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Home , Electron, London moment, The Quantum Vacuum, Vacuum polarization

Open Access Journal of Volume 2, Issue 3, 2018, PP 15-24 ISSN- 2637-5826

Polarization of

Stanislav Konstantinov Department of Physical , Russian State Pedagogical University, St.Petersburg, RSC””, Russia *Corresponding Author: Stanislav Konstantinov,Department of Physical Electronics, Russian State Pedagogical University, St.Petersburg, RSC”Energy”, Russia

ABSTRACT The study of the phenomenon and the of its structure is an actual problem in . Ignoring this fact often to erroneous interpretation of the experimental data. In (QED), the instability of a physical vacuum is characterized by the formation of pairs of elementary . The article contains descriptions of experiments, that allow substantiate the quantum structure of vacuum and the reality of particles arising in a vacuum as a result of its polarization. The idea of "virtuality" of particles is connected with the inability of quantum theory to describe the real mechanism of vacuum polarization. Keywords: vacuum; dark ; polarization; ; ; ;

INTRODUCTION particles and in a vacuum under the action of external fields, relying on the In classical electrodynamics, vacuum is a corresponding the Klein-Gordon-Fock and "medium" with absolute and magnetic Diract equations. permeability (εₐ, μₐ), which are equal to the dielectric and magnetic constant (εₒ, μₒ). The POLARIZATION OF VACUUM AND electric strength of the vacuum is infinite, that TRANSFORMATION OF VACUUM INTO is, theoretically the of any intensity MATTER cannot cause conduction currents in a vacuum due to the lack of carriers. In other In quantum theory, vacuum polarization is a words, the electric field strength E, the magnetic collection of virtual processes of creation and field strength H, as well as the density of of pairs of particles in a vacuum electromagnetic energy in vacuum defined by caused by quantum fluctuations. Nobel laureate them, can be infinitely large. It should be noted . Feynman presented such fluctuations that these conclusions are obtained from the geometrically in the form of diagrams [4]. standpoint of the classical electrodynamics of Feynman constructed diagrams abstracting from Maxwell's linear field and, in the of the real physical processes, so he pictured vacuum latest achievements of quantum electrodynamics with a wavy line, and the virtual fluctuation that (QED), are incorrect. In QED, the instability of appeared in it is shown by a ring or a loop a physical vacuum under the influence of formed by symmetrical arrows (Fig. 1). cosmic , relativistic and However, the image implies that this wave , peak electric fields, or high-intensity moves, and on the diagram of this movement is radiation is characterized by the avalanche not indicated, therefore the ring can arise only if formation of electron-positron pairs in a vacuum it is formed from a point. This means that the [1,2,3]. Nils Bohr was right when he stated 80 vacuum should be shown on such a diagram by years ago that "it is impossible to attain a a certain point object, which is transformed into tension of the order of Es for the field that a ring of fluctuations. Feynman, depicting such generates electron-positron pairs." ( Es= m²/e = a fluctuation separately, depicted it in the form 1,32·10¹⁶ V∙cmˉ¹ the characteristic quantum- of a ring in which an electron and a positron electrodynamics Sauter’s field) [3]. It should be move in one orbit, in one direction one after noted that any quantum process of pair another, at diametrically opposite points of this production from vacuum is accompanied by ring. Considering the electron-positron pair, it is various many partial processes. In QED there is necessary to pay attention to the fact that in still no complete clarity on how to solve the addition to the charge, each elementary problem of the production of pairs of elementary has a , which indicates that the particle has a

Open Access Journal of Physics V2● 13 ● 2018 15 Polarization of Vacuum rotation and has an axis of such rotation. The at extremely small distances ~ 10ˉ³⁵m. It claimed zero parameters of the vacuum quantum is assumed that the processes of gravitational are fully realized. Two opposite electric charges polarization of vacuum play an important role in cancel each other, and both spins add up with cosmology [5]. the opposite sign and both rotations are also With the polarization of the vacuum and its mutually compensated. With respect to transformation into matter, the change in the compensation, the explanation is this: each of energy of the vacuum w can be represented as a the pair particles is a quantum , which sum: means. That the axis of rotation of the particle is strictly defined in space and remains unchanged. w = wᵖ + wᵉͬ (1) In order for an electron and a positron to where wᵖ is the vacuum polarization, wᵖ << E² / perform a joint gyroscopic rotation in a pair, the 8π; axes of their rotation must coincide. wᵉͬ is the change in the energy of the substance at the production of particles

