DOCSLIB.ORG

Responses to Normative Disruption of the Gender Binary Through The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

RESPONSES TO NORMATIVE DISRUPTION OF THE GENDER BINARY THROUGH THE CREATION OF GENDER INCLUSIVE HOUSING by Maria Alana Anderson-Long Dissertation Committee: Professor Noah D. Drezner Professor Katharine Griffin Conway Approved by the Committee on the Degree of Doctor of Education Date 13 February 2019 . Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education in Teachers College, Columbia University 2019 ABSTRACT RESPONSES TO NORMATIVE DISRUPTION OF THE GENDER BINARY THROUGH THE CREATION OF GENDER INCLUSIVE HOUSING Maria Alana Anderson-Long This study, a multisite qualitative case study, examines the responses of three institutions of higher education to normative disruption of the gender binary. Normative disruption, or the challenging of the social status quo, occurs when power structures in society are pushed back against. Central to this study is the use of open systems theory, which positions higher education as a subsystem of American society, and therefore responsive to changes in the environment external of the institution. This study investigates how, if at all, these case sites employed Gender Inclusive Housing (GIH) policies as an institutional response to changes in how gender was conceptualized on their campus. Specifically, this study addresses: 1. how changes in societal norms around the gender binary influence colleges and universities, 2. in what ways institutions respond to such changes, 3. what ways institutions reestablish organizational homeostasis around an expanded concept of gender, and 4. how institutional characteristics influence decision-making responses. Out of the findings of this study emerged the Model of Normative Disruption, a mechanism that can be utilized to understand institutional decision-making responses to normative disruption. The findings of this study suggest: 1. various societal and institutional factors influence the ways in which normative disruption manifests at a college or university, 2. institutional characteristics and culture impact all responses to normative disruption, and can either support or hinder change, 3. GIH is one mechanism of responding to normative disruption, but, depending on institutional characteristics, may not be sufficient enough change to reestablish organizational homeostasis, and 4. if the institutional culture is not an amenable environment to such changes, organizational homeostasis is difficult to reestablish. This study concludes with implications for theory, research, and practice. Importantly, I suggest that GIH policies might serve as an opportunity for administrators to begin the necessary conversations of understanding the myriad cisgenderist policies, practices, and culture that exist within systems of higher education. © Copyright Maria Alana Anderson-Long 2019 All Rights Reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I have to thank Noah Drezner, my advisor, mentor, and source of guidance throughout my time at TC. I have learned so much about being a researcher, a scholar, and a teacher from you. Thank you for standing behind my study and for all of the opportunities you have provided me with which have shaped the scholar and practitioner I am today. Katie Conway, thank you for being a source of enthusiasm and insight for my study. The framing of my study benefitted so much from your perspective. Anna Neumann, thank you for all that you have taught me in the last four years of coursework and for your guidance and support throughout my journey here. I have become a better writer and a better researcher because of your mentorship. I am thankful to my participants, particularly the trans* students who met with me to discuss their lived college experiences. Your voices gave life to this study. To my wife, Chelsea. Thank you for your unwavering support over the last four and a half years. I am so grateful for the sacrifices you have made in order for us to move to New York and for me to finish my degree. Thank you for believing in me, for serving as a sounding board, and for creating a supportive home and family for me. Mom, there is no way I can adequately thank you for the lifetime of love and support you have provided me. From our Tuesday phone calls to proofreading draft after draft, you’ve been on this journey the entire way through. You and dad have given me so many opportunities, and your commitment to my education is one of the greatest gifts you’ve given me. iii Dad, thank you for the innumerable sacrifices you made for me to get to this point, including your own dissertation. This one’s for you. To my sibling, and best friend, Dylan. I’m so grateful for your constant support. Thanks for always being willing to talk gender with me and for including me in your journey. Cindy and Frank, my second set of parents. Thank you for being a place of refuge and a home away from home my entire life. You have always been there, even though we’ve never lived close to one another, and I couldn’t have made it here without you. Ms. Manto, thank you for believing in me beginning in 8th grade and continuing to be a source of support nearly two decades later. Your guidance taught me the power of educational role models and I would not be the educator I am today without you. Gino, thank you for making me the writer I am today. The lessons you taught me way back in Modern Drama and playwriting classes have stayed with me all these years later – “you don’t cut bad writing, you cut good writing.” To my research groupmates, Liz, Jessie, and Jerée, thank you so much for your questions and conversations, from Cert I until now. I am a better scholar because of your feedback and willingness to dive into my research. Jerée, thank you for being the Team Drezner member that I could always lean on for insight and support, from email drafts to dissertation drafts. I promise I’ll return the favor even after graduation. M.A.A.L. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I - INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 Problem Statement ......................................................................................................... 4 Purpose Statement .......................................................................................................... 5 Definitions of Key Concepts ............................................................................................ 6 Normative Disruption .................................................................................................. 7 Sex Assigned at Birth ................................................................................................... 7 Gender/Gender Identity .............................................................................................. 8 Gender Binary .............................................................................................................. 8 Cisgender, Cisgenderism/Trans Oppression ................................................................ 9 Transgender and Trans* .............................................................................................. 9 Pronouns in Use ......................................................................................................... 11 Operationalizing Gender-Inclusive Housing .............................................................. 11 Gender-inclusive. ................................................................................................... 11 Gender-inclusive housing....................................................................................... 12 Normative Disruption of the Gender Binary ............................................................. 16 Examples of Normative Disruption within Higher Education.................................... 20 Open Systems Theory ................................................................................................ 21 Research Questions ................................................................................................... 24 Overview of Study ......................................................................................................... 25 Rationale and Significance of Study .............................................................................. 27 Chapter II - OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................................................ 30 Normative Disruption within American Society............................................................ 31 Higher Education Responses to Normative Disruption ................................................ 32 Gender Equity in Education ....................................................................................... 33 Establishment of LGBT Centers on College Campuses .............................................. 34 Normative Disruption of the Gender Binary within Higher Education ......................... 35 Institutional Support for Trans* Students..................................................................... 37 Counseling and Mental Health Services .................................................................... 38 Registrar and Name Change Policies ......................................................................... 40 Name changes. ....................................................................................................... 41 Gender marker changes. ........................................................................................ 41 v Bathroom and Locker Access....................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • The Flourishing of Transgender Studies

