.

KAJIADO DISTRICT SHORT RAINS ASSESSMENT REPORT

4TH FEBRUARY TO 8TH FEBRUARY 2008

Assessment Team:

Sam Makama Ministry of Health William Maritim Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Rose Ngure Ministry of Water and Irrigation Ikeny Kapua World Food Programme Kajiado District Steering Group Members

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 District Background Information...... 1 1.2 History of relief operations in the District ...... 1 2. DISTRICT FOOD SECURITY SITUATION...... 1 2.1 Overall Food Security Situation...... 1 2.1.1 Impact of Shocks and Hazards of Food Security...... 2 2.1.2 Crop production and Prices...... 2 2.1.3 Livestock Production and Prices...... 4 2.1.4 Water and sanitation ...... 5 2.1.5 Education ...... 7 2.1.6 Population Movements and Migration...... 9 2.1.7 Coping Mechanisms...... 9 2.1.8 Food Security Prognosis ...... 9 2.2 Divisional Food Security Ranking...... 9 2.3 Ongoing Interventions ...... 10 3. RECOMMENDATIONS...... 11 3.1 Monitoring Required...... 11 3.2 Food interventions required ...... 11 3.3 Non food interventions ...... 11 3.3.1 Health and nutrition ...... 11 3.3.2 Water and Sanitation...... 12 3.3.3 Crop production ...... 12 3.3.4 Livestock production ...... 12 3.3.5 Education ...... 12 3.4 Recommended Food and non-food interventions by division ...... 13

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food ii Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 District Background Information

Kajiado is among the districts that form the expansive Rift Valley Province of Kenya. It borders Narok and Kiambu to the west, Nairobi and Machakos to the north, Makueni and Taita Taveta to the east and Tanzania to the south. The district covers an area of 21,902.2 km2 and has a population of 550,779 projected from the 1999 population census (406,054) at an estimated growth rate of 5.1% due to immigrants. The altitude rises from 500 m above sea level in Magadi Division to 2,500 m in the Ngong Hills.

The district was recently divided into two administrative districts namely Kajiado District comprising 6 divisions (Mashuru, Central, Ngong, Isinya, Magadi and Namanga) and Loitokitok District currently comprising one division (Loitokitok).

There are five livelihood zones (LZ) with population proportions as shown in table 1 below:

Table 1: Livelihood zones and population coverage Livelihood Zone % Population Pastoral – all species 47 Formal Employment/Casual waged Labour/Business 32 Mixed cropping: Maize/beans/Tomatoes 12 Leasing Pastoral 5 Agro-Pastoral 4

The district has a bimodal rainfall pattern with short rains from October to December, and long rains from March to May. The average annual rainfall is 500mm around Lake Amboseli and Magadi, and 1,250mm on the slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro. The typical vegetation is open grassland, bushed grassland, wood and bush land.

1.2 History of relief operations in the District The government started food distributions in October 2003 General food distribution to food insecure populations during the five phases of emergency operations (EMOP), started in 2003 and ended in February 2007.Relief operation was necessitated by five successive drought seasons prior to the 2006 short rains season. 2 DISTRICT FOOD SECURITY SITUATION

2.1 Overall Food Security Situation

Due to the factors listed in 1.3 above, and coupled by the team’s findings, the district can be rated as borderline food insecure, with high risk of deteriorating further if there are no rains by March 2008.The worst affected areas are the pastoral areas of Mashuru, Magadi, Namanga, Central and low lands of Loitokitok that are predominantly pastoral.

In the pastoralists’ livelihood zone, livestock body condition have significantly declined due to deterioration in availability and access to water, pasture and browse impacting negatively on productivity and incomes. In addition the terms of trade are not favourable as livestock

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 1 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

prices have declined by 10 % in both cattle and sheep. These factors have negated on the gains of the recovery process initiated earlier in the district

Generally, the district received below normal amounts of rainfall compared to the long term average. For the months of October to December 2007, only 37% of the long term average rainfall was received (Figure 1).

