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The Role of Sand Bar Dynamics in the Water Quality of Moore River Estuary

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The Role of Sand Bar Dynamics in the Water Quality of Moore River Estuary The Role of Sand Bar Dynamics in the Water Quality of Moore River Estuary An Intermittently Open Estuary in South West Australia Submitted by Jeni Anderson In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Bachelor Engineering (Environmental) with Honours November 2004 Supervised by: Dr Anas Ghadouani Prof Jorg Imberger The Role of Sand Bar Dynamics in the Water Quality of the Moore River Estuary 2 Jeni Anderson Abstract Estuaries are an important part of communities throughout the world given their environmental, social and economic wealth. They are the meeting point for coastal waters and inland drainage from catchments. This point of interaction is particularly vulnerable to changes to coasts and catchments, creating very fragile ecosystems. Many estuaries in the south west of Australia have undergone eutrophication to the detriment of the ecosystem and the surrounding population. Moore River Estuary is one of the last estuaries in the region without major visible signs of eutrophication. The future health of the estuary is therefore important to the ecosystem and the community. Moore River Estuary is unique, as it is intermittently open to the ocean. This means that riverine input is able to interact with seawater in the estuary at irregular stages and of varying duration throughout the year. The water quality of the estuary is linked to this distinctive pattern of opening and closing of the sand bar at the mouth. This project aims to determine the estuarine processes that control water quality in Moore River Estuary as a result of the sand bar dynamics at the estuary mouth. An extensive data set on the water quality and hydrodynamics was provided by the Department of Environment. Modelling of physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters with the number of days the bar is consistently open or closed at four sites in the estuary were tested for relationships. The results of the modelling were analysed for correlations between sand bar dynamics and the estuarine water quality. The water quality of the Moore River Estuary is influenced by the sand bar dynamics at its mouth. When the bar is open, the estuary is dominated by riverine input from the catchment. Nutrient concentrations are high and the water is dark in colour. Some stratification develops near the mouth due to interaction with more dense seawater. When the bar is closed, seawater becomes trapped and stratification develops throughout the estuary. Decomposition of organic matter in the bottom of the estuary creates anoxic conditions as a result of the lack of vertical mixing. Deoxygenated water creates the right conditions for the release of phosphorous from the sediments. Fresh groundwater enters the estuary and after some time dilutes the water and overcomes stratification, restoring oxygen to the bottom waters. Groundwater is also a significant source of nitrogen to the system. The Moore River Estuary is eutrophic but growth is light limited by the dark colour of the estuary and depth of the water column, which is regulated by the sand bar at the mouth. i The Role of Sand Bar Dynamics in the Water Quality of the Moore River Estuary Table of Contents ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................I TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................ II LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................V LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................XII 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................. 3 2.1 ESTUARIES ........................................................................................................................ 3 2.2 BARRED ESTUARIES .......................................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 BAR FORMATION............................................................................................................. 4 2.2.2 SOUTH WEST AUSTRALIA ............................................................................................... 7 2.2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF BARRED ESTUARIES ........................................................................ 8 2.2.4 INFLUENCE OF THE BAR .................................................................................................. 9 2.2.5 WATER QUALITY OF BARRED ESTUARIES ..................................................................... 10 2.2.6 THE INFLUENCE OF EUTROPHICATION AND WATER COLOUR ON PLANT AND ALGAL GROWTH ................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.7 THE INFLUENCE OF WATER QUALITY ON ESTUARINE ECOLOGY................................... 13 2.3 EUTROPHICATION IN SOUTH WEST AUSTRALIA ........................................................... 13 3 BACKGROUND............................................................................................................... 16 3.1 MOORE RIVER CATCHMENT .......................................................................................... 16 3.1.1 GEOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 16 3.1.2 CLIMATE....................................................................................................................... 17 3.1.3 SURFACE RUNOFF AND GROUNDWATER INTERACTIONS ............................................... 17 3.1.4 LAND USE..................................................................................................................... 18 3.2 MOORE RIVER ESTUARY................................................................................................ 18 3.2.1 THE SAND BAR ............................................................................................................. 19 3.2.2 SAND BAR OPENING AND CLOSING............................................................................... 20 3.3 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STUDY....................................................................... 21 3.3.1 BATHYMETRY AND SEDIMENTS..................................................................................... 22 3.3.2 HYDROLOGY ................................................................................................................. 22 3.4 THE COMMUNITY ........................................................................................................... 25 3.5 CURRENT PROJECT......................................................................................................... 26 3.5.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................... 26 3.5.2 CONTEXT....................................................................................................................... 26 4 APPROACH..................................................................................................................... 27 4.1 COLLECTION OF DATA ................................................................................................... 27 ii Jeni Anderson 4.1.1 SAMPLING SITES ............................................................................................................ 27 4.1.2 WATER LEVEL AND BAR STATUS.................................................................................. 28 4.1.3 WATER QUALITY .......................................................................................................... 28 4.1.3.1 Physical Parameters................................................................................................... 29 4.1.3.2 Chemical Parameters................................................................................................. 30 4.1.3.3 Biological Parameters ............................................................................................... 30 4.1.4 GROUNDWATER ............................................................................................................ 31 4.2 RESEARCHING THE PROJECT CONTEXT ........................................................................ 31 4.3 DATA ANALYSES ............................................................................................................. 32 4.3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF THE BAR DYNAMICS...................................................................... 32 4.3.2 DATA MODELLING........................................................................................................ 32 4.3.2.1 Step 1 – Site MRE01................................................................................................. 32 4.3.2.2 Step 2 – Physical Parameters .................................................................................... 33 4.3.2.3 Step 3 – Chemical Parameters................................................................................... 33 4.3.2.4 Step 4 – Analysis of Plots ......................................................................................... 34 4.4 MODELLING SAND BAR DYNAMICS WITH ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY.................... 37 4.4.1 TEMPORAL MODELLING...............................................................................................
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