    The Flourishing of Transgender Studies

    BOOK REVIEW The Flourishing of Transgender Studies REGINA KUNZEL Transfeminist Perspectives in and beyond Transgender and Gender Studies Edited by A. Finn Enke Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2012. 260 pp. ‘‘Transgender France’’ Edited by Todd W. Reeser Special issue, L’Espirit Createur 53, no. 1 (2013). 172 pp. ‘‘Race and Transgender’’ Edited by Matt Richardson and Leisa Meyer Special issue, Feminist Studies 37, no. 2 (2011). 147 pp. The Transgender Studies Reader 2 Edited by Susan Stryker and Aren Z. Aizura New York: Routledge, 2013. 694 pp. For the past decade or so, ‘‘emergent’’ has often appeared alongside ‘‘transgender studies’’ to describe a growing scholarly field. As of 2014, transgender studies can boast several conferences, a number of edited collections and thematic journal issues, courses in some college curricula, and—with this inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly—an academic journal with a premier university press. But while the scholarly trope of emergence conjures the cutting edge, it can also be an infantilizing temporality that communicates (and con- tributes to) perpetual marginalization. An emergent field is always on the verge of becoming, but it may never arrive. The recent publication of several new edited collections and special issues of journals dedicated to transgender studies makes manifest the arrival of a vibrant, TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly * Volume 1, Numbers 1–2 * May 2014 285 DOI 10.1215/23289252-2399461 ª 2014 Duke University Press Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/tsq/article-pdf/1/1-2/285/485795/285.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 286 TSQ * Transgender Studies Quarterly diverse, and flourishing interdisciplinary field.
  • Gender and the Violence(S) of War and Armed Conflict EMERALD STUDIES in CRIMINOLOGY, FEMINISM and SOCIAL CHANGE

