Kajiado District Short Rains Assessment Report
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KAJIADO DISTRICT SHORT RAINS ASSESSMENT REPORT 4TH FEBRUARY TO 8TH FEBRUARY 2008 Assessment Team: Sam Makama Ministry of Health William Maritim Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Rose Ngure Ministry of Water and Irrigation Ikeny Kapua World Food Programme Kajiado District Steering Group Members TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................1 1.1 District Background Information...............................................................................1 1.2 History of relief operations in the District .................................................................1 2. DISTRICT FOOD SECURITY SITUATION.......................................................................1 2.1 Overall Food Security Situation.................................................................................1 2.1.1 Impact of Shocks and Hazards of Food Security...............................................2 2.1.2 Crop production and Prices................................................................................2 2.1.3 Livestock Production and Prices........................................................................4 2.1.4 Water and sanitation ..........................................................................................5 2.1.5 Education ...........................................................................................................7 2.1.6 Population Movements and Migration...............................................................9 2.1.7 Coping Mechanisms...........................................................................................9 2.1.8 Food Security Prognosis ....................................................................................9 2.2 Divisional Food Security Ranking.............................................................................9 2.3 Ongoing Interventions .............................................................................................10 3. RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................................11 3.1 Monitoring Required................................................................................................11 3.2 Food interventions required .....................................................................................11 3.3 Non food interventions ............................................................................................11 3.3.1 Health and nutrition .........................................................................................11 3.3.2 Water and Sanitation........................................................................................12 3.3.3 Crop production ...............................................................................................12 3.3.4 Livestock production .......................................................................................12 3.3.5 Education .........................................................................................................12 3.4 Recommended Food and non-food interventions by division .................................13 Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food ii Security Steering Group (KFSSG) 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 District Background Information Kajiado is among the districts that form the expansive Rift Valley Province of Kenya. It borders Narok and Kiambu to the west, Nairobi and Machakos to the north, Makueni and Taita Taveta to the east and Tanzania to the south. The district covers an area of 21,902.2 km2 and has a population of 550,779 projected from the 1999 population census (406,054) at an estimated growth rate of 5.1% due to immigrants. The altitude rises from 500 m above sea level in Magadi Division to 2,500 m in the Ngong Hills. The district was recently divided into two administrative districts namely Kajiado District comprising 6 divisions (Mashuru, Central, Ngong, Isinya, Magadi and Namanga) and Loitokitok District currently comprising one division (Loitokitok). There are five livelihood zones (LZ) with population proportions as shown in table 1 below: Table 1: Livelihood zones and population coverage Livelihood Zone % Population Pastoral – all species 47 Formal Employment/Casual waged Labour/Business 32 Mixed cropping: Maize/beans/Tomatoes 12 Leasing Pastoral 5 Agro-Pastoral 4 The district has a bimodal rainfall pattern with short rains from October to December, and long rains from March to May. The average annual rainfall is 500mm around Lake Amboseli and Magadi, and 1,250mm on the slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro. The typical vegetation is open grassland, bushed grassland, wood and bush land. 1.2 History of relief operations in the District The government started food distributions in October 2003 General food distribution to food insecure populations during the five phases of emergency operations (EMOP), started in 2003 and ended in February 2007.Relief operation was necessitated by five successive drought seasons prior to the 2006 short rains season. 2 DISTRICT FOOD SECURITY SITUATION 2.1 Overall Food Security Situation Due to the factors listed in 1.3 above, and coupled by the team’s findings, the district can be rated as borderline food insecure, with high risk of deteriorating further if there are no rains by March 2008.The worst affected areas are the pastoral areas of Mashuru, Magadi, Namanga, Central and low lands of Loitokitok that are predominantly pastoral. In the pastoralists’ livelihood zone, livestock body condition have significantly declined due to deterioration in availability and access to water, pasture and browse impacting negatively on productivity and incomes. In addition the terms of trade are not favourable as livestock Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 1 Security Steering Group (KFSSG) prices have declined by 10 % in both cattle and sheep. These factors have negated on the gains of the recovery process initiated earlier in the district Generally, the district received below normal amounts of rainfall compared to the long term average. For the months of October to December 2007, only 37% of the long term average rainfall was received (Figure 1). FIG. 1: CURRENT RAINFALL DATA AS AT OCTOBER 2007 COMPARED TO LONG TERM MEAN: 2003-2005.KAJIADO DISTRICT. 140 120 100 80 60 40 RAINFALL (mm) RAINFALL 20 0 -20 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC YEAR2003-2005 113.77 63.7 38.56 96.63 121.58 51.74 0 0 11.2 27.66 74.92 89.05 YEAR 2007 44.7 23.7 23.4 81.2 27.6 0 0 0 0 3.72 39.2 27.72 2008 37.4 MONTHS Factors Affecting Food Security Main factors affecting food security include: Trailing impacts of the prolonged drought period, 2004-2005, where a significant number of livestock was lost. Late onset of poorly distributed short rains which were mostly 20 – 50% of normal. This impacted negatively on both food production, access to water and pasture, and subsequently livestock body condition Human livestock wildlife conflicts; leading to competition for the scarce resources and sometimes loss of livestock Poor infrastructure (particularly roads) and development investment in remote parts of the district. Livestock diseases due to influx of livestock from other districts to take advantage of the attractive livestock market prices. Current ongoing shocks and hazards Wild fires: Pastoralists in Magadi, Central, Isinya, pastoral areas of Ngong lost 20-30% of their dry season grazing area through wildfire. Magadi Division was most affected. Wildlife menace: Crops and disease risk to livestock herds, and infrastructural damage. Insufficient, erratic and poorly short rains Environmental degradation through charcoal burning, clustering of livestock in dry grazing areas, mining and sand harvesting. 2.1.1 Impact of Shocks and Hazards of Food Security 2.1.2 Crop production and Prices Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Regional Assessment Team are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 2 Security Steering Group (KFSSG) Only 7.7% of the land in the district is considered as arable. With normal rainfall, the district produces about 4,114 MT of food while the total requirement is 92,245 MT. this leaves a gap of 78,131 MT. About 65% of the agro pastoral zones grow crops during the short rain season. Usually, early maturing drought tolerant varieties are grown in the agro pastoral zones. The major crops grown are maize and beans. In this short rain season, most of the planted crops succumbed to moisture stress before maturity when the rains ceased early. This was noted mainly in medium potential parts (Agro pastoral zone) of Mashuru, Loitokitok and Namanga divisions. Only crops grown in the upper parts and irrigation schemes of the district in Ngong and Loitokitok are expected to perform fairly. However, in irrigated schemes in Magadi the crop is expected to perform poorly due to destruction of the water intake by the elephants. The district is net importer of maize and beans. The staple diet is composed of maize/posho (Kiteke), milk and beans. Most households depleted their food stocks by July 2007 and reverted to market dependence. However, maize prices range from Kshs 15-24/= per kg indicating a rise compared to the long term average of 20/= (Figure 2). The January 2008 prices indicated reflect the team’s findings in Loitokitok and Magadi divisions.