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Feller-Buncher Applications on Cable Terrain

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Feller-Buncher Applications on Cable Terrain ISSN 01 11-4743 SSOCl ATlON VoI. 13 No. 4 1991 FELLER-BUNCHER APPLICATIONS ON CABLE TERRAIN Dallas C. Hemphill, Consultant Logging Engineer, Eugene, Oregon, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION Steep-Slope Quad Track The rapid transition from large to small The Allied Tree Harvester (ATH) is the timber in the Pacific Northwest of the only model in this class. Designed specifi- United States has engendered an adoption cally for steep terrain, it has an undercar- of mechanised logging systems. Feller- riage with four track-type pivoting bogies bunchers, processors, and flail delimber- with Cat D6D track components. The four debarkers are finding wide acceptance. The track pods are independently hydrostati- purpose of this Technical Release is to cally powered and the suspension system document the applications of feller- permits all four tracks to maintain contact bunchers on cable logging terrain in the with uneven ground or over obstacles. The Northwest, and to draw conclusions about upperworks are self-levelling on slopes up possible applications in New Zealand. to 70% (35'). The engine is a Caterpillar V-3208 rated at 157 kW (210 hp). The fell- Note that feller-buncher applications with ing head is equipped with either a saw ground-skidding systems are not addressed or a shear with up to 70cm capacity, and a in this Technical Release. maximum reach of 7.6m. Most of the small second growth timber logged b yarder in the Northwest is Douglas & and western hemlock. Typi- cally, the average tree size is about lm3. Compared to New Zealand stands, American stands, being of natural origin, are much less homogeneous in tree size and stocking. The ground is often rather wet and undergrowth can be heavy. The Northwest has a tradition of log-length cable logging. Tree-length logging - with or without a feller-buncher - is regarded as innovative in most areas. A peculiarity of man American stands not seen in New Zear and is the incidence of large diameter (1-2m) cull logs left from earlier logging, that are still not rotted. FELLER-BUNCHER CLASSES Three main classes of feller-buncher have found application with cable logging in the Figure 1 - ATH feller-buncher works comfor- Northwest. tably in small trees on 50% slope. Levelling Dual Track As a group, these machines have the capability to level the turntable when operating on a slope, and have an under- carriage with two tracks. So far, the Timberjack 2500 Series feller- bunchers (formerly Timbco) are the only models in this class used in Northwest cable logging. These machines have 130kW (175 hp) engines and a hydrostatically- powered tractor-type tracked undercar- riage with counter-rotating capability. The upperworks can be levelled on ground u Figure 3 - Tanguay levelling tracked to 51% (27') fore-and-aft or 34% (194 feller-buncher sideways. ' The most popular felling &ads are 55cm saw models. Non-Levelling Tracked Many models are manufactured in this class. Most are based on a modified ex- cavator chassis, such as the Cat 227. A few, such as the Timberjack 628 (previously Koehring 628) are designed specifically as a feller-buncher. Compared to the Figure 2 - Timberjack feller-buncher As shown in Figure 2, the small timber, well-drained soil and moderate terrain are conducive to mechanical felling. However, patches of heavy undergrowth inhibit operator visibility and old cull logs like the one in the middle foreground are a sig- nificant barrier. A recent entry in this group is the Prentice 630-FB. This machine is custom-designed as a feller-buncher, and is self-levelling on slopes up to 27% ls0).It is a 30-tonne machine of 157kW i 210 hp) with a maxi- mum reach of 8.7m. The undercarriage is D6-class. Tannuav-. makes a similar machine. To date, neither model has been Figure 4 - Excavator-based non-levelling applied on Northwest cable logging opera- feller- buncher tions, but they should be suitable. modified excavators, the custom machines Slope Capabilities typically feature heavy guarding, advanced cooling for engine and hydraulics, easy ac- Operator skill is found to be a prime deter- cess to components, a custom-designed minant of productivity for all machine boom, and a custom-designed undercar- classes. riage. Custom undercarriages are purpose- designed for longer tracks and better flota- As slopes increase, travel speeds decrease tion. for all machines, and swing speeds decrease for the non-levellin machines. Specifications vary, but as an example the Also, compared to flat- ound f! eller bunch- Timberjack 628 is a 33-tonne machine with ing, it is often desireB to swing the trees a 154kW (207 hp) engine. It is typically 180' in order to bunch them with the butts used with a 55cm saw head, and has a pointing uphill for efficient extraction, fur- reach of 8.5rn. ther reducing productivity. APPLICATIONS ATH - On suitable soils, the