) and “When the Best Option is a Leaky Boat” (Migra the EU’s Foreign Policy” (Director tion Policy Centre, EUI) refer to a practice of conceptualizing political issues exclusively as security threats, “whether through enunci through “whether threats, security as exclusively issues political conceptualizing of practice a to refer ation or practice.” Ruben Anderson, A Game of Risk: Boat migration and the business of bordering Europe, Securitization, in the context of external border management and international relations, has been used to See Anthropology Today Greece spent Greece rope’s border agencies. Italy spent by northern neighbors.

5 3 4 2 The Borders Workshop believes that: POLICY VISION Borders eur h 3. 1.SecuritizationofMigration 6

48 ing/fundings/migration-asylum-borders/asylum-migration-integration-fund/index_en.htm. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/ﬁnanc see Fund, Integration and Migration Asylum, the on more For orizons opean 7. 8.

sion should require all Member States to be involved in tailored in involved be to States Member all require should sion common interest of all Member States, the Council and Commis this further To treaties. rights human European in and ternational through obligations legal their of observance the to mitted n t ay eaie xenlte o lcl epes livelihoods. people’s local on externalities negative any respond to for ing strategies devise governments local help solidarity-build and to ing devoted (AMIF) Fund Integration and tion Migra Asylum, the of portion the expand should States Member confrontations, potential such diminish To presence. migrants’ by affected are livelihoods their that perceptions to and migrants with confrontations potential to exposed readily most ones the are they but inland, further those than xenophobic less or more are coasts Mediterranean the on by citizens EU that is clear means It no prejudice. of hazards the and equality of value the ism, plural of merits the for advocating by discourse public on focus should and EU-wide, be should campaigns Some migrants. most the hosting States Member in communities targeting campaigns through migrants forced with and States Member among idarity the Committee of the Regions, should address the absence of sol its Member States. The EU, working through mechanisms such as to threat security a also but EU the of cohesion the to challenge a members in responding to the upsurge of migrants poses not only The EU should recognize that the absence of solidarity among EU shelter, as food andwater,clothing,sanitation,educationhealthcare. such needs, basic migrants’ to contributions clude in should this addition, In monitoring. rights human and ities facil reception for funding as such Mediterranean, the through arriving migrants of processing the improving at aimed projects greater controlofthesubstanceFrontex’soperations. given be should Parliament European the Further, realm. eration coop technical the into political the from policy neighborhood EU of decisions displacing avoid and countries, third with into enter to allowed is Frontex that agreements the of parameters the define narrowly should EU the Specifically, agency. accountable and transparent more a into it remold to as so Frontex of reforms The European Council and Commission should initiate structural ------6 - Borders ------49 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Yoana Kuzmova, Giovanni Solidoro, Marko Grujicic and Lauren Moses Lauren and Grujicic Marko Solidoro, Giovanni Kuzmova, Yoana them to EU policymakers and influencers and analyzing the re sponses they generate. Through participation in ESC 2015, develop and articulate argu ments for border control in the Mediterranean that prioritize hu man security and human rights rather than the impermeability of borders. Test the validity and viability of these arguments by presenting threats to EU borders that irregular migrants pose. threats to EU borders that irregular Advocate for a consistent and productive dialogue among policy areas, such as migration policy, asylum, refugee protection and border protection. Through publications and research at our respective universities, raise awareness and interrogate the real dimensions of security allocation. accommodating accommodating of migrants in the outermost would be Member dispersed, bolstering States recovery from the Eurozone cri sis. To streamline this social and economic support, the Europe an Asylum Support Center and other agencies within the Home and Justice Affairs Directorate should establish mechanisms to manage financial and material resource pooling and guide their The EU should amend the Dublin III Regulation to incorporate a distribution system that allocates asylum applications on the basis of proportionality to population. ministrative and welfare Subsequently, costs incurred from the processing the and ad

12. 13. 11. 10. 9. The participants of the Borders Workshop in order to realize their vision intend to: intend vision their realize to order in Workshop Borders the of participants The PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY Borders eur h 2 3. 2. 1 The BordersWorkshopobservesthefollowing: OBSERVATIONS 4 3

50 Travis, A., & Home Affairs Editor. (2014, October 27). UK axes support for Mediterranean migrant rescue operation. migrant Mediterranean for support axes UK 27). October (2014, Editor. Affairs Home & A., Travis, Union. Retrievedfromhttp://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Risk_Analysis/FRAN_Q2_2014.pdf European the of States Member the of Borders External the at Cooperation Operational of Management the Frontex (European Union). (2014). Union). (European Frontex refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=4d39bc7f2 http://www. from 2015, 25, January Retrieved 21). January (2011, Greece. and Belgium v. M.S.S. | Refworld www.ecre.org/topics/areas-of-work/protection-in-europe/10-dublin-regulation.html European Council on Refugees and Exiles. (n.d.). Dublin Regulation. Retrieved January 25, 2015, from http:// nean-migrant-rescue-plan orizons opean

4. 3. 2. 1. h Guardian The

v theUK,K.R.S.M.S.S.BelgiumandGreece,etc.). Currently, the system is being challenged in several court cases (T.I. States.southernMemberon burden great a placesmigrants,and for incentives positive than rather punishments on focuses It tion. registra of process the complicated and lengthened have which regulations,excessimposed has Itfailed. has system Dublin The placing theburdenofresponsibilityonsouthernMemberStates. Europe is unfairly balanced, favoring northern Member States and into seekers asylum of entrance the concerning policy Migration States (theUK,Italy)haveceasedrescuemissions. Member European some 2013, of As sink. and shore European the reach not do boats many dangerous; very often is route This Unification of Migration Policy Thilo Rattay,ClaireRembecki,andIaTserodze Ceyda Erten,MegiHakobjanyan, SUBMITTED BY nean route to enter EU illegally in the first quarter of 2014 alone. 2014 of quarter first the in illegally EU enter to route nean According to Frontex, about 60,000 migrants used the Mediterra refugee migrationpolicyacrossEUMemberStates. unifying on focuses policy This inevitable. and beneficial both is refugee, or economic whether Union, European the to Migration Rtivd rm http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/oct/27/uk-mediterra from Retrieved . FRAN Quarterly FRAN (No. Q2, 2014). Warsaw, Poland: European Agency for Agency European Poland: Warsaw, 2014). Q2, (No. 2

4 - - - 1

Borders ------51 European & Transatlantic A¬airs

5 review of 10 million in humanitarian funding to € The lack of consensus among Member States 6 From 2008–13, the European Refugee Fund supported “EU coun “EU supported Fund Refugee European the 2008–13, From tries’ efforts in receiving refugees,” including “measures to ad dress sudden arrivals of large numbers of persons who may be in protection.” need of international Commission contributed Turkey’s efforts for Syrian refugees. Most recently, the EU’s caused it to uncoordinated react insufficiently and inefficiently to the Syrian ref asylum policies have ugee crisis. Cooperation with countries accepting large numbers have and minimal remain Jordan, and Turkey as such refugees, of increased slightly only in December 2014, when the European in this area leads to political bias and a lack of accountability in Member States. Directive Directive 2013/32/EU gives Member States the authority to de termine independently which countries constitute “safe coun tries of origin.” Member States, the migration of refugees manage, and wouldthe need for strictbe internal bordereasier controls shouldto dissipate. The mass migration of illegal refugees into the Schengen Zone prompts some Member States to support the re-impositioninternal border of controls within the Schengen area, which op poses the principle of the Schengen movement.Zone If and stronger itsrefugee policiesfreedom were of unified across EU The EURODAC database has been effective, showing annual in creases in successful transactions. Ceyda Erten, Megi Hakobjanyan, Thilo Rattay, Claire Rembecki, and Ia Tserodze Ia and Rembecki, Claire Rattay, Thilo Hakobjanyan, Megi Erten, Ceyda

5. 7. 6. 9. 8. European Commission. (2014, June 20). Refugee Fund 2008-2013. Retrieved February 5, 2015, from http:// ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/ﬁnancing/fundings/migration-asylum-borders/refugee-fund/index_en.htm withdraw and granting for procedures common On Union. European the of Council & Parliament, European ing international protection (recast), Pub. L. No. Directive 2013/32/EU (2013). Retrieved from http://eur-lex. europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1423924408974&uri=CELEX:32013L0032 European Commission. (2014, December 9). Press release - EU steps up assistance Turkey. Retrieved February 5, 2015, from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-2500_en.htm for Syrian refugees in

6 7 5 Borders eur h The BordersWorkshopbelievesthat: POLICY VISION 3. 2.UniﬁcationofMigrationPolicy 11 10 9 8

European Commission. (2014,June20).RefugeeFund 2008-2013. ruary 1,2015,from http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/asylum/index_en.htm Feb Retrieved procedures. Asylum Affairs: Home and Migration 1). October (2013, Commission. European eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:180:0096:0116:EN:PDF http:// from Retrieved (2013). 2013/33/EU Directive No. L. Pub. (recast), protection international for cants appli of reception the for standards down Laying Union. European the of Council & Parliament, European ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/ﬁnancing/fundings/migration-asylum-borders/refugee-fund/index_en.htm http:// from 2015, 5, February Retrieved 2008-2013. Fund Refugee 20). June (2014, Commission. European orizons opean 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10.

ugee quotasaremet. ref countries’ ensure to used be should database EURODAC The grants qualityas“politicallypersecuted.” mi which or zones,” “conﬂict as qualify countries which on sus of origin when assessing refugee applications, so there is consen countries safe of lists their harmonize should States Member All process of applying for humane asylum and coherent, should more be upheld a and ensures enforced. Directive, Condition ception Re Revised the with combined Directive, Procedure Asylum The lum procedures.” gees and guaranteeing access to consistent, fair and effective asy refu receiving in efforts countries’ EU “supporting of goal same the with re-established be should Fund Refugee European The ed EUprogramsasanalternativetomeetingthequota. refugee-relat successful sponsor or Fund Refugee European the to contribute can Countries GDP. and size entities—population a given period of time. These quotas should be based on objective e.g. country; each Member State must each accept a certain number of refugees over for established be should quotas migration refugee minimum States, Member among equity more create To all MemberStates. across policy migration refugee united a enforce should Europe 11

8 9

------Borders - - - 53 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Provide recommendations for modifying the aforementioned di States’ individual needs. rectives with respect to the Member Provide policy makers with the perspective of today’s youth and dialogue. tomorrow’s leaders through an engaged Raise awareness about the dangers and risks which migrants take migrants which risks and dangers the about awareness Raise in order to reach Europe. Actively engage Europeans in accepting migrants, and help ac cepted migrants integrate into society. tributions, tributions, the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and can that parties third support should Department Protection Civil directly help these countries support the overflow of migrants, help the EU’s border protection. which will indirectly To more efficiently respond to emerging humanitarian such as crises, the Syrian refugee crisis, the EU cooperation should initiate with closer neighboring countries that are oversaturated with migrants, such as Turkey and Jordan. Beyond financial con Ceyda Erten, Megi Hakobjanyan, Thilo Rattay, Claire Rembecki, and Ia Tserodze Ia and Rembecki, Claire Rattay, Thilo Hakobjanyan, Megi Erten, Ceyda

19. 20. 17. 18. 16. The participants of the Borders Workshop in order to realize their vision intend to: intend vision their realize to order in Workshop Borders the of participants The PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY PARTICIPANTS’ Borders eur h 3. 1 The BordersWorkshopobservesthefollowing: OBSERVATIONS 3 2

54 the Transformation of Europe of Transformation the Thomas Liebig, OECD, versity Press,2006), 194-195 Ann Morrisens, “Immigrants, Unemployment, and Europe’s Varying Welfare Regimes,” in orizons opean International Migration Outlook 2013 Outlook Migration International

3. 2. 1.

The Labour Market Integration of Immigrants in Germany in Immigrants of Integration Market Labour The holds, poverty was almost eradicated.” almost was poverty holds, house earner dual “for that and decrease,” poverty significant “a in resulted household immigrant an in earner one of presence of the most potent causes for poverty among immigrants, that the munities, AnnMorissensconcludedthatunemployment wasone com immigrant different of situation income the on study a In adverse effects both on immigrant households and on host states. have that immigrants among rates unemployment high observe we integration, socioeconomic of indicators various the Among indicators. Integration employment ratewouldyieldfiscalbenefitstoOECD countries. un immigrants’ the reducing that showing states, welfare ties’ nant ofmigrants’netfiscalcontribution”totheirhost communi determi important most single the is “employment that revealed Hasher NisarandMichelleOzaeta Kira Gartzou-Katsouyanni, SUBMITTED BY ie populations,” tive “economic orsocialconvergencebetweentheimmigrantandna the is explore to like would we that integration of type first The vene inallareasrelatedtointegration. inter to competence the have not does Union European the fore, and layers different meanings many in the 28 Member States of the European has Union. There immigrants of integration The , ed. Craig A. Parsons and Timothy M. Smeeding (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Cambridge (Cambridge: Smeeding M. Timothy and Parsons A. Craig ed. , 1 end n em o cnrt socioeconomic concrete of terms in defined . (OECDPublishing, 2013),12 2 . (Paris,2007),9. In 2013, the OECD also OECD the 2013, In Immigration and and Immigration 3

------Borders ------55

5 Among our findings, 4 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of 55, no. 12 (2011): 1581–1600. abs.sagepub.com. Web. 14 Kira Gartzou-Katsouyanni, Hasher Nisar and Michelle Ozaeta Michelle and Nisar Hasher Gartzou-Katsouyanni, Kira American Behavioral Scientist We used OECD data and conducted a statistical analysis on the reasons why the foreign-born populations have ployment higher rates unem relative to the native-born populations in some OECD countries and lower rates in others. ing that Muslims are consistently portrayed negatively and that a press. moral panic surrounds them in the Populist tabloid newspapers and some other populist media play a huge role in perpetuating stereotypes of Muslims, painting a picture of Islam as a violent religion that is European values. Scholars and experts have incompatible conducted a number with of studies to evaluate the portrayal of Muslims in the press, find With the growing Muslim population across Europe, we observe that there has been a rise in Islamophobia, especially Charlie after Hebdo the attack in France and the scholar mounting a Bleich, Erik threat by defined As of Syria. and Iraq of the State Islamic on race and ethnicity, Islamophobia is “indiscriminate negative or Muslims.” attitudes or emotions directed at Islam is important as it can lead to feelings of inclusion in a particular peo for exclusion of feelings to lead also can it However, country. ple who either do not have the means to become citizens—finan cial or otherwise—or have a seemingly large amount of obstacles to clear before citizenship can be acquired. On the subject of the integration of immigrants through citizen ship, we acknowledge that it is more difficult to make proposals at the European Union level since Member States have very to dis means it what of ideas different as well as laws citizenship tinct be a citizen. We would like to note that the subject of citizenship we observe that the unemployment rate of foreign-born groups rose relative to that of native-born groups the per higher capita of the the host GDP country, and fell the more skilled the for eign-born population residing in the host country, other factors being equal.

4. 7. 6. 5. Feb. 2015. Kyriaki Gartzou-Katsouyanni, “A Study of the Determinants of Labor-Market Outcomes for Immigrants in OECD countries”, paper prepared for a course at SAIS, fall 2014 (available upon request) Erik Bleich. “What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is There? Theorizing and Measuring an Emerging Com parative Concept,”

4 5 Borders eur h The BordersWorkshopbelievesthat: POLICY VISION 3. Integration 6

56 Newland etal.,“Learning byDoing:ExperiencesofCircular Migration”(MigrationPolicyInstitute, 2008). orizons opean 11. 10. 9. 8.

national level and should be regularly evaluated by governmental by evaluated regularly be should and level national and laws. The curriculum for these classes should be drafted at the nity centers. These classes would focus on core political concepts entirely. Instead, mandatory civics classes could be held at commu them removing or easier tests civics making by addressed be can naturalization and integration between relationship difficult The cational elementsinlanguagecoursesforimmigrants. vo incorporating by and market labor the in immigrants of entry early the encouraging by market, labor the in succeed to required skills the with communities foreign-born their providing on sis empha an place should countries host refugees, of case the in as policies, selective implement to inappropriate is it When grants. immi for outcomes market labor on effect beneficial a have icies employment rates, demonstrating that selective immigration pol un low relatively enjoy levels skill higher with groups Immigrant officials to ensure that they are effective in reaching their goals. their reaching in effective are they that ensure to officials return provision. strating an exceptionally high compliance rate with the program’s demon workers temporary in resulted have costs, transport and housing of coverage the and work same the for Canadians as pay to the alternative of irregular labor migration, including the same pled with the appealing set of benefits offered by SAWP compared cou provisions, Such season. agricultural the of end the at home gram (SAWP), which has built-in incentives for workers to return Pro Workers Agricultural Seasonal Canada’s as such programs worker temporary of design the from learn should Union ropean working without papers, particularly in Southern Europe. The Eu In addition, Member States should offer protection to immigrants ers shouldbeconsidered. earn low-wage for contributions security social in reductions or grants in European countries, and policies such as wage subsidies immi integrating of focus major a be should immigrants among For all the reasons stated under clause 3, reducing unemployment 6

------Borders ------57 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Kira Gartzou-Katsouyanni, Hasher Nisar and Michelle Ozaeta Michelle and Nisar Hasher Gartzou-Katsouyanni, Kira Conduct research on how Muslims are being represented in the media in European countries and publish the results through the think tank. in European societies. Contact European policymakers and present them with our ideas about assembling a commission to report on the state of Islam ophobia in Europe, as discussed in clause 12. Conduct and encourage research on the reasons why some immi some why reasons the on research encourage and Conduct grant groups are better integrated into the labor markets of some variation the for reasons the as well as others, than States Member of other indicators of socioeconomic integration of immigrants be tasked with the responsibility for developing a blueprint for all for blueprint a developing for responsibility the with tasked be of Europe that explains the consequences of Islamophobia and shares best practices of engaging key journalists and other media representatives, to address stakeholders, the issue. including It is crucial for the commission to include the input of Muslim when writing this report. leaders from civil society and industry In order to address the rise of Islamophobia in Europe, the Eu ropean Union should assemble a commission that publishes a report on the state of Islamophobia in Europe. This report would mirror the one released by the Runnymede Trust in 1997 called should commission The All.” Us for Challenge A “Islamophobia: eration and communication between native-born citizens and citi and citizens native-born between communication and eration would interactions these addition, In individuals. zenship-seeking allow immigrants to improve their linguistic skills. These activi also would but large, at community the beneﬁt only not would ties citizenship. seeking those for belonging of sense a foster to serve These classes should include cultural as well as community-build as well as cultural include should classes These cul ing of programs that form would tie into the the curriculum take that was agreed may programs These level. national the at upon coop promote may which events, service community or fairs tural

16. 15. 14. 13. 12. The participants of the Borders Workshop in order to realize their vision intend to: intend vision their realize to order in Workshop Borders the of participants The PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY Borders eur h 3. Integration 58 orizons opean 17.

versus theeffectivenessofcivicsclasses. grants rights groups and NGOs on the effectiveness of civics tests Research the differences in opinions between civic groups, immi - Borders ------59 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of the credibility of EU policy tools by highlighting discrepancies between ENP policy objectives and EU implementation strategy. Similarly, the current model allows for independent foreign and trade policy by EU members towards ENP states, which erodes with European Neighborhood Policy agreements, especially toler especially agreements, Policy Neighborhood European with conditions, ENP speciﬁc by abide to fail that regimes towards ance objec its reach EU the helping in ineffective ENP the rendered has states. these in reforms judicial and political incentivizing of tives ignored regularly are that measures ENP of inclusion continued The weakens incentives for other states to comply and undermines mission of long-term engagement that would promote—through would that engagement long-term of mission economic incentives—political reform to aid the creation of gov ernable and stable states among non-member regions and states peripheral to the EU. The selective enforcement of political conditionality associated borhood Policy (ENP) are necessary to address root causes—push root address to necessary are (ENP) Policy borhood factors—most predominant in the region, such as political insta for migration and disin bility and poverty, which pose incentives in reducing outﬂows. centives for governments to comply Rooted in a dynamic of enlargement, the ENP had at its core a Migration, whether forced or voluntary, is a complex decisions brought about series by push and pull factors of in sending and receiving countries, marked heavily by political, social and eco nomic considerations. Instruments such as the European Neigh SUBMITTED BY Zuñiga Guzman Kaan Ülgen, Sandra and Alexei Savtchenko The European Neighborhood European The Policy

4. 3. 2. 1.

The Borders Workshop observes the following: The Borders Workshop observes the OBSERVATIONS

3. 4. 3. 4. Borders eur h 3. 4.TheEuropeanNeighborhoodPolicy The BordersWorkshopbelieves that: POLICY VISION 60 orizons opean 7. 6. 5. 8.

binding to ENP participating states uniformly across space and time and space across uniformly states participating ENP to binding to avoid gaps in optics, credibility and policy. Simultaneously, the difference between remarks given on the ENP by various Mem ther weakening incentives for ENP participants. This is evident in cohesion by competing internally for optimal trade positions, fur conﬁdence in uniﬁed EU policy. EU member states show a lack of policy losescredibilityandeffectiveness. rate state-state relations with many ENP participants, the EU ENP sepa in participate to continue States Member EU As interests. ages ENP members to pursue agendas better aligned to individual gional values more of a hope than a reality, which in turn encour re shared of assumptions underlying ENP’s the making greatly, vary participants ENP facing realities economic and political The al aidpromisedbyotherregionalactors. pledged to ENP participants cannot compete with non-condition funds and conditional, highly Mo remain Tunisia as and Jordan rocco, such states to commitments aid and agreements ENP trade Yet, Agreements. Trade Free Comprehensive and Deep of negotiation the through including markets, EU to countries nean Mediterra the of Union the of access the increase to sought ENP partnerships—the more” and “more and markets” and mobility, themes—“money, politicized highly Under Spring.” “Arab the of countries for support funding EU of element large a been has reforms) values-oriented of part (as conditionality particular, In the areas of democratic reform and human rights remain quite high. which the political costs of complying with the politicalprospects conditionsfor membership in and are generally governed thebyEuropean regimesUnion; however, forENP countries arecurrently without membership attractiveness in the of to effective due wasprocess accession the conditionality political in of role particular, the In sentative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (HR). bers of the European Parliament (MEPs) and by the EU High Repre The EU should EU The enforce rewards and restrictions put on agreements agreements on put restrictions and rewards enforce the the ------

Borders ------61 in 5 billion (US$7 bil . € that can compete with to the local citizens in 5.9 billion (US$8 billion) (US$8 billion 5.9 € European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of the HR should strengthen the Common opening up a track of membership accession tailored economic aid packages for the countries Kaan Ülgen, Sandra Zuñiga Guzman and Alexei Savtchenko Alexei and Guzman Zuñiga Sandra Ülgen, Kaan increase the visibility of its projects with and invest to ENP participating states in the Eastern Partnership non-conditional aid offered by other states in the region. In particular, In 2011, the EU promised to devote reforms. speciﬁc pending Egypt, to aid economic in lion) pledged States Gulf contrast, By preconditions demanding without months several within and burdensome procedures. To keep EU aid relevant, EU agencies that regulate and budget foreign aid should develop order to encourage proactive democratic reforms. Geo graphical proximity to Russia complicates the path to ac cession for many Eastern Partnership states, yet the EU and rights human promote to opportunities powerful has achieve progressive integration into EU economic struc diplomatic the changes accession for potential The tures. landscape in Eastern Europe, and necessitates a different used. approach to Russia than has been previously of the Union of the Mediterranean to best drive EU policy reform objectives. If it were more

a. b. ments within ENP participating countries EUneeds to abandon a one-size-fits-all approach ment to ENP agreements Foreign and Security Policy to align Member States towards the tool for initiating and maintaining constructive EU dialogue neighbor states, with especially among non-democratic regimes. In order to prevent ENP participants from conditions by circumventing establishing unilateral agreements (both trade and ENP political) with EU states, strategically strategically applied, the ENP has the potential to be an effective The EU should EU The differentiated handling in order to effectively drive the EU’s reform EU’s the drive effectively to order in handling differentiated that available leverage of points multiple has EU The plans. action it can apply to crafting unique incentives for each partnership: The ENP’s broad range of partnerships, as defined by the original the by defined as partnerships, of range broad ENP’s The regional initiatives of 2004—the Eastern Partnership, the Union for the Mediterranean and the Black Sea Synergy—each require and specifically tailor the conditions and incentives of each agree order to ensure transparency and increase support for stronger ties between EU and ENP countries. In particular, the EU should uniform implementation of ENP policy targets

9. 11. 10. Borders eur h 3. 4.TheEuropeanNeighborhoodPolicy The participants of the Borders Workshop in order to realize their vision intend to: PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY 62 orizons opean 13. 12. 14.

opment oftheENPstate. devel the supporting are investments their how highlight to nels chan media online and advertising traditional both through ing relations”—work “media for funding ENP of portion a earmark ENP states. speciﬁc of needs the meet to adjusted be can that conditionality factors facing a participating state. In particular, focus on areas of ENP traditional the agreement to allow ﬂexibility based on the to political and economic elements customizable of set a Identify political reform. for catalysts grassroots create to states ENP in organizations civil ties in the current ENP framework. Lead emerging dialogues with policy-interested promote discourse and collect diverse ideas on reform opportuni EU with panels groups in different universities (through the think-tank model) to and discussions Organize in theparticipatingcountries. surable positive effects, especially where they engage civil-society Spotlight and publicize EU-ENP state partnerships and their mea - - - - - Borders , ------63 European Horizons . European Student Con European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of

, which took place in Yale in February 2015, is well

The borders workshop dealt with a broad subject matter and In 2014, more than 200,000 people entered Europe via the But I should be remiss if I would not highlight one particu Review of European & Transatlantic Affairs The process leading to the ference successful 2015 to 3. Borders Achim Ladwig European Union Fellow at The Fletcher School 3. 5. Response 3. 5. important to also mention those who benefit from the plight of these these of plight the from benefit who those mention also to important people: criminal networks, traffickers and smugglers. Mediterranean. And figures available for 2015 already suggest we thus could not cover all aspects. But even with this limitation, the the limitation, this with even But aspects. all cover not could thus we to the more ever is coming which a reality As underlined debate better. entire migration manage to needs Union European the forefront: long work the in elaborated further and debates our in mentioned rightly as borders EU’s the at arrive to continue will people papers, ing is it Moreover, home. at safety nor perspective a have neither they as board. Subsequently, students re-worked their papers based on is sense My group. the to again it presented and discussions these that everyone appreciated this format—although more time-con suming, the immediate feedback loop and subsequent presenta all involved. tion was helpful and interesting for lar element of this process, before I comment on the four papers approved by the conference’s borders workshop. Policy papers were prepared by students, encouraged to think out of the box. In a second step, these papers were presented to and intensively discussed with a mix of practitioners and academics. With this, we could take an interesting variety of views and experiences on speaks volumes. And readers can now see for themselves another another themselves for see now can readers And volumes. speaks important result of this ambitious project: the first edition of the ble result, the founding of a new think tank documented in the official conference report. Its first and visi