e2E2T m 2 wᵉͬ =eETϗ, ϗ = exp(−π ) (2) 4π3 ћ E The creation of particles is the main reason for the change in the energy of the vacuum. The small value of the reverse reaction wᵖ implies the limitation on the electric field strength for a given time T (Es ≈ 10¹⁶ V ∙ cmˉ¹ is the critical Schwinger’s field) [1]. Figure1. The Feymann's of diagram. The electron- In studies conducted in 1996-99 on the SLAC positron pair (virtual ring) linear accelerator, only a few electron-positron At the same time, is pair creation events were detected at a laser transformed into a quantum particle by the pulse intensity of 10¹⁷ W∙ cmˉ². Due to the fact Heisenberg's relation. By virtue of the uncertainty that within the framework of the ELI and principle in a vacuum, virtual particles can exist. In XCELS projects the laser radiation intensity this case, even the creation of charged particles in available for experiments has increased to 10²³ pair with its is possible. Such a W ∙ cmˉ² and higher, it has become possible to production of a pair of particles on the Feynman's study the nonlinear vacuum effects that have so diagram is represented by a virtual ring. A virtual far not been experimentally studied. Thus, at the ring, supposedly, can exist for a very short time - level of ultrahigh intensities 10²⁶ W ∙ cmˉ², the within the quantum uncertainty δt ~ ћ / δE, so as not effect of of a laser pulse on an to violate the law of . electron beam with an energy of 46.6 GeV (nonlinear Compton effect) causes such In quantum electrodynamics, vacuum polarization cascades of successive hard- emissions consists in the formation of virtual electron- that the creation of secondary electron-positron positron pairs under the influence of a quantum pairs in vacuum is a chain reaction that of the of a photon or under continues up to up to the moment of complete the influence of a peak electric field. In 2011, it loss of energy by charged particles. This is very was found that in the presence of a strong reminiscent of the extensive atmospheric H ≈ 10¹⁶ T from virtual particles showers generated by cosmic particles. They are of a quantum vacuum, relatively stable particles called S-cascades (from the English shower - a are formed (lifetime 16 · 10ˉ²³ sec.) [5]. At the shower) [2,3]. In this comparison of space same time, experiments show that if an external observations with the results of laboratory field acts on the vacuum, then the creation of studies demonstrates deep analogies, real particles is possible due to its energy evidencing, at a minimum, the unity of the [1,2,3]. Precisely because the vacuum is not a physical principles of the behavior of matter in a virtual but a real physical object () wide range of densities and temperatures. and has a structure, the vacuum polarization Perhaps the creation of electron-positron pairs in leads not to virtual, but real radiation corrections a vacuum is a manifestation of the instability of to the laws of quantum electrodynamics [5]. dark matter. Today, according to the results of In the theory of gravitation, vacuum polarization the experiments at CERN, many physicists is also present, and theoretically it is manifested believe that dark matter is connected with the