FIG. 1: CURRENT RAINFALL DATA AS AT OCTOBER 2007 COMPARED TO LONG TERM MEAN: 2003-2005.KAJIADO DISTRICT.

140

120

100

80

60

40 RAINFALL (mm) RAINFALL 20

0

-20 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC YEAR2003-2005 113.77 63.7 38.56 96.63 121.58 51.74 0 0 11.2 27.66 74.92 89.05 YEAR 2007 44.7 23.7 23.4 81.2 27.6 0 0 0 0 3.72 39.2 27.72 2008 37.4 MONTHS

Factors Affecting Food Security

Main factors affecting food security include: ƒ Trailing impacts of the prolonged drought period, 2004-2005, where a significant number of livestock was lost. ƒ Late onset of poorly distributed short rains which were mostly 20 – 50% of normal. This impacted negatively on both food production, access to water and pasture, and subsequently livestock body condition ƒ Human livestock wildlife conflicts; leading to competition for the scarce resources and sometimes loss of livestock ƒ Poor infrastructure (particularly roads) and development investment in remote parts of the district. ƒ Livestock diseases due to influx of livestock from other districts to take advantage of the attractive livestock market prices.

Current ongoing shocks and hazards

ƒ Wild fires: Pastoralists in Magadi, Central, Isinya, pastoral areas of Ngong lost 20-30% of their dry season grazing area through wildfire. Magadi Division was most affected. ƒ Wildlife menace: Crops and disease risk to livestock herds, and infrastructural damage. ƒ Insufficient, erratic and poorly short rains ƒ Environmental degradation through charcoal burning, clustering of livestock in dry grazing areas, mining and sand harvesting.

2.1.1 Impact of Shocks and Hazards of Food Security

2.1.2 Crop production and Prices

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 2 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

Only 7.7% of the land in the district is considered as arable. With normal rainfall, the district produces about 4,114 MT of food while the total requirement is 92,245 MT. this leaves a gap of 78,131 MT.

About 65% of the agro pastoral zones grow crops during the short rain season. Usually, early maturing drought tolerant varieties are grown in the agro pastoral zones. The major crops grown are maize and beans.

In this short rain season, most of the planted crops succumbed to moisture stress before maturity when the rains ceased early. This was noted mainly in medium potential parts (Agro pastoral zone) of Mashuru, Loitokitok and Namanga divisions. Only crops grown in the upper parts and irrigation schemes of the district in Ngong and Loitokitok are expected to perform fairly. However, in irrigated schemes in Magadi the crop is expected to perform poorly due to destruction of the water intake by the elephants.

The district is net importer of maize and beans. The staple diet is composed of maize/posho (Kiteke), milk and beans. Most households depleted their food stocks by July 2007 and reverted to market dependence. However, maize prices range from Kshs 15-24/= per kg indicating a rise compared to the long term average of 20/= (Figure 2). The January 2008 prices indicated reflect the team’s findings in Loitokitok and Magadi divisions. The prices of beans are Kshs 30-60/= per kg also above the long term average of 40/= (Figure 3). The prices of beans are gradually increasing as dependence on market purchases increases. There is reduced food availability in the district due to transport problems following post-election violence. The available food stocks in the district are shown in Table 2 while maize and bean prices are reflected in figures 2 and 3 below:

Table 2: Current District Stocks for Maize and Beans Category Maize (MT) Beans (MT) Farmers 2511 50 Traders 729 301.5 NCPB 13,406 3.2

Fig. 2: Average maize prices at household level Vs long Fig. 3: AverageBeans Price at Household Level For term mean- Kajiado 2007 And 2008 Compared to Long Term Mean 2003- 05

30

25

20 60 15 Ksh 40 10

KSH 20 5 0 0 JAN FEB MA AP MA JUN JUL AU SEP OC NO DE JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC YEAR 2003-05 40.7 37.3 37.3 37.7 39.3 41 40.7 43 43.3 43.3 43.3 43.3 YEAR 2007 40 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 33 36 YEAR 2003-2005 19.8 20 19.9 19.9 19.2 19.9 20.9 20.6 20.8 21 20.2 20.7 2008 38 YEAR 2007 20 20 15 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 18 YEAR/DISRICT MEAN 2008 24 Year/month/average