Borders eur h 3. 5.ResponsetoBorders 64 orizons opean Commission in Brussels and is responsible for press and communi and press for responsible is and Brussels in Commission of Aachen, Germany. Aachen, of European the of Vice-President the for speechwriter a is he Currently, being. A human being who has decided to leave his or her home her or his leave to decided has who being human A being. that thisyearwillseenofewerpeopletryingtocomeus. ropean Studies and European Development Policy, at the University University the at Eu Policy, post-graduate Development on European mainly and lecturer, Studies guest a ropean is He matters. School. cation Fletcher The at Fellow Union European a is Ladwig Achim 2015 Conference Student pean part of the EU’s cooperation on the Khartoum and Rabat process. as routes migration main along countries third as well as origin of fundamental rights. It also involves engaging with countries of respect full ensuring stands this all Above manner. holistic a in migration of challenges the address to committed fully is tions, institu EU other and States Member with together Commission, European The priorities. ten top its of one migration made has Juncker Jean-Claude President under Commission European new The approach. comprehensive a requires This answers. easy no whether oneevenreachesthedestination. haps most scarily, who cannot be certain how the journey goes or per and, shores our at arrival upon her or him to happens what know not does who leave, to reasons got has who being human A behind. ones loved and family leaves often who And country. ration fromthem. inspi and ideas some take and read to matter subject this about wisdom is challenged. In that respect, I invite everyone who conventional cares and presented are options different raised, are es voic different that important is it But thinking. unconventional implemented than others. Some may perhaps be discarded as too challenges ahead of us. Some ideas may have more potential to be enormous these tackle best to how on discussion broader the to The papers presented at the borders workshop of the of workshop borders the at presented papers The are there and processes complex are borders and Migration human a is number each behind numbers—but are These

contribute with ideas and reﬂections Euro ------Borders - - - - - 65 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of 6 October 2000

From the moment the Berlin Wall fell, the issue of enlargement forced itself urgently onto the EU’s agenda. Initially, Thatch Margaret European negative. even or cautious were leaders political er tried hard to avoid even German reunification (the first such enlargement). Former French president Valéry Giscard d’Estaing have moved ever closer to Russia proper, the blowback from Mos from blowback the proper, Russia to closer ever moved have cow has become ever more serious. With the events in Ukraine in the spring and summer of 2014, the dilemma became acute. The post-1989 Enlargement Options: EU and NATO mitted to the EU in order to avoid instability on those The borders. border would then become Russia. Enlargement to Turkey would give the EU a border with Syria, Iraq and Iran. Blair’s “log ic” is fatally flawed. The fundamental security dilemma posed by EU and NATO “enlargement” has been that, as these two entities The problem with Blair’s approach, of course, has been that each enlargement has led to even greater instability on the Blair borders. was making the case for enlargement to Poland, in to avoid instability order on the German-Polish border. The result was that the EU’s border became Belarus and Ukraine. The logic of Blair’s speech is that those two countries should therefore be ad the threat of instability, conflict and mass migration on its Warsaw, Exchange, bor Stock Polish the to Speech Blair, Tony – ders.” “Without enlargement, Western Europe will always be faced with to 3. Borders Jolyon Howorth Visiting Professor of Political Science at Yale University and 3. 6. Response 3. 6. Jean Monnet Professor at Bath University

Borders eur h 2 3. 6.ResponsetoBorders 1 3 been that,asthesetwoenti NATO “enlargement”has dilemma posedbyEUand The fundamentalsecurity the dilemmabecameacute. spring andsummerof2014, the eventsinUkraine come evermoreserious.With back fromMoscowhasbe to Russiaproper,theblow ties havemovedevercloser

66 Schabert, Frédéric Bozo, Frédéric Valéry Giscardd’Estaing,“NotreEuropeTelleQueJeLaVois”, make a difference? Conditionality and the Accession Process in Central and Eastern Europe”, ment of the European Union”, European the of ment Enlarge Eastern the and Action Rhetorical Norms, Liberal Trap: Community “The Schimmelfennig, Frank Culture andSociety,29/1,Spring2011 souri Press, 2009; Jolyon Howorth, “France and the Unification of Germany: Clio’s Verdict”, French Politics, Review orizons opean , 5/7,2007 How World Politics is Made: France and the Reunification of Germany of Reunification the and France Made: is Politics World How Mitterrand, the End of the Cold War and German Unification German and War Cold the of End the Mitterrand, Central Europe—would generate conflicts similar to that which that to similar conflicts generate Europe—would of Central much across minorities and settlement—borders Versailles 1919 the from over left problems security unresolved that fears European statesmen concentrated on the former, while the new the while former, the on concentrated statesmen European West most Wall, Berlin the of fall the of aftermath immediate the es within the Union.” the within es forc market and pressure competitive with cope as to wellcapacity the as economy market functioning a of existence the ties, minori of protection and for respect rights, human law, of rule the democracy, guaranteeing institutions for of “stability qualify accession: to order in from meet states to had member Europe Eastern EU and aspiring Central any which targets the as cil Coun European the by elaborated were the Criteria” 1993, “Copenhagen June In process. complicated and lengthy a be to ing go was enlargement EU that everybody to clear became rapidly It latter. the for hankered Europe Eastern and Central of leaders International Organization International - - - 3 At the same time, there were widespread were there time, same the At , 55/1, 2001; Tim Haughton, “When does the EU the does “When Haughton, Tim 2001; 55/1, , contained Poland. contained that Europe a to belong to wish not went so far as to state that he would on h pc o cag i Eu in rope. change of pace slow the down to Gorbachev Mikhail with up team to Mitterrand François of efforts alleged the surrounds versy including Russia, was a thinly dis thinly a was Russia, Europe, including continental of countries the all including “Confederation” European a create to 1990, January ae rcdne vr ieig In widening. over precedence take should EU the of procedures and institutions existing the deepening at the time pitted those who felt that debate The membership. EU to tive alterna an Europeans Eastern and Central the offer to attempt guised Paris Match Paris 2 itrads rpsl o 1 on proposal, Mitterrand’s 19July1990 , Oxford Berghahn, 2009; Tilo 2009; Berghahn, Oxford , , Columbia, University of Mis 1 A lively contro lively A Political Studies Studies Political ------Borders , - - 67 Jolyon Howorth Jolyon European & Transatlantic A¬airs these three new countries countries new three these set up a situation in which which in situation a up set New York Times columnist columnist Times York New Thomas Friedman, Kennan Kennan Friedman, Thomas NATO now has to either ex In a 1998 interview with the the with interview 1998 a In review of pand all the way to Russia’s Russia’s to way the all pand war, or stop expanding after after expanding stop or war, in Ukraine in 2014 constitute constitute 2014 in Ukraine in through Europe.” The events events The Europe.” through border, triggering a new cold cold new a triggering border, and create a new dividing line line dividing new a create and argued that “NATO expansion expansion “NATO that argued an eerie echo of that assertion. , Washington DC, Brookings, 1995

- - - 4 But NATO 5 Given the sheer complexity of acceding to the EU, it is The Future of European Security 1999. Within four years, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hun gary were invited to join and became full members in later launched the Partnership Peace initiative at a for meeting of NATO defence ministers in Travemünde. Clinton and agreed six months enlargement, un like the ing of the EU, was immediately widen perceived by Russia as a security major problem. Although the invitation to the European three countries was Central accompanied by a parallel overture to one at a time. They all made the same request: membership. NATO hardly surprising that the Central and Eastern European states prioritized NATO membership. At a meeting to inaugurate the Holocaust Museum in Washington DC in April 1993, President Europe Eastern and Central of leaders the received brieﬂy Clinton tion of all outstanding security issues between them. This too was too This them. between issues security outstanding all of tion a condition of accession to the EU. These treaties are collectively lodged with the OSCE. EU enlargement became a major obstacle course and it was not until 15 years after the end of the Cold War, in 2004, that the Central and Eastern European countries, along admitted. ﬁnally were states Baltic the and Malta and Cyprus with erupted erupted in Yugoslavia. The “Balladur Plan” in 1994–1995, named process diplomatic complex a was minister, prime French the for obliged were countries European Eastern and Central all whereby to sign treaties with all their neighbours testifying to the resolu The Enlargement of the European Union and NATO. Ordering from the Menu in Central Europe Catherine Kelleher, Cambridge University Press, 2006 Wade Jacoby,

4 5 Borders eur h 3. 6.ResponsetoBorders 6 7 8

68 1999; Ronald D. Asmus, of Liberty of James M. Goldgeier, M. James George Kennan,“A FatefulError”, lumbia University Press, 2004; Gerald B. Solomon, B. Gerald 2004; Press, University lumbia Thomas Friedman, “ForeignAffairs:NowaWordfrom ‘X’”, orizons opean , NewYork,Praeger,1998 Visiting Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, di Affairs, International and Science Political of Professor Visiting a new dividing line through Europe.” through line dividing new a war, or stop expanding after these three new countries and create either expand all the way to Russia’s border, triggering a new cold to has now NATO which in situation a up set expansion that “NATO argued Kennan Friedman, Thomas columnist Times York the International Affairs Council/Jackson Institute. Council/Jackson Affairs been International the has Howorth Professor 2008, Uni Since the at 2002. since Studies Yale at European Science of Professor Emeritus and personam of NATO was portrayed by its advocates as a benign project for project benign a as advocates its by portrayed was NATO of enlargement The molliﬁed. means no by was community curity se Russian the Security,” and Cooperation Relations, Mutual on Act “Founding a via cooperation and dialogue offering Moscow, viding his teaching between the Political Science Department and and Department Science Political the between teaching Political his of viding Professor Visiting a been ad has He Politics (UK). European Bath of of versity Professor Monnet Jean is Howorth Jolyon 2014 constituteaneerieechoofthatassertion. ests. inter own Russia’s in directly be would this hinterland, Russia’s to stability bringing by that, asserted was it Indeed, Russia. for implications hostile no with Europe Central of stabilization the the entire post-cold war era.” war post-cold entire the George Kennan—as “the most fateful error of American policy in words of perhaps its harshest critic—the father of “containment,” Not Whether but When: The US Decision to Enlarge NATO Enlarge to Decision US The When: but Whether Not Opening NATO’s Door: How The Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era New a for Itself Remade Alliance The How Door: NATO’s Opening 6 Its many opponents in the US saw it, on the contrary, in the in contrary, the on it, saw US the in opponents many Its New York Times York New , 5February1997 The NATO Enlargement Debate 1990-1997: The Blessings Blessings The 1990-1997: Debate Enlargement NATO The 7 New York Times York New In a 1998 interview with the New the with interview 1998 a In 8 The events in Ukraine in Ukraine in events The , 2May1998 , Washington DC, Brookings, DC, Washington , , New York, Co - - - - - 4 Transatlantic Relations

4. 1. Customer Protection

SUBMITTED BY Tracy DiPetrillo, Jordan Norris and Brian Reil

OBSERVATIONS

The Transatlantic Relations Workshop observes the following:

1. Sustainability a. Both the EU and the US have made signiﬁcant commitments to tackling climate change.1 b. At present, the sustainability positions of the EU and US with regards to the TTIP are sparse on concrete plans of action.2 c. Opening up the energy industry through TTIP may lead to understated environmental impact,3 which conﬂicts with the EU and US’s commitment to climate change. d. It currently appears that the US stands to become a crucial natural gas exporter and the EU could likely become ma-

1 US: http://www.whitehouse.gov/energy/climate-change, EU: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/brief/eu/ 2 http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/july/tradoc_151626.pdf 3 http://action.sierraclub.org/site/DocServer/TTIP_Report.pdf?docID=13541 Transatlantic Relations eur h 4. 1.CustomerProtection 6 5 4

70 http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2015/january/tradoc_153005.pdf http://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/library/pub/pub07_en.pdf orizons opean 2. 3.

agriculture andfoodindustries. the within are consumers for concerns key cause that Differences Consumers are also expressing concerns within the chemical industry: a. a. c. b.

or uses for existing chemicals, it is believed that this co this that believed is it chemicals, existing for uses or chemicals innovative more to lead will firms US and EU cies willbeabletoprotectcitizensandtheenvironment. agen regulatory than faster accelerate would operation EU, the by to adhered is which Principle’, ‘Precautionary The consumers. environmental as well as possible economic concerns for cause energies such of transportation The importer. jor it is for internal use or sale. or use internal for is it forcing companies to register any chemicals, no matter if short) for (REACH Chemicals” of Restriction and sation, Authori Evaluation, “Registration, established Union an proposing new regulations. On June 1, 2007, the Europe It is often that the European Union acts more swiftly when efficiency ofthesetwosystemsbecomesmorevital. consumers, as more non-tariff barriers are decreased, the alert and contaminations trace-back to place in systems more crucial. While both the EU and becomes the US contaminations have their of own traceability complex, more and global increasingly become chains supply food As sues explicitly. is these recognize not does which law US to contrasting entific factors(e.g.ethicalfactors)withinitsregulations, The EU General Food Law Regulation recognizes non-sci 4 butnotbytheUS. 5 While cooperation between cooperation While ------6 Transatlantic Relations ------71 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Tracy DiPetrillo, Jordan Norris and Brian Reil Brian and Norris Jordan DiPetrillo, Tracy objective of long-term regulation convergence. The Transatlantic Consumer Dialogue (TACD) forum forum (TACD) Dialogue Consumer Transatlantic The Where the TTIP does not address policy differ ences between the US and the EU, such as Precautionary Principle, the the Task Force shall re search and develop ways to reduce any barriers which these differences may produce, with the To ensure clarity and transparency to consumers. to transparency and clarity ensure To European Consumer Centers The Association of European Chambers of Com merce and Industry The U.S. Bureau of Consumer Protection The U.S. Chamber of Commerce To continue working towards reducing barriers between US and EU markets where cannot. TTIP negotiations the initial To evaluate the effects of the TTIP where sumer interests are concerned. con

v. i. iii. i. ii. iii. iv. i. ii. During the TTIP negotiations, the Task Force will ana lyze proposals by each respective party to determine the potential impact on consumers and highlight any areas which negatively impact consumer protection. After the ratiﬁcation of TTIP, the Task Force will: The organization shall consist of US and EU representa tives from government, industry, consumer groups and but include may which groups, interest relevant other any is not limited to: The primary purpose of the Task Force is: The primary purpose

c. d. b. a. evant negotiators and interest groups. evant negotiators Consumer Consumer well-being should be an underlying theme within the TTIP negotiations, for instance, through the proposal of strate gic initiatives relating to the TTIP’s inﬂuence on future trade and product standards. A “Task Force” should be established, which brings together rel

4. 5. The Transatlantic Relations Workshop believes that: Workshop believes Relations The Transatlantic POLICY VISION POLICY Transatlantic Relations eur h 4. 1.CustomerProtection 72 orizons opean 7. 6.

Sustainability research onpotentialhazardousgoods,servicesand procedures. further conducting in institutions assist and system, alert safety consumer effective more a develop products, information of flow the tracking share codes, and classifications product monized A unified database should be established in order to promote har d. c. b. a. a.

This database should include, but is not limited to, the following: energy technology. renewable in innovations developing of purpose the for institutions between cooperation transatlantic Promote carbon creditsystem. wards the joining of the EU and the newly established US to work and US the in system credit carbon a Establish tive obligationreﬂectingtheenvironmentalcost. by the TTIP, then each beneﬁt should come with a respec granted is industry energy carbon-centric the to access If crete plansofactionimbeddedintheTTIPagreement. con through change climate to commitment US’s and EU’s the further to used be should agreement TTIP The ii. v. iv. iii. ii. i. i.

h E ad S wih nld te ak force’s recommendation onpolicyprogression. task the include which US, and EU the of representatives appropriate the to presented reports regular through proceed should toring moni This well-being. consumer on focus ciﬁc Periodically review the impact of TTIP, with a spe in greenenergyalternatives. with the revenue restricted to funding investment should come with a price. That is, a levy on US oil to the EU by providing access to the US oil market granted prices oil in reduction the example, For Certiﬁcations andregulatoryapprovals control records,materialsafety datasheets quality records, batch location, Manufacturing tected bytradesecrecylaws pro unless chemicals, harmful potentially any include that practices or composition, Material Product recallsandwarnings Safety andstabilitystudiesorreports ------Transatlantic Relations - - - - 73 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Tracy DiPetrillo, Jordan Norris and Brian Reil Brian and Norris Jordan DiPetrillo, Tracy “Please drink responsibly” for alcoholic beverages alcoholic for responsibly” drink “Please A complete list of known potential health risks for medications.

i. ii. Lectures Student newspapers Informational emails among products regarding nutritional and safety information. among products regarding National laws in terms of minimum ages to partake in relevant activities, such as gambling, or consuming sub re be always should alcohol, and tobacco as such stances not should range legal the of outside groups Age spected. in any marketing activity. be used or targeted Advertisements should display public safety messages, risks. For example: where the product is known to have The database should integrate serialization efforts on going in the pharmaceutical industry and should be ex panded to other product industries, beginning with the chemical industry and food and agricultural industries, safety guidelines. health and food subject to practices labeling common to develop opportunities Explore

c. a. b. a. b. b. c. Contact the proposed task force and present them with student perception of the US-EU trade negotiations. Inform students about the TTIP agreement and the Precautionary Principle. Students may be informed through mediums such as: Survey students at their respective schools on their protection. about TTIP, and its impact on customer knowledge TTIP should establish minimum advertising guidelines to protect to guidelines advertising minimum establish should TTIP the targeted consumers.

10. 11. 9. 8. vision intend to: PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY The participants of the Transatlantic Relations Workshop in order to realize their Transatlantic Relations eur h 4. 1.CustomerProtection 74 orizons opean 12.

rvd suet wt a eim hog wih hy a voice their opinionsaboutTTIPnegotiations.Possiblemediainclude: can they which through medium a with students Provide b. a.

pate inawiderdiscourseoneconomicrelations partici to willing professors and students unite will that vector a create to order in campuses university in TTIP, including relations, US-EU to devoted organization An Online forums - Transatlantic Relations ------75 with 3 , Febru The Parlia The Guardian , January 7, 2015, http:// 2015, 7, January , Reuters Green MEPs and others and MEPs Green 2 European & Transatlantic A¬airs was a major step towards greater 1 review of There has been a movement towards greater transparency sur rounding the negotiation of the agreement. The European Com mission’s (EC) November 2014 decision to release related to documents the negotiating of TTIP in an effort to dispel miscon ceptions surrounding the deal Transparency remains a highly contested and publicized issue in the debate surrounding the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). continue to criticize the process as insufficiently transparent, insufficiently as process the criticize to continue Both sides of the negotiating table have accused the other of pro the hampers further claim This interests. industry specific tecting transparency. further provide to ability the and process negotiating big business driving the talks in place of the wider, general public. general wider, the of place in talks the driving business big SUBMITTED BY Chloe Verschuren, Caroline Powers, Fil Lekkas Daniel Kilimnik and Transparency and the Transparency Process Negotiating However, despite this decision, the negotiating team has yet to as such negotiations, the of areas divisive many on papers release negotiations. energy and tariff on papers transparency.

2. 1. 4. 3.

, January 12, 2015, https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/articles/news/parliament-round- meps-

in.reuters.com/article/2015/01/07/us-eu-usa-trade-idINKBN0KG1EA20150107. Molly Scott Cato, “I’ve seen the secrets of TTIP, and it is built for corporations ...”, ment Joe Benton, “Parliament round-up: MEPs give mixed response to release of TTIP documents”, give-mixed-response-release-ttip-documents. deal”, trade U.S. defend to papers conﬁdential publishes “EU Emmott, Robin ary 6th. 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/04/secrets-ttip-corporations-not-citi zens-transatlantic-trade-deal

3 1 The Transatlantic Relations Workshop observes the following: The Transatlantic Relations Workshop OBSERVATIONS

4. 2. 4. 2. 2 Transatlantic Relations eur h 4. 2.TransparencyandtheNegotiatingProcess 4 6 5

76 Relations Sebastian Dullien, Adriana Garcia, and Josef Janning, “A Fresh Start for TTIP”, for Start Fresh “A Janning, Josef and Garcia, Adriana Dullien, Sebastian ttip2014.eu/blog-detail/blog/TTIP%20ECJ%20Transparency.html. Heidi Hautala, “Lack of transparency in TTIP - a case for the ECJ”, the for case a - TTIP in transparency of “Lack Hautala, Heidi lease_SPEECH-14-406_en.htm. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-re 2015 Feb. 6 2014. Europa.” - ... RELEASES PRESS - Commission “European orizons opean , February2,2015,http://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/a_fresh_start_for_ttip330. 5. 7. 6. 8.

resolutions to the TTIP, and are in the process of drafting a third. a drafting of process the in are and TTIP, the to resolutions tiations. Furthermore, the EP has already adopted two substantive agreement. States Member as well as the by EU, national held parliaments areas policywill need to onratify impingethe will terms its that ing Since it seems that the final TTIP agreement will be “mixed,” mean to bewellinformedaboutthenegotiationsastheyproceed. cient. Given this amount of information, the public has the ability suffi than more fact in is documents and positions negotiating that this unprecedented level of transparency and public access to conclude we however, Ultimately, done. be to more is there lieve be still some as transparency, of issue the take will Commission gotiations. level of transparency has not historically been seen in EU trade ne this as revolutionary, is documents these release to decision The to bedirectlyinquestion. seems position negotiating advantageous an keeping and ations ance between informing those not directly involved in the negoti and compromise the trust between the negotiating team. The effectively bal negotiate to ability their on effect detrimental a have would publicly documents these of more releasing con that cerned is Commission The documents. the of nature” the “sensitive over concern the is transparency greater to barrier major A dure.” proce the of stages all at informed fully and “immediately be EP the that demands also negotiate to power the Commission the cess of TTIP is unclear to the public at large. The treaty that grants pro negotiating the in (EP) Parliament European the of role The considered throughout. 6 The EP is in fact closely monitoring the course of the nego 4 5 The current issue seems to be how much further the further much how be to seems issue current The Therefore, their perspectives and needs will need to be TTIP: Beware What Lies Beneath Lies What Beware TTIP: European Council on Foreign Foreign on Council European , http:// , ------Transatlantic Relations ------77 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Caroline Powers, Chloe Verschuren, Daniel Kilimnik and Fil Lekkas and Kilimnik Daniel Verschuren, Chloe Powers, Caroline cians, civil society groups and average citizens. To address con attendant the without through pushed being TTIP the about cerns democratic debate, parliamentarians who will be voting on this comes point the before well conversation a in engaged be to need where they are asked to vote for or against the policy. However, this committee cannot rely solely on the opinions national of parliaments for directions on what issues to be vigilant about. It should also seek the advice of civil society more widely, potentially through more extensive consultations and high-pro file televised debates between parliamentarians, national politi In addition to addressing concerns about the TTIP, this policy should policy this TTIP, the about concerns addressing to addition In na to relative empowered are legislatures national that ensure also in deficit the which decrease democratic should executives, tional consultation, public more of process the in aid To whole. a as EU the EU Member States should regularly convene their national parlia ments and poll their citizens to determine what their concerns are. access to the reading room—with the US’s consent. Moreover, we Moreover, consent. US’s the room—with reading the to access believe that the EP should consult and/or debate with the parlia for required be also will approval whose States, Member of ments con the of sense a get to pass, to TTIP of text negotiated final the Member State. cerns of citizens and legislators in each However, since it is likely that the final agreement will be “mixed,” be will agreement final the that likely is it since However, involving national parliaments must be considered a higher pri ority than was previously acknowledged. Concretely, we believe that members of national parliaments involved in policy areas re lated to the TTIP, such as those on sub-committees for trade, be given the same privileged access as current MEPs—specifically, out the negotiation process, the gap between the public, elected officials and elite Commission figures can be more bridged, adequately while elected parliamentarians still have the right to use their democratically legitimated powers of discretion to function information. as gatekeepers of The European Parliament is the appropriate branch of govern ment for supervising negotiations. As the agent who will eventu ally decide whether or not the TTIP will pass, it needs to contin ually inform policymakers about the democratic viability of the compromises being made. In giving MEPs more power through

12. 11. 10. 9. The Transatlantic Relations Workshop believes that: Workshop believes Relations The Transatlantic POLICY VISION POLICY Transatlantic Relations eur h 4. 2.TransparencyandtheNegotiatingProcess vision intendto: their realize to order in Workshop Relations Transatlantic the of participants The PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY 78 orizons opean 17. 13. 14. 16. 15.

with private sector experience working between the US and the and US the between working experience sector private with those even and experts policy faculty, and students university of part the on effort multilateral a involve would tanks think These TTIP andtransatlanticrelations morebroadly. the as such topics in interest an cultivate to begin can we format, hi fly nomd oneprs n h Erpa Parliament. European the in counterparts informed fully their with counsel seek to continue and debate, productive and quent fre in engage negotiations, the regarding publics their educate parliaments these that propose ultimately we activism, citizen of locus the as parliaments national empower to order In mission. Com overarching the or Brussels from come that directives or mandates to resistant are citizens European many because role this adopt should parliaments national that believe We them. to available are opportunities these that citizens their informing of responsibility the up take also must parliaments national States, In addition to facilitating debate within the parliaments of Member parliaments. national involving actively is and process, gotiating that the EP has been continually involved and consulted in the ne available tothem.Thepublicmustalsobemadeawareofthefact that they have the ability to access the informed information that be is currently must public the education; is this for solution The basis. incorrect factually a on often fact, this dispute to continue many process, negotiating the in implemented fully been has cy transparen believe we while that is concerns greatest the of One think tanks modeled after the after modeled tanks think collaborative of up set the initiating By communities. ucational ed individual own our to out reach ﬁrst should and can university students as we ideas, innovative these realize fully to order In with thepurposeofassuagingpublicconcernsandcriticisms. selves can play a direct role in the diffusion of correct information our as such students that believe we TTIP, the surrounding ency transpar the concerning misconceptions identiﬁed have we As European Student Conference Student European (ESC) ------Transatlantic Relations - - - 79 , January 2014, http:// European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of We as participants in the ESC intend to utilize 7 Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project Caroline Powers, Chloe Verschuren, Daniel Kilimnik and Fil Lekkas and Kilimnik Daniel Verschuren, Chloe Powers, Caroline various forums across the Internet, in an attempt to start similar conversations around the world. our knowledge of these mediums of communication to project our policy visions outward. We hope to bring our unique ideas to Finally, social media is becoming an increasingly important tool for people to transmit ideas. In fact, as of one year ago, 74% of online adults use social media websites, with the most popular. Facebook being write and publish papers on the biggest issues in US-EU relations US-EU in issues biggest the on papers publish and write and policy solutions we might have. From school newspapers to academic journals, there are various outlets for student research that we hope will reach a broader audience. abroad, to spark the interest of European youth. The goal of such a strategy is to ignite greater civil participation on a range of im of transatlantic relations. portant issues, especially the future In addition to reaching out to our own universities, we can use our skills in research and our passions for transatlantic affairs to European studies. These are ideal environments in which think tanks can grow and develop under an that is already in place. institutional framework If such a movement were successful at universities in the United States, the idea of student-faculty think tanks could be exported places in life: students with new and unconventional ideas, pol icymakers with battle-hardened experience, and businessmen/ perspectives. women with commercial Many graduate and undergraduate institutions already have de partments for international affairs, global economy and even EU. By publishing frequent articles or essays relevant to the future future the to relevant essays or articles frequent publishing By EU. of Europe, these groups will add an important voice to the realm of think tanks that already exists in the United States. It will different from come will be contributing people those that in unique

21. 20. 19. 18. “Social Networking Fact Sheet,” www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheets/social-networking-fact-sheet/.