16 Open Access Journal of Physics V2● 13 ● 2018 Polarization of Vacuum study of the microworld at the smallest  if vacuum polarization is caused by the distances, and everything suggests that dark of relativistic proton or by a peak matter can act as a electric field strictly oriented in one vacuum in experiments in near-Earth space [6]. direction E The very definition of dark matter falls under An experimental confirmation of this could be the description of the properties of vacuum in the appearance of a flow of backward electrons quantum electrodynamics - not to radiate and be with a "soft" energy spectrum in multiwave invisible, to have mass and to possess a Cherenkov generators (MWCG). One of the structure, to exhibit elastic properties in the peculiarities of the work of MWCG using an propagation of electromagnetic . The electron beam of microsecond duration with an quantum structure of the vacuum is due to initial charged-particle energy Wₑ ~ 2 MeV and particles in the low-energy state. The instability a common current I ~ 20 kA is a relatively short of a vacuum under the influence of cosmic radiation pulse in the three-centimeter radiation, relativistic protons and electrons or range with a record power level of peak electric fields is a purely quantum up to 15 GW [9]. The most recent information phenomenon. In quantum electrodynamics this message on the comprehensive testing engine phenomenon is characterized by the formation Em Drive “Measurement of Impulsive Thrust of electron-positron pairs in a vacuum. The from a Closed - Cavity in direction of motion of secondary electron- Vacuum» was published in Journal of positron pairs produced in a vacuum (dark Propulsion and Power in 2016 [10]. The authors matter) can be determined by the nature of the of Harold White, Paul March, James Lawrence, effect that caused the polarization of the Jerry Vera, Andre Sylvester, David Brady and vacuum. Under the influence of rigid Paul Bailey (NASA Johnson Space Center, (), the deformation of the vacuum occurs Houston, Texas 77058) concluded: " the in the transverse direction to the propagation of quantum vacuum a dynamic mediumand could the perturbation, which determines the direction potentially be modeled at the microscopic level of motion of electron-positron pairs (Fig.2a). as an the electron-positron . If the This can be seen by analyzing the observation vacuum is indeed mutable and degradable as data on the fluxes of secondary electron- was explored, then it might be possible to do / positron pairs with a soft energy spectrum in extract work on / from the vacuum, and thereby quantum-dynamic cascades in an intense laser be possible to push off of the quantum vacuum field or in the near-Earth environment under the and preserve the laws of conservation of energy action of cosmic-ray photons in the PAMELA and conservation of ...” [10]. and AMS-02 experiments [7,8]. If vacuum polarization is caused by the motion of EXPERIMENTS relativistic charges or by a peak electric field Let us consider some effects due to the strictly oriented in one direction, then the polarization of the vacuum, that is, having their secondary electron-positron pairs produced in roots in the structure of the vacuum (dark vacuum will move in the direction opposite to matter): the momentum of the primary charged particles, with zero transverse momentum р┴ =0, since The and the Creation in deformation the vacuum will occur in the the Vacuum of an Electron-Positron Pair longitudinal direction (Fig.2b). The experimentally established red "photoeffect" boundary for a vacuum (dark matter) corresponds to a photon with energy Wpfot ≥1 Mev = 1.6493 ∙ 10ˉ¹³ J. At this energy, the photon is converted in a vacuum into an electron-positron pair [11]: 푊푝ℎ표푡 = ℎ ν = Wdef = e₀ Edr (3) where h is the

Figure2. Polarization of vacuum ν is the photon frequency  if vacuum polarization is caused by the e₀ is the charge motion of photon E is the electric field strength

Open Access Journal of Physics V2● 13 ● 2018 17 Polarization of Vacuum

Analysis of the spectral curves of secondary sizes of a typical - the pressure created by electrons and , presented in the work the Casimir’s effect turns out to be comparable [8], makes it possible to determine the resonant with the atmospheric one. The Casimir’s energy of photons providing the maximum of acting per unit area for two parallel ideal mirror in a vacuum (dark matter). The surfaces in absolute vacuum is equal [12]: frequency corresponding to the resonance ћcπ² 10̄ ̄²³ Fc = = (N) (5) energy of the photon (ν) and the natural 240푟⁴ 푟⁴ frequency of the structural element of the where ћ is the reduced Planck constant, ћ = h / vacuum (dark matter) is defined as the (2π) ћ = 1,0546 ∙ 10ˉ³⁴ J / Hz frequency of the Schrodinger and de Broglie wave functions: c is the in a vacuum. c = 299792458 m / s ν = W / h or ω = W / ћ and λ = 2πc / ω (4) r is the distance between surfaces. Wᵣ ≈20 GeV = 33 • 10ˉ¹⁰J, νᵣ = 4.7 • 10²⁴ Hz, ωᵣ = 2.82 • 10²⁵ Hz, λᵣ = 6.39 • 10ˉ¹⁷ m [11]. In this effect is explained using the concept of virtual particles. In the Resonant maximum of the total energy spectrum space between closely located mirror-polished of secondary electrons and positrons at the surfaces, virtual photons are constantly born and Wp ≈10-20 GeV (Fig. 16), as disappear, along with virtual particles and well as maxima of energy spectra obtained antiparticles. corresponding to all separately for positrons (Fig. 21) and electrons of the . At certain (Fig. 22) in experiments AMS-02 (2011-2015) resonant wavelengths (integer or semi-integer convincingly confirm the quantum structure of number of times stacked between the plate the vacuum [8]. Direct experimental surfaces), electromagnetic waves amplify. All at determination of the resonant dependence of the all other wavelengths, the birth of virtual production of Ν pairs of elementary particles on photons is suppressed. This is due to the fact the frequency ν is almost completely suppressed that in the space between the plates only by modern physics. Following the deceptive standing waves can exist, the amplitude of logic of modern theory, this dependence is which on the plates is zero. As a result, the drawn in the form of a monotonically increasing pressure of virtual photons on the inner surfaces curve. However, an analysis of the results of the of the plates is less than the pressure on the AMS -02 experiment made it possible to plates from the outside, where the production of establish that neither electronic nor positron photons is unlimited. The closer the plate spectra can be described by a power law with a surfaces to each other, the less between them is single exponent in the entire energy range under the virtual photon in resonance and the stronger study [8]. the force of attraction between the plates. The Casimir’s Effect However, the explanation of the from the viewpoint of quantum field theory The effect of the interaction between two using virtual particles encounters obvious uncharged metal plates was predicted by the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir in 1948. The contradictions, since the transfer of energy from most accurate experimental measurement of the "vacuum fluctuations" to parallel plates by Casimir's force was made in 1998. Umar pressure requires real particles with real energy Mohideen and colleagues from the University of characteristics. Despite the fact that in the California at Riverside, in a series of formula for the Casimir’s force (5) there is no experiments, brought a sphere covered with constant α - the main aluminum or gold to a distance of 0.1 microns characteristic of the electromagnetic interaction from a flat disk covered with these materials. - this effect, however, has an electromagnetic The result of the attraction between the sphere origin. As shown in the monographs [12], when and the disk was manifested in the deviation of the finite conductivity of the plates is taken into the laser beam. The deviation of the results from account, a dependence appears for α, and the the theoretical prediction did not exceed 1%. standard expression for the force appears in the The distance between the plates, on which the limiting case α >> mc/ 4πћnr⁴ , where n is the Casimir’s force begins to manifest itself, is of in the plate. In our explanation, the order of several micrometers. However, the we will proceed from the assumption that free force grows rapidly with decreasing distance. At conduction electrons in metal plates excite the distances of the order of 10 nm - hundreds of quanta of the vacuum (dark matter) surrounding

