Subject: Basic Technology

Class: J.S.S 1 WEEK 1

Topic: Woodwork handtools

Tools can be classified into two, that is hand tools and power tools. The power tools are operated with electricity while hand tools are those tools operated without electricity. Therefore, woodwork tools are those tools used on wood. They are also known as manual tools. Woodwork hand tools are classified into the following: measuring tools, setting and marking out tools, driving tools, boring tools, work holding devices, cutting and pairing tools.

Measuring tools Measuring tools are caliberated tools dedicated to determine the length of objects. They can be made of metal ,wood and plastic. These measuring tools are: metric rule, calipers and pair of divider etc.

Metric rule Metric rule is usually made of wood or steel and plastic. It comes in different lengths such as 150mm and 300mm. Some rulers can be folded. All rulers have a straight edge and are caliberated.

Uses of metric rule Rulers are used to measure length, width or breadth of objects.

Calipers The following are types of caliper: •Inside caliper •Outside caliper •Odd leg caliper

•Inside caliper: They are used to measure the inside diameter of a hole. They measure the inside dimension of any object within their capacity. •Outside caliper: They are used to measure the outside dimension of any object within their capacity. •Odd leg caliper: They are used for central. They are used in locating the center of bars and in taking distance from the edges of holes.

Pair of divider Dividers are a two- legged steel instrument used for scribing arcs, circles, curves and for setting off distances. They are made in various sizes.

Uses of Divider It is used for transferring measurement from the metric rule to the drawing paper.

Micrometre: It is used for taking precision measurement.

WEEK 2 Topic: Woodwork hand tools ( Setting and marking out tools)

Setting and marking out tools are tools used to set and make marks on wood. Examples of setting and marking out tools are: try square, sliding bevel, mitre square, compass, trammel, pair of divider, marking guage, etc.

Sliding bevel

Marking guage

Pair of compass

Trammel

Try square The try square is a marking out tool made of a stock and a blade fixed at right angles to each other. Uses of Try square It is used for checking the squareness of edges. It is also used to mark out straight lines Sliding Bevel The sliding bevel is made up of a steel blade and a wooden stock. It can be adjusted and set to any angle. Uses of sliding bevel It is used to mark out lines that cross out at an angle and to check bevels. Mitre Square The mitre square is made up of steel blade and a wooden stock fixed at 45° to each other. Uses of Mitre square It is used for setting out and checking angles at 45° and 135° Pair of Compasses Compases are made of steel. Uses of compass They are used for scribing circles and arcs and marking out distances. Trammel Trammels are made of a combination of both wood and metal. Uses of Trammel They are used for marking out large diametres where compasses cannot serve.

Marking Guage The marking gauge is made of wood and a metal pointer Uses of Marking guage It is used to mark off lengths by the action of its nail or iron pin. It is adjustable Pair of Divider A pair of divider is a two-legged marking out instrument made of steel. Uses of divider They are used for describing circles. They are used for decribing arcs. They are used for marking out distances For transferring measurement

WEEK 3 Topic: Woodwork handtools (Driving tools)

Driving tools are tools meant for driving in or driving out nails and other objects. Examples of driving tools are: hammer, mallet, punch, screw driver, etc. Hammer The hammer is one of the most commonly used of all hand tools. It consist of a metal head and a wooden handle. There are many types of head shapes with a common striking face and special peen for riveting. The head is hardened and tempered. Types of hammer The following are types of hammer: •Straight peen head hammer •Ball peen head hammer •Blocking head hammer •Cross peen head hammer •Plainshing head hammer

•Straight peen head hammer It is used for riveting but in an awkward position and other end is used for bending sheet metal. •Ball peen head hammer It is used for general purpose work and the end is used for riveting conical and rivets while the other flat end is for striking. •Cross peen head hammer It is used for riveting in awkward places and the flat end used for striking. •Blocking head hammer It is used by sheet metal workers. The faces are radiused and well polished for shaping sheet metal. •Planishing head hammer It is used for finishing work, because the faces are well polished and free of any defect.