7 Transatlantic Relations eur h 4. 3. The TransatlanticRelationsWorkshopobservesthefollowing: OBSERVATIONS 80 orizons opean

1. 4. 3. 2.

TTIP Agreement An EnergyChapterinthe Micha SUBMITTED BY and effectiveness. It is important to remark that the main goal of goal main the that remark to important is It effectiveness. and ferent chapters and subheads, causing a decrease in transparency dif in found be to are regulations energy system, WTO current the in Furthermore, categorization. of framework necessary a of lack the in reflected is which services, and goods between vision di fundamental a lacks market energy the nature, very its by that fact the is issues energy of regulation the with problem main The the realityandnecessitiesofmodernworld. provides a limited framework only, which does not correspond to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism), international trade law trade in energy (basic rules are applicable and may be enforced by address adequately may rules WTO general that fact the Despite arbitration. such—commercial and—as law private international to subject is tantalum) and minerals earth rare cobalt, gallium, germanium, bauxite, like materials raw non-energy (including Currently, most of the trade in energy products and raw materials access with sustainability and respect for environmental standards. tensions between the principles of non-discrimination and market strong the reconcile to seeks TTIP the of component energy The eradicate thefewremainingtrade-inhibitingtariffs. to also barriers—but trade non-tariff standards—important and European the regulations harmonize to only not is TTIP the of goal The and Union. States United the between investments and mize any type of border which slow down trade in goods, services mini to aims (TTIP) Project Integration Trade Transatlantic The ł D ł ugosz andMarloesJongewaard - - - Transatlantic Relations ------81 ugosz and Marloes Jongewaard Marloes and ugosz ł European & Transatlantic A¬airs D ł Micha review of for export to countries not associated with FTAs). The European Union needs to import more fossil fuel such reserves as natural gas and oil, and the United States could provide these. A clear chapter enabling easy export of these resources very difficult to export homeland resources by restricting export possibilities (due to the obligation of license for exporters from the Department of Energy and Federal Energy Regulations Com mission). Nowadays, there is the possibility of certain simplifica tions for export to states associated with Free Trade Agreements (32 licenses issued for FTA states compared to 7 licenses issued creased American dependency on import of these fossil fuels, but has has but fuels, fossil these of import on dependency American creased at stands one-third the of price nowadays gas, which also lowered of the global average. As expected, the USA will have become an im because of LNG technology. portant gas exporter by the year 2016 Currently, due to provisions of the Natural Gas Act (1938), it is seek support in order to put pressure on the parties negotiating about frank be to and environment the consider to agreement the the negotiation process. American the of outlook the transformed has revolution” “Shale The energy market. Extensive usage of shale oil and gas has not only de ergy field on both sides of the ocean. In the USA, different for NGOs example, have joined their forces and started a campaign warning of seven possible environmental consequences of TTIP, asking the the question “T for Toxic?” Together, the organiza and far so negotiated conditions the of transparency for ask tions ways, the European Union does not—yet—act as one party in en ergy negotiations with third countries. Energy arrangements are national level. still arranged on the have negotiations TTIP the that notice to important is it However, created fear for a step back in environmental standards in the en dards for products such as food, chemical products and energy. As the United States of America has not signed the Kyoto proto col, the European Union standards in most fields are higher than those of the United States. The TTIP has therefore alarmed Euro pean environmental organizations, which fear a lowering of EU standards. However, it is also important to notice that in many the WTO is to reduce import barriers regarding energy, in which barriers. taxes and export crucial to lift export case it is The two parties involved in the negotiations have different stan

9. 8. 7. 6. 5. Transatlantic Relations eur h 4. 3.AnEnergyChapterintheTTIPAgreement The TransatlanticRelations Workshopbelievesthat: POLICY VISION 82 orizons opean 12. 11. 10. 13.

i stainte S ol me te Us ead n make more moneyindoingso. and demand EU’s the meet could US situation—the win win- economic an provide therefore would EU the to US the from sent totheUSareaccessibleforpublic. the negation process more accessible. All position papers that are Commission has recently launched actions in order to try to make in the negotiations. In order to improve this image, the European discussed is what follow to citizens European for impossible is it that is complaint often-heard An process. negotiation the of ency transpar of lack the against but content, its against directed not is TTIP the against protesting the of much Therefore are. tions negotia the of most as public, become to meant not was ports im increase to wish EU’s the exposing paper position draft The practice offrackingyet. dation. However, there is no European nor American stand on the degra quality air and contamination groundwater as such risks includes Fracking increase. would gas for need American the as States, United the by fracking of practice the increase probably The EU’s demand for gas that can be met by the US’s supply would the developmentofprogramsforalternativeenergy. in restriction a to also probably and interdependence of because policy energy on terms set to ability the of limitation a fuels, sil resources and of fracking, an increase of the EU’s reliance on fos natural fossil of exploitation the in increase total a to lead would fuels fossil these of import Increased US. the from energy” trical elec and not, or liqueﬁed whether gas, natural products, oil oil, ington Post. It exposed the EU’s wish to import more “coal, crude May 2014, an EU draft position paper was published by the Wash In mechanism. market this to downside a also is there However, will have to cover bilateral trade and investment. The main aim of which energy, to devoted chapter TTIP special a of inclusion the encourage strongly we law, WTO by regulated least areas policy the of one is products energy in trade that account into Taking ------Transatlantic Relations ------83 ugosz and Marloes Jongewaard Marloes and ugosz ł European & Transatlantic A¬airs D ł Micha review of Good governance, Transparency, Free access to markets, Pro-competitive regulation and Free access to natural resources.

a. b. c. d. e. WTO, supported by the USA and the EU initiative. Ideally, the EU and the USA should work common ground towards in achieving relation to a environmental standards related to energy products and raw materials. Environmental standards distracting global trade. It would send a strong signal to third par third to signal strong a send would It trade. global distracting ties and help to set global standards. Both parties should include measures providing more transpar ency and easier mutual access to renewable industries in accor dance to “green goods initiative” within the framework of the An important part of the chapter should be dedicated to the com earth rare (including materials raw to access fair on position mon ma “raw Commission’s European the to accordance in minerals) on barriers and quotas of lifting include would It strategy.” terials export. A second issue worth mentioning is the condemnation of the “double pricing mechanism” of energy products, a measure the history of European integration has seen other challenges. the history of European integration of: principles the to references include further should chapter The mental pollution and start respecting the opinion of experts. mental pollution and The TTIP could serve as an incentive for the EU to start cooperat ing more in the ﬁeld of energy policy in order to take a stronger that fact the of aware is workshop The player. global a as position the realization of such cooperation will not be a simple task, but ute to new global standards in energy and raw materials trade. in energy and raw global standards ute to new Because the TTIP is a revolutionary type of agreement, it will be serve probably will it because also but itself, in only not important as a blueprint for future trade agreements with other partners. It is therefore important to take a stand against further environ this chapter would be to strike the right balance between market gains and sustainability and environment conservation. Simulta for mechanism role-model a as serve may chapter a such neously, contrib may and WTO the of framework the in regulation similar

19. 18. 17. 16. 15. 14. Transatlantic Relations eur h 4. 3.AnEnergyChapterintheTTIPAgreement 84 orizons opean 23. 22. 21. 20.

citizens to check whether these standards will be safeguarded in safeguarded be will standards these whether check to citizens and organizations officials, enable to transparent more TTIP the for process negotiation the the make to and important is population It itself. global earth the of health the for important are fuel resources and thus it will keep increasing. The EU and the and EU The increasing. keep will it thus and resources fuel fossil of usage the to limit no is there standard, this Without es. a is standard (2005) on a Act percentage of Policy energy coming Energy from renewable sourc American the in missing is What abandon importantlegalbarriers. would clause treatment national a as such provision a but nisms, mecha price market by determined is gas of export The tiously. expedi and automatically granted are EU the to exports energy for licenses which by process a with procedure licensing export chapter should replace the current mandatory and non-automatic The clause.” treatment “national a obtain should gas American regard, this In Europe. to gas American of export free the teeing We call for the inclusion of legally binding commitments guaran be tofindabalancedapproachavoidsuchregulatory clashes. would chapter energy TTIP the of purpose The EU. the in sands oil from refined fuel ban effectively would FQD the that is result direct The 2010. to compared 2020 by percent six by fuels road fuel requires suppliers It in Europe to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from fuels. on rules environmental stricter imposes One contentious issue is the EU’s fuel quality directive (FQD) that regulations onagloballevelinthefuture. at aim to sense makes it only, Americans or Europeans to belong not does planet the as However, promote trade. and would investments mutual which standards, common modest achieve to be should aim main the possible, are EU the and US the both for standards common Until fracking. of practice the of dangers the for warn also level, global a on organizations, non-governmental and governmental Intergovernmental, fracking. example, for on, stand regarding energy policy. We suggest the same for standards common more a take EU the that suggest we above, mentioned As matter. this on agree not do themselves EU the of states ber mem The fracking. as such issues contentious most the on tions regula American and European synchronize to impossible is It environmental issuesinsecondplace. is economic gain focus and a main fastening up of its the trade that process, which puts is TTIP the with difficulty The future. the ------Transatlantic Relations - - 85 ugosz and Marloes Jongewaard Marloes and ugosz ł European & Transatlantic A¬airs D ł Micha review of The US-EU Energy Council is a suitable organ for providing a more a providing for organ suitable a is Council Energy US-EU The TTIP. the and energy on negotiations the to approach transparent pers and television stations or by participating in online blogs. pers and television stations or by participating It is necessary to engage European and think American tanks in experts permanent debate and and learn from their expertise dimensions of the TTIP. on the strategic, economic and political Raise the public’s awareness of both the TTIP itself and the lack of information available on its exact conditions. This could done through academic publications, but also—in order to reach be a wider public—by approaching national media such as newspa the non-tariff trade barriers for energy between the EU and the US fossil the and EU the between of energy for barriers trade non-tariff usage the the of increase overall an to lead probably most to would better be would it planet, the of preservation the For reserves. fuel gain. economic of that over prevail experts climate of advice the let With regard to the environmental regulations in the TTIP chapter chapter TTIP the in regulations environmental the to regard With useful some provide could organizations international energy, on guidelines. For example, the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has given the warning that two-thirds of the ex avoid to order in ground the in stay must reserves fuel fossil isting of vanishing above, explained As crises. environmental escalating US should agree on this percentage, as regulations will decrease the influence of market-based decisions. It is difficult to realize this at the moment, but the TTIP could serve as a starting point.

27. 26. 25. 24. The participants of the Transatlantic Relations Workshop in order to realize their vision intend to: PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY Transatlantic Relations eur h 4. 1. 2 1 The TransatlanticRelationsWorkshopobservesthefollowing: OBSERVATIONS

86 “Why TTIPmatters toEuropeanBusiness.”BusinessEurope. April2014. Kroes, Neelie.“ATransatlantic DigitalSingleMarket?” EuropeanCommission.19September 2014. orizons opean 3. 1. 2.

and Standards Harmonizing Regulations and KatherineTepper Magdalena Biereder,MichaelRabinovich SUBMITTED BY products are subject to customs duties or tariffs of an average of average an of tariffs or duties customs to subject are products traded Most Europe. and US the between trade cheap and fast to obstacles major constitute still tariffs and procedures Customs 4% andwhichcanreachas highas32%onsomeproducts. would aidinthecreationofaDigitalSingleMarket(DSM). law copyright and protection data of sphere the in cooperation security cooperation and reduce transatlantic cybercrime. Further eSignature veriﬁcation harmonization would also increase digital of regulations accessible to businesses and consumers. Increased database common a with solved be possibly could which cation, dupli of problems these understand to standards European and Absence of a common database to compare and contrast American good. This raises transaction costs and makes trade burdensome. ply with two different sets of regulation that serve the same public com to forced are markets both in products sell that companies European or American when occurs duplication Unnecessary ty). safe food and textiles devices, medical of inspections cosmetics, require pharmaceuticals, safety, auto-safety and assessment sales, chemical (including ments, industry of sectors important most the of many in regulations American be and European exists tween standards of duplication unnecessary and Excessive 1 2

- - - - - Transatlantic Relations ------87 Similarly, in 4 5 Both the US and the EU the and US the Both 3 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Magdalena Biereder, Michael Rabinovich and Katherine Tepper Katherine and Rabinovich Michael Biereder, Magdalena who visit both economic blocs very frequently, or receive money imper is it business, doing of ease the increase To travel. their for ative to allow a certain category of business travelers who provide mutual economic benefit to visit the US and EU without a visa to ensure that international trade and commerce flows unimpeded. The US and the EU have onerous visa regimes for business travelers business for regimes visa onerous have EU the and US The a highly complex regulatory framework. of areas in EU and US the between widely diverge standards Labor unjust termination, maximum working hours, paid annual leave, health and safety workplace and business in representation worker corporations. transnational among rules govern public procurement, domestic preference programs such as US public tenders that include “Buy-American” clauses give preference to domestic companies or be requires can provisions Respective companies. bidding for goods made the use of US- to leading level, sub-state and level state level, federal the at found Proliferation Proliferation of domestic preference programs creates tions for restric cross-border public procurement projects. The EU and the US have the largest and second-largest public procurement markets in the world. Although international treaties such as the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) already Even Even low tariff barriers have significant impact on small and me dium-sized enterprises, which often operate on small profit mar gins. Customs procedures cause significant delays and in many twice. the same procedures have to undergo cases, products have an opportunity to harmonize labor standards and create an legislation. labor of passage analogous through field playing even For example, the EU implements its labor standards through di States Member require which Council European the from rectives to enact national legislation and enforce the standards, which re main largely standardized across member nations. the United States, most labor standards are regulated at the fed eral level with only several issues such as workers’ compensation through primarily level state the at regulated dismissal unjust and laws. previous court rulings, rather than explicit

6. 5. 4. “Labor Rights, Manufacturing, and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership”. Economic Policy Institute. 3 September 2013. “U.S.-EU Free Trade Agreement (TTIP).” AFL-CIO. 3 February 2015. State Michigan Union.” European the and States United the in Standards Labor Quantifying and “Comparing University School of Labor and Industrial Relations. 19 September 2003.

3 4 5 Transatlantic Relations eur h 4. 1.HarmonizingRegulationsandStandards The TransatlanticRelationsWorkshopbelievesthat: POLICY VISION 88 orizons opean 9. 7. 8.

the transatlanticeconomy. to acknowledge the importance of the financial services sector for the US adopted different approaches in the aftermath, it is crucial held toeithersideinanyphase. be fostered in every way possible between regulators, with no bias In all negotiations to consolidate regulations, cial markets must be seen as finan US’s the and EU’s the crisis, financial recent the of light In dards, weproposethefollowing: In order to reduce the unnecessary duplication of regulatory stan a. c. b. a.

al recognition al euaoy gnis ut sals coeaie part cooperative establish must agencies Regulatory be possible ineverypolicyarea. not may standards unified that accept must we and methods, these through upon agreed easily be not will policy, GMO as such areas, regulatory certain that ment acknowledge the with held be will negotiations These In areas where regulations are significantly different, but different, significantly are regulations where areas In tional negotiations. what their respective highest standards are through addi highest priority. Each industry must quantitatively decide the as protection and safety consumer keep to prevails, lation where the highest level of protection in regulations regu universal one create to standards industry combine denominator common tions regarding automobile safety, the principle of principle the safety, automobile regarding tions regula the as such protection, of standard similar a have these negotiations will take on cases, the principle of the many In sector. that of realities the account into proaches ap and decides on the one that most sensibly takes regulatory various the examines sector each which in regulations, standardize and consolidate to tiations nego sector-specific in engage must EU the and US The shouldbeused. interdependent . A new system of regulations would . Although the EU and mutual trust trust mutual highest highest should mutu ------Transatlantic Relations ------89 must 6 and European regu European and 8 as well as a record of 7 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Magdalena Biereder, Michael Rabinovich and Katherine Tepper Katherine and Rabinovich Michael Biereder, Magdalena cooperation is unlikely to come to fruition. The most per most The fruition. to come to unlikely is cooperation tinent example is the sale and use of genetically modified organisms, or GMOs in food products. Most European citizens are staunchly opposed, based on safety, funda GMOs, of use the to health, or ment The US and the EU must create a comprehensive database comprehensive a create must EU the and US The accessible to all American and European businesspeople and consumers, with “sector-specific, web-based plat forms for the most commonly traded goods and services that clearly delineate different regulatory outline requirements for policies shipping, labeling, testing, cer and tification and customs clearance,” all current progress made to reduce duplication or con solidate standards. The US and the EU must acknowledge where regulatory be strengthened. Private partnerships can act as “middle agents” to help set neutral standards in case of disputes denominator regulations. of highest common Treats EU/US companies as if they were domestic com protectionist clauses. panies in relation to each other for Creates a joint database to provide information on complex the regulatory framework of public tenders. procurement lation requires strict labeling of food products containing products food of labeling strict requires lation GMOs. On the other hand, American trade groups have dif very compromise making laws, labeling GMO fought ficult in this space. nerships nerships as examples for regulatory agencies. Existing partnerships between the American FDA and European Medicines Agency, and between the American Chemistry Council and European Chemical Industry Council,

b. c. a. b. In order to allow cheaper and faster trade between the US and Eu and US the between trade faster and cheaper allow to order In rope, we propose the following: Create an addition to the WTO Agreement on Government Pro curement (GPA) that:

11. 10. Benka, Samuel. “Regulatory Convergence in the TTIP: Facilitating Trade and Cooperation in the Transatlantic the in Cooperation and Trade Facilitating TTIP: the in Convergence “Regulatory Samuel. Benka, Region.” America’s Trade Policy. 10 June 2014. “The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: Big Opportunities for Small Business.” The Atlantic Council: Global Business & Economics Program. “Biotechnology Report.” Eurobarometer: The European Commission. 2010 October.

8 6 7 Transatlantic Relations eur h 4. 1.HarmonizingRegulationsandStandards 90 orizons opean 13. 12. 14.

part ofparallelnegotiationstotheTTIP: as following the propose we mobility, labor increase to order In In order to increase labor convergence, we propose the following: cial services and the ﬁnancial markets, we propose the following: In order to foster a united transatlantic regulatory strategy for ﬁnan a. d. c. b. a. b. a. b. a.

in placebetweenAustraliaandtheUS. every two years, similar to the current H-3 visa agreement zens and creation of the possibility for unlimited renewal citi European for visas H-1B on cap US the of Removal icies. Treatment of all EU citizens alike for US immigration pol tion andworkerrepresentation. protec worker to regards as especially protection, labor on ground common find to try must EU the and US The rective onTemporaryAgencyWork. Di EU the in for provided as like, the and holidays work, night periods, rest breaks, overtime, pay, to regard with treatment labor equal with workers temporary provide to companies requires that legislation pass must US The authorities. custom the between cooperation enhanced and change ex information through achieved be can This avoided. overlaps and streamlined be to need procedures Custom highest tariffof32%beingphasedoutover8years. the with year, every points basis 400 by rates the cutting by out phased be can Tariffs Europe. and States United the between eliminated be should products for tariffs All sult with each other when legislation on financial services con to obliged be shall US the and EU the in Regulators expertise. specialized of level similar a with employees H-1B visas for up to a year, especially traders, investors and obtaining from transferees intra-company of Exemption gram forexpeditedbordercrossings. pro Entry Global (CBP) Protection Border and Customs US the to similar database submission document elec tronic supranational a of creation the through program Development of a trusted “Transatlantic Expedited Entry” ------Transatlantic Relations - - - - - 91 Declaration of Fun from 1998. The new treaty new The 1998. from European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Magdalena Biereder, Michael Rabinovich and Katherine Tepper Katherine and Rabinovich Michael Biereder, Magdalena or other related regulatory measures are intended to be adopted. enacted or that will bring together European and American students and thus raise awareness for the transatlantic agenda. It is Organizepublic speaker sitiesevents and panel discussions at their univer damental Principles and Rights at Work Institutionalize Transatlantic Student Conferences on a biannual tions that will be the basis for the labor convergence that we seek across the Atlantic. Participants of these conferences will be able to include a transatlantic mindset in their post-student careers and eventual policy work. They will thus serve as stakeholders of the transatlantic agenda in the future. will include concessions from both the United States and the EU to create a common set of worker rights and contractual obliga crucial to provide information about the potential economic ben efits stemming from enhanced cooperation under the TTIP to a society, civil informed an create to help can We audience. broader which will be able to influence stakeholders and policy makers. basis Convergence Conference that will bring together primary stake holders such as trade organizations, unions, regulatory bodies and leading professors to create an updated from all disciplines. Topics should center standardization issues. As a first conference, we around propose a Labor the various

15. 16. The participants of the Transatlantic Relations Workshop in order to realize their vision intend to: PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY PARTICIPANTS’ Transatlantic Relations eur h

92 orizons opean European Commissioner for Trade for Commissioner European n osals o rd poetn te rdcrad h new the producer—and the protecting production trade national to on obstacles trade—based and of world old the tween 4. 2.Response ol mk i te rt gemn rflcig h nw ol of world new trade inthe21 the reflecting agreement first the it make would negotiation successful a and equal, no has TTIP the in visioned en convergence of sort the for ambition The TPP. the like tions, negotia ongoing and agreements trade previous to comparison in unique it makes and TTIP the of heart the at lies process This process. convergence regulatory the course, of is, It attention. ic specif more deserves and negotiation this of issue key the is one negotiations, trade traditional of framework the to belong sues is these of most while But issues. market-access of range wide political support ontheUSside,whichremainsunlikely. strong require specifically liberalization—would visa and standards labor of harmonization the as mentioned—such issues several Yet side). European the with comparison in ment procure public US to access restricts significantly “Buy-American which Act,” the addressing negotiations, the of parameter the in services financial of inclusion tariffs, of (com elimination plete opening transatlantic further for ambition of level right the for aims correctly It Standards”. and Regulations monizing proposals forfurtherreflection. stimulating presenting in and challenges future important out ference the of Workshop Relations Transatlantic the in involved students the all congratulate to first like would I and WTO the of Director-General Former Pascal Lamy to 4.1.HarmonizingRegulationsandStandards e r crety on truh tasto pae be phase transition a through going currently are We My comments will focus on the policy paper entitled “Har entitled paper policy the on focus will comments My The paper has thus opted for a large scope by embracing a embracing by scope large a for opted thus has paper The 2015. Their five policy papers have succeeded in pointing in succeeded have papers policy five Their 2015. st century. European Student Con Student European ------Transatlantic Relations ------93 Pascal Lamy Pascal European & Transatlantic A¬airs Until now, most of the obsta world world of trade—based on national trans production, and obstacles to where trade are about tecting the pro consumer. This change in the nature of the trade, obstacles with to the tance of growing regulations and standards impor over tariffs, will decisively form trans the parameters of generation the new of trade agreements. cles were measures to prevent com petition—e.g. tariff barriers, sec review of - The paper is thus right to address the need to rely on mutual on rely to need the address to right thus is paper The When you negotiate tariffs, you have reciprocity, whereas Producers are excited by the prospect of such measures, Today, the measures at stake are not about protecting pro The new way to level the playing field for production is from which they benefit. We are thus moving from a technical ne technical a from moving thus are We benefit. they which from ideologically and culturally more a to tradeoffs on based gotiation sensitive conversation. about risk and demand—it involves ideological what is good and what is bad. control about which could have serious implications for medicine, food, finan be anxious consumers make they But etc. vehicles, products, cial cause they fear it means giving up the precautionary safeguards therefore to remove or diminish discrepancies measures. This between is those a shift which has meaningful consequences. by engaging in regulatory convergence, you enter into a field that is much more sensitive in terms of values because precaution is ducers, but consumers. These are the so-called norms and stan dards adopted to protect the consumers against many kinds of the world, the throughout increasing standards living With risks. level of precaution will rise and those non-tariff barriers are ex pected to multiply. even suppressing—tariff barriers. But this mercantilist approach, mercantilist this But barriers. suppressing—tariff even which considers that exports are better than imports, has ended. Protecting producers no longer makes sense in of cost the erases technology a as rapidly integrating are economies world where are vanishing. distance. Classical obstacles to trade toral subsidies. The old way to level the playing field was to get rid get to was field playing the level to way old The subsidies. toral of the measures (trade-offs and negotiations) by reducing —or the consumers against many the consumers kinds of risks. ducers, but consumers. These but consumers. ducers, norms and are the so-called to protect standards adopted Today, the measures at stake the measures Today, pro about protecting are not Transatlantic Relations eur h 4. 2.Responseto1.HarmonizingRegulationsandStandards big attractivemarket. in ordertobetteraccess this resulting transatlantic norms themselves convergeonthe capacity ofthirdcountriesto pend onthewillingnessand convergence willalsode the benefitsofregulatory mind thatinthelongterm, Finally, wehavetokeepin 94 orizons opean a country like Germany, profoundly affected by the NSA spying NSA the by affected profoundly Germany, like country a in particularly and Atlantic, the of sides two the on societies civil sue at stake is the already existing decline of mutual trust between is the regulators, EU and US between than more much But trust. allows to keep the more protective norm as a transatlantic norm. transatlantic a as norm protective more the keep to allows discrepancy reasonable where or feasible is recognition mutual scrutinize sector-by-sector and norm-by-norm to conclude where role of the regulators who, with a ratified TTIP, would then have to the and convergence, regulatory for rules horizontal set will that norms. ies, which continue to fear that the TTIP could lower their current sides. It would be a decisive step in rebuilding trust in civil societ both by endorsed officially been yet not 2014—has 28 Oct. on FT the in op-ed an in suggested I precaution—that in denominator common highest the adopting of principle the But texts. idated consol on based be will negotiations of rounds further And tion. precau of levels similar acknowledged are there when norms of ry convergence on a sector-by-sector basis via mutual recognition date privacystandards. are too high, convergence will not happen—such as for GMOs or precaution of levels between discrepancies when that stating and norms current lowering in result not will convergence regulatory that guaranteeing in long too waited have Negotiators scandal. It would also contribute to clarifying the role of the negotiators Negotiators have already explored the feasibility of regulato - mind that in the long term, the ben a sensitiveissueonbothsides. be will consultation stakeholder for develop transatlantic directly norms. The modalities to ambition example—with the for otechnology, future sectors—nan developing in norms for exchange information early facilitate to intended Council Cooperation Regulatory a of ation cre the on proposal European the ing. Attention should also be paid to mushroom are agencies regulatory where level, sub-federal the at done be to work much leaving targeted, are levels European and federal US ial, e ae o ep in keep to have we Finally, However, at this stage only the ------Transatlantic Relations ------95 Pascal Lamy Pascal European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Regulatory convergence is a major pillar of the TTIP. As If the diversity of the members of the TPP is unlikely to al cialist party, he was Chief of Staff for the President of the European Pascal Lamy served for two consecutive terms as Director-General a very successful outcome. such, it should not cause the other issues at stake in the negotia tions to be undermined. But this new challenge will nevertheless require significant attention and a better anticipation both of op with follow will I impacts. negative unexpected and benefits timal in students the by undertaken investigations future interest great all you wish I and Workshop Relations Transatlantic the in volved and the EU should therefore simultaneously advocate at the mul tilateral level for vesting the WTO with a supervisory competence in regulatory convergence; this would help to preference foster convergence, and collective therefore prevent a potential con different risk-related collective preferences. frontation between countries’ noticeable worries and to ease the process in due time. due in process the ease to and worries noticeable countries’ the of scenario the convergence, regulatory meaningful much low establishment of “regulatory blocks” disrupting global chains supply and leading to trade diversion should be avoided. The US efits of regulatory convergence will also depend on the the on converge themselves willing to countries third of capacity and ness resulting transatlantic norms in order to better access this big at third calm to needed is phase this of Anticipation market. tractive Commission, Jacques Delors, from 1985 to 1994. He then joined of the World Trade Organization (WTO) from September 2005 to August 2013. A committed European and member of the FrenchCredit So Lyonnais as CEO until 1999, before returning to Brussels as European Trade Commissioner until 2004. Transatlantic Relations eur h 4. 5. The TransatlanticRelationsWorkshopobservesthefollowing: OBSERVATIONS 96 orizons opean

2. 1.