18 Open Access Journal of Physics V2● 13 ● 2018 Polarization of Vacuum them, as a result of which electron-positron reveal in a vacuum the effect pairs are created, creating an electrical (the Meissner’s effect, the Josephson’s effect, conductivity in the vicinity of the conduction the London’s effect). Since the conduction electrons. The closer the electrons of electrons of the plate are electrically charged, neighboring plates to each other, the greater the their electric fields act on the electric , conductivity is created in a vacuum, which which they create as a force moment, and the decreases with increasing distance between the electric polarization of the vacuum arises in the plates. Thus, conduction electrons from the space between the plates. This means that the surface layers of mirror-polished plates excite pairs of microparticles constituting the quantum near themselves the quanta of vacuum (dark vacuum "stretch" along the electric field. For matter) and as a result, closely located plates two parallel metal plates, the electric force due enter into electromagnetic interaction. Thus, to the existence of the electric polarization of conduction electrons from the surface layers of the vacuum (the formation of electric dipole mirror-polished plates excite near themselves moments around the conduction electrons of the the quanta of vacuum (dark matter) and as a plates) is defined as the Casimir force and can result, closely located plates enter into each be expressed by the relation [15]: other's electromagnetic interaction. The sign of 3d1d2 Fc = Fd = , (6) the interaction force of the plates Fc depends on 푟⁴ the mutual direction of the electric dipole where d1 and d2 is are, respectively, the total moments of the conduction electrons belonging electric dipole moments of the conduction to the two plates d1 and d2. For d1 ↑↓ d2, Fc is electrons (dipole moment e is dₑ=eL=eћ/p) of the attractive force, for d1 ↑↑ d2 Fc is the the first and second plates (d1 ↑↓ d2 or d1 ↑↑ repulsive force (the last variant is unstable with d2); respect to perturbing effects). This conclusion agrees with the experimental data. In the course r is the distance between the plates , r ┴ d1 (d2). of the experiments, it was found that both In the experiments , value r ≈ 10̄ ⁹̄ m. uncharged parallel metal plates [12, 13] are If the plates are identical, then d1 = d2. Let us attracted so, under certain conditions, and find the expression for d1 (d2) [17]: repulsion [14]. The last effect is called μᵦ푈ᵣ "Casimir-Livshits effect". In the framework of d1 = d2 = N₀ζ. (7) the electromagnetic model of vacuum (dark 푐푝 matter), as a quantum structure, it can be where N₀ is the concentration of conduction regarded as an analogue of superfluid medium electrons in the metal. N₀ ≈10²²; ³He-B [11]. First of all, it should be noted that ζ is the thickness of the surface layer of the the experimentally installed electric polarization plate, equal to the atomic size. ζ≈ 10ˉ¹⁰ m; of the medium in the core of the vortex in superfluid ³He-B is due to deformation of the μᵦ is the . μᵦ = eћ / (2mₑc); ³He consisting of electrically oppositely Uᵣ is the energy of conduction electrons in charged electrons and protons. A similar metals. Uᵣ is equal to the - εᵣ mechanism of of the exist in the vacuum (dark matter), the εᵣ = ћ²(3π² N₀)⅔ /(2mₑ) ; microscopic structure of which are electrically p is the amount of motion of the conduction oppositely charged electrons and positrons , forming a dipole. The relative motion of the electron in the metal. p = 2mₑ εᵣ particles that make up a in Substituting the expression for the electric superfluid ³He-B corresponds to the p-state. In dipole moment d1 (d2) into formula (6), we this state between the electrically like charged have: particles of with spins oriented in the same 3μᵦ²εᵣ Fc = Fd = N²₀ζ² (8) direction, there are of attraction, and 푟⁴푐²2mₑ between the electrically oppositely charged The use of formula (8) is valid provided that the particles with spins oriented in the same dimensions of the dipoles produced by the direction of the force of repulsion. The result of conduction electrons are much smaller than the these forces is the appearance of an electric distance between the plates. For plates of unit dipole moment. The interaction of vacuum area, taking into account only the electrons quanta due to the presence of electric dipole located in the surface layer of the plate with a moments affects the viscosity of the medium and under certain conditions makes it possible to thickness equal to the atomic size of 10ˉ¹⁰ m and