Crop performance In the agro pastoral and mixed farming livelihood zones, the prospects are varied; most of the dry planted crops succumbed to moisture stress as the rains delayed, the late planted crops condition are precarious, especially in medium potential parts (agro pastoral zone) of Mashuru, Central Loitokitok and Namanga divisions, performance of these crops are pegged on whether the OND will continue into January 2008. Most farmers planted twice in early Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 3 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

October and in November 2007, and have depleted their seeds stocks. Only crops grown in the upper parts and irrigation schemes of the district in Ngong, Magadi, Namanga and Loitokitok are expected to perform fairly.

Maize prices ranged from 15-24/= per Kg, and beans from Ksh 30/= - 60/= per kg compared to the long term average of 20/= and 40/= respectively, this was as result of imports and good harvests during the March-May rains country wide and in Loitokitok.

Household food access and availability About 70% of households are depending on food purchases as most had depleted their food stocks from the previous short rains crops by July 2007. Milk availability is also on the decline as migrations intensified.

2.1.3 Livestock Production and Prices

Livestock rearing is the main economic activity in the district supporting 70% of the population. Estimated livestock population comprise of 457,863 cattle, 513,584 sheep and 429,963 goats

The quantity and quality of browse and pasture is poor district wide, especially in Magadi (as a result of wild fires). As a result there is notable Livestock movement towards Chyulu hills, Taveta, Nairobi, Kibwezi, Pakasse and some to Tanzania. The principal cause of migrations is pasture scarcity followed by water. Pasture scarcity was occasioned by wildfires, insufficient and intermittent rainfall and clustering of livestock in areas with improved pastures. Animal body condition is poor and is deteriorating.

Outbreak of notifiable livestock diseases have also been reported in most locations such as FMD, CBPP, ECF, LSD and Trypanosomosis in cattle, and CCPP in goats. This has lead to imposition quarantine thus closure of livestock markets in Loitoktok district and Central, Isinya and Mashuru in Kajiado district. As a result there is a reduced household income that is severely eroding the purchasing power of the pastoralists.

Water availability and accessibility for agriculture and livestock development remained poor and on downward trend. Return distances for livestock and for domestic use to water source averaged 15-30 Km. In severely affected areas women and livestock start going for water as early as 3 a.m. in the morning as reported in Magadi, Ngong, Namanga, Mashuru and Loitokitok. This is impacting negatively on livestock body condition, prices and household food income and security.

Calving, lambing and kidding is at 5-10% and declining , however, survival of lambs and calves is threatened due to low production of milk attributed to pasture scarcity and long trekking distances in search of water and pastures. This has also lead to scarcity of milk at the household level. Currently, the average milk production is 0.5 – 1.0 litre/ cow/day and most HH have 1-3 lactating cows. There is evidence of malnutrition among children under-5 years, which could be attributed to this. The nutritional condition of lactating and expectant mothers is also challenged.

Average household cattle prices for 2007 were generally lower than those of long term average (Figure 4) with the month of January 2007 recording the highest price (Ksh. 11,547) and decline to the lowest in January 2008 (Ksh. 8,000). The trend in average household goat prices (figure 5) was stable but decline slightly in January 2008.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 4 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

FIG. 4: AVERAGE CATTLE PRICES AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL AS AT DECEMBER 2007 COMPARED TO LONG TERM MEAN: 2003-2005. KAJIADO DISTRICT

14000 12000 10000 8000 KSH 6000 4000 2000 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC YEAR 2003-2005 10466 1031811395 1219211626 11677 1198911752 9798 9322 8665 7376 YEAR 2007 11546 1028610841 1089410530 10193 9624 9450 9174 8905 8520 8263 2008 8050 YEAR/MONTHS/DISTRICT MEAN

FIG. 5: AVERAGE SHEEP PRICES AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL FOR 2007 AND 2008 COMPARED TO LONG TERM MEAN;2003-2005,KAJIADO DISTRICT