Investor-State Arbitration sued by arbitral tribunals—have been at the core of ISDS criticism. tralia, Vattenfall in Germany) and the allegedly excessive awards is allegedly taking measures of public interest (Philip Morris in Aus are which countries against proceedings arbitration of initiation the disputes, investment of ﬁling increasing arbi the tration—mainly investment in developments recent The system. ISDS the on distrust general a from stem They TTIP. beyond goes ISDS of Criticisms Philipp KotlabaandChrysoulaMavromati SUBMITTED BY sions onISDSshouldbeincludedinthenegotiationsagenda. provi whether to as arisen has debate vigorous A negotiations. Settlement TTIP the of areas Dispute controversial most the of one been have (ISDS) Investor-State and protection Investment a.

the investment regime suffers from legitimacy deficits. deficits. legitimacy from suffers regime investment the public policy. policy. public to importance central of topics regulatory ar on for bitration need any mitigate to enough independent and robust are courts EU and courts national European that maintain who politicians European as well as nizations orga society civil European several by vigor special with are advanced arguments these specifically, consultations down form of on regulation In States. the of context TTIP top- illegitimate an impose governments, elected ically democrat by taken decisions policy public sensitive ing second-guess by tribunals, arbitral investors. that domestic charge Critics to available not are that investors foreign to rights additional provide treaties Investment eiiay deficits Legitimacy : The ongoing debate on the usefulness and legitimacy and usefulness the on debate ongoing The : : The opponents of ISDS argue that that argue ISDS of opponents The : ------Transatlantic Relations ------97 European & Transatlantic A¬airs Philipp Kotlaba and Chrysoula Mavromati Chrysoula and Kotlaba Philipp review of : Other criticisms of investor-state ar investor-state of criticisms Other :

1 pellate” arbitral tribunal or by national enforcing courts. bitration bitration concern topics touching upon the technical na transpar of questions namely proceedings, arbitral of ture awards the and proceedings which to extent the (i.e., ency are made public), selection of arbitrators, participation of third parties (such as through submissions of “amic us briefs”), and review of the awards, whether by an “ap Procedural criticisms : Proponents of ISDS view the system as a necessary

b. domestic courts only. replies and issued its report in response to these consultations on January 13, 2015. In the words of Commissioner for Trade Ce cilia Malmström, the consultations revealed “a huge scepticism against the ISDS instrument” among the general public. Indeed, it is worth noting that nearly half of all 150,000 respondents to the consultation expressed a desire to limit investor recourse to light of the 2,500 BITs that are already in force today between EU arbitration is nothing new. Member States and other countries, On March 27, 2014, the European Commission launched a com prehensive public consultation process on investment tion and ISDS protec provisions in the TTIP. It received nearly 150,000 complement to investment protection disputes. ISDS is seen as preferable to traditional state-to-state dispute settlement mecha nisms such as diplomatic protection, which politicizes disputes, disrupts interstate comity and creates inequality between small investors and economically powerful investors (which may more easily inﬂuence a government to initiate a dispute). Further, in as to how to move forward. investors’ legitimate expectations are honored; (2) the establish ment and functioning of arbitral tribunals; (3) the relationship between judicial domestic systems and ISDS; and (4) the review of ISDS awards by an appellate body. The negotiations on invest ment in the TTIP have been suspended pending further consulta tions by the EU Commission with civil society and governments The report indicates four areas the right to regulate, raising should be explored: (1) protection of where further improvements the burden to show breach of investor protections to account for states’ rights to pursue legitimate public policy goals, so long as Support

4. 3. 5. Report on Outcomes of EU ISDS Consultations, available at http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2015/janu at available Consultations, ISDS EU of Outcomes on Report ary/tradoc_153044.pdf

1 Transatlantic Relations eur h The TransatlanticRelationsWorkshopbelievesthat: POLICY VISION 4. 5.Investor-StateArbitration 2

98 deals.info/upload/2014/07/canadian_center_for_policy_alternatives_ISDS.pdf. http://eu-secret at available 2014), (July CETA and TTIP in Settlement Dispute Investor-State Sinclaire, Scott ae Tx, vial a http://power-shift.de/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/CETA-Consolidat ed-Text-EU_Doc-md259-14_from_TagesschauGermany.pdf. at available Text, dated orizons opean 8. 7. 6.

rirto truh nrmna rfr. f atclr note: particular Of reform. incremental through arbitration investor-state in deficiencies continued address to parties tiating nego the of ability the in as well as consideration under blocks” “starting text legal the in both faith have we 2012, of BIT Model Agreement, or “CETA” or Trade Agreement, and Economic Comprehensive EU-Canada the on based existing ISDS structures. Based on the EU’s negotiating text (itself sion of ISDS, then, should be understood as an attempt to improve Member State as a party that are already in force. The TTIP’s inclu included in the TTIP in light of the existing 2,500 BITs with an EU In pragmatic terms, arbitration will continue to exist even if it is not ship inguidingthefutureevolutionofinvestor-statearbitration. of an “model” ISDS will empower the EU to assume global leader inclusion the sense, that In standards. global set to aspiration its Beside stimulating growth, the agreement’s strategic value lies in relationship. US-Europe the transcend TTIP the of aims broader the Indeed, Union. European the and States United the between TTIP is not directly related to increasing foreign direct investment the in ISDS of inclusion the for justification underappreciated An involved. advanced,systemsare“model”legalvantageous,two where even ad is ISDS why public to communicate to how on made be should tionreach farbeyond theTTIP specifically. Accordingly, emphasis arbitra over concerns treaty, the in reforms legal specific urge we ISDSshould beincluded inthe TTIP negotiations. However, while a.

ed andlawfulmanner.An investor’s legitimate for states to pursue core regulatory goals in an even-hand room creates ISDS words, other In constraints. specific to only subject prerogative, regulatory sovereign ognizes rec that system a of feature inherent an but “exception,” policy public a not is This TTIP. the in same the include tal principle in modern BITs. The Commission intends to fundamen a as regulate” to “right a enjoy already States 2 ) and the United States’ widely respected widely States’ United the and ) See also also See EA Consoli CETA ------Transatlantic Relations ------99 The initi The 4 European & Transatlantic A¬airs 3 Philipp Kotlaba and Chrysoula Mavromati Chrysoula and Kotlaba Philipp note 1, at 19. review of supra er costs themselves while respondent states confident in their case may recoup costs after a favorable disposition. Parallel proceedings brought by the investor in arbitral tribunals and national courts, under the proposed rule of CETA Article X.23, would be disallowed; an arbitral tribunal would stay its proceedings or take prevent to overlap, other or identical are claims the where sures mea “double compensation.” expectations, without more, cannot be founded on an en an on founded be cannot more, without expectations, industry regulation. to be free of future titlement CETA Article X.36(5) includes unsuccessful a the by borne “loser-pays” are arbitration of principle costs whereby disputing party. Investors therefore have an added finan high risk they since suits, frivolous file to disincentive cial

c. b. option. Most, if not all, EU Member States are already parties to ency and creates inequality between small investors and economi and investors small between inequality creates and ency cally powerful ones. Second, the remedies offered by SSDS are of a prospective nature (a state pledges to cease its behavior going that losses the address adequately cannot therefore and forward), investors have already suffered. Similarly, allowing only recourse to national courts—eschewing both SSDS and ISDS—is not an One alternative proposed by several scholars and policy-makers, unacceptable. is (SSDS), settlement dispute State-State ation of investment disputes in SSDS is inherently dependent on transpar less entails process governments—this of discretion the its January 2015 consultation report. Even in advanced economies, furthermore, the concern that na tional courts are relatively more susceptible to political pressure or to natural inclinations to prefer a local party to a foreign one remain signiﬁcant and to an extent justiﬁed. For example, policy discrimination in favor of local companies is not prohibited un der US law, something that the European Commission notes in That European courts are robust does not rule out irregularities dis the in Irregularities ameliorate. partially least at can ISDS that national developed most the in even occur may justice of tribution judiciaries—including, for instance, longer waiting periods that prove detrimental to the economic interests of foreign investors.

10. 9. Report on Outcomes of EU ISDS Consultations, See Joseph Weiler, European Hypocrisy: TTIP and ISDS (Jan. 21, 2015), available at http://www.ejiltalk.org/euro pean-hypocrisy-ttip-and-isds/.

3 4 Transatlantic Relations eur h 4. 5.Investor-StateArbitration 5

100 likely tointerferewith stableproﬁtmargins. have known that certain political instability should in the or early knew 2000s, culminating investors in various that emergency held decrees, was was it which in cases Argentinian in particularly cases, Latin-American various in tribunals arbitral of president as awards Hausmann-Kohler’s Gabriela is this for precedent One orizons opean 11. 14. 13. 12.

implication aredisfavored). by expectations (i.e., government a by made are representations specific when only occur expectations legitimate that suggestion Commission’s European the support We investment. the ceives expectations surely are different based on the nation state that re Between these choices, a system of EU-wide ISDS that eventual that ISDS EU-wide of system a choices, these Between de a scriptive matterisonebetweenEU-wideISDSandbilateral ISDS. as states most for choice The ISDS. for provide that BITs within the national state that implemented the regulations. the implemented that state national the within tinue to be contingent on the domestic political and social context expectation. Instead, investors’ legitimate expectations must con legitimate a is what of conception “one-size-fits-all” a adopt not should provisions ISDS The license). a of revocation or stance, in for growth, constricting regulation a (by impossible rendered subsequently was that investment the “legitimate concerning expectations” upon relied they if investors compensate generally gent on domestic exigencies of individual states. contin Arbitral tribunals made be should ISDS) in treatment” equitable and “fair define to (used investor the of expectations Legitimate Second: accept routine“amicusbrief”submissions. and public arbitral the to open Additionally, reasonably made be itself. should proceedings award the and submitted uments doc all publishing for things, other among provide, These ed. suggest originally as TTIP, the in included be should Arbitration UNCITRAL Rules for Transparency in Treaty-Based Investor-State The transparent. be must awards and proceedings Arbitral First: dividual states’regulatoryflexibility: in and transparency arbitral strengthening by seriously taken be should They however. validity, have general in ISDS of Criticisms not overwhelmingly, stemfromEU,notnational,regulations. if part large in regulations, whose states for appropriate is EU-wide system providing a consistent set of investor protections obligation to incorporate EU-level legislation into its own law. An ready increasingly enacted at least in part because the state has an al are regulations National sensible. is BITs existing replaces ly 5 The ------Transatlantic Relations ------6 101 exemplifies 7 European & Transatlantic A¬airs Philipp Kotlaba and Chrysoula Mavromati Chrysoula and Kotlaba Philipp review of “Notes” may delineate the conditions under which investors investors which under conditions the delineate may “Notes” 8 id. Anything else would undermine the treaty as an the in instrument issued “interpretation” an commitments; settled conveying context of an already pending dispute would effectively serve as a politicized “ruling” on a specific case, not an interpretation of a legal question. itself is highly controversial since it is thought to change the trea the change to thought is it since controversial highly is itself Article to pursuant amendment undergoing without meaning ty’s 2202). Ideally, these “notes” could be made prior to TTIP ratifi cation. In any case, however, this mechanism must be time-lim ited; only declarations made prior to the filing of a dispute—and perhaps even before the initial investment is made—can be val can rely, and the conditions under which their reliance gives rise to a claim. However, it is unclear how these notes should oper NAFTA’s instances; other in analogues rough some are There ate. Free Trade Commission, for example, provides binding “notes of interpretation” for that treaty’s ISDS standards (a feature that IISD Model International Agreement on Investment on Agreement International Model IISD should be made explicit. The Commission’s preferred draft cur rently envisions anchoring such a right in the treaty’s preamble. We suggest including in the main text recognition that regula tory measures taken for public policy purposes, and applied in a non-discriminatory way, do not give rise to a valid claim; the forcing parties to fully develop and contest the facts of a particular a of facts the contest and develop fully to parties forcing already text CETA the fact, In dismissed. it having to prior dispute provides for “splitting” a claim in this way; the legal basis is ex dismissal. basis, allowing for quick amined first on a fast-track Fourth: The commitment to preserving a “right to regulate” Third: Concerns over excessive or frivolous litigation can be min be can litigation frivolous or excessive over Concerns Third: imized by incorporating mechanisms by which claims that are unfounded as a matter of law—that is, suits that manifestly lack without basis, expedited an on rejected be justification—can legal text. this approach. Finally: The European Commission should clarify and its plans on the narrow proposed creation of a mechanism by which the parties would issue binding notes on interpretation of the treaty

16. 15. 17. CETA arts. X.29, X.30 (claims manifestly without legal merit/unfounded as a matter of law). IISD Model BIT Article 8(I), available at: https://www.iisd.org/pdf/2005/investment_model_int_agreement.pdf at: available 8(I), Article BIT Model IISD Roland Kläger, The Impact of the TTIP on Europe’s Investment Arbitration Architecture, deutsches 2 und Zeitschrift für amerikanisches Recht (ZDAR) 68, 71 (2014) (“As further plans to incorporate a mechanism allowing the contracting states to issue binding notes on how to interpret safeguards, the EU Commission the investment protection provisions of the TTIP”). See

7 8 6 Transatlantic Relations eur h vision urge: their realize to order in Workshop Relations Transatlantic the of participants The PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY 4. 5.Investor-StateArbitration 102 orizons opean 20. 19. 18. 21.

with ISDSatthiscriticalstageofthenegotiatingprocess. Student Conference Student uoen omsins rpsl. o ht n, the end, that To proposals. Commission’s European the to regard with transparency and outreach public robust more without continue will that practiced—something currently is it as ISDS of misunderstanding a from stem to appears opposition most However, unclear. currently is TTIP in ISDS of future The the generalpublic. ing forward—if it wishes to maximize its chances of winning over go agenda ISDS the defining of advantages strategic broader the communicate as well research—as such support should mission ment. Given the current deficiency of data on this topic, the Com invest direct foreign encouraging in ISDS of efficacy the ically, empir demonstrate, to efforts make to Commission the urge We iety demandsattention. anx This TTIP. in characteristics legal specific of large—not writ matter: No much of the popular skepticism of ISDS disappear. is a distrust of arbitration not will arbitration investor-state TTIP, the Member States. In other words, should ISDS be removed from to confined ISDS is level European the at ISDS to alternative The two “model” legal systems, European and American, are involved. when even necessary still is ISDS why public to communicate to how on given be should emphasis Additionally, system. existing the improve incrementally to made be should efforts arbitration, investor-state of appropriateness fundamental the questioning than Rather negotiations. TTIP the in included be should ISDS ’s think tank project should prioritize engaging European European - - - - - 5 Economy

5. 1. Closing the European Investment Gap and Implications for Fiscal and Monetary Policy

SUBMITTED BY Max Goldberg, Krister Koskelo and Luigi Pisano

OBSERVATIONS

The Economy Workshop observes the following:

1. The EU, and the Euro area in particular, have continued to show sluggish macroeconomic performance for the past several years. The most recent statistics show that the EU’s economy expanded by only 0.3% in real terms in Q3 2014; the corresponding ﬁgure for the Euro area was 0.2%.

The Investment Gap, and Investment Plan 2. In addition to poor economic performance generally, there is a signiﬁcant investment gap in the EU. One estimate suggests an investment gap of €260bn in the year 2014 in the ‘old’ pre-2014 Member States (EU15), (or €160bn if the construction sector is ex- cluded). The corresponding ﬁgures for the ‘new’ post-2004 Mem- ber States (EU12) are €20bn and €10bn.1

1 Source: Bruegel. http://www.bruegel.org/nc/blog/detail/article/1486-measuring-europes-investment-problem/ Economy eur h 5. 1.ClosingtheEuropeanInvestmentGapandImplicationsforFiscal MonetaryPolicy 104 orizons opean 3. 5. 4.

German state currently facing its lowest-ever borrowing costs. In costs. borrowing lowest-ever its facing currently state German the despite 2015, in budget balanced a achieving of aim German the as such obstinacy, ideological to due is this countries, some In investment. public in gap a and policies public with do to lot a has investment, private in drop a to due partly though Europe, in gap investment current the that noting worth is it broadly, More Impact ofFiscalandMonetaryPolicy little tohelpshort-termgrowth. do will hence and demand, aggregate on effects short-term imal medium- to long-term investments, is expected to have only min on focusing by Plan, Investment the rather, ARRA; the for GDP US of 4% to compared as GDP EU of 2.5% about only measuring smaller, only not is Plan Investment The layoffs. further avoiding and jobs creating quickly both by demand aggregate sustain to as a form of Keynesian fiscal stimulus, with its primary aim being designed explicitly was ARRA the investment, of amount large a creating through growth economic kick-start to aim both While is not. Investment Planis,and to illustratewhatthe lus package), vestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 (widely known as the Obama stimu It is also useful here to reference the American Recovery and Rein and ment) long-term projects (e.g. in infrastructure or research and develop approximately of total a providing thus 15:1, of ratio leverage a achieve can Fund the that estimates sion Commis The projects. in invest to sector private the for ments the EIB, and will be used to give loan guarantees and other induce research and development funding). The EFSI will be managed by ture investment) and Horizon 2020 initiative (already allocated for infrastruc for allocated (already facility Europe Connecting the by up backed only reality remaining the (EIB); Bank ment € Fund for Strategic Investments (EFSI). Note, however, that of this € € recently of total has a bring to seeks Commission which Plan, Investment new European a launched the gap, this address To ( man government does plan to devote an additional 0.05% of GDP Ger the While 2003. since negative investment public net with GDP, of 1.6% only at stands investment public total German fact, € 21bn, only 21bn, European new a to commitments funding EU existing in 21bn diverts Plan The economy. EU the into investment new of 315bn 1.25bn) per year to infrastructure in 2015–18, the IMF calculates € € 75bn of financing for SMEs and medium-size firms. medium-size and SMEs for financing of 75bn 5bn will be solid capital, from the European Invest European the from capital, solid be will 5bn € 8bn in existing EU funds, taken from taken funds, EU existing in 8bn € 16bn is a ‘guarantee’ that is in is that ‘guarantee’ a is 16bn € 240bn of financing for financing of 240bn ------Economy - - - - 105 : By 60bn worth 60bn € 3 Nevertheless, in other 2 European & Transatlantic A¬airs that amount, that is to say 0.5% review of breaking the Stability and Growth Pact Max Goldberg, Krister Koskelo and Luigi Pisano Luigi and Koskelo Krister Goldberg, Max without up to ten times providing an alternative funding channel to banks, the Over-reliance on bank lending and poor bank health

a. many economists suggest that the primary effect of the ECB’s QE will be through the exchange-rate channel, and through the psy perceptions. chological effect of improving market Easing (QE) program involves monthly purchases of purchases monthly involves program (QE) Easing 2016. September least at until assets other and bonds sovereign of re so are Europe in corporations non-financial because However, funding total their 85% of up to (obtaining funding on bank liant needs via bank loans), pressing down long-term interest rates in fact, In UK. or US the in as effective as be not may markets capital The European Central Bank’s relatively subdued monetary poli cy of recent years, at least as compared to its peer central banks, is shifting to aggressive expansion: The ECB’s new Quantitative of GDP annually, (SGP) or national-level rules on deficits. it could devote budget deficit for SGP evaluation purposes. budget deficit for consolidation seems inevitable for the immediate future given the given future immediate the for inevitable seems consolidation the and SGP strengthened newly the With framework. EU current burdens debt public large with States Member penalties, of threat will be forced to keep their budget deficits small and their fiscal policy tight, even if the Commission has shown willingness to be flexible by not counting certain forms of investment towards the countries, countries, such as the southern Eurozone Member States, fiscal Designing policies to close the investment gap requires, firstly, agreeing on its main underlying causes. Thus, it is useful to un derstand how the proposed Investment Plan might impact these proposed causes of the gap: Improving the Investment Plan

6. 7. See most recent IMF Article IV consultation with Germany, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/ cr14216.pdf See http://ec.europa.eu/economy_ﬁnance/economic_governance/sgp/pdf/2015-01-13_communication_sgp_ ﬂexibility_guidelines_en.pdf

2 3 POLICY VISION The Economy Workshop believes that: Economy eur h 5. 1.ClosingtheEuropeanInvestmentGapandImplicationsforFiscal MonetaryPolicy 106 orizons opean 9. 8.

perts, this is not enough; for the Plan to live up to its promises, its to up live to Plan the for enough; not is this perts, ex technical EIB to task the allocating by ensured been has cess pro selection project the of neutrality (political) relative the that see to happy are we While investment. on returns lower and tal capi of allocation suboptimal a in result would behaviors these of Both or losses. avoiding towards bias a have might politics and ideology, on based projects choose might it dangers: of sorts two faces committee” selection “project appointed An risk. der shoul to ability an and acumen financial both requires it as task, difficult very a is This investments. private out crowding without projects high-return funds it if successful be only will Plan The model-based exposition of the convincing Plan’s anticipated more multiplier effect. detailed, more a provide should Commission achieve can the same size, effect. To proposed effectively counter larger these criticisms, the much its with Plan, new the whether unclear is it However, SMEs. for facilities guarantee loan certain or EIB the by financed projects previous in seen that to reference by multiplier the of size estimated the justifies Commission The ing taxevasion. combat or efficiency, administrative improving corruption, out weeding as such conditions, framework and climate investment pean policymakers should make significant efforts to improve the Euro Plan, the with concurrently Therefore, countries. EU some in standards operational and managerial governance, the in gaps and uncertainty, economic and regulatory political, high debt, of levels high include factors structural These risk. at is itself cess issues are a primary reason for investor reluctance, the structural plan’s suc these that extent the To problems. “structural” dress ad to little does itself in Plan Investment the hand, other the On it must select projects with a with projects select must it Plan has a high opportunity cost). Here, we endorse Bruegel’s rec the is, (that allocated been has money EFSI the which from funds 2020 Horizon and Europe Connecting the for case the been have b. c.

ing theeconomicoutlook. improv thus expectations, lift might Plan the resources, Low confidence Low markets secondary Thin current Planisastepintherightdirection. ments, thusatleastpartlymitigatingthisproblem. invest of liquidity the improve might Plan the investors, : by signaling political will and mobilizing and will political signaling by : higher higher : By providing extra guarantees to guarantees extra providing By : multiplier effect than would than effect multiplier ------Economy ------107 , (not only 4 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Max Goldberg, Krister Koskelo and Luigi Pisano Luigi and Koskelo Krister Goldberg, Max Multiple tranches and a combination of 5 However, the plan also proposes soliciting 6 315bn. However, we believe it is preferable for € 21bn in base funding), we think project finance should be € the roughly allocated in proportion to contributions. At present, the plan lacks transparency and relies heavily on com on heavily relies and transparency lacks plan the present, At plex structured finance. ommendation ommendation to incorporate a clear and transparent evaluation process into the EFSI from the very beginning, to ensure that the projects it selects: (1) do not replace already planned investment, possible social return. the highest and (2) provide its capacity beyond the initial EU funds. We expect that Member the in money additional put to reluctant be will governments State fund without knowing whether it will be reinvested in their own countries. Therefore, for these specific contributions current proposal, but with less leverage. where countries in invest to aim primarily should Plan the Clearly, the investment gap is most acute, and hence the social return on projects is highest. voluntary Member State contributions to the EFSI, to increase to take on excessive amounts of leverage, or introduce a lot of ex tra risk and fragility, in an attempt to reach an extremely ambi tious target figure. In exchange for a smaller nominal size, the EFSI could perhaps devote more effort to co-financing projects with Member States, a measure mentioned but not emphasized in current proposals; this could lead to as large a net effect as the We therefore think it would be prudent to reduce somewhat the leverage of the Plan. Given that additional funds probably would this forthcoming, be to to unlikely are ratio leverage reduce the mean revising the headline promised outcome of the Plan down somewhat from than sure, for target modest more somewhat a achieve to Plan the dition of multiple layers of derivatives, and/or reliance on securi tization. The combination of a highly publicized investment plan layers few a add assets; of valuations “bubbly” cause might QE and am for potential the and instruments, financial complex highly of plification of trouble is set, as evidenced by the events of 2007–8. “real” funds with guarantees will make it hard to assess potential losses; this opacity raises questions of moral hazard and adverse ad the leverage, by amplified be might problems These selection.

10. 11. See also http://www.bruegel.org/nc/blog/detail/article/1498-the-achilles-heel-of-junckers-investment-plan/ Similar points have been raised by commentators such as Frances Coppola and Charles Wyplosz. UK, the countries: six to attributed be can gap investment the of much suggest statistics current example, For France, Greece, Spain, Italy, and Portugal.