Open Access Journal of Physics V2● 13 ● 2018 19 Polarization of Vacuum at a concentration of conduction electrons in atom. The difference in energy found by Lamb metals of the order of 10²², substituting the and Rutherford for the transition was ~ 1060 values of the constants in the formula (8), we MHz. The of the energy levels in have [17]: atoms was the first experimental confirmation of 4·10̄ ̄²³ the ideas of quantum field theory, in particular, Fc = Fd = (N) (9) 푟⁴ quantum electrodynamics. The magnitude of the shift is proportional to α³R, where α is the fine Expression (9) is consistent with the expression structure constant, R is the Rydberg’s constant. (5) determining the Casimir force acting per unit The main contribution to the magnitude of the area of two uncharged parallel metal plates, the shift is produced by two radiative effects: distance between which in the experiment does not exceed several atomic diameters [12,13]. 1) the emission and absorption by a bound Thus, to the known explanations of the Casimir electron of virtual photons, which leads to a force using the concept of virtual particles [12] change in the effective mass of the electron and or Wan der Waals forces [13], we can add an the appearance of an anomalous magnetic explanation that takes into account the moment in it; interaction of quantum objects due to the 2) the possibility of virtual creation and presence of electric dipole moments in particles annihilation in vacuum of electron-positron produced by vacuum polarization. Note that in pairs (vacuum polarization), which distorts the the concept of Casimir forces, which is potential of the nucleus at distances on connected with virtual particles, the assumption the order of the of the about the possibility of adding up the energy of electron (~ 4 · 10ˉ⁴ cm). all virtual particles of the vacuum associated with plates is introduced, a similar assumption is Even more powerful than in the atom, made in the electromagnetic description of the electromagnetic interaction occurs between Casimir’s forces, it is considered that the dipole the electrons and the nuclei of heavy atoms. moments of the electrons of each plate are Researchers from the laboratory of GSI (Darmstadt, oriented in one direction, that is, they are added Germany) passed a beam of atoms together. (charge number 92) through the foil, as a result of which atoms lost all but one of their The Uehling’s Effect and the Lamb’s Shift electrons, turning into with a charge of +91. The Uehling’s effect is connected with vacuum The electric field between the core of such an polarization and consists in deviating the and the remaining electron reached the value electrostatic potential of point charges in 10¹⁶ V ∙ cmˉ¹. The measured Lamb shift in the vacuum from the value corresponding to the ion was 468 ± 13 eV - in accordance with the Coulomb’s law. Uehling first calculated the predictions of quantum electrodynamics. deviation from Coulomb's law for the hydrogen The Participation of Vacuum (Dark Matter) atom. The currently accepted structural in the Effect of Transformation of phenomenon of vacuum, it is considered that a Electromagnetic Energy substance immersed in vacuum displaces a quantum of vacuum. In the nuclei of atoms, the The excitation of vacuum quanta (vacuum density of matter is relatively large, so the polarization) in this case takes place on the basis vacuum quanta turn out to be almost completely of an induction phenomenon, similar to the replaced by the elements of the nucleus. This manifestation of an electromagnetic field in a lack of quanta of vacuum and manifests itself as transformer, which shows that the electromagnetic a discrepancy or correction to Coulomb's law. field is transmitted in vacuum not only by The Uehling’s effect gives a correction to the photons (quanta of light), but also by magnetic Lamb shift of 27 MHz [16]. lines of force - magnetons (quanta of electromagnetic fields). ) It is ironic, but the The Lamb’s shift of energy levels represents differential equations of Maxwell are not able to small differences in the electron in the correctly describe the phenomenon of and hydrogen-like ions for electromagnetic induction in a conventional certain electron states in which, according to the transformer, because the vortex , the energies must coincide. In 1947, and Robert Rutherford field E (r) induction in the space around the conducted an experiment using transformer is induced regardless of the radiation to stimulate radio frequency transitions presence in the this space of magnetic fields between the quantum levels of the hydrogen variable in time H (r), that is, when provided dH