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 KSH 600 400 200 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC YEAR 2003-2005 1301 1314 1384 1380 1402 1406 1409 1477 1354 1160 1180 1083 YEAR 2007 1477 1399 1405 1420 1405 1389 1376 1367 1349 1340 1312 1233 2008 1214 YEAR/MONTH/DISTRICT MEAN

2.1.4 Water and sanitation

The expansive district does not have adequate surface water to meet the needs for domestic, livestock and industrial use. Thus, boreholes, springs, weels, water pans and a few piped water supplies are the main sources of water Kajiado District. The rains expected in November and December came late, were erratic and poorly distributed and most of the district received less than 50% of normal. Consequently, most dams and pans have dried up leading to communities migrating in search of pasture and water. Distances to water sources increased in the last one month to 5-30km one way for the worst hit areas like Lenkism, Magadi, Oltepesi (Ngong) and 2-5 km in mildly affected like Isinya

About 30% of boreholes are not operational and most plagued by mechanical breakdowns and this has caused increased pressure on the ones that are still operational further aggravating the situation. This situation has led to people and livestock spending 8-12 hour’s waiting their turn at the watering points. Women leave their homes as early as 3.00am only to return at 4-6pm in some areas. As a result, the community is unable to attend to their other household duties leading to loss of household incomes, lower hygiene standards and absence of girls from schools.

Water quality varies from one source to another; however the quality is worst for dams, pans due to contamination by livestock, wildlife and people. Spring and Piped water is generally of Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 5 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

good quality, the latter is usually treated. The water quality surveillance is s inadequate. The ministry of water quality sampling is done twice a year i.e. after each rainy season. The ministry of health is done every month. Sampling is done sometimes when there is public concern on the quality of water. Some projects geared towards addressing the water quality problems have been initiated by AMREF through distribution of chlorine tablets at Kshs. 4/= per tablets

When the community is hit with a food crisis, there is often an increase in charcoal burning activities as the community seek alternative sources of livelihood. More trees are cut and the land is left vulnerable to soil erosion leading to interruption of hydro meteorological processes. Clustering of livestock and wildlife at watering points and overgrazing in some parts of the District is also a cause environmental degradation. Encroachment of riparian zones in some parts of the district where irrigated agriculture is practiced causes siltation of rivers. Sand harvesting is another practice that causes disruption of river flows and sometime the streams may eventually dry up (Some rivers in the Central division). Mining quarries which have been left un-reclaimed provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes and pose a health hazard to the community.

2.3.4 Health and Nutrition

Health

FIG. 6: TOP 5 CAUSES OF MORBIDITY IN KAJIADO Kajiado district has a total DISTRICT of 116 health facilities, which include 3 (1private) 200,000 hospitals, 13 health centres, 150,000 49 dispensaries and 2 100,000 private nursing homes. 50,000 Malaria is the leading cause NO. CASES 0 of morbidity in the district 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 as illustrated in figure 6.

Malaria URTI Diarrhoea Pneumonia Skin disease

Reported epidemic prone diseases during this period were measles (455 cases), amaebiasis (3228 cases) and typhoid (6818).

HIV prevalence rate has been rising over FIG. 7: HIV PREVALENCE RATES IN KAJIADO the past three years as shown in the figure DISTRICT: 2005-2007 7 below: -

20 The prevalence rates among females are 15 10 high than males mainly due to the 5 following reasons: - 0 Cultural practices such as FGM, early 2005 2006 2007 marriages, polygamy and population migrations. Itinerant livestock trading Male Female Average practices because of high proceeds and accompanying risks of exposure To address this problem, the district has set up a total of 10 comprehensive care clinics (CCCs) distributed as follows: Namanga Division – 2; Ngong Division – 2; Isinya Division – Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 6 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

2; Magadi Division – 1; Loitoktok – 2 and Central - 1. A total of 2,460 patients are on ARVs through these CCCs.

There has been a general increase in number of TB cases reported over the past three years; 203 in 2005, 1,034 in 2006 and 893 in 2007. This is attributed to the co-infection between HIV and TB. On the long term, this is likely to affect food production due to weakened section of the population which is supposed to be involved in the economically productive activities.