Mallet Mallet hammer are called soft hammer. Mallet is generally used where steel hammer are likely to damage the job. The faces of mallets are made of lead, copper, raw hide, wood, plastic or rubber. Uses of mallet Mallet hammer is used when bending or shaping metals without doing any damage to the surface of the metal. It is used on striking the wooden handles of chisel, files etc. Punch Punch is used in woodwork for driving in nails below the surface of the job. It is made from tool steel that is hardened. Types of punch The following are types of punch: •Dot punch •Center punch •Pin punch

• Dot punch: The dot punch point is ground at 60° inclined angle. Uses of Dot punch It is used in marking out jobs, for striking small dots on scribed lines. It is also used for locating hole-centres for drilling operations. •Center punch: They are made of cast steel, hardened and tempered. It should be ground on the grinding stone to an angle of 60° at the point. Uses of center punch It is used for marking out line and patterns on metal. It is uses for marking out cents. It is used to drive in nails below the surface of wood, with the aid of hammer. •Pin punch: These are also made from high carbon steel. Uses of pin punch It is used for driving out tapered pins, rivets, cotters, etc.

Screwdrivers Screwdrivers are driving tools used either to drive in or drive out screws. Types of screwdriver The following are types of screwdrivers. •Flat screwdriver: They are used to drive e in or drive out screws with slotted heads. •Star screwdriver: They are used for driving screws with star heads in and out. •Allen key screwdriver: It is used on screws with hexagon or square slotted heads. •Offset screwdriver: It is used where the straight or flat screw driver cannot be used.

Spanner: It is used for tightening or loosening bolts, nuts, screws, etc.

WEEK 4 Topic: Woodwork hand tools (Boring tools)

Boring tools are tools used for making or creating holes in wood. The tool is held firm with braces before the boring is done. Examplea of boring tools are : brace, gimlet, bradawl, wood drills, bits, wheel brace, etc.

Wheel brace

Brace

Brace The brace is a tool used for holding and turning the drill bits or twist drill when boring a hole. Types of brace •Plain brace •Ratchet brace The brace has four main parts. •The head •The crank •The ratchet •The chuck

•The head: It is screwed to a steel sleeve. It fits over the crank rod and runs on the hardened steel balls. •The chuck: It is rectangular bent metal rod. It fits into the hardwood or plastic handle. •The crank: The end of the crank enlarged, threaded and slotted to receive the socket and jaws. •The ratchet: It is a tool fitted to the ratchet brace so that holes can be drilled (bored) at specific parts that are not exposed, such as corners where it is not possible to make a complete turn of the crank. The ratchet may be set to allow the bit to rotate in one direction either on the forward or return stroke.

Wheel brace The wheel brace make the task of boring hole easier. A large number of holes can be bored without exhaustion. Gimlet It is used for creating initial small tools on hardwood before inserting screws or nails. Gimlet have their tips twisted to pull the shaft of the gimlet into the wood. Bradawl A common bradawl has a flat tip like a screwdriver. It performs the same function as gimlet. Bradawl is used manually to bore holes before inserting screws and nails. Wood drill Wood drill is a boring tool used in conjunction with brace. Parts of wood drill: •The tang •The shank •The flute •Cutting tip

WEEK 5 Topic: Woodwork hand tools (Work holding devices)

Work holding devices are tools used to hold work pieces on the bench. Some of the work holding devices are: bench vice, bench hook, G-clamp, F-clamp, sash clamp, etc. Bench vice The bench vice is fixed to the side of the bench. It is made of cast iron. The bench vice has a release lever which allows quick adjustment and grip.

Uses of bench vice It is used for clamping wood in place before working on it.

Bench hook The bench hook is made up of two pieces of planed wood fixed on the work bench.

Bench hook

Uses of bench hook It is used for holding jobs during cutting and chiselling on the bench. Clamps Clamps are used for holding woodwotk pieces together when being worked upon or when one is giving time for glue to set. Types of clamp The following are types of clamp: •G-clamp •F-clamp •Sash clamp •Corner clamp

G-clamp G-clamp is called the G-clamp because its shape is like letter 'G'. Place swap of wood between the jawsjaws and work to prevent making marks on the work. Uses of G-clamp It is used for holding smaller work pieces together when assembling or gluing. F-clamp F-clamp is called the F-clamp because its shape is like letter 'F'. It has a quick action adjustment. Uses of F-clamp It is used for clamping small work pieces during assembling and securing work to the bench. Corner clamp It is used to hold work pieces at right angle while gluing and pinning. Sash clamp The sash clamp is larger than the G-clamp.

Uses of sash clamp •It is used for holding or clamping wood tightly together when assembling or gluing work. •When using the sash clamp, a piece of wood should be placed between the jaw of the clamp and the job being worked to avoid making marks on the job.