20 Open Access Journal of Physics V2● 13 ● 2018 Polarization of Vacuum

/ dt = 0. In other words, for any point r of space This effect, partially described by Michael around the transformer for differential Faraday two hundred years ago, in our time can Maxwell's equations, the induction eddy electric serve as an impetus for creating fundamentally field E must be absent. However, the reality of new electrical engineering on the basis of the the existence of magnetic fields in electrically works of the Russian physicist Andrei sensitive environments (ε0, μ0) for any point in Melnichenko [18]. space near of the coil primary circuit Above presented effects combine to show that is easy of install by placing this vacuum (dark matter) has a complex structure space winding magnetizing the second closed that is able not only to transmit any interaction, circuit. As a result of the magnetic interaction but also to participate in all interactions known with the primary field in the secondary circuit in nature. generates energy, which can be registered. This effect can be used to create a generator with an The Einstein-De Haas Effect and the efficiency of > 100%, working against all the London’s Effect laws of classical Maxwell electrodynamics. Of Model of the superfluid quantum vacuum , generates "gratuitous" energy in the generator significantly expanded the analogies between can be explained by disturbances in the the properties of superfluid ³He-B and the environment between the ferromagnetic cores with cosmic medium (dark matter), mainly due to the windings separated by a relatively small gap of a inclusion of the properties of vortices: spin and dielectric material (1-3 mm.). A soliton (quantum electric polarization of the medium in vortices, vortex) can move along the vacuum transition. It inertia properties vortices and superfluid spin carries a quantum of magnetic flux, which can be currents between them [17]. Experiments on associated with the magneton, a quantum of a magnetic resonance made it possible to establish magnetic field, named above. Ferrite cores are that in the case of superfluid ³ He-B, the placed in the field to strengthen the Einstein-de Haas effect takes place: this is the electromagnetic characteristics of the medium rotation of the volume of the liquid upon (ε, μ). Replacing the ferrite cores with steel magnetization. Since the magnetization of the cores can enhance the effect in the secondary atoms ³He does signify their spin polarization, circuit in the dozens of times, as in the ferrite then the Einstein-de Haas effect is the rotation cores electromagnetic induction reaches a of the volume of the liquid at dS / dt, where S is maximum of 0.4 - 0.5 Tl, and in the electrical the total spin of the extracted volume of the liquid. steel magnetic flux density is 1.5 -2 Tl and more. It can be assumed that many polarization In addition, the value of the secondary magnetic physical phenomena in baryonic matter and field energy depends strongly on the size of the quantum vacuum must have the same nature and gap between the cores and the shape of the core proceed identically. During experiments with itself, since it is associated with the outer layer artificial satellites of the earth equipped with of the core and the edge effects in which the it was possible to detect in the near- vacuum (dark matter) plays a decisive role. Here Earth environment the moving vortex formations - we see a connection with the Casimir’s effect, quantum . The velocity of the satellite but the effect of the separation of magnetic relative to the spinors was determined from the fields and the generation of energy with the intensity of the magnetic field in the . participation of the quantum vacuum model has These magnetic vortices have the form of not been fully investigated. The distance tangential cylinders, with axes parallel to the between the plates, on which the influence of the axis of rotation of the Earth. It can be argued Casimir force is noticeable, is r ≈ 10̄ ⁹̄ m. , and the that in the near-Earth environment the polarization distance at which the separated magnetic fields of a quantum vacuum by the Earth's magnetic interact is r ≈ 10̄ ³m. This indicates that the field leads to the Einstein-de Haas effect. polarization of the vacuum under the action of the Consider the Einstein-de Haas experiment, in which exceeds the polarization of the the rotation of a ferromagnet placed in a constant vacuum under the action of an electric one. In paper magnetic field is demonstrated. The traditional [17] obtain the following relation between the mechanics of continuous media, postulating the influence of magnetic (Fm=2I²/c²r) and electric symmetric stress tensor, is applicable only to (Fd=Fc) forces on the vacuum polarization: processes without an internal distribution of Fm 8e² r³ moments, when the moment’s equations are ≈ ≈ 10², (10) Fm > Fc at r³/ν² 퐹푐 3휇²ᵦ휈² fulfilled identically. At the same time, in the <10ˉ²⁴ ms² , where ν is the electron velocity polarization medium, under the action of a