4 5 6 Economy eur h 5. 1.ClosingtheEuropeanInvestmentGapandImplicationsforFiscal MonetaryPolicy 8 7

108 See http://papers.nber.org/tmp/94841-w20862.pdf See forexample:http://ec.europa.eu/economy_ﬁnance/articles/consultation/pdf/bonds_consultation_en.pdf orizons opean 15. 12. 14. 13.

m, .. atal surn cptl netet y non-financial by investment capital spurring actually i.e., omy, econ real the reaches policy monetary expansionary its that sure The European Central Bank should continue to do its utmost to en Monetary PolicyandtheBankingSystem invest innewprojects. increasing general corporate tax rates, thus incentivizing firms to invest ments inplantsandequipment,maderevenue-neutral byslightly new on rate depreciation tax-deductible the increase to proposal interesting Feldstein’s Martin endorse we end, this To term. long and short the both in growth for foundation a viding pro deficits, budget worsening without investment private ulate stim can that policy taxation and fiscal tweak to ways are There who cannotcurrentlyaffordtoinvestmuchthemselves. economies European Southern for effects spillover positive have also will it gap; infrastructure EU-wide still-gaping the closing to contribute also but now it do to afford can who countries of GDP the in boost long-term a generate only not will promises opment devel and research in or IMF) infra the by recommended (as structure in investment public Increasing reasons. ideological for retrenchment continuing than rather opportunity, the of vantage well as others like Austria or the Netherlands, should take full ad as Germany notably space, fiscal with countries Euro-area ment. invest public national-level more and policy fiscal expansionary more involves gap investment the closing towards work to ent, pres at ways practicable few the of one perhaps indeed way, One not Contradictory Making FiscalPolicyComplementary, fiscal policy( expansionary more pursuing as such gap, the of rest the close to the Commission should place high priority on finding other ways needs. investment total EU’s Concurrently with this Investment Plan, then, Member States and the of estimate good a being as the of 15% about only is investments on directly spend to intends Plan the the and GDP, annual EU’s the of 2.5% about only to The advertised “total stock of investment” of gap. investment total Europe’s bridging of short far fall still will Plan Investment the assumptions, optimistic under even Finally, € 1.5trn that the Commission identified in recent years recent in identified Commission the that 1.5trn see below see ). 8 € 315bn is equivalent € 240bn that 240bn ------7

Economy ------109 European & Transatlantic A¬airs ); and the third approach en 9 review of Max Goldberg, Krister Koskelo and Luigi Pisano Luigi and Koskelo Krister Goldberg, Max

10 tion, they remain a viable and potentially important option for the for option important potentially and viable a remain they tion, medium- to long-term. visages several but not joint obligations for sovereign excitement debt, Though Bonds.” “Stability but of name the under sold still over their possible introduction has faded since the original pro posal by the Commission in 2011, largely due to German opposi up to a certain threshold of the debt-to-GDP ratio (as in the Brue the in (as ratio debt-to-GDP the of threshold certain a to up gel red bond-blue bond proposal sovereign bonds common to all euro area countries, with the nu ance that the Commission proposal envisaged several variations of such bonds. The first approach would completely replace na tional debt with jointly and severally guaranteed European debt (as many American commentators suggested); the second proach replaces ap national debt with joint and several obligations Long-run Structural Changes We consider it important to not only provide short-term recovery options, but also a long-term vision to avoid future crises. Euro pean Stability Bonds (ESBs) represent a possible addition to the European Union’s future toolkit. ESBs are essentially the Com mission’s version of Eurobonds: jointly and severally guaranteed in a certain country are not able to theyareweighed downcertainby types assetsof theironlend balance out as much because sheets, it could, for example, tweak its rules for collateral eligi bility for banks from that country, or purchase that asset class as part of QE. sures should be tried, such as making the deposit rate for banks more negative. Though the ECB monetary currently policy and its new insistsbank supervisory capacity separate, on keeping bank supervision could play an important role in improving the transmission of monetary policy. If the ECB notices that banks ABS markets in Europe are still small, and this is unlikely to have short term. much effect in the Rather, all focus must continue to be on the banks. If one mea sure, say targeted long-term refinancing operations (TLTROs)aiming to get banks to lend out more to SMEs, fails, more mea corporations. Though its efforts to encourage the development of of development the encourage to efforts its Though corporations. firms, medium-sized and small for financing of means alternative e.g. through proclaiming its intention of purchasing SME-loan- backed asset-backed securities as part of QE, are laudable, the

17. 16. See http://www.bruegel.org/publications/publication-detail/publication/403-the-blue-bond-proposal/ See http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/22/business/german-leaders-reiterate-opposition-to-euro-bonds.html

10 9 Economy eur h 5. 1.ClosingtheEuropeanInvestmentGapandImplicationsforFiscal MonetaryPolicy 110 orizons opean 18. 20. 19.

obligations andEU-widefiscalpolicyinthelongterm. modifying fiscal and monetary policies to Plan, moving towards mutual Investment the tweaking from ranging work, tireless and is the absence of a silver bullet solution. It will take long, difficult twined challenges of the European stagnation and investment gap inter tremendous, the facing in accept to fact difficult most The Closing Thoughts require afullfiscaluniontobeeffective. would involve, would it mutualization debt the of nature limited and partial the given proposal, type bond bond-red blue a lieve ture spending after the Investment Plan has ended. We do not be infrastruc and investment to revenue of component significant a devoting to view a with approach), (second drafted be should debt national replacing partially bonds guaranteed severally and jointly toward moving for outline an time, same the At liabilities. joint not but several with issued initially be Bonds Stability per, Pa Green 2011 Commission’s the with line in that, Therefore, propose we future. near the in or today unfeasible remains that move political a change, Treaty a require would liability joint any uncertain position than and when Stability Bonds difficult were first less proposed, far a in now are area euro and EU the Though round ofmaturitiesdowntheline. vide a source of trusted and stable debt-servicing cash for the first pro also would and Plan, initial the of lapse the after funding of source additional an provide both would This lapses. Plan ment Invest current Commission’s the once investment, public of ing of Stability Bonds as a potentially important source for the financ Where we differ from the Commission is in noting the usefulness tially substitutenationaldebt. par only bonds guaranteed undue severally and jointly bringing if hazard moral not while States, Member Euro-area for costs financing lower further would They policy. monetary of conduct the easing area, euro of the in banks source all for collateral a robust more provide could ESBs safeguards, appropriate With ------Economy - 111 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Max Goldberg, Krister Koskelo and Luigi Pisano Luigi and Koskelo Krister Goldberg, Max monetary policies. Write articles and papers arguing for the need for a directional a renewed focus on investment. shift in policy and Encourage Encourage the EIB Project Selection Committee to maximize the multiplier effect of potential investments, and ensure the highest possible social return. Liaise with policymakers at the Commission, EC, and and fiscal in expansionary more adopt to Mem them pressure to States ber

23. 21. 22.

The participants of the Economy Workshop in order to realize their vision intend to: intend vision their realize to order in Workshop Economy the of participants The PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY PARTICIPANTS’ Economy eur h 5. 2. 1 The EconomyWorkshopobservesthefollowing: OBSERVATIONS paper proposesfivesolutionstoareasofconcern. policy this issues, these tackle To needed. most is it where to flowing in ficulties supply side, fragmentation in European financial markets means capital faces dif the On capital. for search the in firm the on costs excess put among which issues, barriers, other bureaucratic many with deal must SMEs side, demand the On European Union and should be supported in this time of high unemployment. Access to capital high has been cited as the second-most important issue facing of SMEs. time this in supported be should and Union European the in jobs three of out two provide (SMEs) enterprises medium-sized and Small

112 EuropeanCommission (2014):AnnualReportonEuropean SMEs2013/2014. orizons opean

Access toCapital Alena HahnandBerkManav Sydney Bolling,BrianFox, SUBMITTED BY public equityofferof£5million (US$7.57million). a for one produce to (US$909,000) £600,000 and (US$530,000) £350,000 between average on SME an costs it UK, the in ample, ex For produce. to costly are these However, 2010. in amended further was which directive, Prospectus 2003 the in formulated and admission to trading throughout the Union. These rules were offers public for validated are they before regulators, by validated by EU rules on the content of prospectuses, which also have to be abide to have Issuers securities. issuing when investors potential and ﬁnancial to available made company the disclosing about information non-ﬁnancial document prospectuses—a pro ducing of costs the includes which among EU, the in capital cess ac to attempting when burdens administrative many face SMEs - - - - 1

Economy - 7 - - - - - 113 However, a and several 6 2 They are the backbone of 5 European & Transatlantic A¬airs however, many other countries 4 review of Sydney Bolling, Brian Fox, Alena Hahn and Berk Manav Berk and Hahn Alena Fox, Brian Bolling, Sydney Some countries in Europe, especially the Nordic ones, 3 cially those of small and medium size. across Europe have overly harsh personal bankruptcy laws. across Europe have overly harsh personal 85% of Europe’s businesses are family-owned companies, espe have well-functioning insolvency laws, with short time periods, low cost and high recovery rates; work, there are major statutory impediments bond issuance. to SME-covered Bankruptcy laws have an economic impact and a statistically sig nificant effect on the level of self-employment rates SMEs because they make credit more freely available. However, loans SME (CRR), Regulation Requirements Capital EU the under are not eligible as covered bond collateral in the EU. This means regulatory privileged from benefit not do bonds SME-covered that treatment, such as preferential risk weighting, which materially reduces the regulatory capital burden. Without this legal frame SME-backed SME-backed covered bonds are simple fixed-income securities They collateral. as serving pools loan SME high-quality by backed are advantageous to banks as they provide greater flexibility with respect to the collateral spectrum while are also advantageous to the European economy and the Small Business Act acknowledg es their potential for economic stability and growth. market. initiatives, both at the EU and country-specific levels, have been proposed to reduce the severity of personal bankruptcy laws in order to encourage entrepreneurship. For 2014, the example, DC Justice recommended that EU Member in States issue March an automatic discharge of bankrupt entrepreneurs years after in three order to allow them to continue to participate in the be particularly burdensome, increasing the risk of insolvency. major obstacle for family businesses is the transfer of the compa the of transfer the is businesses family for obstacle major ny from one generation to another. Related financial obligations such as indemnifying other heirs or paying inheritance taxes can

4. 3. 2. Liu, Yan and Rosenberg, Christoph B. (2013): Dealing with Private Debt Distress in the Wake of the pean Euro Financial Crisis. A Review of the Economics and Legal Toolbox. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ wp/2013/ wp1344.pdf Ernst & Young (2014): Family business in Europe - Facts and ﬁgures. http://familybusiness.ey.com/pdfs/20-23.pdf. European Commission (2008): Think Small First - A Small Business Act for Europe. COM/2008/0394. Mandl, Irene (2008): Overview of Family Business Relevant Issues. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/ sme/ﬁles/craft/ family_business/doc/ familybusiness_study_en.pdf. Armour, John and Cumming, Douglas J. (2007). Bankruptcy Law and Entrepreneurship. ECGI - Law Working Law - ECGI Entrepreneurship. and Law Bankruptcy (2007). J. Douglas Cumming, and John Armour, Paper No. 105/2008. http://ssrn.com/abstract=762144. Ramsay, Iain (2013): Principles of EU Personal Insolvency Law? https://creditdebtandinsolvency.wordpress. com/ 2014/05/11/principles-of-eu-personal-insolvency-law/

5 6 7 3 4 2 Economy eur h 5. 2.AccesstoCapital 10 9 8 The EconomyWorkshopbelievesthat: POLICY VISION

114

nrpeer. http://www.crowdfundingnetwork.eu/ﬁles/2014/05/20140519_Final-Report_Startup_Eu rope_Crowdfunding_Network.pdf. Union. European entrepreneurs. the in web on focused Europe in environment crowdfunding the Crowdfunding foster to services Support (2014): Europe Startup of potential the COM(2014)172. Unleashing (2014): Commission European InTech. Publisher: Context. Social and Geographies Gender, - Entrepreneurship (Ed.): Burger-Helmchen Thierry In Solutions. Possible and Problems Succession of Extensiveness The - Businesses Family (2012): Mojca Duh, orizons opean 5. 7. 6.

projects managetocreateself-sufficient,sustainablebusinesses. such types of funding, that is to say whether or not crowd-funded of rate success the about known is little addition, In scale. pean pan-Euro a on operate to participants market for burdensome is it another, to State Member EU one from varying regulations to need toprepareearlyforsecuringtheirenterprise’scontinuity. comes of greater importance. Family-owned businesses therefore over taking be parties third by succession decreasing, is for business family the descendants of willingness the as addition, In be the kick-off for innovative startups and SMEs. and startups innovative for kick-off the be further growth. for potential with one emerging an is startups, especially SMEs, for task capital of challenging sources non-traditional a for market The be SMEs. for can funding start-up and seed Finding bonds, a European Commission proposal could amend the CRR covered so SME-backed thus and loans, SME for framework legal a of establishment the to regard with Germany) and France Spain, in (e.g. level national the on made being is progress some While necessary burdensonstartupsandSMEs. un reducing while firm the access to needed information key the get would investors potential mean would This funds. mutual US reduced, similar to the simplified SEC “Summary Prospectus” for were prospectus a producing in required detail of amount and ity complex the if SMEs to beneficial be also would It offers. public SME of variety wider a include to expanded be could exemptions ligation to publish a Prospectus for small share placements, these ob the from exemptions contain already rules existing the While 9 Crowd-funding, as its most prominent form, can 10 However, due However, 8 ------Economy ------115 more concrete 12 European & Transatlantic A¬airs That being said, the EU needs not review of 11 Sydney Bolling, Brian Fox, Alena Hahn and Berk Manav Berk and Hahn Alena Fox, Brian Bolling, Sydney proceedings within the EU. The EU, in order to stimulate venture capitalism, should reform current insolvency laws to make them less stringent. The EU has made attempts to modernize cross-border insolvency issues insolvency for framework in universal a establishing by year past the per believes that issuers’ and rating agencies’ regular, detailed and detailed regular, agencies’ rating and issuers’ that believes per bonds covered such of composition the of assessment transparent should facilitate a thorough understanding of SME-backed emer the cov for allow to rules EU amending By time. over bonds ered available freely more become would funding market, this of gence to SMEs, complementing national-level efforts along this path. as to render SME loans eligible for covered bond collateral. While While collateral. bond covered for eligible loans SME render to as it is true that collateral provided by usual SME lending activities might not be as straightforward to value as collateral in existing pa policy this bonds, covered sector-backed public and mortgage- for SMEs under COSME and other EU programs, well as take away some of the disincentives that come with repercussions of a failed business enterprise. the trans the businesses, new up setting on focusing solely of Instead fer of already existing business should be given the same priori ty. While family businesses are eligible for all support provided only to standardize bankruptcy laws but also to soften them, for indi an years of number the in decrease a mandating by example, vidual must wait until being released from pre-bankruptcy debt. This type of mandate would spur venture capitalism across the EU and perhaps lessen the stigma associated with bankruptcy, as offering know-how sharing and mentoring opportunities, as well as opportunities, mentoring and sharing know-how offering as (2) providing a point of contact for sellers and buyers of fami ly-owned business. actions that account for the specificities of family enterprises are lacking. In this regard, the EU should encourage family owned companies to exchange good practices, especially on how to suc cessfully manage business transfers as part of their business life cycle. To this end, an EU-wide platform should be established (1)

8. 9. European Commission (2014): Civil Justice - Insolvency Proceedings. http://ec.europa.eu/justice/civil/com mercial/insolvency/ index_en.htm. European Commission (2014): Family Businesses. http://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/promoting-entrepre neurship/we-work-for/ family-business/index_en.htm.

11 12 Economy eur h 5. 2.AccesstoCapital 13 The participants of the Economy Workshop in order to realize their vision intend to: PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY 116

ency/regexpert/index.cfm?do=groupDetail.groupDetail&groupID=3130&Lang=EN. http://ec.europa.eu/transpar Forum. Stakeholders Crowdfunding European (2014): Commission European orizons opean 10. 12. 11.

is still in its fledgling stages. In light of both the potential and potential the both of light In stages. fledgling its in SMEs still and is startups for capital to access of forms novel on bate the market,preventingfraudandenhancinginvestorprotection. in transparency more (2) to lead also would but intermediaries, clear framework for platform operators acting as financial service a set (1) only not would This France. in existing already those to similar labels quality of form in e.g. introduced, be should forms gard, EU-wide information disclosure requirements for such plat cross-border movement of capital in the single market. In this re lations governing crowd-funding platforms as to allow a veritable regu national harmonize should EU the crowd-funding, of risks Stakeholders Forum (ECSF), Forum Stakeholders Crowd-funding European the group, Expert European a While tive reporttoamendtheCRR. own-initia an launch to MEP our ask also could We (UEAPME). Enterprises Medium-Sized and Small Craft, of Association pean Euro the with tandem in conducted be could This cov bonds. ered SME-backed to impediments regulatory the of raise awareness to launched be could campaign public a CRR, the amend to Commission European the to impetus an provide to order In so thattheyrealisethereisapublicinterestinthisissue. staff Commission targeted with organised be could Meetings es. prospectus on weeks coming the in document further a produce to expected is Commission European the Finally, above. cussed them to include amendments to the effect of the policy vision press dis to officials government appropriate and MEPs local with their contact in get could Participants Council. and Parliament European the by debated being is which underway Directive tus some for SMEs. Second, there is currently a review of the Prospec burden most are Directive Prospectus the of aspects what stand under to up set be could consultation a First, achieved. be could vision policy this which through avenues of number a are There 13 has been set up, the EU-wide de EU-wide the up, set been has ------Economy - - - - 117 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Sydney Bolling, Brian Fox, Alena Hahn and Berk Manav Berk and Hahn Alena Fox, Brian Bolling, Sydney Urge the EU to timely follow up ECSF ate meetings their invitation and to to Member States reiter for assessing the need for amending national financial legislation in a way that facilitates and SMEs. alternative forms of financing for startups and promoted within the EU. and promoted within encour services, advisory business family of creation the for Push case their lobby to and industries across forces join to them aging and administrations. among national officials conversation conversation and getting the word out via social media and oth er forms of communication. Many people, especially in the US, are likely unaware that solving these issues will help startups and small firms by allowing them to take bigger risks without fear of entrepreneur The bankruptcy. of case the in losses personal large fostered be must but US, the in granted for taken be may spirit ial Talk Talk to entrepreneurs in the EU to gain a better understanding of the risks they have undertaken and how their fears of failing/ bankruptcy have affected their capital attention ventures, to the and current laws’ harmful bringing effects by continuing the

15. 14. 13. Economy eur h 5. 3.1. The EconomyWorkshopobservesthefollowing: OBSERVATIONS 118 orizons opean 1. 2. 5. 4. 3.

With no EU institution in place to for the 21st-century labor market, many others are less successful. While some European education systems Analysis excel and in preparing students Collection Data Europe The FutureofEducationin vate returns to education are positive are education to returns vate that agree education in investment on studies research Most from underperformingstates. cation across the EU, leading, among other things, to brain drain edu and research on spending per-capita the in exist disparities Significant education. in incentives and policies various menting imple in impediment important an be can funding Insufficient Challenges forFundingEducationinEurope Education Institutionsthemselves.”(Tremblayetal. 2012) Higher the from as well as stakeholders, private and public tion educa higher both from measures quality and performance for appetite growing a been has “there observed, has OECD the As tries.” (Adam2008) coun Bologna the in outcomes learning of implementation of state the on information accurate and reliable perfectly no rently cur is “there that note reports Bologna the of Authors science. ulate policies that yield the most efficient results in education and Agnese BukovskaandMartinJaakola Jakub Hlávka,VedranaDamjanovic, SUBMITTED BY learned , it is close to impossible to identify and systematically em analyze best practices and lessons lessons and practices best analyze (Montenegro, Patrinas, 2013). pri ------Economy ------119 of ESF fund 1 and targets those with those targets and 86.5 billion

€ 3 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of and STEM 2 Jakub Hlávka, Vedrana Damjanovic, Agnese Bukovska and Martin Jaakola Martin and Bukovska Agnese Damjanovic, Vedrana Hlávka, Jakub In many EU countries, the gap between schools and the demanded by companies is skills widening and youth un acquired in employment has reached record highs. a motivation to expand their horizons, meet their foreign peers and work on exciting out-of-the-box ideas. It also includes mod ern learning methods such as skill training and practical learning. seminars, peer education, Non-formal education encourages creativity Given the size of the EU budget, its source of ﬁnancing and the increas budget EU investment, regarding stance political current es are unlikely. The European Social Fund (ESF) is one the main sources of EU investment in human capital. Around Moreover, some studies (for example, see Hout, 2012) have found have 2012) Hout, see example, (for studies some Moreover, evidence that the societal returns educational investment yields private returns. and can even exceed are positive teachers’ remuneration and the prestige of the profession is con ef direct a has discrepancy This professions. other below sidered graduates. fect on career choices among young Non-Formal Education New efforts like Erasmus+ to support youth work and volunteering and work youth support to Erasmus+ economy. like efforts European New the to returns positive yield to potential the have Nations face a challenge to attract a motivated and capable work force to the teaching profession. In many EU member states, ing is available to EU Member States in the 2014–2020 funding period. The fund supports four main employment activities: and mobility, better education, social inclusion and strengthening better public services. The ESF activity for improving education aims at improving the accessibility of education, training and in novations of higher education.

11. 6. 7. 10. 8. 9. environments and situations for which teaching/training and learning is not necessarily their sole or main activity. These environments and situations may be temporarly, and the activities or courses that take place may be staffed by professional learning facilitators (such as youth trainers) or by volunteers (such as youth cur or rhythms conventional by structured seldomly are but planned, are courses and activities The leaders). riculum subjects. They usually address speciﬁc target groups, but rarely document or assess learning out comes or achievements in conventionally visible ways.” (Erasmus+ 2015) Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics http://ec.europa.eu/esf/main.jsp?catId=443&langId=en Non-formal learning (education) is “purposive but voluntary learning that takes place in a diverse range of

3 1 2 Economy eur h 5. 3.1.TheFutureofEducationinEurope The EconomyWorkshopbelievesthat: POLICY VISION 120 orizons opean 16. 15. 14. 12. 13. 17.

in Europeaneducation. tion and analysis, and serving as a meeting place for stakeholders collec data of function joint a have will which (IE3), Education” investment in informal education, particularly in the onre. o-oml dcto cn rde h gp between gap skills demandedandsuppliedonEUlabormarkets. the bridge can education Non-formal countries. OECD within variation the of percent 17 and countries between science. It accounts for 30 percent of the variation in performance and reading math, in performance with education on spending between correlation a is there results, Pisa 2012 the to According thus complementthestate-fundededucationsystem. grow as professionals. Peer education and informal initiatives can and learn meet, to opportunities additional with students vated moti most the provide gatherings and camps summer ucational ed trainings, seminars, exchange as such initiatives Educational frameworks. qualifications and practices learning, informal of reviews EU-wide by informed be to needs development fessional pro continuing and Training reach. to hard and disadvantaged are who people young those with especially role, “catalytic” cial report by the Expert group, informal education workers play a cru their and employability” to relevant are that ways in learning mal creative and innovative potential of young people through the “developing non-for on Commission EU the by study a to According economic conditions, as well as cultural differences, it Given the differences in education systems in the EU, political and ularity withtheEU’syouth. relevant disciplines) would have the potential to gain higher pop other (and fields STEM universities, in already those and career a choosing those both toward directed education informal With by the EU budget EU the by hard to urge to hard We propose that EU Member States unified EU-wide reforms to education. Yet, there is little , called the “Institute for Excellence in European in Excellence for “Institute the called , found an institution supported supported institution an found would be very very be would STEM fields STEM ------. Economy

------be 121 of each in conduct regular anal from around the Union European & Transatlantic A¬airs : work closer with the private sector review of three key tools provide a platform to exchange information . For instance, UNESCO recently developed a set of attract leading education experts ring lessons learned to non-EU countries ring lessons learned to non-EU countries Conduct cost-beneﬁt analyses of investment in research and education (the EU28 spends 5.25 percent of its GDP on education, but no comprehensive tool exists to evalu ate its effectiveness). and programs educational existing about information Collect disseminate it to educators and students around the Union Support educational reforms within the EU and contrib transfer by efforts development Union’s European to ute Jakub Hlávka, Vedrana Damjanovic, Agnese Bukovska and Martin Jaakola Martin and Bukovska Agnese Damjanovic, Vedrana Hlávka, Jakub

a. b. c. Moreover, IE3 will indicators for “post-2015 education” that introduces important two metrics: learning outcomes new and equity (EFA Steering Committee 2014). sensitive to the cultural, political and economic contexts IE3 will to develop a skillset in areas with the highest commercial demand. commercial highest the with areas in skillset a develop to yses of educationaldardized outcomes tests that reach beyond traditional stan Assessment (PISA). With their regional expertise, IE3 staff will staff IE3 expertise, regional their With (PISA). Assessment Building on the work OECD’s Program for International Student An important function of the IE3 will be to dividual member state—working with local government author ities and schools—to prepare education reform strategies and to supervise their implementation. portunities for any student. institu how analyzing on focus to be will IE3 of role vital Another could education national of tions about best practices, scholarship opportunities, education fund ing schemes and other relevant schools) that benefit students programs of all ages, (such thus becoming a cen as op educational suitable most the find to institution go-to summer tralized in defense analysis, IE3 will become a source of information and data-driven recommendations on reforming their education sys broadly. more society and employers students, serve better to tems It will do so through who will collect and analyze data on education investment and outcomes in individual member states. Similar to the OECD in the field of economic development and the RAND Corporation

22. 18. 20. 21. 23. 19. Economy eur h 5. 3.1.TheFutureofEducationinEurope 122 orizons opean 24. 30. 29. 28. 27. 26. 25.

taking full advantage of working closely with universities with closely working of advantage full taking ia 2013).GoldmanSachsnotesthat not even break even in their technology transfer activities (Valdiv do institutions academic of three-quarters almost instance, For non-formal education. of opportunities other and schemes funding creating in sector it non-prof and private public, the between partnerships Develop ities. Promote non-formal education and youth projects among author IE3. through possibly entities, other and professionals young groups, youth informal NGOs, by organized programs STEM-based on Develop a systematic program to evaluate and collect information forming EUmemberstates. under-per and newer in education STEM promote and to improve organizations youth and contributors business private gets, Form separate ways of funding through the EU and national bud tested onasmallerscaleandscaled-upifprovensuccessful. be will that ideas innovative support to budget experimentation annual an have and countries, non-EU in initiatives educational support outcomes, educational cutting-edge on research conduct policy-relevant and who researchers individual and tutions insti other to grants award also will It allocated budget. EU an the of have share and researchers Ph.D.-level employ will IE3 ence andinnovationonboththeEUnationallevel. sci education, in allocated are resources scarce how on debate the to contribution major a make would IE3 most, the them from benefit who those support to and effectively more used be could funds existing how understanding By Erasmus+. as such grams pro education Union European existing of effectiveness the on will also conduct cost-benefit analyses and other in-depth studies IE3 education, in innovation supporting of ways new searching re and strategies educational national on focusing from Aside stakeholders. other and incubators innovative presidents, versity ings will be disseminated at annual meetings of policy-makers, uni cation will be one of the primary research areas of the IE3. The find al. 2014). These and other ways of supporting career-relevant edu European corporations are not not are corporations European (Tufft et (Tufft ------Economy . ------123 . Final Report, European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of . Working Paper, Lappeenranta: Lap You Get What You Measure—Challenges . Equity Research, Goldman Sachs, 2014. Sachs, Goldman Research, Equity . . Feasibility Study Report, Paris: OECD, 2012. Towards indicators for a post-2015 education framework Assessmentof Higher Education Learning Outcomes: Volume Jakub Hlávka, Vedrana Damjanovic, Agnese Bukovska and Martin Jaakola Martin and Bukovska Agnese Damjanovic, Vedrana Hlávka, Jakub European Crossroads University Start-Ups: Critical for Improving Technology Trans Learning Outcomes Current Developments in Europe Reach out to youth programs such as Erasmus+ and encourage in their program. them to include STEM education initiatives Promote our ideas through media outlets such as university news university as such outlets media through ideas our Promote papers; reputa by published be will that research policy-relevant Conduct ble journals on education; Reach out to Ministries of Education in our countries of origin and innovative solutions; and advocate for new pre the promote and Europe in education on events in Participate sented ideas;

