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Team Effectiveness and Characteristics: Apparel Product Development Teams Eun J Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2004 Team Effectiveness and Characteristics: Apparel Product Development Teams Eun J. Lynn Kwak Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMAN SCIENCES TEAM EFFECTIVENESS AND CHARACTERISTICS: APPAREL PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT TEAMS By EUN J. LYNN KWAK A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Textiles and Consumer Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2004 Copyright © 2004 Eun J. Kwak All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Eun Kwak defended on May 21, 2004. Catherine Black Professor Directing Dissertation Lee Stepina Outside Committee Member Susan S. Fiorito Committee Member Rinn M. Cloud Committee Member Approved: Rinn M. Cloud, Chairperson, Department of Textiles and Consumer Sciences Penny A. Ralston, Dean, College of Human Sciences The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The completion of this research was possible only with the support of many wonderful people and I express my deep appreciation to some of them within this acknowledgement. With sincere respect, I acknowledge my committee members: Dr. Black, my major professor, patiently offered valuable advice, which was drawn from her industry experience. Dr. Cloud guided me to pursue my initial research interest, which became my final dissertation topic. She provided me with focused and critical guidance that strengthened my research. Dr. Fiorito was welcoming and responsive to my inquiries and gave me caring support and insightful advice. Dr. Stepina spent effort and time answering my many questions and generously provided useful resources for this research. I received support and encouragement from the other faculty members and the staff of The Department of Textiles and Consumer Sciences at The Florida State University. Dr. Heitmeyer, Dr. Grise, and Dr. Moore were available and accessible throughout the duration of my Ph. D. program. Dr. Moore generously gave me keen advice. The department staff, Ms. Johnnie Davis, Ms. Clarice Dalton, and Ms. Erica Lee offered me friendly and helpful administrative assistance and eased my tension in the midst of my demanding graduate work. My fellow colleague, Todd McAllister, supported me with friendship. Two esteemed former faculty members of The Florida State University were willing to provide their personal time and academic expertise: Dr. Scott from The Department of Finance enhanced my understanding of research methodology. He also offered me friendship and mentoring, especially when I was working on my methodology chapter. Dr. Schvaneveldt from The Department of Family and Child Sciences encouraged me to stay positive and to see my strength as a young scholar. He shared his timely and discerning guidance with me regarding the early chapters of my dissertation. iii Prior to this dissertation, the professors of my Master’s Program motivated me to establish a solid foundation in research. Their example helped me to strive to be a diligent researcher and teacher. I especially express my thanks to Dr. Johnson and Dr. DeLong from The Department of Design, Housing, and Apparel at the University of Minnesota. I acknowledge my special appreciation to the Payne family, who nurtured and encouraged me. Dr. Stephen Payne provided statistical assistance while Mrs. Stephen Payne (Margo) provided editing assistance. They were always available when I needed their personal and academic advice during my Ph. D. program. They cheered me up and lightened my wearisome tasks with laughing and fun throughout this research. My friends, family, and their prayers were also important. I would like to share the joy of the completion of my dissertation with my parents, Do Kwak and Peong-Soon Won, who supported me with finances and abundant love during the seemingly endless years of graduate studies. Most of all, I give thanks to Jesus Christ, who gives me wisdom in my time of difficulties and who completes the good work which He began. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Abstract ix I. INTRODUCTION Introduction 1 Purpose Statement and Objectives 2 Rationale of the Study 2 Concepts and Definitions 3 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Apparel Product Development (APD) Team 5 Team Approach in APD 5 Apparel Product Development Process 6 APD Team Members 7 Teams in Apparel Production 8 Team and Team Characteristics 9 Definition of Teams 9 Models of Team Characteristic 11 Gladstein’s models 11 Hackman’s models 12 Campion, Medsker, & Higgs’ models 14 Team Characteristics 17 Process 17 Job design 19 Context 21 Interdependence 22 Composition 23 Team Effectiveness 23 Subjective and Objective Measurement 24 Internal and External Measurement 25 Job satisfaction in apparel industry 26 Job satisfaction in general industry 27 Summary of Literature Review 29 v III. METHODOLOGY Conceptual Framework for the Study 31 Survey Procedures 36 Purposive Sampling 36 Initial Letter 36 Survey 36 Survey Identification 37 Survey Instruments 38 Team Characteristics Measures 38 Team Effectiveness Measures 39 Job Satisfaction Measures 40 Demographics 40 Hypotheses 41 Analyses of Data 42 Interdependence Among Variables 42 IV. RESULTS Demographic Characteristics of Companies, Teams, and Participants 44 Characteristics of Companies and Teams 44 Demographic Characteristics of Individual Team Members 46 Demographic Characteristics of Team Managers 46 Reliability Test for Measurements 48 Objective One 48 Factor Analysis 48 Objective Two 51 Hypotheses Test 51 Regression Analysis on Two Themes: Team Interaction and Interdependence 52 Team member job satisfaction 52 Team member judgment of effectiveness 54 Manager judgment of effectiveness 56 Interdependency Among Team Members (Membership) 56 Team Member Job Satisfaction 57 Team Member Judgment of Effectiveness 57 Correlation Analysis 58 V. DISCUSSION Conceptual Model 60 APD Team Effectiveness 63 Team Interaction Theme 63 vi Team interaction characteristics I 64 Team interaction characteristics II 66 Interdependence Theme 69 Interdependence characteristics 69 Summary 70 Limitation of the Current Study 71 Sample 71 Measurement 71 Research Design 71 Implications for APD Team Managers 72 Recommendations for Future Study 73 APPENDIX A. Initial Letter to Companies 75 B. Cover Letter to Companies 77 C. Questionnaire List (By Category) 79 D. Survey Questionnaire to Team Members 84 E. Survey Questionnaire to Managers 90 F. Human Subject Approval 93 G. Factor and Regression Analyses on Selected Characteristics and MJE 95 REFERENCES 97 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 103 vii LIST OF TABLES 1.1. Similarities and Differences Among the Three Models 16 3.1. Team Characteristics and Question Numbers in the Questionnaire 39 4.1. Dollar Volume (in Millions) of Companies’ Annual Sales 45 4.2. The Number of APD Teams within Companies 45 4.3. The Number of Companies in Each State 45 4.4. Demographic Characteristics of Participants 47 4.5. Factor Loadings for the Theme Characteristics 49 4.6. Results of Regression Analysis of Two Themes and Team Member Job Satisfaction 53 4.7. Results of Regression Analysis of Two Themes and Team Member Judgment of Effectiveness 55 4.8. Results of Regression Analysis of Two Themes and Manager Judgment of Effectiveness 56 4.9. Results of Regression Analysis of TMJS and Theme Themes with Team Membership Variables 57 4.10. Results of Regression Analysis of TMJE and Theme Themes with Team Membership Variables 58 4.11. Variable Reliabilities, Means, Standard Deviations, and Correlations 59 G.1. Factor Loadings for Selected Six Team Characteristics 96 G.2. Regression Analysis of the Influence of Factor (with Six Characteristics) on Manger Judgment of Effectiveness 96 viii LIST OF FIGURES 1.1. General Model of Group Behavior: Constructs and Measured Variables 12 1.2. An Overview of the Normative Model of Group Effectiveness 13 1.3. Themes and Characteristics Related to Workgroup Effectiveness 15 3.1. Themes and Characteristics Related to Workgroup Effectiveness 32 3.2. Themes and Characteristics Related to Team Effectiveness of Apparel Product Development Team 35 4.1. A Model Examining the Relationship between Team Themes and Team Effectiveness in Apparel Product Development Team. 50 5.1. Team Characteristics Related to Team Effectiveness of Apparel Product Development Team 62 ix ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between apparel product development (APD) team characteristics and APD team effectiveness. Apparel product development (APD) describes the process of designing and engineering serviceable, producible, saleable, and profitable apparel products (Glock & Kunz, 2000). This research identified APD team characteristics that contribute to APD team effectiveness, based on the model developed by Campion, Medsker, and Higgs (1993). A total of 160 participants who were APD team managers and their APD team members completed the survey instrument. The participants worked in the areas of design, merchandising, and sales/marketing and represented 22 apparel manufacturers in the U. S. Both factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to accomplish the study’s objectives. Factor analysis resulted in two themes for team characteristics: team interaction and team interdependence. Based on multiple
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