Open Access Journal of Physics V2● 13 ● 2018 21 Polarization of Vacuum magnetic field, internal moments can arise, that m, q is mass and charge of superconducting create tangential stresses with an asymmetric current carriers;n is carrier density tensor. This effect is explained in that the spins The London equation allows us to understand of ferromagnets initially oriented arbitrarily the nature of the superconducting ordered under the action of a magnetic field acquire a vacuum structure. Introducing the vector predominant orientation in the direction of the potential A, where rot A = B and using the field. If in the initial state, the total angular collation divA = 0, we arrive at the London momentum of all the spins is zero, then in a equation for the superconductor in the form: magnetic field it acquires a definite value. By 4πλ² the theorem, this will to J + A = 0 (12) a rotation of the crystal lattice in the opposite c direction to the spins. In addition, the internal In the presence of a vector potential, the torque of the spins causes a tangential stress, generalized momentum of a is leading to torsional deformation of the given by: ferromagnet. Fluctuations were first localized in q퐀 P = ∑ p = 2∑ (mv + ) (13) a small part of the system, and then spread and c led to a new macroscopic state. The Einstein-de The average momentum per particle can be Haas experience clearly shows how microscopic written as: processes, studied only by , q 4πλ² manifest themselves in macroscopic processes. P = ( J + A ) = 0 (14) This situation radically changes the traditional c c notion of the relationship between the Consequently, the superconducting order in a microscopic level described in terms of particles vacuum is due to the condensation of vacuum and the macroscopic level described in terms of quanta (current carriers) in the state with the concentrations, densities and volumes. smallest possible momentum. From the point of view of superconductivity, the vacuum, by The London’s effect is that a rotating definition, is in the lowest energy state. superconductor generates a magnetic field exactly Structurally, the vacuum (dark matter) consists, aligned with the axis of rotation, with a magnetic like any other field from vacuum quanta. These moment called the "London’s moment". The effect quanta are not particles of matter, but they are can be explained in the following way: when the subject to physical laws and can be described in superconductor rotates, the inverted particles also space-time characteristics. That is, the vacuum rotate with it. This orbital rotation of charged quantum can have a length, shape, lifetime, and particles creates an , which in can also vary with time. Changes in shape over turn generates a magnetic field. It is interesting time impart a property of elasticity to the that magnetic spinors of in the form of vacuum quantum. Together, physical quantities tangential cylinders with axes parallel to the axis describing the state of vacuum show that in the of rotation of the Earth are found not only in superconducting state there vacuum as a whole near-earth space, but also in the molten magma and not one quantum of vacuum. An analysis of of the earth's core [19]. the above effects allows us to state that such a The Meissner’s Effect vacuum state is violated if the external field exceeds the critical value. In particular, this The Meissner effect is that the superconductor occurs near the surfaces of the plates in the pushes out the magnetic flux, that is: rot B=0. Casimir’s effect. The field of conduction For the first time the nature of the Meissner electrons acts externally with respect to the vacuum effect was explained by F.London , who quantum and breaks the superconducting state of installed the connection between the current vacuum quanta. In this regard, the vacuum and the magnetic field in the superconductor. quantum ceases to squeeze out the external F.London formulated the equation [20]: magnetic field (Meissner’s effect) and begins to 4πλ² rot J + B = 0 (11) participate in the transmission of electromagnetic c effects on the plates. As soon as the perturbation where J is the current density; has disappeared, that is, the effect of the external field has ceased, the quantum of B is magnetic induction; vacuum returns to the superconducting state. All λ is penetration depth of magnetic field, these moments create conditions for the λ²=mc²/(4πnq²) existence of surface currents in combination with and the realization of the