machine operates well on sustained slopes of 70% General (35'). However, productivity drops off on slopes over about 40% (22') and operators ATH - Only four ATH machines have been feel that the machine is probably not com- sold. User opinion is that the concept is petitive with owersaw cutting on slopes outstanding but that additional mechanical over 50-55% 4270-29') where soils are dry. modifications are necessary to achieve ac- In wet clayey soils, the machine may be ceptable availability. All have been used in limited to 40-45% (22'-24') slopes. clearcut logging, in average tree sizes rang- ing from about less than 0.5m3 to over 2.0~3. Timberjack 2500 - On dry soils with few ground obstacles, the Timberjack is Allied has extensively modified its design regarded as competitive with powersaw since the first four units were placed in cutting on slopes up to about 40% (22'). service. Areas completely re-designed in- Where soils are moderately wet, as in much clude the frame, the trunnion area, the of New Zealand, it appears to be competi- hydraulic system, and the electrical system. tive up to about 35% ( 19') slope. The fifth machine commenced operational trials in late 1990. It uses a 71cm (28) Rotosaw head. Non-Levelling - The terrain ca ability of the non-levelling machines is a R nction of Timberjack 2500 - Numerous Timberjacks torque supplied to the undercarriage drive are used on all es of terrain in the and swing motors. Powerful, custom- Northwest, most wits tractor logging. They designed machines such as the Koehring work in a wide ran e of average tree sizes, 628 readily tackle 30-35% (17'-19') slopes from less than 0.5mg3 to about 1.5m3. They and skilled operators work them on steeper are favoured for thinning and other partial ground. There appears to be little disad- cut operations because of their high vantage on slopes under 30% (17') in not mobility and limited tail swing. The design having the levellin feature of the other is regarded as mature and reliable. classes - but only if the machine has ade- quate power. Nun-Levelling - These machines are also widely used, most with tractor logging, in a Obstacle Capabilities similar range of tree sizes to the Timber- jack. The various designs are regarded as The mobility of all three machine classes is mature and reliable. Owner opinion is that substantially impaired where there are models designed specifically as feller- numerous large cull logs. This is a primary bunchers out-perform the modified ex- determinant of setting suitability for feller cavator models in terms of both produc- bunching in the Northwest. In New tivity and availability. Zealand, this would normally be a serious consideration only where there. were one pass, and metal fatigue is likely to numerous large undecayed windfalls. The result. ATH travels over culls the best, followed by the Timbejack 2500 series. Another as ect of trees barely within the felling hea fdiameter capability can be the Heavy undergrowth significantly affects difficulty of controlling the fall adequately. productivity, because it obscures the Trees over about 40m tall, for example, are operator's vision. The ability to cope with poorly controlled even by the large ATH hea brush depends mainly on the type of machine, resulting in poor bunch integrity hea7 used, a high-speed continuously- and orientation. rotating sawhead such as the Koehring having superior clearing capability. Under- growth density would be a significant con- The oversize issue aside, for settings that sideration in some New Zealand forests, af- are otherwise suitable for feller-buncher fecting head selection more than the choice operation and tree length extraction, ex- of the base feller-buncher. perience indicates that feller-bunchers are economically competitive with powersaw Soil type and moisture significantly affect falling, in terms of stump-to-truck wood machine productivity for all classes. cost, up to a tree size of very rouphly lm3. Swampy settings are unsuitable for feller- Powersaw falling is typically favoured in buncher application. Wet clay soils are timber larger than this. operable only on gentle grades. In the Northwest, it is not unusual for feller-buncher operators to stay out of wet SYSTEM ECONOMICS llies, leaving those trees for powersaw &ers instead. The main benefit of feller bunching is to increase yarder productivity, resulting in a Tree Size lower total delivered wood cost. It should be understood that this set of economics is Selectin settings for feller bunching in for the American situation, where labour is terms oB tree size usually revolves around more expensive than in New Zealand (at the maximum diameter capability of the least NZ$25/hour including fringes and machine available. Typically, operators do benefits), capital is less expensive not feller bunch stands where more than (commercial interest rates typically 11%), 10% of the stems are larger than the head and the availability of equipment service can sever in one pass.
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