Immunization coverage has been improving as shown in the table 3 below: -

Table 3: Immunization coverage in Kajiado District Immunized Year <1years Total <1year % 2003 10,926 20,049 54.5 2004 13,417 20,979 63.9 2005 14,360 21,815 65.8 2006 2007 Total 38,703 62,843 61.6

However, the coverage declined progressively from 96% in July 2007 to 86% by December 2007. This is attributed to mothers’ shift in priorities, from health care to food as their stocks were exhausted by July 2007.

Nutrition Malnutrition levels have remained almost constant at 4.47% - 5.03% between 2005 and 2007. Between September 2007 and January 2008, the MUAC was below long term average (see graph below). However, malnutrition rates went up, at 8.9% in July 2007 and 10.2% in December 2007, compared to 14.8% in October 2006 at the height of the drought. This is attributed to increased migration of livestock and reduced access to milk and food. There were increased rates of malnutrition in the pastoral areas of Mashuru, Central and Loitokitok. See figure 8.

FIG. 8: CURRENT NUTRITION STATUS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS COMPARED TO LONG TERM MEAN:2003-2005. KAJIADO DISTRICT.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 % MUAC 5 4 3 2 1 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

YEAR 2003/2005 11.37 12.19 10.19 10.94 8.15 9.06 8.7 8.28 9.94 13.24 12.29 11.86 YEAR 2007 11 10.9 10.8 10.62 9.9 9.5 9.1 8.9 9.2 9.6 9.72 10.2 2008 10.72 MONTHS /MEAN

2.1.5 Education

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 7 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

Kajiado district has 295 public schools, out of which 265 are primary while 30 are secondary. The current pupils/students enrolment in the district is 90, 093 pupils (primary boys 48141 and girls 41952; Secondary has a total of 8203, boys 4229 and 3974 girls. All primary schools are dependent on school feeding programme (Regular and expanded) which is sustained through external support from World Food Programme and other well wishers. See table 4 for coverage of the Regular School Feeding Programme.

School feeding program in the district has proven effective in reducing the education gap between girls and boys. For example, enrolment trends from all divisions show that while food is the initial motivation for sending girls to school, parents of participating girls develop an interest in the education of their daughters. This change in attitudes is an important factor in enhancing parents’ commitment to education beyond the duration of food assistance. This is a positive indicator that enhances future development A joint effort of the Kenya government and WFP support regular school feeding programme in the district. However, the expanded school feeding programme was phased out together with general food distribution under EMOP in February 2007. As a result, 36 primary schools with an enrolment of 29,000 pupils across are not getting any food aid.

Table 4: Regular school feeding programme coverage - Division No of Enrolment Interventi Food requirements (MT) schools (Term I 2008) on Cereals Pulses Veg. Oil Central 35 11788 RSFP 1440 365 113 Ngong 28 9670 RSFP 1181 300 93 Magadi 7 3157 RSFP 386 98 30 Namanga 26 9309 RSFP 1137 289 89 Mashuru 41 11972 RSFP 1463 234 115 Isinya 24 7912 RSFP 967 245 76 Loitokitok 26 11712 RSFP 1149 291 90

Infrastructure development for schools is currently implemented by communities with the support of arid lands in three primary schools. Each school is undertaking the construction of two classrooms and the furnishing of the same with 60 desks. Table 3 shows the support offered to some of the schools in the district.

Table 5: Free primary schools education support Name of School Location Sub location Division Completion status Kisharu Mosiro Mosiro Ngong 80%-90%, Elangata Enkima Kimana Elangata Enkima Loitokitok All funds disbursed Illpartimaro Meto Illpartimaro Namanga to SMCs Ilkelunyieti Ilkelunyieti Kenyewa Mashuru Complete & handed over

Enrolment in primary schools remained stable for the better part of the year. Though ESFP was phased out in term 3 of 2007, no major drop out was realised in the affected schools. However the cumulative effect of lack of food aid is likely to cause drop cases within the next two terms.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 8 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

2.1.6 Population Movements and Migration

Migrations have been mostly towards areas perceived to be still having water and pasture. By the end of 2008, internal migrations that started in July/August 2007 had intensified in Magadi, Central, Mashuru, and the pastoral areas of Lenkism, Mbirikani and Kuku. Since pasture in the district is getting depleted fast, livestock migration has began towards Chyulu hills Taveta, Nairobi, Kibwezi, Pakasse and some to Tanzania..