    Gender and the Violence(S) of War and Armed Conflict EMERALD STUDIES in CRIMINOLOGY, FEMINISM and SOCIAL CHANGE

    Gender and the Violence(s) of War and Armed Conflict EMERALD STUDIES IN CRIMINOLOGY, FEMINISM AND SOCIAL CHANGE Series Editors Sandra Walklate, School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia. Kate Fitz-Gibbon, School of Social Sciences at Monash University and Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre, Australia. Jude McCulloch, Monash University and Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre, Australia. JaneMaree Maher, Centre for Women’s Studies and Gender Research, Sociology, Monash University, Australia. Emerald Studies in Criminology, Feminism and Social Change offers a platform for innovative, engaged, and forward-looking feminist-informed work to explore the interconnections between social change and the capacity of criminology to grap- ple with the implications of such change. Social change, whether as a result of the movement of peoples, the impact of new technologies, the potential consequences of climate change, or more commonly identified features of changing societies, such as ageing populations, inter-genera- tional conflict, the changing nature of work, increasing awareness of the problem of gendered violence(s), and/or changing economic and political context, takes its toll across the globe in infinitely more nuanced and inter-connected ways than previously imagined. Each of these connections carry implications for what is understood as crime, the criminal, the victim of crime and the capacity of criminology as a disci- pline to make sense of these evolving interconnections. Feminist analysis, despite its contentious relationship with the discipline of criminology, has much to offer in strengthening the discipline to better understand the complexity of the world in the twenty-first century and to scan the horizon for emerging, possible or likely futures.
  • Correctional Staff Attitudes Toward Transgender Individuals

    Correctional Staff Attitudes Toward Transgender Individuals

    University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Graduate School of Professional Psychology: Doctoral Papers and Masters Projects Graduate School of Professional Psychology 2020 Correctional Staff Attitudes Toward Transgender Individuals Neilou Heidari Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/capstone_masters Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies Commons, and the Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. TRANSPHOBIA AMONG CORRECTIONAL STAFF Correctional Staff Attitudes Toward Transgender Individuals A DOCTORAL PAPER PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF DENVER IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PSYCHOLOGY BY NEILOU HEIDARI, M.A. JULY 13, 2020 APPROVED: Apryl Alexander, Psy.D., Chair e Ko 'Bfieann hrt, Ph.D. ____________________ Bradley McMillan, Ph.D. TRANSPHOBIA AMONG CORRECTIONAL STAFF 2 Abstract Compared to the general population, transgender individuals face higher rates of victimization, violence, substance use, physical health issues, and mental health problems. Transgender people are more likely to face barriers in finding and maintaining employment and housing due to discrimination. As a result, they are more likely to participate in illegal economies such as sex work and drug distribution. These factors contribute to the overrepresentation of transgender people in jails and prisons in the United States. Specifically, 16% of transgender adults have been incarcerated, compared to 2.7% of the general population. While under custody, transgender individuals are at risk of verbal, physical, and sexual abuse and harassment by correctional staff.
  • Critically Centering Narratives of Urban Two-Spirit Youth