35. 33. 34. 31. 32. . Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2013. mal-learning/ (accessed February 2015). Technical Report, UNESCO, 2014. youthpass.eu/da/youthpass/for/youth-initiatives/learn/information/non-for of Entrepreneurship Education in Schools fer Edinburgh, Scotland: Heriot-Watt University, 2008. Edinburgh, Scotland: Heriot-Watt University, 1 - Design and Implementation peenranta University of Technology, 2014. Tufft et al., Richard. Richard. al., et Tufft Ruskovaara, Elena, and Markku Ikävalko. Erasmus+. “What is non formal learning?” YouthPass.EU. 2015. https://www. Valdivia, Walter D. WORKS CITED Adam, Stephen. The participants of the Economy Workshop in order to realize their vision intend to: intend vision their realize to order in Workshop Economy the of participants The PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY PARTICIPANTS’ EFA Steering Committee. Steering EFA Tremblay et al., Karine. al., et Tremblay Economy eur h

124 orizons opean 5. 3.2.Response is an area where we cannot afford to go for sub-optimal solutions. good practices in an area that is vital for the future of Europe. This disseminating in and data analysing and collecting in strumental or arenotsuccessful. are and used are education of forms certain countries particular in why research from benefit and understand to but training, and education of organization one-size-fits-all a provide to Not tion. is insufficientconnectiontomakethebestuseofall informa large amount of knowledge at various levels and places, but there differentiation in programs and forms of education and there is a wide a is There practices. best spread and other each from learn to data of exchange a and interpretation is collection, for there need great that means also this level, State Member the at ingly stakeholders inEuropeaneducation. for place meeting a and analysis, and joint collection data of a function have will which (IE3), Education” European in cellence learning. propos informal and formulates formal it both for that and levels and all for training als and education of The paperistheworkproductofdiscussions. conference. ESC2015 the of themes main the of one was aspects, informal educationandtraining. and formal education—both by influenced positively are factors innovation and increases in the skill level of the labour force. Both are growth economic of drivers key two the that known well is It NYU at Center Monnet Jean the at Fellow Noël Emile Senior Luc Peeperkorn to 5.3.1.TheFutureofEducationinEurope While the powers in the area of education are overwhelm are education of area the in powers the While Ex for “Institute an create to is idea innovative main The view broad a takes paper the that commendable is It and forms its all in education, that important therefore is It An institute like IE3 could usefully fill that gap and be in be and gap that fill usefully could IE3 like institute An - - - - - Economy ------125 Luc Peeperkorn Luc European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of This This of course does not mean that there is no criticism that ing role in making new rules for supply and distribution agreements Luc Peeperkorn studiedversity Economics of Amsterdam and Political and Scienceworked at asthe anUni assistant ousprofessor teams thatat thecreated what is now called the effects-based approach may also be a rather ineffective way of disseminating ideas and findings in today’s age of the internet and need to make best use of environmentally scarce resources. grams are successful. tech of area the in proposal, The prescriptive. less times at Being 8), point recommendations strategy (see activities transfer nology for an annual meeting of policy-makers, university presidents, innovative incubators and other stakeholders, is not only overly but IE3, unfolding an to left better is and prescriptive and detailed (see strategy recommendations point 3). It is not only that these may be costly, but the results may often be of a general nature, which does not easily translate at state and regional level into im plementable changes of the educational practices. Practical im provements may more likely arise from disseminating analyses of why and under which circumstances certain educational pro Once supervision of implementation of education reform strate gies would become part of its powers and tasks, its role is funda mentally changed and this can be expected to negatively affect its knowledge. role as a center of Not focusing too much on wide-ranging cost-benefit analyses Not mixing up the idea of IE3 as a center of knowledge and a cen a and knowledge of center a as IE3 of idea the up mixing Not ter of supervision (see strategy recommendations point 4). IE3 can be useful to collect and analyse data and formulate and dis seminate best practices. As long as it does ‘just’ that it will also be able to create a positive atmosphere to cooperate with insti tutions and ministries at state level and to obtain relevant data. can be levelled at the paper. To my mind the proposals could be amongst others: and win credibility improved in EU competition policy. In particular, Mr.(2000 Peeperkorn and had 2010) a lead and for technology transfer agreements (2004 Erasmus University Rotterdam. In 1991, he joined the European and 2014). Commission, DG Competition. He has been a central figure in vari

• • • Economy eur h 5. 4.1. an areawithhugepotentialgrowth. is this since entrepreneurship and innovation technological and digital on focus will we paper, policy this In entrepreneurs. new to capital provides who investor angel an becoming entrepreneur successful a or training; or mentoring direct ny; compa successful a seeing after innovation an on based company new a start to inspiration example, for are, to refer we relationships The externalities. positive creating site, same the at located are companies when develop sector tech the in is because of the fact that relationships between older and newer companies with many new companies in the same industry are gathered are highly beneficial. This where hubs geographical innovation, promote to order in that argue we opment, patents isheavilygeographicallyconcentratedinahandfuloflarge,globalcities. of filing the below, illustrated As patents. of filing the is innovation measuring for proxy one measure, to difficult is innovation While researchers. and versities uni startups, of number large a with areas geographic in concentrated is vation inno fact, of matter a As growth. economic of driver primary the is Innovation 126 orizons opean Although there are many rural areas that are in great need of economic devel

Hubs ofInnovationin The RoleofTechnological Lewin SchmittandZacharyBlackburn Amanda DahlstrandRudin,LeonardBronner, SUBMITTED BY Economy inEurope Advancing theDigital - - - - - Economy - - - 127 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Justafew places produce most ofthe world’s innovations. Innovation remains difﬁcult without facilities, a network of investors and easier access to otherwise expensive tools and facilities. Innovation hubs cannot be deliber ately created by the EU, but their development can be facilitated since they need a host of infrastructural assets to succeed; for ex- the notion of entrepreneurship and risk-taking must over the EU. more appealing to young adults all be made innovation for environment positive a create can hubs Innovation created organically these to unique is that business successful and hubs, due to the presence of peer entrepreneurs, shared research access to capital to startups in an early stage, research universi ties and established companies sensitive to developments in the is agents these of all of collaboration The EU. the in scene startup hubs. essential for the ecosystem of startup To spur innovation and to translate innovation into companies, Support for Entrepreneurship and Startups Startups Support for Entrepreneurship and There is a suboptimal collaboration between young innovators, entrepreneurial role models, investors who are willing to provide

Amanda Dahlstrand Rudin, Leonard Bronner, Lewin Schmitt and Zachary Blackburn Zachary and Schmitt Lewin Bronner, Leonard Rudin, Dahlstrand Amanda 3. 2. 1. Source:The Atlantic Monthly, October 2005. Map by Tim Gulden, from Richard Florida “The World isSpiky”. rations. Figure 5. 4. 1. a. Patents: a. 1. 4. 5. Figure acritical mass of ﬁnanciers entrepreneurs,, and scientists, often nourished by world-class universities and ﬂexible corpo OBSERVATIONS following: The Economy Workshop observes the Economy eur h 5. 4.1.TheRoleofTechnologicalHubsInnovationinAdvancingtheDigital EconomyinEurope 128 orizons opean 7. 6. 5. 4.

to allowstartupsrentofficespacewithinatightbudget. and income minimal their despite there move to employees their ample, high speed internet and low rent enable entrepreneurs and mobility. It is difficult for startups and SMEs to employ web devel labor virtual enable to is regulation business of terms in startups digital for facilitate to do can EU the what of example second A ence forstartupswithextremely smallbudgets. differ critical a make may This rates. VAT different with all tries, which may sell a product for, for example, companies digital for especially increase, vastly will accounting digital startups. The time and money spent on administration and for administration and operations the complicate vastly to is this of effect The registered. are they where country the in rate VAT single a paying companies the of instead country, EU a is that if in resides consumer the country the in paid be to have now will telecommunications, broadcasting and e-services industries, VAT the in products business-to-consumer all for that stipulate tions regula The startups. ICT for consequences negative unintended have regulations the but Luxembourg, as such countries low-tax through taxes their all filing from Google and Amazon as such companies digital giant prevent to intended are regulations 2015. The 1 Jan. on Union operative European 2014, Regulations the Tax) created: (Value-Added newly is obstacles these of One legislation. varying to due Union entire the over product their out rolling in obstacles face still startups EU while once, at people million 319 to product a launch can US the in startup A sector. digital the in tage of its size when it comes to innovation and entrepreneurship ferent legal systems in the Union. The EU is not taking full advan dif 28 are there that fact the to related ways many in is This den. bur bureaucratic higher the of because partly States, United the example for in than Union European the in SME or scale-up a to it developing or startup a creating of cost higher a often is There ronment andremovingobstaclescreatedbybusinessregulation. the most difference for startups by improving the regulatory envi make perhaps could EU the that believe We startups. and vation inno entrepreneurship, promoting than rather hindering is tion regula business which in ways the investigate to need a is There Business RegulationReform € 1 in 28 different coun ------Economy ------129 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of among youth. By prize challenge we mean a competition amongst competition a mean we challenge prize By youth. among existing and new entrepreneurial collectives to perform based on specific criteria set out in the challenge. Those perform collectives the best on the preselected that metrics would receive a cash The European Union should provide a prize challenge to spur the spur to challenge prize a provide should Union European The universities at spaces and collectives entrepreneurship of creation in the European Union that provide entrepreneurship and training, support as well as high-tech skills training and where en trepreneurial role models can support the entrepreneurial spirit ented programmer who may live in another EU country). In addi tion, the EU can use innovative policy instruments, such as prize challenges, to effectively and efficiently support entrepreneurial objective process. collectives through a data-driven and Startups Support of Entrepreneurship and allocate resources. Instead, the EU should facilitate the growth of startups in the technology sector to expand regionally (across EU- expand to aim often startups technology as Union), entire the should policy EU in changes this, do To possible. as soon as wide be focused on changes in regulation, facilitating EU-wide expan sion and hiring virtually all over the Union (e.g. employing a tal In general, the EU should not unilaterally select specific geograph specific select unilaterally not should EU the general, In ic areas or industries in the EU to target, as the technology sector is too fast-moving for government to efficiently and effectively United States and average later-stage investment only 20%. average later-stage investment only United States and Non-Formal Education and STEM While the number of startups in the EU is comparable to the fig ure in the United States, European startups are struggling to find capital. Average seed investment is at a mere 10% of that in the opers and other personnel in other EU countries other than where where than other countries EU other in personnel other and opers the company is registered, even if this is essential for many tech nology startups due to the scarcity and dispersion of ICT skills in mobility. imperfect labor the EU and

Amanda Dahlstrand Rudin, Leonard Bronner, Lewin Schmitt and Zachary Blackburn Zachary and Schmitt Lewin Bronner, Leonard Rudin, Dahlstrand Amanda 10. 9. 8. The Economy Workshop believes that: POLICY VISION Economy eur h 5. 4.1.TheRoleofTechnologicalHubsInnovationinAdvancingtheDigital EconomyinEurope 130 orizons opean 12. 11.

be largely modeled after the American Race to the Top education achieved through traditional grants. Such a prize challenge would be could than collectives of number larger a among performance prize. This cash prize would incentivize innovation and enhanced in their country of operation, as was the case before Jan. 1 2015. 1 Jan. before case the was as operation, of country their in VAT file instead should companies These revenue. global annual scheme should be granted to firms with say less than Shop Stop One Mini VAT the to up signing or country user the in VAT filing from exemption An regulation. Market Single Digital pean Union (Value-Added Tax) Regulations 2014 when crafting the The European Commission should add an exemption to the Euro ness structureshould: busi new this effective, most be To Market. Single streamlined a to access complete and operations cross-border eased through advantage competitive a gain will which businesses, economy’s digital the of many of nature pan-European and/or global the es recogniz proposal a Such firms. startup technological of needs the to tailored specifically be would that (SPE), Societas Europaea Privata or (SE) Europaea Societas the to comparable fication; classi law corporate new a create should Union European The al initiativeunderPresidentObama. f. e. d. c. b. a.

Encourage incorporation of enterprises by low, adaptive low, by enterprises of incorporation Encourage the legalframeworkofpotentialinvestments; well- a providing by known business entity that helps investors to understand capital to access easier Promote operate inmultiplecountries; to startups enables technology as countries, EU different Facilitate hiring employees and billing sub-contractors in the startupindustryoftenfoundintechnologicalhubs; meeting the entrepreneurial spirit that is characteristic of thus company, the of organization internal the con cerning shareholders for autonomy and ﬂexibility Ensure bility limits that can be adopted as the company expands; Reduce potential risks by setting clear and reasonable lia legal choicespresentedinthecreationofastartup. and administrative different the through guide by-step step- simple a providing by administration and agement man advice, legal on resources ﬁnancial and time Save capital requirementsandclearlegalrequirements; € 5 million in ------Economy ------131 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of holm Tech Meet-up, where entrepreneurs and investors meet, and meet, investors and entrepreneurs where Meet-up, Tech holm where trends in the fast-moving technology sector are discussed. allowing angel investors to recognize their startup investments as investments startup their recognize to investors angel allowing of the investment. losses in the year EU the economy, digital the of needs the to react better to order In tech at expressed concerns the to sensitive and at present be should Stock and Meet-up Tech Berlin the as such forums, startup nology wards funding for a wide variety of EU universities to launch in novation agencies and business incubators focused on bringing innovations developed at their universities by professors and stu dents to the marketplace. The EU should urge Member States to encourage investment by Connecting Capital with Early-Stage Ventures with Early-Stage Capital Connecting The European Union should direct part of the budget of the EU Programme for Employment and Social Innovation (EaSI) to Business Regulation Reform reg EU in changes suggested the make to policymakers EU Lobby ulations as described in clauses 6 and 7 of the order to address clauses 10, 11, 12 and 13 in the Observations. Policy Vision in Lobby the European Commission to monitor and report on the in startups between connections and of concentration geographic innovation of development current the understand better to order hubs in the EU. Encourage other young adults with potential business ideas take the risk and found their own startups. to Start a curated blog that highlights American innovation and hubs serves as a venue to encourage transatlantic exchanges and networking. Support of Entrepreneurship and Startups Support of Entrepreneurship and

Amanda Dahlstrand Rudin, Leonard Bronner, Lewin Schmitt and Zachary Blackburn Zachary and Schmitt Lewin Bronner, Leonard Rudin, Dahlstrand Amanda 15. 14. 13. 19. 18. 16. 17. The participants of the Economy Workshop in order to realize their vision intend to: intend vision their realize to order in Workshop Economy the of participants The PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY Economy eur h 5. 4.1.TheRoleofTechnologicalHubsInnovationinAdvancingtheDigital EconomyinEurope 132 orizons opean 20.

ital in the EU are monitored and discussed, as described in clause Have a section in the blog in which developments in access to cap Connecting CapitalwithEarly-StageVentures in theObservations. 17 and 16 15, 14, clauses address to order in Vision Policy the of 8 - Economy ------133 European & Transatlantic A¬airs at Yale this year and interact with review of

European Horizons

Of the policy papers presented in the Economy Workshop, In this light, it was a pleasure to meet the team behind the proached the fundamentally important issue in a new way. Rather way. new a in issue important fundamentally the proached than focusing on those areas which are currently poorly connect ed, as many of the plans do, this paper looked at further boost ing technological hubs that are already successful. Encouraging priority important an be should risk-taking and entrepreneurship the one that most stood out to me was the piece on technological hubs the of innovation in advancing role the digital econo of top headline a already is innovation Technological Europe. in my ic—Juncker made a digital single market his number one priority for his time as Commission President—but I felt this paper ap young people working to ﬁnd solutions to some of these issues. Both the committee and visiting students seemed diligent considered, as and well as imaginative, which are all essential quali ties when trying to ﬁnd new policy solutions. ESC and impression that Europe is at a unique point: a crossroads between crossroads a point: unique a at is Europe that impression a path of eroding long-term competitiveness, or one where the region leverages its strengths to adapt to the new rules and reali ty of the global economy. Europe has many solid foundations on challenges. near-term some faces undoubtedly but build, to which mer of 2014, I and my team met CEOs across Europe to ask them consider they what asked We continent. the for see they future what globalization, to be Europe’s strengths, and what the greatest challenges facing of world changing rapidly a of context a in are growth Unsurprising uncertainty. macro and development technological the with away came we overall but responses, of range a got we ly, Europe is currently at a fascinating point in its history. In the sum the In history. its in point fascinating a at currently is Europe to 5. 4. 1. The Role of Technological in Europe the Digital Economy Advancing Hubs of Innovation in Richard Tufft Region Head, EMEA Equity Research, Goldman Sachs London 5. 4. 2. Response 5. 4.

Economy eur h 5. 4.2.Responseto1.TheRoleofTechnologicalHubsInnovation inAdvancing... we hadwithexecutives. echoed intheconversations tion’ isonethatwas certainly Union duetovaryinglegisla their productovertheentire face obstaclesinrollingout at once,whileEUstartupsstill product to319millionpeople startup intheUScanlauncha ... thepaper’sassertionthat‘a 134 orizons opean • • • •

t a raitc bu wa te U a ahee I epiil ac explicitly It achieve: can EU the what about realistic was It might facilitatethat.Thispaperwasalsonotableas: for the EU, and this paper sets out the sort of environments which the regionasabaseforcompany’sworkforce. of attractiveness the on effect positive substantial a have would it continent, the across virtually shared be could programmers if strong as other markets at the moment in technological skills, and as not is excellent—Europe is mobility labour virtual of idea The the potentialofsomecontinent’squalityinstitutions. harnesses which universities, EU of variety wide a at incubators business and agencies innovation launching for suggestion the we what of have when building a most sustainable future, and so it the was good to see make we that important vitally is It class. world- are universities European education: tertiary-level is these of one and foundations, strong has EU the above, mentioned As in theconversationswehadwithexecutives. echoed certainly was that one is legislation’ varying to due Union entire the over product their out rolling in obstacles face still ups start EU while once, at people million 319 to product a launch can US the in startup ‘a that assertion paper’s thereof—the lack or market, single the of question fundamental the addresses It more, canoftenbeagoodsolution. creating than rather regulation, existing removing that and aged, encour only EU, the by created be cannot hubs that knowledges - beginning; if it is necessary to give to necessary is it if beginning; sot xlnto scin t the at section explanation short a • suggestions: few a have we end this To speciﬁc. and actionable clear, new, are that ideas offering by is this achieve to way best The voice. will strong a whole need a as organization the and journal the both crowd, out the in stand to However, years. ing rection Europe will take in the com di the determine help to tank, working think and network student US-based a for place important an be cannot there why reason no is

oiy aes hud ae only have should papers Policy n em o te uue there future, the of terms In - - - - - Economy - - - 135 Richard Tufft Richard European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of erating Group and the Global Recruiting Council. Previously, Tufft Richard Tufft is region head for EMEA Equity Research at Goldman might appeal to different groups, both on a policy-by-policy basis policy-by-policy a on both groups, different to appeal might and for the think tank as a whole. thoughts. Good luck! I look forward to reading more of your Finally, be sure to remember that millions of people across the continent do not have a positive view of the EU: the most recent Europeans of 39% only that found 2014) (Autumn Eurobarometer and policies Effective EU. the of image positive fairly or very a had effective government will need to reach Eurosceptics as well as Europhiles, and it is important to consider how suggested ideas Make sure individual steps are speciﬁc and therefore likely to be successful. Rather than, for example, suggesting a public aware issue an for practice best sharing for platform a or campaign ness without giving any detail, explain what this might look like and engage the target audience. how and why it will a substantial amount of background information to a policy sug gestion, perhaps publish it alongside an accompanying paper the of focus the allows This situation. the out lay can which article action. to be on the served as deputy director from 2006 to 2009, and became partner Sachs in London. He is a member of the Global Investment Research Client and Business Standards Committee, the Micro Researchin 2010. Op

• • 6 Democracy

6. 1. 1. EU Response to Antidemocratic Behavior of Member States

SUBMITTED BY Cassandra Emmons, Tine Carmeliet, Yann Schreiber and Michael Magaha

OBSERVATIONS

The Democracy Workshop observes the following:

1. In recent years, problematic antidemocratic tendencies have been transpiring in several EU Member States. Some leaders, particularly from Member States in Central and Eastern Europe, have solidified and centralized their grip on power and have inserted undemocratic changes in their institutional systems. For example, since 2010, under the leadership of Viktor Orbán, Hungary has been backsliding on its democratic commitments and ideals. Various amendments to the constitution have curbed Hungary’s achievements of liberal democracy. Orbán has tightened his grip on almost every dimension in Hungary’s politics and public life: the judiciary, the central bank, the media, education and culture, and not to mention the new constitution and the electoral system. In addition, Bulgaria and Romania have become the stage for culture wars and constitutional crises, while respect for minorities such as the Roma poses serious problems in nearly all Eastern Democracy ------137 1 2014, available at http://www. at available 2014, European & Transatlantic A¬airs The Nation review of Cassandra Emmons, Tine Carmeliet, Yann Schreiber and Michael Magaha Michael and Schreiber Yann Carmeliet, Tine Emmons, Cassandra Both improved preventative measures and tools compliance are necessary for for ensuring that enforcing the democratic stan dards of the EU are upheld. Commission are not appropriate or effective legal tools to thwart precarious developments and patterned democratic-norm viola tions by the Member States. Social pressures through informal meetings or public instruments. criticism policy ineffective currently also are linkage issue and reproach its member states, practice demonstrates that due to the to due that demonstrates practice states, member its reproach rather vague values of Article 2 and the arduous institutional re quirements of Article 7, it is close to impossible to find sufficient political willingness to employ the measure. The infringement actions (Article 257 TFEU) by the European rights of the member state in question. Article 2 TEU identifies foundational values as “respect for human dignity, freedom, de mocracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities.” While Article 7 was explicitly inscribed to give the Council the power to fall short: Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union remains an unworkable instrument to reproach Member States due to proce dural and substantive obstacles. Article 7 TEU allows the Euro pean Council, after having determined that there exists a serious and persistent breach by a Member State of the values to referred in Article 2 TEU, to suspend certain rights such as the voting The European Union lacks the institutional capability to Member States bring back on the democratic track. Existing measures European countries, in particular Romania and Slovakia. Romania particular in countries, European 2013, available at http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/13/eastern-europe-auto 2014, 14-19; V. Tismaneanu, “Democracy on the Brink. A Coup Attempt Fails in Romania”,

Journal 2013, 83-87; I. Traynor, “Eastern European Autocrats pose New Test for Democra 5. 4. 3. 2. The Guardian crats-return-test-democracy thenation.com/article/179710/hungary-and-end-politics; J. Werner Mueller, “Eastern Europe Goes South”, Selected sources: K. Scheppele, “Hungary and the End of Politics”, Politics”, of End the and “Hungary Scheppele, K. sources: Selected Foreign Affairs World Affairs cy”,

1 The Democracy Workshop believes that: The Democracy Workshop believes POLICY VISION Democracy eur h 6. 1.EUResponsetoAntidemocraticBehaviorofMemberStates 138 orizons opean 6. 8. 7.

Preventative Enforcement Preventative mechanisms be added: following the propose we term, immediate the In effect. this to change treaty a consider should parties relevant the the term, In long rights. human for respect and law of rule democratic of violations systemic to responding for toolkit available its pleting existing definitions of democracy enshrined in the constitutions the in enshrined democracy of definitions existing the of off Building State. Member any in governments of havior be antidemocratic the from Union the insulate help could dards legality ofthechangesunderconsideration. the consider to state the pressure to intervention direct without statements political and awareness public uses that mechanism procedures can begin more rapidly. This procedure is an informal infringement and violations such of evidence of body collected a to be in violation of EU law, the Commission will also readily have found are changes the if However, amendment. any of mentation ing, the Member State maintains complete authority of the imple non-bind being opinion Commission’s The awareness. States’ would be publicized and submitted to the Council for the Member findings Commission’s The place. in are they before law EU with conflicts any of cognizant being changes, the evaluate informally mission before their implementation. The Commission may then Com the to submitted be constitution state’s a to amendments of transcription a recommend We EU. impera the of survival is the to tive consistency underlying but encouraged, be should differentiation so diversity, of concept the on founded is EU The national interpretations of democracy among the Member States. and values national constitutions, national of transparency the promote to Second, values. EU common national maintain constitutions that ensure to First, process. this of purposes two There are process. review unofficial an for Commission the European to submitted be should changes constitutional national all that suggest we such, As oversight. Commission’s the by sured en are values these in process, accession the During changes. such values EU’s the uphold to commitment a have also they EU, the of States Member as However, amendments. constitutional be publicizedfordebate. nance of civil liberties around the Union, this set of norms should mainte the in investment public awaken To norms. of collection of each Member State, it is in the interest of the Union to develop a : The various bodies of the EU should consider com consider should EU the of bodies various The : : The Member States have complete authority of their of authority complete have States Member The : stan democratic of understanding precise more A : ------Democracy - - - - - 139 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of 2 More effective means of economic sanctions, funds. withholding of EU such as Organized Organized peer pressure by recommending Venice the and a Europe of Council the by reviewed be Member State Commission. An expansion of the existing infringement procedures to include systemic infringement of EU values as defined in Article 2 TEU.

