PARK-DISSERTATION-2017.Pdf

© 2017 Sanghun Park EXPLORING GLOBAL AND LOCAL INTERSECTIONS AT A PROSPECTIVE WORLD HERITAGE SITE IN SOUTH KOREA: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT, STRATEGIC PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT BY SANGHUN PARK DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Recreation, Sport and Tourism in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2017 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Carla A. Santos, Chair Professor B. Christine Green Professor Helaine Silverman Associate Professor Lynne M. Dearborn ABSTRACT To date, there has been a lack of research examining the process of developing a World Heritage Site (WHS), in particular from a global-local perspective. Consequently, very little is known about the relationships and dynamic interactions between global priorities and local needs for development. Moreover, relatively little attention has been devoted to studying the views of local communities in and around WHSs, as well as their perceptions of the challenges and opportunities that occur from tourism development and WHS designation. This dissertation employs the theoretical lens of glocalization and focuses on the local perspective in the context of Naganeupseong, a prospective WHS in South Korea. Naganeupseong is a Korean traditional historic folk village dating from the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). The village is surrounded by a fortress wall which prevents outsiders from having an open access to the site (they need to pay an entrance fee to look around the village). Inside the fortress, 288 people actually live in 150 households. Within this context, this study explores the intersection of the global and the local and the negotiations between the representatives of those two perspectives in the process of constructing and negotiating heritage, a process that is inherently dynamic, contingent and contested. It examines how, under what conditions, and to what extent the global and the local intersect in the process of preparing for World Heritage Listing. This research employs a multiple methods approach that is guided by institutional ethnography including participant observation, institutional texts, and semi-structured interviews. It focuses on the local perspectives and understanding of heritage, as well as the challenges and opportunities presented by the potential title of WHS from a global/local interaction perspective. By doing so, it examines the perceived significance of the site, the negotiation process to suit the ii needs of the global within the local context, as well as the locals’ expectations and concerns for WHS designation and its perceived corresponding impacts. This study furthers our understanding of the intersection of global/local processes involved in determining what constitutes World Heritage. It also serves as an excellent opportunity to understand the impacts of such processes from a pre-WHS designation perspective. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is my great pleasure to acknowledge people who helped me along the way of my doctoral pursuit. This dissertation could not have been completed without their help, support and encouragement. First of all, I must acknowledge my advisor, Dr. Carla Santos, who has always been my rock. It is her continued belief, support, inspiration, and encouragement in my work that kept me move forward. Her outstanding knowledge, research skills and personality have significantly inspired and enriched me, both professionally and personally. I'm so lucky to have her as my advisor, collaborator and friend. Also, I would like to express my gratitude and respect to my committee members, Dr. Chris Green, Dr. Helaine Silverman, and Dr. Lynne Dearborn for their guidance, suggestions and encouragement throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. I sincerely appreciate their valuable support, thoughtful comments and new ideas that significantly helped me to improve my study. I'm also greatly indebted to my former advisor, Dr. Beomsoo Han of Kyonggi University, who always inspired and kindly encouraged me to make a successful academic path from the first day of my graduate life in 2006. Also, special thanks to Dr. Sungsoo Kim (University of Southern Mississippi) and Dr. Hwan-Suk Chris Choi (University of Guelph) for their continuous advice and support throughout the path of my study abroad. My journey for Ph.D. was only possible for the support of many wonderful people in the Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, including all the professors, colleagues and friends who directly and indirectly supported me to pursue my academic goals. I especially thank my Korean friends, Changsup, Sohye, Chungsup, Nari, Doojae, Wonjun, Jaesung, Jeongeun, and Miryung for accompanying me on this journey and for the many memories I treasure of our time together in Champaign. iv Most importantly, I'm deeply grateful to my father and mother. I cannot thank them enough for always standing by my side and giving me unconditional and infinite support and love. Without them, I could not be the person I am today. I also wish to thank my sister's family for their kind encouragement and support. Lastly, I wish to express my sincere thanks to my wife and dearest friend, Hyejin You, who willingly made sacrifices and giving so that I could pursue this vision. She was a constant source of encouragement, support and love. Without her, this accomplishment would not have been possible. I extend thanks to my wife's family as well for their endless care and support. And to my newborn son, Saeyun Park: thank you for being born and becoming a part of our family. We love you so much and wish you to be always healthy, bright and happy. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Problem Statement and Purpose of Study ..................................................................................5 1.3 Research Questions ....................................................................................................................9 1.4 Significance of the Study ...........................................................................................................9 1.5 WHS Nomination Process in Korea: Global, Local and the State ...........................................10 1.6 Overview of Remaining Chapters ............................................................................................13 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................15 2.1 Globalization and Glocalization ..............................................................................................15 2.1.1 The Concept of Glocalization .........................................................................................16 2.1.2 Glocalization in Practice: Think Globally, Act Locally .................................................19 2.1.3 Glocalization as a Framework for Cultural Studies ........................................................20 2.1.4 Glocalization in Cultural Tourism Research ..................................................................25 2.2 The Nature of Heritage ............................................................................................................27 2.2.1 Heritage and Identity ......................................................................................................33 2.2.2 Heritage and Authenticity ...............................................................................................38 2.3 Tourism Development and Heritage Tourism .........................................................................41 2.3.1 The Power Relationship Between Host and Guest .........................................................44 2.3.2 Tourism Development and its Impacts: Positive and Negative ......................................51 2.3.3 A Way Forward: Sustainable Tourism Development ......................................................60 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ...........................................................................................71 3.1 Research Site ............................................................................................................................71 3.2 Ethnographic Research Method ...............................................................................................74 3.3 Multi-Method Approach in Ethnography.................................................................................78 3.4 Institutional Ethnography (IE) .................................................................................................79 3.5 Data Collection and Analysis ...................................................................................................82 3.5.1 Building a Foundation: Participant Observation and Institutional Texts .......................85 3.5.2 Building a Data Base: Semi-Structured Interviews ........................................................92 3.5.3 Fine-Tuning the Findings ...............................................................................................97

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