    Critically Centering Narratives of Urban Two-Spirit Youth

    REIMAGINING TWO-SPIRIT COMMUNITY: CRITICALLY CENTERING NARRATIVES OF URBAN TWO-SPIRIT YOUTH by Dana L. Wesley A thesis submitted to the Department of Gender Studies In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (April, 2015) Copyright ©Dana L. Wesley, 2015 Abstract Since its inception in the early 1990s, Two-Spirit has become an identity category that many Indigenous LGBTQ people have taken up as a way to signal both their Indigeneity and their queerness. In the emerging field of Queer Indigenous Studies, Two-Spirit people have become increasingly visible, however, the engagement with youth has been limited and largely confined to the social service sector. Stepping outside of these narrow confines, my research has sought to document how Two-Spirit youth envision their day-to-day lives in relation to their communities. Using an Indigenous methodology to guide the research, I conducted sharing circles in conjunction with the Native Youth Sexual Health Network in order to engage Two-Spirit youth living in Toronto. The sharing circles revealed the limits of Two-Spirit youth’s connections to the idea of Two-Spirit community. Two-Spirit youth called for an end to homophobia and transphobia within their Indigenous communities and expressed their desire to directly participate in nation-building activities as guided by their communities’ elders. The thesis analyzes the ways that Two-Spirit identity gets used in both oppressive and decolonial ways in the context of non-profit and Two-Spirit organizations to show how cultures are built around Two-Spirit identity.
  • Trans Youth and the Right to Access Public Washrooms

    Trans Youth and the Right to Access Public Washrooms

    MOVING THE DIAL ON YOUTH WELLBEING A YouthREX Research to Practice Report Trans Youth and the Right to Access Public Washrooms A critical perspective on a social policy by Jay Jaxen Jonah AUTHOR Jay Jaxen Jonah Research Assistant, YouthREX Masters Student, School of Social Work, York University CONTRIBUTORS Rebecca Houwer Knowledge Exchange Manager, YouthREX PhD Candidate, Faculty of Education, York University Yumi Numata Knowledge Mobilization & Communications Manager, YouthREX Anita Sekharan Lead Designer and Digital Content Manager, YouthREX ABSTRACT This report is licensed under a Creative This Research to Practice report defines, explores, and analyses some of the challenges, Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 2.5 fears, anxieties and issues trans-identified youth experience, particularly with respect Canada License. to safe access to public washrooms. The report places current debates about the rights This report may be reprinted or distributed, of trans youth, which have become increasingly public, in context by engaging recent including on the Internet, without permission, research and social policy. Specifically, the report presents a focused look at how the issue provided it is not offered for sale, the content is of safe access to public washrooms affects trans youth in Canada. It explores the potential not altered, and the source is properly credited. benefits and drawbacks of Canada’s now failed Bill C-279, the so-called Bathroom Bill, and provides a critical perspective on the issues it raises for trans youth. The report examines the implications of opposition to trans youths’ rights to safe public washroom This research was commissioned by the use and argues instead for the importance of upholding the basic human right of trans- Youth Research and Evaluation eXchange.
  • Feminist Theories, Deadly Economies and Damaging Discourse Written by Janine Shaw

    Feminist Theories, Deadly Economies and Damaging Discourse Written by Janine Shaw

    Gender and Violence: Feminist Theories, Deadly Economies and Damaging Discourse Written by Janine Shaw This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. Gender and Violence: Feminist Theories, Deadly Economies and Damaging Discourse https://www.e-ir.info/2017/11/03/gender-and-violence-feminist-theories-deadly-economies-and-damaging-discourse/ JANINE SHAW, NOV 3 2017 A theory on violence which is gender blind and without a feminist lens inevitably results in the presentation of the dominant patriarchal perspective. Consequently, the way male subjects perceive violence is exhibited, thereby rendering the theory partial (Conway, 2016). A feminist perspective however provides a deeper understanding of violence by analysing how it is connected to, and embedded in, patriarchal structures of power (Cockburn, 2004, pp. 29-30). As Cynthia Cockburn argues “Gender power shapes the dynamic of every interaction” (2004, p.28). In this way, gender norms shape and are shaped by power structures, moreover, the positioning of human subjects within these structures are central to all feminist theory (Cockburn, 2004, p.29). Violence is inherently linked to power and there is arguably no act of violence that does not intersect with gender. However, feminist theories examining gender specific violence tend to remain within the confines of the male female binary (Heyes, 2013, p.201). If the feminist lens is to offer a more complete understanding of violence on the global stage, the feminist space needs to be opened up to include the analysis of violence targeted at individuals or groups whose gender identities do not conform to established gender constructions (ibid, p.207, p.211).
  • Women in an Insecure World Has, Long-Term Consequences