Cassandra Emmons, Tine Carmeliet, Yann Schreiber and Michael Magaha Michael and Schreiber Yann Carmeliet, Tine Emmons, Cassandra

c. a. b. is to facilitate a common understanding of minority rights, the rule of law and ethical behavior. Contact transnational businesses about the long-run implications ﬁnancial of democratic disintegration in which they operate. the countries in Establish partnerships with NGOs to work towards the establish the towards work to NGOs with partnerships Establish ment of an EU-wide discourse on human values. This discourse would welcome participants from other IGOs, such as the Coun well as Nations, United the and Commission Venice Europe, of cil as the EU and its Member States. The main goal of this discourse Poll citizen satisfaction with a list of potential democratic stan dards. This will encourage a discourse at the citizen level about democratic ideals, which could turn to public pressure for com level. pliance with those standards on a national

11. 10. 9. See K. Scheppele, “What Can the European Commission Do When Member States Violate Basic Principles of Principles Basic Violate States Member When Do Commission European the Can “What Scheppele, K. See the European Union? The Case for Systemic Infringement Actions”, Nov. 2013, available at http://ec.europa. eu/justice/events/assises-justice-2013/ﬁles/contributions/45.princetonuniversityscheppelesystemicinfringe mentactionbrusselsversion_en.pdf

2 The participants of the Democracy Workshop in order to realize their vision intend to: intend vision their realize to order in Workshop Democracy the of participants The PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY PARTICIPANTS’ Democracy eur h

140 Miguel Poires Maduro, A New Governance for the European Union and the Euro: Democracy and Justice. and Robert SchumanCentre forAdvancedStudies,RSCAS PP 2012/11,p.1. Democracy Euro: the and Union European the for Governance New A Maduro, Poires Miguel orizons opean New York University York New 6. 1.2.Response justice where Member States can no longer offer them.” offer longer no can States Member where justice social and democracy for possibilities renewed “offering in ceed suc not did Union European the And justice. social without sible the social gap between poor and rich. Yet, a democracy is not pos States, Member between and States, Member many in deepened crisis in Europe is a challenge for democratic governance as it has and economic reasons for antidemocratic behavior. The ﬁnancial societal the account into taking without solutions institutional states “backonthedemocratictrack.”(6.1.point2,p.137) And the European Union does not have the capacity to bring these States. Member other in also but 2010, since Hungary in only not developments antidemocratic problematic are There convincing. re with gard workshop to antidemocratic behavior in Member States are precise the and of participants the of observations The at Studies European and German in Chair Weber Max Christine Landfried Member States to 6.1.EUResponseAntidemocraticBehaviorof eae bu dmcai nrs n t etbih rve pro- review a establish to and norms democratic about debate interested indemocraticparticipationontheEuropean level. get also will they together, problems solving about and pendence interde about is Union European the that realize citizens unemployment. Once like problems vexing addressing policies new create to and States Member between asymmetries economic the reduce to used be can that wealth produces integration European fore we need European policies that make citizens experience that The policy visions, however, rely in my view too much on much too view my in rely however, visions, policy The While the participants of the workshop propose to start a start to propose workshop the of participants the While 1 There - - - - - Democracy - - - - 141 Christine Landfried Christine European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of Christine Landfriedman currently and European holdssor Studiesthe emeritus Max at ofNewWeber Political York Chair University. Science in atGer Shethe Universityis Profes of Hamburg. She Democracy Democracy is neither about deﬁnitions of democracy nor about “top-down” surveillance, but about experiencing democracy and justice in real life. cess of national constitutional changes by the Commission, it is more important to win the interest of citizens’ in European de mocracy by aligning policies to the problems that should be ad participation. democratic of possibilities offering by and dressed, has studied Political Science, History and International Law at the University of Heidelberg and at Harvard University. Additionally, Professor Landfried has been teaching at Sciences Po in Paris, the University of California at Berkeley and the European University Institute in Florence. Democracy eur h 6. 2.1. 1 The DemocracyWorkshopobservesthefollowing: OBSERVATIONS

142 S1, 2012,pp.88-105. faction with Democracy in the European Union, in: Journal of Common Market Studies, Volume 50, Number Satis Citizen Hobolt, B. Sara instance: for see deﬁcit, democratic of concept the to introduction brief a For orizons opean 4. 3. 2. 1.

so farbyEUcitizenshavebarelyhadanyimpacton policies. proposed Initiatives affairs. EU in involvement citizens’ in creasing of results expected the reach not does Lisbon, of Treaty the by introduced was which (ECI), Initiative Citizen’s European The EU policy-making. There are few possibilities for EU citizens to participate directly in EU institutions. the for mechanisms accountability and of control democratic the of weakening the to contributes also level national the at issues EU on debates of absence complete almost The low. also thus is affairs EU of understanding Their affairs. EU for interest limited show citizens European (EP), Parliament European the to tions elec the for turnout voter low the by exemplified as parallel, In Citizen Initiative,PartI Reform oftheEuropean Damiano CanapaandPascalFendrich SUBMITTED BY ainl ee t acmay h dlgto o pwr rm the from power national tothesupranationallevel. of delegation the accompany to level national supra the at foreseen been have mechanisms control sufficient in that is debate this in argument of line main A deficit. ocratic dem a from suffering as described often is Union European The 1

------Democracy - - - - 143 European & Transatlantic A¬airs Damiano Canapa and Pascal Fendrich Pascal and Canapa Damiano review of Graph created with data from http://ec.europa.eu/citizens-ini 2 Overview of Initiatives (01/21/15) Overview of Initiatives = initiatives that did not gather enough support within the one-year limit = initiatives for which the collection is closed and which have not (yet) been submitted to submitted been (yet) not have which and closed is collection the which for initiatives = The first years of implementation of regulation have shown limited shown have regulation of implementation of years first The ini 50 the of out two only answered has Commission The results. proposal. policy actual an to led has them of one only and tiatives, The ECI’s burden-to-impact ratio is inefficient burdensome due procedure linked to the current ECI and (2) to: the very (1) the limited policy impact of successful ECIs (with no binding conse successful initiatives). quence on

= initiatives withdrawn by organizers 6. 5. = initiatives for which the Commission have already presented its conclusions = initiatives that were refused registration since they did not fulﬁll the conditions laid down in Arti in down laid conditions the fulﬁll not did they since registration refused were that initiatives = = initiatives still open for votes Not enough support Closed Collection or managed organizers the whether about information any have not does Commission The Commission. the failed to collect the required number of statements of support. Open Answered Rejected breaching due rejected been have initiatives rejected 20 All initiative. citizens’ the on Regulation the of 4(2) cle one of the four conditions: “The proposed initiative does not manifestly fall outside the framework Commission’s of powers to submit a proposal for a legal act the of the Union for the purpose of implementing the Treaties.” Withdrawn

2 Figure 6. 2. 1. a. Overview of Initiatives (01/21/15): Figure 6. 2. 1. a. Overview of Initiatives (01/21/15): tiative/public/initiatives/—Legend detail Democracy eur h The DemocracyWorkshopbelievesthat: POLICY VISIONI 3 6. 2.1.ReformoftheEuropeanCitizenInitiative,PartI

144 October 2011 - 21 October 2011, or Bevort Antoine, 18 Paris, Participation, & Démocratie GIS, du Congrès In: ?, citoyens et citoyennes des politique l’efﬁcacité For more on this, see for instance: Bernhard Laurent et Bühlmann Marc, La démocratie directe renforce-t-elle 2004: 50). semestre 2011, p.447-475, see also : Freitag & Stadelmann-Steffen 2010: 480; Kriesi 2005: 12; Smith & Tolbert orizons opean 7. 10. 9. 8. 11.

sues andagrowinginteresttoparticipate; is political of understanding better a support participation for opportunities increased of provision the and democracy direct of mechanisms of inclusion The process. democratic a in ticipation par citizen and democracy direct/participatory between link itive pos a on literature academic the in consensus general a is There Reform oftheEuropeanCitizens’Initiative 211/2011) as a basis a as 211/2011) the EU Council on the citizens’ initiative (hereinafter Regulation Regulation (hereinafter initiative citizens’ the on Council EU the In order to establish this new mechanism, a reform of the ECI the of reform a mechanism, new this establish to order In of successfulinitiatives: implementation the for mechanism compulsory a implement to order in way following the in reformed be must ECI current The public debatesandcitizenparticipation; derstanding of EU affairs, which, in turn, would lead to improved un and in interest increased to lead would participation citizen for opportunities increased circle: virtuous a of basis the stitute con would democracy direct of mechanisms of introduction The source ofinspiration; a as used be also should Switzerland, as such mechanisms, racy The experiences of countries already implementing direct democ take the current 2011 EU Regulation No. 211/2011 of the EP and and EP the of 211/2011 No. Regulation EU 2011 current the take b. a.

vote ontheinitiative; pan-European popular a (2) or Council, the Par and liament European the to proposal legislative a submitting Commission the (1) to lead must initiative successful A Give Europeancitizensanindirectrightofinitiative; ; La démocratie suisse, Revue du Mauss du Revue suisse, démocratie La 3 . numéro 37, premier should should ------Democracy ------145 to the European European & Transatlantic A¬airs Damiano Canapa and Pascal Fendrich Pascal and Canapa Damiano legislative proposal review of . Upon reception, the European Com be needed considering the binding character of the re formed ECI); Certain legal standards are fulfilled (Regulation 211/2011 should be the basis for defining these standards. regulation already This defines the key obligations to be ful filled by the proposed ECIs. The most important obliga tion is to fall within the framework of the EU’s exclusive not to be contrary to EU values.) competences and A minimum number of signatures have been collected to support the proposal (Regulation 211/2011 currently sets this number to 1,000,000; a higher number would should be explored. Would take place in all EU countries in the frame (as with the elections to the EP); same time Would take place 2.5 years after the elections to the EP. Other dates could be added, but a vote could not be orga nized at the same time as the elections to the EP; to way a as grouped be should ECIs different on votes The avoid costly repetitive organizational costs; mate (voting EU the between shared be should costs The rial and platform) and Members States (logistics); The use of technology such as internet voting systems Would be accepted if a double majority of the Member States and of the European people would accept the ini tiative; binding consequences

b. a. b. c. d. e. f. a. A reformed ECI will allow a committee of citizens Member States of to different submit a As opposed to the current procedure, a successful initiative would initiative successful a procedure, current the to opposed As have Commission provided: Commission the initiative would be submitted to a popular pan-European vote. pan-European popular a to submitted be would initiative the The EU institutions would be bound by the results of a positive vote. ECI: Ideally, the pan-European vote on an mission exercises its discretionary power and decides whether (1) whether decides and power discretionary its exercises mission to submit a proposal for legislation to the EP and the Council or of text the case, second the In initiative. the of text the reject to (2)

12. 13. 14. Democracy eur h 6. 2.1.ReformoftheEuropeanCitizenInitiative,PartI 146 orizons opean 15. 18. 17. 16.

arate steps: The key elements of a reformed ECI can be presented in three sep citizens EU inform about theECI. and awareness raise to activities various outreach conduct should EU the Moreover ECI. reformed the of launch and promotion the for platform the up set should EU The constitutional ordersofMemberStates. ECI and the question of the compatibility of our proposal with the new a of adoption the ease should This initiative. an to subject be not should changes Treaty legislation. secondary EU to initiative of right the limits proposal our that is element critical Another the breaks monopoly ofinitiativetheEuropeanCommission. formally it as treaties current the of amendment an The introduction of a mechanism of direct democracy will require b. a.

During thecollectionofsignatures:requirements: tive: initia the of drafting signatures: of collection the Before • • • • • •

policy impact ofthereformedECI; the considering increased be of should signatures number The States). Member 7 signatures, 1,000,000 months, 12 states regulation current States in which the process should take place (the signatures required and the minimum number of Member of number the collection, the for line dead a set precisely to need will regulation The The collectionofsignaturesstarts; under thesupervisionofCommission. If the text is passed, it is submitted for translation pean Union. Euro the of Justice of Court committee the to appeal could initiative the grounds,” stitutional In case of a rejection by the Commission on “con tences andvalues). sion (i.e. the text is in line with European compe “constitutional check” to the European Commis The proposed initiative is submitted for submitted is initiative proposed The tive drafted. initia an and formed is committee initiative An ex ante ante ex ------Democracy ------147 European & Transatlantic A¬airs Damiano Canapa and Pascal Fendrich Pascal and Canapa Damiano review of : The Commission rejects the proposed : The Commission has the possibility to transform the text into a legislative proposal and submit it to the EP and the Council; If the initia tive committee agrees on the Commission’s pro Consequenc exist; to ceases initiative the posals, es of a rejection of the text by the EP and Council would need to be specified in the regulation. The launch of a pan-European vote on the legislative considered. be could Commission the of proposal The initiative committee is invited to present and The initiative committee defend its text: The internet should be used as the key tool for to decrease costs. signatures in order collecting proposal the gathered, are signatures sufficient If European Commission; is submitted to the Option B Option A text; The Initiative is submitted pan-European vote; to If the a text is popular the approved, to proposal a submit the to forced is Commission EP and the Council; Consequences of a rejection be to need would Council and EP the by text the of specified in the regulation.

• • • After the collection of signatures: treatment of a success ful initiative:

c. on the positive relationship between mechanisms of direct de mocracy, active citizenry and the legitimacy of a polity. Continue to nurture the debate with learnings of countries using mechanisms of direct democracy. relevant experiences and Advocate for the inclusion of the mechanism of direct democracy in the context of the revision of Regulation 211/2011. Contribute to the democratic deﬁcit debate with further studies

21. 19. 20. The participants of the Democracy Workshop in order to realize their vision in tend to: PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY I PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY Democracy eur h 6. 2. 3 2 1 The DemocracyWorkshopobservesthefollowing: OBSERVATIONS

148 European Commission. 28 May 2014. “The EU 2014 Digital Scoreboard: how did you fare?” own_inquiry_into_the_functioning_of_the_european_citizens_initiative.pdf al.org/sites/default/ﬁles/PDF/Publications/eci_support_centre_response_to_the_european_ombudsman_ http://www.democracy-internation < OI/9/2013/TN.” (ECI) initiative citizens’ the European the of into functioning inquiry own Ombudsman European the to response Centre Support “ECI 2013. March, 31 ECAS. tive/public/initiatives/non-registered/details/2041 .>

the EU at a time when 72% of EU citizens are regular The Internet development users. of an eGovernment has been a major challenge for Citizen Initiative,PartII Reform oftheEuropean Darina GanchevaandJacobWhitﬁeld Damiano Canapa,PascalFendrich,MaryAnneMendoza, SUBMITTED BY completing theinitiative. of stages different with as well as criteria, admissibility the with problems serious suggests initiatives successful of rate low The Citizen Initiative,PartI(pp.142-143). It sharestheobservationsofPaper6.2.1.ReformEuropean c. b. a.

not getenoughsupportwithin12months. did or organizers the by withdrawn were ECIs the of 40% mission’s powers to submit a proposal for a legal act of act legal a for proposal a submit to powers mission’s Com the of framework the outside manifestly “fall they 40% of the existing initiatives have been rejected, because proposal. policy actual an to led has them of one only and tiatives, The Commission has answered only two out of the 50 ini the Union for the purpose of implementing the Treaties.” •

to theEuropeanCourtofJustice(ECAS). issue the brought have ECIs rejected the of Three Digital Agenda for for Agenda Digital 2 - - 3 - - 1

Democracy . - - - - - Of 149 Public Opinion the process of submitting of process the 4 European & Transatlantic A¬airs . < http://ecithatworks.org/wp-content/ review of 6 5 ECI That Works Most of the campaigns (even networks. mobilization successful digital underutilized have ones) Currently the ECI page on the ESCS website is not is website ESCS the on page ECI the Currently easy to ﬁnd, has not been updated and does not open ECIs. even mention the The ECI page on the European website Commission’s has experienced continuous difﬁculties technical that have hindered the collection of signatures. different of progress the of track keep to hard is It ini open the all of aware be to order In initiatives. tiatives, EU citizens need to check the EC’s page regularly. .

• • • • for the purpose of verifying the authenticity of the state ments of support. Currently some countries still require an ID number even though the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) has expressly stated that ID numbers are not necessary About two-thirds of the signatures were submitted on line, but there have been technical issues with the online submission system. Currently the potential of social media has not been fully realized. 65% of the households have Internet connection at home at connection Internet have households the of 65% via Internet the to access have households the of 48% and in 2011). (versus 33% mobile phones Com Social and Economic European the and EC the Both mittee (EESC) (the major partner to the ECI committees) dedicated to the ECI. have online pages ogowski. 2014. “The First European Citizen’s Initiatives: An Overview of the ł G

ł a. b. c. a. b. Even though signing a petition is EU citizens’ preferred method decision-making, political inﬂuence to a signature could be very burdensome.

4. . Damiano Canapa, Pascal Fendrich, Mary Anne Mendoza, Darina Gancheva and Jacob Whitfield Jacob and Gancheva Darina Mendoza, Anne Mary Fendrich, Pascal Canapa, Damiano Documents/Consultation/Opinions/2010/10-04-21_Citizens_initiative_EN.pdf .> Berg, Carsten and Pawe First Two Years of the European Citizens’ Initiative.” uploads/2014/04/100__OverviewOfTheFirst2Years.pdf .> p. 17. European Data Protection Supervisor. 2010/C 323/01. “Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor initiative.” citizens’ the on Council the of and Parliament European the of Regulation a for proposal the on ficial Journal of the European Union Europe 34% of the respondents said that they have signed a petition online or offline (European Commission. March Commission. (European offline or online petition a signed have they that said respondents the of 34% 2013. “Flash Eurobarometer 373: Europeans’ Engagement in Participatory Democracy.”

6 5 4 Democracy eur h 8 7 The DemocracyWorkshopbelievesthat: POLICY VISIONII 6. 2.ReformoftheEuropeanCitizenInitiative,PartII

150 Ibid ,p.18. Ibid ,p.17. orizons opean 5. 9. 8. 7. 6.

entire initiativeprocess: the initiatives throughout assist that groups of outside by provided be formulation should and funding the both for Resources tions actinginsupportofinitiatives. institu existing and society civil within groups with interacting citizens involving activities outreach implement should EU The the criterionofbeingwithinEUcompetences. pass and signatures more collect to able are that initiatives better in result will process ECI the of support and awareness Increased try toinfluenceEuropean-leveldecision-makingdirectly. can be alleviated by increasing awareness about an opportunity to EU the within citizens by perceived deficit democratic the of Part from participatingintheECI. benefit and informed stay understand, to citizen EU average the helps that process equitable more a at aimed are measures These participation. deter than rather encourage to order in initiatives of supporters and organizers both for hurdles these remove to needs EU the that believes Workshop Democracy The ECI. an in participating and initiating to hurdles multiple face citizens EU d. c. b. a.

est EUstates. larg six the of ﬁve of out come signatures ECI all of 74% languages. EU different to ECI the translating with sues is creates campaigning the of nature multilingual The formation). in essential include to failure the and illegibility to due (probably signatures online than rate higher much a at invalid declared been have paper on collected Signatures Collection ofsignatures Pan-European natureofthe campaigns 7

- - - - Democracy - - - - - 151 European & Transatlantic A¬airs agenda of the Committee of Re 9 review of to include events regarding awareness of the ECI 10 Funding and Legal Help Transparency

c. d. tions and national and EU parties to provide funding and to clarify to and funding provide to parties EU and national and tions admissibility criteria. Expand upon the OPEN DAYS Utilize the existing EU institutions, non-governmental organiza campaigns in need of support, and to assist in the collection of signatures. Providing Providing support for an initiative should be made easier and be signature ofﬂine and online of terms in inclusivity towards geared collection. A strong social media campaign is necessary to inform citizens about the existence of the ECI, to provide awareness of existing in order to reduce the number of online and ofﬂine that are rejected. signatures Ask existing institutions, such as (CoR), to provide translation the of current initiatives and ECI infor- Committee of Regions Encourage the pursuit of legal assistance during the formation of formation the during assistance legal of pursuit the Encourage their initiatives to prevent rejection on the grounds of being out side of EU competences. Suggest that all Member States harmonize their ID requirements gions (CoR) for support. and current initiatives in need of signatures

13. 12. 10. 11. 16. 14. 15. Damiano Canapa, Pascal Fendrich, Mary Anne Mendoza, Darina Gancheva and Jacob Whitﬁeld Jacob and Gancheva Darina Mendoza, Anne Mary Fendrich, Pascal Canapa, Damiano OPEN DAYS consists of four days in Brussels in which regional and city ofﬁcials meet with experts and aca and regional of relevance the and Policy Cohesion EU the development, urban and regional discuss to demics city level decisions for policies at the EU level. This involves workshops, debates and other events centered around various topics. OPEN DAYS events are currently free to participate in or attend. Committee of Regions, OPEN DAYS Factsheet, 2015 http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/opendays/od2015/ about_od.cfm.

10 9 The participants of the Democracy Workshop in order to realize their vision in tend to: PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY II PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY Democracy eur h 6. 2.ReformoftheEuropeanCitizenInitiative,PartII 152 orizons opean 17. 19. 18.

Encourage the usage of various media platforms, such as Face as such platforms, media various of usage the Encourage materials inthe28officialEUlanguages. of provision EC with tandem in languages minority into mation iies o olw h pors o eitn iiitvs n share such progressonothersocialmediaplatforms. and initiatives existing of progress the follow to citizens allows that App Citizens’ EU mobile a of formation the Consider feature animprovede-signatureprocess. and up-to-date, user-friendly, be in to EESC the website with collaboration ECI an of infrastructure technological the Enhance increasing of awareness regardingexistinginitiatives. ways cost-effective provide to Twitter, and book - Democracy - - - 153 We attri 2 We find that in 1 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of turnout levels remaining low or declining, there is a clear need for for need clear a is there declining, or low remaining levels turnout greater participation in European affairs by ordinary citizens to increase the democratic legitimacy of EU institutions. Moreover, the question of low turnout implicates the representation of the voice of EU citizens in Parliament, as we see higher vote shares among Euroskeptic parties as abstention grows. Despite the presence of Spitzenkandidaten in the elections to the the of personalization this 2014, May in (EP) Parliament European fact, In turnout. voter in increases in materialize not did campaign in many countries, turnout declined to record low levels. With its citizens, Euroskeptic politicians will continue to dominate the conversation on many European issues. strong electoral connection between the EU and its citizens. strong electoral connection between We see increasing levels of support for anti-EU parties across the mis or information of lack the to attributed be may which Union, strong a Without EU. the of workings the concerning information communication network between the institutions of the EU and bute this discrepancy in voting behavior and its consequences in sufficiently a of lack the to EP the in citizens EU of representation SUBMITTED BY Streinz, Colleen Driscoll, Thomas and Jonas Bedford-Strohm Quentin Dishman Reform of the Elections to Elections of the Reform Parliament the European 13 polls taken within a week of the May 2014 elections, the UK In UK the elections, 2014 May the of week a within taken polls 13 on public British the of 14.3% by supported was Party dependence average. The election returns, however, gave UKIP 26.6% of the vote, almost double the support that polls predicted.

1. 2.

Authors’ calculations from ofﬁcial UK elections data: http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/our-work/ our-research/electoral-data. Details provided in the Appendix. http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/voting-intention-2.

2 1 The Democracy Workshop observes the following: The Democracy Workshop observes OBSERVATIONS

6. 3. 1. 6. 3. Democracy eur h 4 3 The DemocracyWorkshopbelievesthat: POLICY VISION 6. 3.1.ReformoftheElectionstoEuropeanParliament

154 Seat Apportionment andElectoralProcedureoftheEuropean Parliamentwhichwouldreplace the1976Act). supplementary vote for selecting MEPs one from and a State European-wide Member list respective (see the Article in 5(4) MEPs of of the election proposed the Protocol for on one votes, two have shall citizen each that foresees It effort. this on builds Stiftung Bertelsmann the and Group Spinelli the by Union” European the of frage of 20 September 1976 (2009/2134(INI)), A7-0176/2011. The 2013 proposal for a new “Fundamental Law ﬁcation of the Act concerning the election of the Members of the European Parliament by direct universal suf MEPs to the EP to be elected from a single, pan-EU constituency. See the Duff Report, A proposal for a modi 25 add to 2011 in proposed rapporteur as Duff Andrew MEP with Affairs Constitutional on Committee The nature ofthevotingsystem). proportional essentially the affect not shall (which provisions national its by State Member each in governed (national) threshold of up to ﬁve percent. Subject to the provisions of the 1976 Act, the electoral procedure is encies (without generally affecting the proportional nature of the voting system). Member States may enact a the single transferable vote. Member States may authorise a preferential list system and/or establish constitu or system list the using representation, proportional of basis the on elected be shall MEPs the that stipulates Act 1976 The 2002. September 23 and 2002 June 25 of Euratom 2002/772/EC, Decision Council by amended Parliament by direct universal suffrage, annexed to Decision 76/787/ECSC, EEC, Euratom (‘the 1976 Act’), as The elections to the EP are governed by the Act concerning the election of the representatives of the European orizons opean 3. 4.

but nonehasbeenabletoattractenoughpoliticalsupport. circulated been have drafts Various far. so taken been ment—has not even the first step—a formal proposal by the European Parlia Regrettably, requirements. constitutional respective their to ing members) and subsequent approval by the Member States accord component its of majority the (with Parliament European the of consent the Council, the by decision unanimous an requires law it make To proposal. a make to Parliament European the powers the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) em of 223 Article Parliament. European the of members the elect to procedure uniform a of enactment the for allow Treaties EU The government. national the vis-à-vis discontent express to tool a as EP are not treated as meaningful European elections but rather serve the to elections the that fact the to contributes and tortions the elections to the EP. the to elections the for laws voting national enact to discretion States Member giving framework, vague a provides only law European EP. the to tions elec the governs that law European comprehensive no is There ebr wt a pcfi gorpia cnttec nt ny ad only not link constituency constituents’ their key vocate for provide interests, a also geographical but specific a with members closerit thetopeople. Literature comparativein politics shows that TheEuropean Union should reform theelections totheEPtobring 3 This creates a number of significant dis significant of number a creates This 4 ------Democracy

5 ------155 7 1 : 3 8 8 3 - 9 1 7 . currently 6 The likelihood of 7 European & Transatlantic A¬airs A m e r i c a n P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e R e v i e w review of from from their districts to the national government and bureaucracy. of each state will not be reduced. this possibility should thus be minimized to retain proportional ity, which we believe is the case in our model. Moreover, the allo Therefore, same. the remains also State Member by seats of cation strength current the created, be will connection electoral an while Because of the benefits from single-member districts on the ex pression of district interests at the national level, we believe the EU should implement a system of mixed-member proportional representation (MMP). While some Member States By cultivating this electoral connection at the district level, citizens citizens at level, the district connection this electoral By cultivating present. at than identity a of European more have they that feel may As the Lisbon Treaty mandates no more than 751 MEPs, no level ing seats can be added in the case of overhang. the EU are too great to ignore. membership of the EP (250) Setting for single-member districts that are aside one-third of the as evenly distributed as possible, with a minimum of one district in each Member State, we propose the allocation of districts by the Appendix. Member State in the table found in as a more egalitarian institution, one that better represents the in Malta has nearly twelve views of its citizens. Currently, an MEP rep she residents of number the by measured influence, the times resents, than a MEP from Germany. While the merits of allotting representatives irrespective of state size are strong, the effects of the disproportionality on sentiments of democratic deficit across vided that there was no outright majority win in the first round) a have would winners eventual The seat. the wins one and off face current system. more robust mandate than under the In designing the districts, emphasis should be placed on making the ratio of MEPS to constituents as equal as possible. By focus ing on equal-population districts, the EP will seem to its citizens representatives will be elected by a majority of district residents, in be thus would Elections case. the currently is as plurality, a not two rounds: in the first, one vote is for a party to determine pro sec the In representative. district the for another and portionality ond round, the two candidates with the highest vote share (pro assign their members of the European Parliament (MEP) by con stituency, our proposal envisages single-member districts whose Colleen Driscoll, Thomas Streinz, Quentin Dishman and Jonas Bedford-Strohm Jonas and Dishman Quentin Streinz, Thomas Driscoll, Colleen

5. 7. 6. Overhang arises when a party is entitled to fewer seats as a result of party votes than it has won constituencies, or vice versa. vice or constituencies, won has it than votes party of result a as seats fewer Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom to entitled is party a when arises Overhang Fenno, R. (1977). “U.S. House Members and Their Constituencies.” Their and Members House “U.S. (1977). R. Fenno,

7 6 5 Democracy eur h tend to: in vision their realize to order in Workshop Democracy the of participants The PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY 6. 3.1.ReformoftheElectionstoEuropeanParliament 156 orizons opean 8. 9. 11. 10.