WEEK 6 Topic: Woodwork hand tools (Cutting and pairing tools)

Cutting and pairing tools are the tools meant for cutting wood. The following are cutting and pairing tools: •Saws •Chisels •Planes •Rasps •Scrapers

Saws Saws are cutting tools made of high quality tool steel. The teeth of saws are set alternately left and right to allow for clearance. Types of saw The following are types of saw: •Rip saw •Cross cut saw •Tenon saw •Bow saw •Dovetail saw •Coping saw •Fret saw •Compass saw •Keyhole saw •Panel saw

Rip saw Rip saw is long, broad and slender. Used of rip saw It is used for cutting timber into thin sections such as planks. It is used for cutting along the wood grain. Cross cut saw The cross cut saw is just like the rip saw in appearance except that the blade is thicker. It also has a shaper taper blade than the rip saw. Uses of cross cut saw It is used for cutting across the wood grain. Tenon saw The tenon saw is smaller than the rip saw and cross cut saw. The non-cutting edge of the tenon saw is thickened with metal. This gives it stiffness and weight when cutting. Uses of tenon saw It is used for cutting tenon joints and other small jobs on the bench. Bow saw The deep-bow shape of the frame provide this advantages. Uses of bow saw It is uses for cutting circular or semi circular curves. Dovetail saw The dovetail saw looks like the tenon saw but it is smaller in size and has an open handle. Uses of dovetail saw It is used for cutting dovetail joints and other small job on the bench. Compass saw It is used for cutting heavy or thick internal curves where bow saw cannot be used.

Planes Planes are cutting tools used for planning wood to a smooth and fine finish. The cutting edge is made of metal or wood. Planes are gripped with one hand and guided with the common planes used in woodwork; they are: jack plane, smoothing plane, fore plane, trying plane, spoke shave, etc.

Jac k pla ne It is known as a general purpose plane. The body is made of wood or metal and handle for grip. It produces a surface that is not very smooth. Uses of jack plane It is used to plane rough surface of timber. Smoothing plane It is shorter than the jack plane length. Uses of smoothing plane It is used after the jack plane for final cleaning up of the surface of wood. It is used for smoothing the surface of wood. Block plane It is used for planning small work that is not easily accessible. Fore plane The fore plane has a metal body with a firm grip. The shape tapers from the middle to both sides of the cutting edge. It is smaller in size than the jack plane. Uses of fore plane It is used for roughing out wood. It is also used for straight planning. Trying plane It has a wooden frame just like the jack plane but it is slender and smaller in size. Uses of trying plane It is used for leveling the surface of the wood. Spoke shave It is smaller than other planes. Uses of spoke shave It is used for removing light wooden particles from wood surface. It is also used for shaping curves.

Chisel It is a chipping tool made from high carbon steel. It is used for shaping wood where finishing by other means such as filing can be carried out. Types of chisel The following are types of chisel: •Flat nose chisel •Cross cut chisel •Round nose chisel •Diamond nose chisel

•Flat nose chisel: It is used for general purpose work in the workshop such as levelling surface and removing rough surfaces. •Cross cut chisel: It is used for making narrow grooves, key ways and slots in the shaft or in a hole. •Round nose chisel: It is used for making oil grooves in shaft or in a hole. •Diamond nose chisel: It is used for chiseling inside corners and cutting 'vee' grooves.

Rasp Rasp is file like wood cutting tools. Types of rasp The following are types of rasp: •Fine rasp •Coarse rasp •Woodworker's file rasp

•Fine rasp: It is used for filling smooth surface of wood pieces. •Coarse rasp: It is used for coarse work pieces. •Woodworker's file rasp: It is used for filing smooth wood pieces.

Scraper This is a flat metal used for cleaning wood surface after planning to remove tears and planes of marks before sanding. Types of scraper The following are types of scraper: •Rectangular scraper •Curved scraper •Router scraper

•Rectangular scraper: It is used for cleaning wood surface and veneer. •Curved scraper: It is used for cleaning up hollow wood. •Router scraper: It is used for smoothening the bottom of a hole.

Care of the hand tools •Always used the right tool for the right operation. Using the wrong tool can damage the tool and the work. It can also lead to an accident. •Clean the tools after use and store very well. They should be store in a tool rack if one is available. •Store them in an orderly manner. Arrange tools in proper order to make it easy to pick them for use in future. •Store tools away for pathways so that they do not cause obstruction to free movement. •Do not keep tools in a damp place as this will make them to spoil fast.