2.1.7 Coping Mechanisms

Some of the coping mechanisms practised in the district include: ƒ Charcoal burning for income ƒ Sand harvesting ƒ Family sharing to assist needy families ƒ Collective herding of the animals ƒ Migration of animals towards dry season grazing areas- Pakasse, chyulu hills etc. ƒ Casual labour- fencing, herding, fetching water, clearing of weeds, etc.

2.1.8 Food Security Prognosis

The performance of 2007 October to December short rains was characterized by a late onset and uneven distribution in the lower pastoral and agro pastoral areas of Kajiado and Loitokitok districts. Despite improvements of the rains by the end of November and into December, the abrupt end of or failure of the short rains, is marked by concerns for crops that were planted late due to the erratic and delayed rains, and for pasture and water availability during the upcoming dry season. The impact of the dry season on household food security especially in the pastoral and the agro pastoral livelihoods will be particularly severe this year following the poor performance of the short rains.

Successive rain failures are putting a strain on livelihood assets adversely affecting the recovery process. Food security in the districts is highly food insecure and could deteriorate further if the rains fail, especially toward the end of the dry season in February 2008. Favourable food security status is pegged on whether the OND will continue into January 2008.

2.2 Divisional Food Security Ranking

Based on this, the ranking of food insecurity in the district is in Table 6 below: -

Table 6: Divisional food security ranking Division Rank* Livelihood Main food security threat Magadi 1 Pastoral -Received less rainfall, total crop failure, lost large herds of livestock, internal migrations began in July, no alternative source of livelihood, Ipomea spp. Invasion, water scarcity. Loitokitok 2 Agro pastoral/ Ipomea spp. weed invasion pastoral/ Mixed -Has a large livestock population. farming -Livestock migration hence inaccessible milk. -Human-wildlife conflict Namanga 3 Mixed farming - /pastoral

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 9 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

Central 4 Pastoral - Ngong 5 Agro pastoral/ -Has other sources of income pastoral Mashuru 6 Agro pastoral/ - pastoral Isenya 7 -Has other sources of income (*1 is most affected)

2.3 Ongoing Interventions

Agriculture Promotion of Drought tolerant crops and training of farmers on animal traction power for ploughing. So far 75 ox-ploughs have been distributed to farmers through ALRMP Project.

Livestock ƒ Disease surveillance is ongoing. ƒ Diversification – Beekeeping, camel rearing and Dairy goat keeping. ƒ Clearing of Ipomoea weed by NIA in central division ƒ Capacity building of livestock farmers on pastures harvesting and baling district-wide. ƒ Vaccination campaigns against FMD in three divisions (Isenya, Magadi and Central) are on going.

Water and Sanitation

Table 7: Ongoing Interventions in the water and sanitation sector

Division Intervention Site Estimted costs Central Excavation of 2no. pans Oletemuke, 1,850,000 leitoire 1,650,000 Rehabilitation of 1 no. kumpa 380,100 boreholes Drilling and equipping of olobelibel 3,500,000 borehole-NIA Spring protection Tikoishi, olmanie 200,000 200,000 Diesel subsidies-NIA KMQ(unief), Olpaip, 24000x7=168,000 Olgira,Sajiloni, Oloosuyian,Ololepo olenarau Rehabilitation of 2no no. Olenarau, oloorisheta 2,400,000 boreholes-Redcross 2,300,000 Namanga Diesel subsidies-NIA Eluanata, Nairrabala 24000x4=96,000 Lorngoswa, Ilmotiok Mashuru Diesel subsidies-NIA Olperelongo, Kunchu 24000x5=120,000 Emarti, Mashuru enkoyiankalani Ngong Lerujat, Saikeri, naningoi 24000x3=72,000 Loitoktok Lenkism, Enkii, Oltiasika 24000x5=120,000 Loolakir, Elangata enkima Isinya Ilpolosat, =engirgiri 24000x2=48,000