    Women in an Insecure World Has, Long-Term Consequences

    Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Executive Summary Geneva, September 2005 Copyright © 2005 by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) works with governments and civil society to foster and strengthen the democratic and civilian control of security sector organisations such as police, intelligence agencies, border security services, paramilitary forces, and armed forces. The Centre conducts research to identify the central challenges in democratic governance of the security sector, and to collect those practices best suited to meet these challenges. DCAF provides advisory programmes and practical work assistance to all interested parties, most commonly to parliaments, military authorities, and international organisations. Visit us at www.dcaf.ch Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF): rue de Chantepoulet 11, PO Box 1360, CH-1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland Tel: ++41 22 741 77 00; fax: ++41 22 741 77 05; e-mail: [email protected]; website: www.dcaf.ch Table of Contents Slaughtering Eve..................................................................1 The roots of violence against women .........................................4 Violence against women is a violation of human rights ....................5 The scope of violence against women in daily life..........................6 Violence against women in armed conflict and in post-conflict situations
  • Safer Spaces DELLER, Ruth A

    Safer Spaces DELLER, Ruth A

    Safer spaces DELLER, Ruth A. <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4935-980X> Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/24485/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version DELLER, Ruth A. (2019). Safer spaces. In: KINNA, Ruth and GORDON, Uri, (eds.) Routledge handbook of radical politics. New York, Routledge. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk 2.6 SAFER SPACES Ruth A. Deller Introduction In this chapter, I explore the notions of ‘safer spaces’ – places where people from different marginalised groups can gather, speak and be resourced in safety. Safer spaces can be physical, but they are also cultural – framed by a series of boundaries, principles and practices designed to support members of the group(s) needing the safer space. I explore here some of the moti- vations and underlying principles of safer spaces, and the roles they can play in radical politics. This chapter focuses predominantly on examples relating to gender, sex, ethnicity, health and dis/ability although the cultivation of safer spaces can also include practices such as creating equality and diversity policies; providing appropriate dietary options for vegetarians, vegans, members of different faith groups and those with food allergies or other medical conditions; health and safety policies that ensure the physical safety of events and organisations, and ethics policies that ensure appropriate research and professional conduct in a variety of con- texts.
  • Cmi Report May 2019

    Cmi Report May 2019

    NUMBER 04 CMI REPORT MAY 2019 Photo: Harsha K R on Flickr (CC BY-SA 2.0) Gendercide AUTHORS Magnus Hatlebakk and marginalisation Ottar Mæstad Kari Telle Liv Tønnessen An initial review of Vibeke Wang the knowledge base Gendercide and marginalisation: An initial review of the knowledge base CMI report, number 4, May 2019 Authors Magnus Hatlebakk Ottar Mæstad Kari Telle Liv Tønnessen Vibeke Wang ISSN 0805-505X (print) ISSN 1890-503X (PDF) ISBN 978-82-8062-733-9 (print) ISBN 978-82-8062-732-2 (PDF) Cover photo Harsha K R Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Preventing gendercide ................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 The extent of gendercide .................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Causes ................................................................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Policy responses ................................................................................................................................ 10 3. Marginalisation and “leave no one behind” .................................................................................. 15 3.1 What is a marginalised group? .......................................................................................................... 15
  • Calling for a Paradigm Shift in the Study of Gender in Engineering Education

