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STUDIES on the LIFE CYCLE of AKINETE FORMING CYANOBACTERIUM Cylindrospermopsis Raciborskii in the TEMPERATE REGION

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STUDIES on the LIFE CYCLE of AKINETE FORMING CYANOBACTERIUM Cylindrospermopsis Raciborskii in the TEMPERATE REGION PhD Thesis STUDIES ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF AKINETE FORMING CYANOBACTERIUM Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii IN THE TEMPERATE REGION A thesis approved by the Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Process Engineering at the Brandenburg University of Technology in Cottbus in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the academic degree of PhD in Environmental and Resource management By Master of Science Emilienne Ingie Tingwey From: Douala-Wouri, Cameroon Supervisor: Prof . Dr. rer. nat. habil. Brigitte Nixdorf Supervisor: Prof . Thomas Raab Day of the oral examination: 20 th April 2009 In loving memory of my father Peter Fon Tingwey (10.12.1939-07.10.2001) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to acknowledge and immensely thank IPSWAT-International Postgraduate Studies in Water Technologies for materially and financially sponsoring my studies through out these three years period. To my supervisors special thanks, Professor Dr. rer. nat. Brigitte Nixdorf and Dr Jacqueline Rücker you gave me an opportunity to do this research in which I am really interested, and make this thesis possible in the Department of Fresh Water Conservation at the Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus. I sincerely can not help expressing how I should credit this thesis to their support and guidance whenever I dropped in their offices or sent an email, their encouragement and stimulation throughout the duration of my writing up. I am also very grateful to Ingo Henschke of the Chair of fresh water conservation, Bad Saarow for his enormous help with sampling collection and field experiments. In addition many thanks to Anette Tworeck of LBH, Freiburg for generating some of the data and Andrea Laundart who helped run the culture experiments. Many thanks also to Gudrun Lippert and Ute Abel in the laboratory in Badsarrow for their warm and selfless help in carrying out the chemical measurements. My colleague Charles Anu Mbunya, thanks for providing such wonderful pictures and some of the data. Great many thanks I would like to give to Dr Wolgang Preuß of the Institute of Mathematics of the faculty of Mathematics, Computer and Natural sciences BTU Cottbus for his kindly smiles and instant response whenever and wherever I asked for statistical analysis of my work. Flemming Møhlenberg of DHI water.Environment.Health, his experience in data analysis was very useful to me. He was busy but never refused to answer my questions. Very special thanks are also due to my brother, Isong Tingwey and son, Yannick Fon Fassi Yinou for standing by me all these years. And to you Mum, Pastor Romesh Modayil and my sister Lydia Tingwey, I am most grateful for your prayers and words of encouragement. All my friends in Cottbus particularly those who gave even a minute to baby-sit for free for me thanks for your great support and encouragement in these remarkable days. Many thanks to everybody who ever gave me help and support. iii Declaration “I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text”. Cottbus Emilienne Ingie Tingwey 21st October 2008 (Matricule number 2214089) 4 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled STUDIES ON THE LIFE CYCLES OF AKINETE FORMING CYANOBACTERIUM Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii IN THE TEMPERATE REGION submitted by Emilienne Ingie Tingwey to the Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is a bona fide record of the research work carried out by her under my supervision and guidance. The content of the thesis, in full or parts have not been submitted to any other Institute or University for the award of any other degree or diploma. Place Date v TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ xi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................xiii 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE .........................................................................2 1.2 ALGAL MORPHOLOGY ....................................................................................................3 1.2.1 Unicells and colonies .............................................................................................3 1.2.2 Filaments ...............................................................................................................3 1.2.3 Coenocytic or siphonaceous forms .........................................................................4 1.2.4 Parenchymatous and pseudoparenchymatous algae ...............................................4 1.3 REPRODUCTION IN ALGAE ..............................................................................................4 1.3.1 Asexual reproduction by spores..............................................................................4 1.3.1.1 Zoospores and aplanospores formation ............................................................5 1.3.1.2 Autospore or monospore production................................................................5 1.3.1.3 Autocolony formation .....................................................................................5 1.3.1.4 Akinetes..........................................................................................................6 1.3.1.5 Zygospores......................................................................................................6 1.3.2 Sexual reproduction ...............................................................................................6 1.3.2.1 Syngamy .........................................................................................................7 1.3.2.2 Meiosis............................................................................................................7 1.3.3 Vegetative reproduction .........................................................................................8 1.3.3.1 Cellular bisection.............................................................................................8 1.3.3.2 Fragmentation .................................................................................................9 1.4 BENTHIC RECRUITMENT AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATION DEVELOPMENT PARTICULARLY WITH REGARD TO BLUE -GREEN ALGAE ...................................9 1.4.1 Process of recruitment .........................................................................................13 1.4.2 Performance of recruitment studies......................................................................14 1.4.3 Conditions governing recruitment ........................................................................15 1.4.4 Impact of recruitment...........................................................................................18 1.4.5 Quantitative importance of algal recruitment from the sediment ..........................19 1.4.6 Qualitative importance algae recruitment from the sediment................................22 1.5. SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF CYANOBACTERIA ....................................................................23 vi 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ON Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii IN THE TEMPERATE REGION.................................................................................................................................. 29 3. OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES............................................................................... 35 4. STUDY SITE AND METHODOLOGY .......................................................................... 38 4.1 STUDY AREA ................................................................................................................38 4.2 FIELD MEASUREMENT ..................................................................................................39 4.3 SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES ..............................................................41 4.3.1 Chemical analysis ................................................................................................41 4.3.2 Phytoplankton analysis ........................................................................................42 4.4 SEDIMENT SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS ............................................................................42 4.4.1 Annual variation of C. raciborskii akinetes ..........................................................43 4.4.2 Determination of akinete horizontal patchiness ....................................................44 4.5 IN SITU DETERMINATION OF TIME AND CONDITIONS OF AKINETE GERMINATION (B EAKER EXPERIMENT ) ....................................................................................................................44 4.6 IN VITRO DETERMINATION OF AKINETE GERMINATION TEMPERATURE ............................45 4.7 MICROSCOPICAL ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENTED SAMPLES ...................................................45 4.8 DATA ANALYSIS ...........................................................................................................47
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