22 Open Access Journal of Physics V2● 13 ● 2018 Polarization of Vacuum rotational effect (the London’s moment) and the matter), which is the third full participant in formation of isolated magnetic vortices collisions of protons in the LHC and whose (solitons) in the Josephson’s effect. presence the apologists of the dominant 100 years in the physics of the Einstein's Special CONCLUSION Relativity Theory (SRT) deny. It may turn out In conclusion, it should be noted that the world that the number of identified as of virtual particles, which operate in modern newly generated unstable particles in the quantum field theory, survives the last days. polarization of a quantum vacuum, under the With the accumulation of knowledge about the action of peak electric and magnetic fields or microcosm, virtual particles give way to real relativistic protons in the LHC is so great that it particles. This can be confirmed by the will be necessary to create special tables experiments cited in this article, which say that analogous to the tables published by the when a vacuum enters a strong external field, collaboration (PDG ), the vacuum quanta are restructured and the real which describes all the properties of resonances pairs of elementary particles are generated associated with the presence of quantum levels (vacuum polarization). The concept of "Vacuum" in the particles. It's time to revise and expand in the sense of empty space in the twentieth the scope of the . century was transformed into the concept of REFERENCES "Physical vacuum", filled with virtual particles that appeared for a brief moment as a result of [1] Adornov T.K., Gavrilov S.P., Gitman D.M., vacuum fluctuations, and in the XXI st century Ferreira R., Peculiarities of the production of it was supplemented by non-baryonic dark particle pairs in a peak electric field, - M: matter of the galactic medium and dark energy Russian Physics Journal, Vol. 60, N3, (2017) of the intergalactic medium. However, the short- [2] Quantum-electrodynamic cascades with term existence of virtual particles (not violating of atoms - Physics - Uspekhi, the energy conservation law) within the Vol.60, No.11, p.1271, (2017) quantum uncertainty δt ~ ћ / δE, includes the [3] Narozhniy NB, Fedotov AM Quantum- description of the virtual event by real electrodynamic cascades in an intense laser quantities-time, Planck's constant and energy. In field - Physics - Uspekhi, Vol.58, No.1, pp.103- 108, (2015) this connection, the question arises as to how this real description becomes virtual. Modern [4] Feynman R. Strange theory of light and matter, quantum field theory is not ready to describe Moscow: Nauka, 1988 nonlinear processes of production of real [5] Dikusar V.V., Tyunyaev A.A. Vacuum. The particles in a vacuum under the influence of concept, structure, properties - M.: VTS, of the Russian Academy of (2013). external fields. In quantum electrodynamics, the electromagnetic field is quantized in the same [6] Hunting the mysterious : the NA64 way as the harmonic oscillator in quantum experiment (CERN) mechanics. For some of these fields, it is [7] Mikhailov V.V. and others., Secondary possible to construct the corresponding quantum electrons and positrons in the near Earth space theory of the Dirac field, but on the whole there in the PAMELA experiment, - M .: Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics, are insurmountable difficulties connected with ISSN 1062-8738, Vol.81, No.2, pp. 222-224, the creation of electron-positron pairs from the (2017) vacuum leading to nonlinear many-particle [8] Galaktionov Yu. V., Search for and problems [21]. Today, more than ever, the dark matter, precision studies of the cosmic improvement of quantum field theory in rays fluxes on the international space station. describing the phenomenon of polarization the AMS experiment. Results of four year exposure. vacuum becomes urgent in the advanced fields – Physics – Uspekhi, Vol.60, No.1, pp. 45-64, of physics, beginning with cosmology and (2017) astrophysics (dark matter, dark energy) and [9] Kornienko VN, Cherepenin VA, Dynamics of ending with of accelerators and . The the flow of backward electrons in many-wave creation of unstable particles in the Large Cherenkov generators, - M.: Bulletin of the (LHC) at proton energies of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics, ISSN order of 10-100 GeV is indeed observed [22, 1062-8738, Vol.81, No.1, pp. 38-40, (2017). Fig. 2], as is the production of electron-positron [10] Harold White, Paul March, James Lawrence, pairs in the cosmic AMS-02 detector [8, Fig. Jerry Vera, Andre Sylvester, David Brady and 16], but this effect can be explained by the Paul Bailey. Measurement of Impulsive Thrust polarization of the quantum vacuum (dark from a Closed Radio-Frequency Cavity in

Open Access Journal of Physics V2● 13 ● 2018 23 Polarization of Vacuum

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Citation: Stanislav Konstantinov, " Polarization of Vacuum", Open Access Journal of Physics, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 15-24, 2018. Copyright: © 2018 S. Stanislav Konstantinov, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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