Health and Nutrition

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 10 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

Table 8: Ongoing interventions for Health and Nutrition

Division Ongoing interventions cost Remarks Central Community advocacy on IMCI, KEPI, TB 12,000 Distribution of vaccines and gas 12,400 Hygiene education in communities and schools Nutrition growth monitoring activities Namanga Community advocacy on IMCI, KEPI, TB 12,000 Hygiene education in communities and schools Nutrition growth monitoring activities Magadi Hygiene education in communities and schools Nutrition growth monitoring activities Ngong Distribution of vaccines and gas 48,500 Hygiene education in communities and schools Nutrition growth monitoring activities Mashuru Distribution of vaccines and gas 12,400 Nutrition growth monitoring activities Isinya Hygiene education in communities and schools Nutrition growth monitoring activities Loitoktok Hygiene education in communities and schools Nutrition growth monitoring activities

3 RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Monitoring Required There is need to monitor water and pasture situation in the district as well outbreaks of livestock diseases and malnutrition trends.

3.2 Food interventions required Based on two back to back rain insufficiency (2007 long and short rains), the assessment team recommends the following: - Extension of food aid to schools currently not covered under RSFP Supplementary feeding for vulnerable groups thro’ GOK HFs FFA for 5-10% of the population depending on severity levels in different divisions

3.3 Non food interventions Summary of recommendations are presented below by sectors. Details of quantities and budget in table 9 below

3.3.1 Health and nutrition ƒ Open 8 CDF facilities urgently (staff and equipment) ƒ Scale up implementation of the community strategy (IMCI, FANC, RH, YFI, Nutrition screening and support) ƒ Advocacy for improved civil registration through relevant departments ƒ Targeted supplementary feeding to vulnerable groups in all 7 divisions ƒ Support to primary health care programmes urgently needed to address immunization, HIV/AIDS and community nutrition issues ƒ Initiate nutrition demonstration gardens in three divisions

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 11 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

3.3.2 Water and Sanitation ƒ Rehabilitation of existing water supply facilities to improve area of coverage. ƒ Rehabilitation of non operational boreholes. ƒ Conservation/protection of the water resources catchment areas. ƒ Construction of new water supply facilities ƒ Drilling and equipping of new boreholes and construction of their infrastructures. ƒ Construction of pans and dams ƒ Water tankering ƒ Diesel subsidies ƒ Capacity building for water community resource management committees ƒ Education on Hygiene and sanitation district wide ƒ Sanitation coverage survey ƒ Purchase of water quality surveillance equipment per division

3.3.3 Crop production ƒ Intensify extension services ƒ Growing of drought resistant crops ƒ Promotion of soil conservation techniques and sensitization on environmental degradation ƒ Provision of Drought Tolerant Crops seeds in rain-fed crop growing areas before onset of the next LR rains – quantity 5 MT beans and 5 MT of maize – Ksh. 1.55M ƒ Promotion of soil conservation techniques and sensitization on environmental degradation in charcoal burning and sand harvesting areas - Kshs 400,000 ƒ Intensification of agricultural extension activities to diversify their livelihood strategies and reduce dependence on external food supplies to the district- e.g. timely planting increased crop production. Farming is associated with the poor (without livestock) in the district. Ksh. 300,000/=

3.3.4 Livestock production ƒ Raise vaccination coverage to 80% against FMD, CCPP, CBPP, BQ, LSD – Ksh. 6M to enable livestock markets to be operational. ƒ Secure and maintain milking herd left behind when the move in search of pastures – Ksh. 1.7M ƒ Livelihood diversification - Beekeeping, camel rearing and Dairy goat keeping – Ksh. 1.72 M to reduce dependency on traditional livestock. ƒ Prophylaxis treatment against Trypanosomiasis – Ksh. 4.7M ƒ Emergency livestock off-take and loss cushioning – Ksh. 12.6M ƒ Range rehabilitation and resource survey – Ksh. 700,000 ƒ Control of Ipomoea weed – Ksh. 2,500,000 ƒ Increase staffing levels. ƒ Disease surveillance, livestock health and mitigation and dips rehabilitation – Ksh. 6.5M