    Calling for a Paradigm Shift in the Study of Gender in Engineering Education

    Haverkamp, A., et al. (2021). Calling for a Paradigm Shift in the Study of Gender in Engineering Education. Studies in Engineering Education, 1(2), pp. 55–70. THEORY Calling for a Paradigm Shift in the Study of Gender in Engineering Education Andrea Haverkamp, Michelle Bothwell, Devlin Montfort and Qwo-Li Driskill Oregon State University, US Corresponding author: Andrea Haverkamp ([email protected]) Background: Dominant discourse regarding gender in engineering and engineering education relies on simplistic notions of gender as a rigid binary, which obscures the existence of transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) people and the gender dynamics they experience. Purpose: This paper seeks to address the limits of the dominant gender discourse and research paradigm and propose new paths forward. This article calls researchers to intentionally transform their approach and framing of gender to create gender equity for all. Scope: An examination of existing literature in engineering education is put against prevailing theories of gender and human difference from across academia. The overwhelming majority of literature in the field exists within a reductive gender binary. TGNC students and professionals are largely invisible in engineering educa- tion research and theory and this exclusion causes harm to individuals as well as our community as a whole. Such exclusion is not limited to engineering contexts but is found to be a central component of systemic TGNC marginalization in higher education and in the United States. Discussion: We call for a substantive disciplinary shift towards studying the deep complexity of gender informed by, and accountable to, literature on gender theory, queer studies, and feminist research methodo- logy.
  • Burning Woman Pdf Free Download

    Burning Woman Pdf Free Download

    BURNING WOMAN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Lucy H. Pearce | 282 pages | 22 May 2016 | Womancraft Publishing | 9781910559161 | English | Ireland Burning Woman PDF Book If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Copyright KSLA. Read this again. I have actually finished this book but still pick it up from time to time to re-read the odd chapter that resonates with where I am in my personal journey right now. Chlamydia, genital herpes, and trichomoniasis are all linked with preterm delivery. May 05, Adva rated it liked it. Aleyamma Mathew was a registered nurse at a hospital in Carrollton, Texas , who died of burn wounds on 5 April Welcome back. The life force. Patch testing using the suspected allergen to stimulate a controlled reaction in a clinical setting can help to identify which substance is creating the burning sensation. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. The reason, It was thought inducing. Preview — Burning Woman by Lucy H. Finally, some scholars argue that the dowry practice came out of British rule and influence in India to distinguish "different forms of marriage" between castes. I realised I coulst and to lose everything - my reputation, my community, my beloved husband, my precious children - simply for doing the work that I burn to do. If you say that women are being abused by marketing companies and the media then I guess you've never seen a Calvin Klein or your usual deodorant ad Then it is up to you to decide if you will answer.
  • BATHROOM BILLS: Frequently Asked Questions

    BATHROOM BILLS: Frequently Asked Questions

    BATHROOM BILLS: Frequently Asked Questions WHAT IS A “BATHROOM BILL”? who find themselves forced, by a “bathroom bill”, A bathroom bill is legislation that seeks to allow to use a facility corresponding to their “assigned at or ban transgender individuals from using public birth” gender. In short, bathroom bills make it both facilities, particularly bathrooms, that correspond humiliating and potentially dangerous for transgender to their gender identity rather than to the sex they people to use any public restroom at all. Fear and were assigned at birth. Over 200 U.S. cities and 18 avoidance of using public restrooms have resulted states have positive laws that protect the rights and in social and physical distress for many transgender people, who simply need a safe place to tend to safety of transgender people, allowing them to use 1 the bathroom of their choice. Other municipalities basic needs. Further, some “masculine looking” have passed laws banning such use by transgender cis-gendered women have been denied access and people, usually by attempting to incite “bathroom harassed or beaten out of the same fear. And a father panic”—an irrational fear that nondiscrimination laws was beaten for taking his young daughter into the will compromise the safety of women and children in men’s rest room. public restrooms. It should be emphasized that use of the public facility Note: As of this writing, the U.S. Department of Justice corresponding to one’s gender identity is not merely has declared North Carolina’s House Bill 2 (HB2) a matter of accommodating the transgender person’s violates Title IX of the federal Civil Rights Act as it preferences.