speeches butthemostimportanteventinEuropeanpolitics. commemorative for just day a be longer no will Day Europe ally, Eventu Parliament. European the to representatives their elect to rules same the to according day same the on vote should citizens European All weekend. following the elections runoff with Day), (Europe May 9 following Sunday the be could which date single a at held be should elections The respectively. vote) to (standing 18 and (voting) 16 at EU the across ﬁxed be should which limits, age the control to States Member for need no is there thermore, Fur parties. Euroskeptic against directed is reform our that tion allega foreseeable the defeat to and Parliament European the in seat a win to chance fair a parties smaller give to should eliminated be They thresholds. for need (perceived) the reduces tives representa of number certain a elect directly to districts voting Introducing dates. election and ages, mandate mini and voting thresholds, mum party on rules uniform includes that reform election EU comprehensive a of cornerstone the be should tion representa proportional mixed-member of system a Introducing ensure thatdistrictmapsareasnonpartisanpossible. should check This map. district its up drawn has State Member and by requiring approval by the European Commission after each clear and common guidelines setting for the drawing of the district by maps addressed be can dis problem this hold elections, trict-based that countries many plagues gerrymandering While as well as in the Member States, we will prepare a strategy for dis Brussels in present contacts our with communication opening In more receptive. voices are being heard in possible reforms of EU law, they may be their that feel citizens If support. their gauge to proposal this of views their on citizens EU poll may we Moreover, robust. more plan the make to districts of size and number the solidify will we tanks, think and universities at experts election with engaging By ------Democracy - - - - 157 European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of before the next European elections in 2019. before the next European elections We will set up a cooperative initiative with ESC’s new think tank the on leverage political increase and momentum public create to matter. While our proposal could be enacted on its own, it could also become part of a more sweeping reform of nance the structure. EU In any gover event, our proposal shall become reality Meet with MEPs and party chairs to discuss their possible con cerns regarding this plan. Under this framework, district repre sentatives would tend to be from centrist parties, which may irk smaller parties. In opening the dialogue, however, the policy can only be improved. seminating seminating our plan up the ranks to the most important policy on brieﬁngs press prepare also will We leaders. party and makers the proposal and attempt to establish partnerships with key jour of the European Union. on matters nalists writing Colleen Driscoll, Thomas Streinz, Quentin Dishman and Jonas Bedford-Strohm Jonas and Dishman Quentin Streinz, Thomas Driscoll, Colleen

13. 12. Democracy eur h Reform oftheElectionstoEuropeanParliament APPENDIX to6.3.1. Table 6.3.1.a.ApportionmentofDistricts fortheEuropeanParliament 6. 3.1.ReformoftheElectionstoEuropeanParliament Malta Luxembourg Estonia Cyprus Slovenia Latvia Lithuania Ireland Croatia Slovakia Finland Denmark Bulgaria Austria Sweden Portugal Hungary Greece Czech Republic Belgium Netherlands Romania Poland Spain United Kingdom Italy France Germany 158 orizons opean Member State Districts 23 29 32 39 10 18 31 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 At-large MEPs 22 33 42 44 42 57 10 10 10 13 14 15 16 16 16 16 15 18 31 5 5 5 5 7 7 9 9 9 Total MEPs 20 26 32 54 73 73 74 96 13 13 13 17 18 21 21 21 21 21 51 11 11 11 6 6 6 6 8 8 . Populationdata: World Bank(2013). Inhabitants per district (millions) 0.423 0.543 2.060 2.298 2.092 2.226 2.055 2.068 2.063 2.063 2.067 1.325 2.013 1.478 2.127 1.805 1.979 2.104 1.867 2.100 1.996 1.813 1.871 1.816 2.119 1.919 2.141 1.141 Total MEPs Districts / 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.43 0.42 0.40 0.43 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.13 0.13 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.31 0.31 0.41 Democracy - 159 European elec European *** *** (df = 1; 326) 328 0.155 0.157 (0.113) *** (7.298) 0.881 -24.735 bnp.ukip.pct 7.673 (df = 326) European & Transatlantic A¬airs Dependent variable: Dependent 60.802 European Elections May 2014 review of p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05; ** p < 0.1; Colleen Driscoll, Thomas Streinz, Quentin Dishman and Jonas Bedford-Strohm Jonas and Dishman Quentin Streinz, Thomas Driscoll, Colleen * 2 2 Abstention F Statistic Observations R Adjusted R Residual Std. Error Constant Figure 6. 3. 1. a. Abstention and Right Wing Support in England, Table 6. 3. 1. b. OLS Regression of Vote Shares of UKIP ad BNP England on the Abstention Rate, Abstention the on England BNP ad UKIP of Shares Vote of Regression OLS b. 1. 3. 6. Table tions May 2014. Note: Democracy eur h

160 orizons opean from the United Kingdom United the from 6. 3.2.Response such as balloons and umbrellas. Only in 2014, and thanks to the to thanks and 2014, in Only umbrellas. and balloons as such material publicity of production the and manifestos, forgettable instantly but earnest produce which congresses of the organization to consigned are They candidates. finance or select cannot they example, for Parliament: European the for campaigns toral elec national the in interfering from law by prohibited are ties par EU these Yet EU. the from funding public some receive and parties, political national of federations as exist parties political European-level politics. of dimension European the to service lip pay only which and issues, domestic on mainly focused paigns cam election national separate 28 effect in are there campaign national legislation. in down lay to State Member each to up is detail the of rest The years. five every once other each of days few a within place takes polling that and 5%, than higher be not may thresholds that al, proportion be must election the of results the that are scriptions pre mandatory important only the Indeed, sparse. fairly remain Parliament European the to elections the in uniformity of ements treaty that there should be a ‘uniform electoral procedure,’ the el EU the in provision longstanding the despite why, explains This respect. this in parliaments other to different no is Parliament an Europe The protracted. and difficult both revision makes which law primary of form the takes cases some in and status, tutional consti important an has law electoral that accident no is It quo. bers of parliament have a vested interest in maintaining the status mem elected it, admit to reluctant be will many Although ficult. dif very always is reform electoral parliament, which matter No Parliament European the of member Former Andrew Duff European Parliament to 6.3.1.ReformoftheElections The upshot is that instead of there being one pan-European one being there of instead that is upshot The ------Democracy ------161 Andrew Duff Andrew European & Transatlantic A¬airs The authors of the paper dis at Yale in February 2015 have ties at the federal level would pro vide that missing democratic sin ew between the EU citizen and the supranational authorities in Brus sels. They would oblige the media to raise their game too by reporting more than they do about Europe’s fast developing post-national poli tics. They would also compete with few with which, parties national the exceptions, have over the last years grown lazy, ignorant and jealous about the scale and pace of Europe an integration. Workshop Democracy the in cussed review of - in all EU states would be another. The trans ’ experiment added an important new element to to element new important an added experiment ’ European Student Conference The principal aim of any reform is to deepen the demo Spitzenkandidat what form that procedure should take. The proposal which leads the pack would install a pan-European constituency from which a certain number of deputies—25 is favored—would be elected from transnational lists selected and promoted by the transform to argued, is EU it sufficient, is element small This parties. level recognized the importance of the issue of electoral reform and have come up with an ingenious scheme of their own. In so do ing, however, they have rather underestimated the scale de of long their a been already has there that is fact the For task. reformist bate within the European Parliament and academic circles about how to move towards a uniform electoral procedure, and about at the formation of the EU-level political parties from PR machines into political parties from PR machines formation of the EU-level proper campaigning organizations, competing with each other for ideas, votes and seats, is the key factor. Decent political par gauged in a number of ways. Increasing turnout (down to 43% in 2014 and 2009) would be an encouraging sign. Acceptance of Spitzenkandidaten litical’ than in the past. But the trial run, which proved to be con troversial with people (like British Prime Minister David Camer on. be built the Lisbon treaty, now needs to on) who had not read cratic legitimacy of the Parliament. This elusive concept can be Treaty Treaty of Lisbon, were the EU parties able to nominate their top candidates for the Presidency of the European Commission. That ‘ the election and has made the new Commission rather more ‘po politics. and which only pay lip service and which only pay lip service of to the European dimension effect 28 separate national effect 28 separate national election campaigns focused mainly on domestic issues, there being one pan-Euro pean campaign there are in The upshot is that instead of The upshot is that instead Democracy eur h 6. 3.2.Responseto1.ReformoftheElectionsEuropeanParliament 162 orizons opean h wy described ways the Parlia in elections mentary European the of character the a partisan, ethnic or regional quality is an important feature of feature important an is quality regional or ethnic partisan, a of parties ‘minority’ of representation the and Plurality cialists. So the and Party Peoples’ European the groups, political largest representative character of the Parliament in favor only of the two the skew would constituencies single-member huge from MEPs reason, fairnessandpracticability(atpresent,six). below delegations national of size the reducing without spected re be to somehow needs proportionality degressive of principle disparities between populations. The treaty-based (and federalist) there aresuchhugedifferencesbetweenthesizeofcountries and where EU an in work not does size in equal more constituencies territorial for paper Yale the in suggestion The table. the on propos als of number a and controversy of degree considerable a also is there which on matter States—a Member between seats allel discussion about the re-apportionment of the national-based ties. The novel transnational factor impacts directly upon the par nationali different of randomly, or, nationality same the of ther ei deputies of place the take systematically should they whether or MEPs) 751 (at House the of size present the to addition in be should MEPs transnational the whether of question the mainly concern and numerous are issues outstanding The another. or form some in scheme the resurrect to Parliament new the within begun already have moves But elections. 2014 the for time in cil) Coun the matter, that for (or, Parliament the through carry not states. being representative of the previously, as than, rather EU the of citizens of the being representative as MEPs of specification job the redefined treaty bon Lis the that fact the reflecting to closer move the Parliament also would It above. It is plain to see that this proposal for transnational lists did ieie te okhp rpsl dacd o lc 250 elect to advanced proposal Workshop the Likewise, - - different nationalities. nationality or,randomly,of deputies eitherofthesame tematically taketheplaceof whether theyshouldsys the House(at751MEPs)or tion tothepresentsizeof MEPs shouldbeinaddi whether thetransnational mainly thequestionof numerous andconcern The outstandingissuesare ------Democracy - - - - 163 Andrew Duff Andrew European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of will be influential if it can get closer to Overall, moreover, the approach of the Workshop tends to European Horizons cian. Duff was a Liberal Democrat MEP for the East of England and Andrew Duff is a leading European federalist and a British politi chances of its success. Supplement rather than substitution is the is substitution than rather Supplement success. its of chances perfect. is law electoral no that remember And game. the of name behalf of individual electors than a federal level deputy can ever be. ever can deputy level federal a than electors individual of behalf parliamen and law electoral of variety wide very the underestimate tary culture that we find across the European Union. The less an the higher the practice, national existing disrupts law electoral EU the richness of the present European Parliament. Europe is not America. The proposal also misreads, in my view, the function of an MEP by drawing too close an analogy with the role of national parliamentarians who are perforce more driven to ‘casework’ on EU institutions about that and get them to improve their transpar their improve to them get and that about institutions EU out. ency. So go with the grain—and shout the actuality of the state of the current debate in Europe. If infor mation is not as readily available as it should be, complain to the spokesman on constitutional affairs for the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) from 1999-2014. He was a member of the Convention on the Charter of Fundamental Rights and of the Convention on the Future of Europe. Democracy eur h 6. 4. The DemocracyWorkshopobservesthefollowing: OBSERVATIONS 164 orizons opean

2. 1. 5. 4. 3.

European PoliticalParties Arne SchneiderandLuisAlvaradoMartinez SUBMITTED BY political parties. European independent of creation the for results ideal the yield very close. However, the voting procedures and the timing did case not every in not are background ideological same the with ties dynamic and subject to constant changes, as the very ties between national par is parties political European of environment The political party. European a of member a become to order in country home their the respectivenationalpartyin be amemberof have to they es, as challeng bureaucratic face States Member European of Citizens the EUstilldonotplayroleforeseen. of sphere political the in parties current the 1992, of Treaties the in explicitly recognized was ideals European the embody closely to striving and mind in identity European a with established ties par for need the Though ones. national from independently act that parties political European creating of terms in ideal not was timing the as well as procedure voting the However, election. an towards empowering European political parties and having a true Europe step small first a is Spitzenkandidaten of election The not playtheroleforeseen. do still they 1992), Maastricht, of (Treaty 138a Article in phasized em was will political their express to opportunity another izens cit European the give to and integration boost to factor essential an as parties political European of value the that fact the Despite parties areindeclineastheyfaceadecreasemembership. national-level time, same the At parties. political enough national from interdependent not still are parties political European ------Democracy ------165 European & Transatlantic A¬airs Arne Schneider and Luis Alvarado Martinez Alvarado Luis and Schneider Arne review of European Union (e.g. the right of voting in municipal elections). should Commission) the of President for (e.g. Spitzenkandidaten be democratically elected. Candidates should be decided mini po European and national respective the of members all by mally Being a member in a national party in one Member State should imply the same rights and opportunities for the citizen in a sister of member a being (e.g. EU the of State Member different a in party So the in rights same the grant should Spain in party Socialist the cialist Party in Germany, if the citizen moves to Germany). These rights should be strongly linked to the rights as a Citizen of the cases, citizens must register in national parties in order to have Cit ALDE). for (except parties European the of work the to access izens might agree with the policies and visions of the European parties but might not share the positions of their respective na tional party. providing funding for different initiatives of the European politi cal parties. Citizens should be able to become members of European polit ical parties on the European level directly, without having to go through their national counterparts. Currently, in most of the izens directly in order to bring their voices to the European as well as European the to voices their bring to order in directly izens as the local level. This empowerment must come from their na tional party members, EU institutions with different regulations Commission the of (especially approach constructivist a as well as fi ambitious more a Furthermore, Parliament). European the and nancial support and incentives plan, such as but not limited to European political parties need to be empowered to fulfill their indepen become to strive must The Treaties. the by task assigned cit reach to able be to and parties political national the from dent European European political parties do not count on a far-reaching, com the In Union. whole the for program political pan-European mon nation between competition a are elections European quo, status European parties. rather than between al parties

10. 9. 8. 7. 6. POLICY VISION believes that: The Democracy Workshop Democracy eur h 6. 4.EuropeanPoliticalParties tend to: in vision their realize to order in Workshop Democracy the of participants The PARTICIPANTS’ STRATEGY 166 orizons opean 11. 13. 12.

Article 17.7), states that the European Council must take into con (TEU, Lisbon of Treaty the in stated Commission, European the of President the of election The leaders. national by appointed be litical parties, ideally open to all citizens (e.g. the Greens), and not Procedure oftheEP). of Rules MEPs: of independence to (reference MEPs the for date man imperative an introduce not should it Similarly, elections. national from differentiated be should and programs replace not would This line. common one on agree parties national all where policies, European and discussions European around topics and debates covering elections, European the for be only would gram on the common needs for Europe, not on national ones. This pro based and parties national their from interdependent programs political pan-European common and extensive create to anism mech decision-making a have should parties political European der tocreateacoherentvisibilityoftheEUduringelections. or in Spitzenkandidaten the with campaign to parties European incentives) financial with (e.g. motivate and encourage should it sys a this, enforce cannot have EU the Though balances. to and checks of EP tem the allows also EP the by President EC the of ratification The Commission. the of President the of election the and elections EP the between link direct a enforces already Treaty The elections. Parliament European the of results the sideration liaments, Nationalpartyleadersandofficerepresentations.) Par National Brussels, in States Member of Representatives nent Perma Parliament, European of Members example, (For Yale. at ect. Make suggestions as to the areas where EU parties can have can parties EU where areas the to suggestionsas Make ect. sphere of influence national parties have in the EU integration proj limited the about them Inform umbrellas. European their ening strength and empowering of value added the them to explain and familiespolitical European same the of partiesNational Contact the Democracy Workshop at the of results the them present and policy-makers European Contact European Student Conference Student European 2015 ------Democracy - - - 167 Eu European & Transatlantic A¬airs Arne Schneider and Luis Alvarado Martinez Alvarado Luis and Schneider Arne review of to influence decision-makers on a national and Use the potential influence of the future student think tank ropean Horizons European level. Launch a petition in the European Parliament (by collecting sig natures from at least 50% of MEPs) to initiate an official declara tion by the Parliament. Engage with European civil society organizations and NGOs to call for this change. Present results at the Convention of European political parties, annually. national political parties convene where leaders of all Study the possibility of launching a European Citizens’ Initiative countries. a million signatures in seven on the issue by collecting Contact media channels and civil society actors to scale. and on an EU-wide both nationally awareness raise public Organize panels and a conference at the College of Europe with all European political parties. representatives of greater influence. influence. greater results. parties with these political Contact European

21. 19. 20. 17. 18. 15. 16. 14. Democracy eur h

168 orizons opean EU-Chief Negotiator at the Kosovo peace talks peace Kosovo the at Negotiator EU-Chief 6. 5.Response ence the of occasion the on pre Yale Union, at European sented the in Democracy on papers policy The and Herzegovina and Bosnia for Representative High Former Wolfgang Petritsch to 6.Democracy l’Européenne. a model welfare social reconstructed a centerpiece, ideological its to Euro—nor currency—the shaky its to neither response, cy and socialmalaiseintheEU. economic fiscal, ongoing the to tied closely are tendencies cratic antidemo first—the historical a is democracy supra-national for EU—keep in mind that the EU is a project in the making, the quest National). Front the to UKIP (from formations oppositional old and new in and out) stands (Hungary governments in both States; Member is the rising tide of right extremist and antidemocratic behavior in national of “Europeanization” political parties. still-outstanding the to tains an Parliament). reforms (European Citizens’ Initiative; election to the Europe can besummedupinroughlytwocategories: free. and whole Continent, United a for quest the in issues cal 2015, have highlighted some of the most pertinent techni pertinent most the of some highlighted have 2015, A sui generis category—and arguably the most worrisome— per and organizational is deficit perceived second The citizen-centered outstanding call would I one first The and analyzed well is deficit” “democratic much-touted The The European Union has so far not found a credible poli credible a found not far so has Union European The The gapbetweenpoorand richiswidening. the to new not is syndrome deficit democratic the While uoen tdn Confer Student European ------Democracy ------169 Wolfgang Petritsch Wolfgang European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of is caught in an tween ideological bind be Germany’s prescriptions and austerity-minded a policy growth-oriented mix, favored mists both such by as Krugman, econo Stiglitz Piketty and and favorably viewed by an in creasing number of EU Member States. is best characterized by the opposing ever were when Greece abruptly entered entered abruptly Greece when were ever the debacle. Thus Grexit—the forced exodus from the Euro area—is not off the agenda. The newly elected govern ment of Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras and his flamboyant Finance Minister As relevant as the issues, discussed at the ESC 2015, are for This conflict While this conflict rages on, a “pseudo-democratic turn” Rising Rising unemployment, in particular amongst the young is This manifests itself in a long-term “crisis without perspec Take the Greek example: There the externally imposed the evolution of the trans-national European democracy, I thus encourage the participants to further pursue creative solutions; the larger picture must not be ignored. less civic openness (towards immigrants and even autochthonic minorities) asylum and more national sovereignty in seekers, Europe and national in votes their cast They attractive. creasingly in parties anti-EU of empowerment The accordingly. elections an the of dilemma the demonstrates clearly 2014 of elections May the liberal democratic model. neo-Keynesianism on the other. towards a more nationalistic and authoritarian political post-WWII the reverse to model threatens and speed and shape on takes social contract in Europe. A growing number of Europeans find academic theories of the neoclassical school on one hand and failed to turn the country’s economy around. On the contrary, all relevant socio-economic indicators are far worse today than they tive,” particularly in the Union’s southern rim-states of France). speak of Italy and and Greece (not to Portugal Spain, austerity regime by the European Commission (EC), the pean Euro Central Bank (ECB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)—not the best example of democratic legitimacy—has the dominant feature. the dominant Democracy Accord” is in jeopardy. style is on the defensive; the “Transatlantic Democracy Western- Democracy eur h 6. 5.ResponsetoDemocracy and fairsociety. ocratic, social,ecological ism withavisionof a dem reconciling market capital and Europewillsucceedin whether theUnitedStates than ontheepicchallenge essary asthismightbe— ic mechanisms—asnec refinement ofitsdemocrat so muchonthecontinuous ropéenne” willnotdepend Ultimately, the“FinalitéEu 170 orizons opean peting socio-political models: Liberal democracy with its canon its with democracy Liberal models: socio-political peting com globally two of clash evolving the beyond—is and Ukraine Cold War era in 2014—triggered by Russia’s revisionist politics in tory of liberal capitalist democracy over Soviet communism—we Soviet over democracy capitalist liberal of tory vic final History”—the of “End the of illusion an in ushered had States. United the of role leadership global the to damage ible irrevers the to added Iran—has with negotiations issues nuclear the as policy foreign such in Branch Executive the of rogatives pre the into Legislature the of interference the publicans—take doctrine since1945. US other any than values Western delegitimize to more done has alike. This post-modern version of “bellum omnia contra omnes” regimes repressive and IS and Qaeda Al like actors non-state ist in astray gone Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib has played into the hands of terror Terror” on “War US-inspired The within: from al conceptsofstateandsociety. accountability isincreasinglychallengedbyauthoritarian,illiber citizen-centered and rights human competition, rules-based of While the implosion of the Soviet Union some 25 years ago years 25 some Union Soviet the of implosion the While America’s UnipolarMomenthascometoaclose. Re Party Tea of policies confrontational appallingly The More importantly: Since 9/11 the liberal model is threatened post- the of end the since witnessing been have we What - - - - - ay etr-tl i o te de the on is Western-style racy sia topro-WesternSingapore. Rus China, from regimes thoritarian au of success the witnessing now are rdtoa tsiggon fr West for testing-ground traditional consequences. dire its and Iraq in Party Tea choice” of “war the to self-destruction from unprecedented an ranging in quagmire, caught the is foreign, US and domestically Both mon suffers from self-inflicted wounds. hege American the while stuttering is engine integration EU The bi-coastal: jeopardy. De in is “Transatlantic Accord” mocracy the fensive; n h wdr ide East—the Middle wider the In cumulatively is challenge This Democ point: the is Here ------Democracy - - - - 171 Wolfgang Petritsch Wolfgang European & Transatlantic A¬airs review of While the Old (Western) Order is a thing of the past, Ultimately, the “Finalité Européenne” will not de came the European Union’s Special Envoy and Chief Negotiator at Wolfgang Petritsch is the President of the Austrianer MarshallFellow at PlanHarvard University in 2013/14. After a distinguished a vision of a democratic, social, ecological and fair society. the contours of a New Global Order are not pend yet so in much sight. ocratic on the mechanisms—as continuous than refinement necessary on of the its as epic Europe dem challenge will this whether succeed the in might United reconciling States market and be— capitalism with ern resolve—the so-called IS has effectively erased the colonial settlement. Sykes-Picot career in the Austrian diplomatic service,the KosovoAmbassador peace Petritschtalks in Rambouilletbe in 1998. The year after, Mr. Foundation. He was a post-Doc Fulbright scholar at the University Petritsch was the International Community’s High Representative of Southern California, Los Angeles, and the Joseph A. Schumpet in Bosnia and Herzegovina until 2002. 7 Concluding Remarks

7. 1. Letter from the Directors

Igor Mitschka and Melina Sánchez Montañés Directors

Take a moment to reflect on the intellectual journey you have just undertaken. After reading 22 policy papers from 80 different students at U.S. universities, and after engaging with responses from 12 of the most eminent policymakers and professors on European Af- fairs, you may consider the following questions: Which ideas did you find the most persuasive for Europe? Which of them did you consider unfeasible? In your ideal European Union, what would you like to see realized? How would you contribute towards your European ideal, today and/or in the future? As the beginning of our own contribution, in November 2013, we decided to organize the European Student Conference (ESC) 2015. With this project, we did not want to solely initiate a collective thought process about the strengths and flaws of the European Union; in addition, we aimed to actively improve and change the European Union. Following the European Student Conference in February 2015, we launched European Horizons with excitement, pride and ambition. Our mission as a think tank and as a network of students, scholars and professionals is twofold. First, we will develop com- 7 Igor Mitschka and Melina Sánchez Montañés

mon ideas for defining European identity, modernizing the concept of the social market economy, strengthening transatlantic relations and advancing the cause of European integration. Sec- ond, we will advocate for these common ideas, today as students and tomorrow as professionals. Our location in the United States of America is critical for European Horizons’ mission. Living in America, we experience how this union of states has evolved into a federalist country where people today share a sense of common identity, irrespective of their ethnicity, language or religion. Building on this experience, we want to find our independent paths and solutions for a socially inclusive and economically thriving union of diverse people in Europe. European Horizons has started to bring together students at U.S. universities. Yet, we are just in the process of defining the principles and ideas that unite us, beyond our general commitment to the European Union. To this end, the policy papers in this issue of the Review of European & Transatlantic Affairs serve as source of inspiration for all of us. This issue is therefore not just the output of a conference; rather, it is the input for the discussions we will have over the next months on our vision for the Eu- ropean Union. Students and academics involved in the U.S. chapters of European Horizons will join us in this collective activity. We invite you to contribute, too, and help us make European Horizons a web of creative ideas and palpable implementation in Europe.

Coming from Vienna, Austria, Igor Mitschka initiated and directed the European Student Conference at Yale in 2015. Today, he serves as Director of European Horizons and works as an Invest- ment Banking Analyst in New York. Melina Sánchez Montañés comes from Almerimar, Spain. She currently serves as Director of European Horizons. After graduating with a double major in Economics and Latin American Studies, Me- lina started working as an investment service analyst in New York.

173 review of European & Transatlantic A¬airs

IDENTITY The Institutions of Identity The Importance of Identity Response Paper | PROF. SIMON GLENDINNING Response Paper | PROF. STEFAN SIMON Closing the Gap Between the European Union and its Citizens Response Paper | JAN TRUSZCZYNSKI Identity Building Around an Economic Narrative Identity Building Around a Human Rights Narrative Response Paper | ERHARD BUSEK

BORDERS Securitization of Migration Uniﬁcation of Migration Policy Integration The European Neighborhood Policy Response Paper | ACHIM LADWIG Response Paper | PROF. JOLYON HOWORTH

TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS Customer Protection Transparency and the Negotiating Process An Energy Chapter in the TTIP Agreement Harmonizing Regulations and Standards Response Paper | PASCAL L AMY Investor-State Arbitration

ECONOMY Closing the European Investment Gap and Implications for Fiscal & Monetary Policy Access to Capital The Future of Education in Europe Response Paper | LUC PEEPERKORN The Role of Technological Hubs of Innovation in Advancing the Digital Economy in Europe Response Paper | RICHARD TUFF T

DEMOCRACY EU response to antidemocratic behavior of Member States Response Paper | PROF. CHRISTINE LANDFRIED Reform of the European Citizen Initiative Reform of the Elections to the European Parliament Response Paper | ANDREW DUFF European Political Parties ISSN 2378-2641 [PRINT] Response Paper | WOLFGANG PETRITSCH ISSN 2378-2684 [WEB]