3.3.5 Education ƒ Extension of food aid to schools currently not covered under RSFP ƒ Provision of water to schools through installation of Plastic water tanks and water tankering ƒ Establishment of sustainability projects in schools i.e. IGAs, Dairy goats and Kitchen gardens ƒ Develop a data base to capture enrolment trends reflecting dropouts by gender

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 12 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

3.4 Recommended Food and non-food interventions by division

Division Food Range of % Possible Possible Non-Food Definition/Remarks security of food emergency interventions Raking population ration requiring level food Magadi 1 Establish three nutrition Ipomea spp. weed kitchen garden @ Kshs 66,650 invasion Water tinkering for Livestock migration Olondonyonyoike, olkeri hence inaccessible Purchase 1 water sampling kit milk. to monitor water quality @7m Total crop failure Water scarcity Establish youth friendly centres @ Kshs. 5,340 Malnutrition monitoring and screening Therapeutic feeding in health facilities Education on Hygiene and sanitation

Loitokitok 2 3no. New borehole Lenkism, Expected poor crop Mbirikani,kuku @6,000,000 yields - Diesel subsidy @24,000 Livestock quarantines New pans - Lenkism, Livestock disease Mbirikani, kimana @7.5m outbreaks, migrations Spring protection, Revival Human wildlife ,Rehabilitate, Augmentation conflict existing water supplies for 48m Restricted access to 2 no New water supplies DGA(National parks @100m and PC) Purchase 1 water sampling kit Pastoralist and to monitor water quality @7m irrigation user conflict Education on Hygiene and sanitation Namanga 3 Establish three nutrition Ipomea spp. weed kitchen garden @ Kshs 66,650 invasion Rehabilitation of 2No Strategic Livestock migration boreholes at Kurket,Janga for hence inaccessible 1.6m milk. Purchase 1 water sampling kit Total crop failure to monitor water quality @7m Water scarcity Establish youth friendly centres @ Kshs. 5,340 Central 4 Diesel subsidy @24,000 Received less rainfall, Purchase 1 water sampling kit internal migrations to monitor water quality @7m began in July, Education on Hygiene and water scarcity, sanitation human-wildlife conflict, Wildfire outbreaks. Access to dry grazing areas(DGA) restricted by privately-owned conservancies(PC) Tse- tse and tick infestation in the dry grazing areas Mashuru 5 Diesel subsidy @ 24,000 Ipomoea spp. weed Rehabilitation of 3No. invasion Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 13 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

Strategic boreholes- Livestock migration Kunchu,Emarti,IIkelunyieti @ hence inaccessible 2.4m milk. Establish three nutrition Total crop failure kitchen garden @ Kshs 66,650 Water scarcity Establish youth friendly centres @ Kshs. 5,340 Purchase 1 water sampling kit to monitor water quality @7m Education on Hygiene and sanitation Ngong 6 Desilting of pans Expect ed Total crop (pastoral Rehabilitation of 2No. failure areas ) Strategic boreholes Water scarcity Olontona,Oltepesi @1,600,000 Human /wildlife Diesel subsidy for lejurat conflict (wildebeest @24,000 and zebras Purchase 1 water sampling kit to monitor water quality @7m Education on Hygiene and sanitation Isinya 7 Rehabilitation of 2no. Expected poor crop boreholes and shallow wells at yields Sholinke , olepule @1,600,000 Livestock quarantines Diesel subsidy @24,000 Livestock disease Purchase 1 water sampling kit outbreaks, migrations to monitor water quality @7m Human wildlife Education on Hygiene and conflict sanitation Restricted access to DGA(National parks and PC) Pastoralist and irrigation user conflict

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 14 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)