DOCSLIB.ORG

Fusion Power

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fusion Power Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 68, No. 8, pp. 1931-1937 August 1971 Fusion Power R. F. POST Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, Calif. 94550 Contributed to Symposium on Energy for the Future, April 26, 1971 Last November the late Theos Thompson, then a commis- density would be quite low-about 10-5 of the density of the sioner in the Atomic Energy Commission, gave a talk here in atmosphere-practically a vacuum. Even so, the fusion power Washington to the Plasma Physics Division of the American released per unit volume would be about 10 MW or more per Physical Society. The title of his talk was "Fusion Power- cubic meter of reacting fuel. Higher fuel densities are possible, the Uncertain Certainty". Characteristically, in picking that but since fusion power increases as the square of the fuel title Tommy Thompson had put his finger on the key feature density, reactors working at much higher densities must of the topic he was to discuss. I feel that I could do no better in necessarily operate in a pulsed mode-that is, with an inter- adopting his phrase as a theme for my talk. mittent combustion cycle, like an internal combustion engine. Fusion power does not exist today. What exists is a well- In any fusion reactor, however, the total amount of fuel pres- grounded worldwide research effort specifically aimed toward ent at any one time would only be a few tens of milligrams. achieving it, plus recent evidence that says this research Confinement of the hot fuel gas, that is isolating it from phys- effort is on the right track. There is growing acceptance of the ical contact with the reactor chamber walls, has always been proposition that power from fusion not only will be achieved, the central problem. At first, this problem seemed insoluble but that fusion offers an almost ideal answer to our future even in principle. Then it was realized that the high tempera- energy needs. Fusion will be and needs to be achieved-that is ture necessary for fusion itself could help solve the problem. the certainty. But there is also a feeling on the part of many I am referring to the fact that at fusion temperatures matter that not only is fusion a highly desirable goal, but that it is not exists only in the plasma state - ions and electrons, and that necessarily a distant one-if we move now. Fusion power: is these can be controlled by magnetic fields. Since the earliest it a distant dream or a near-term possibility? That is the days of fusion research this has been the main approach: to use uncertainty. intense magnetic fields to control the plasma, in other words, to Controlled fusion research began about 20 years ago, in attempt to confine it within a magnetic bottle. secrecy and essentially simultaneously in the U.S., the As I implied in using the words "attempt to confine", the United Kingdom, and the USSR. Secrecy was ended by inter- stumbling block for fusion research in the past has been the national agreement in 1958 and since that date an unusually failure of magnetic bottles to live up to expectations. This high degree of international cooperation has existed in this single circumstance dominated the research picture for many field. The present worldwide fusion effort is about $120,000,000 years. This is the circumstance that has now changed so equivalent-about 50% in the Soviet Union, 25% in the U.S. radically. (that is, about $30,000,000 /year), and the rest in the U.K., To anticipate things I will later discuss, let me say that the Western Europe, and Japan. present situation is that the origins of the past failures of mag- Before getting to details I'll review some basic principles. netic confinement, namely plasma instabilities, are well under- Fusion research seeks ways to extract useful power from stood, and that powerful and effective means for dealing with nuclear reactions among light elements. The primary fuel for these instabilities have been devised and proved out in the lab- fusion is deuterium. Deuterium exists in sufficient quantity to oratory. In fact, the recent optimism in the fusion community satisfy any conceivable energy demands for thousands of mil- stems from the circumstance that the stabilization principles lions of years. The cost of obtaining it by isotope separation involved are being found to remain effective in plasmas whose from water is so low that, as a fuel, deuterium would cost less properties are not far below those needed in a fusion reactor. than 1% of the present cost of coal, on a per-unit-of-energy Furthermore, new experiments are coming up that should push basis. these limits even farther. Nuclear fusion is nuclear combustion, the process that heats The optimists among us-and I'm one of them-look on the sun and the stars. To achieve controlled fusion on earth we these new experiments as being the likely immediate prede- must carry out the following steps: first, heat a small quantity cessors of what might be called "scientific feasibility demon- (how small I will mention later) of fusion fuel above its ignition strations" for fusion, i.e., experiments in which the principles point-about 100 million degrees kinetic temperature; second, of magnetic confinement would be proved at plasma densities, maintain this fuel in a heated condition long enough for the temperatures, and confinement times comparable to those release of fusion energy to exceed the heat input; and third, projected for fusion reactors. convert the energy released to useful form, namely electricity. Before I launch into more details let me digress again and The requirement for high temperatures to achieve fusion is say a word about optimism and pessimism inside and outside unavoidable; the choice of operating fuel density is open. For the fusion community. Optimism has kept us going through example, in a large reactor operating in steady state the fuel some very black times-it has also in the past led to pre- 1931 Downloaded by guest on September 23, 2021 1932 N. A. S. Symposium: Energy for the Future Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 68 (1971) PLASMA OPEN SYSTEM - SIMPLE MAGNETIC MIRROR PLASMA a COIL FIG. 3. Field lines in a magnetic-well type of mirror field as produced by a "baseball" coil. around for at least 30 years. It represents both the starting point and the reference standard for magnetic confinement. FIELD LINES To convert the basic idea into a useful plasma confinement system is another story. This kind of magnetic confinement is CLOSED SYSTEM - SIMPLE TORUS good for stopping transverse flow, but worthless in inhibiting flow along field lines. There are three ways to resolve this di- FIG. 1. Simple examples of open (mirror) and closed (toroidal) lemma. (a) Make the tube so long that its open ends don't mat- magnetic containment configurations. ter. This means a kilometer or so for a high-density pulsed mature rejoicing as soon as a little light showed through the reactor or hundreds of kilometers for a steady-state reactor: clouds. On the other hand, pessimism has little it can say not a very attractive possibility. (b) Restrain the flow of about what are now solid scientific accomplishments in fusion plasma along the field lines; this is the mirror machine idea. research, nor even about the ultimate importance and value (c) (this one is the most popular choice for many reasons) of achieving fusion power. Where the confrontation occurs, Return the field lines on themselves within a doughnut-shaped and where it will remain until fusion power is a reality, is at chamber, so that plasma particles can move freely along the the question of the significance of new results as a valid guide lines without eseaping. The last two ways gave rise during the to the future and on the timetable for translating these earliest days of fusion research to two simple, neat, and intui- results into practical hardware. tively obvious forms: the so-called open and closed magnetic Charged particles immersed in a magnetic field must execute bottles shown in Fig. 1. The open system is called a mirror helical-coil, spring-like orbits in that field. If the field is suf- machine, since it works by trapping particles between mag- ficiently intense, the diameter of the helices will be small com- lw I I I I I I pared to that of the reactor chamber. When this is true, parti- \ . , , cles should be able to reach the chamber walls only in the @-ALKALI PLASMA transverse direction (across the field lines) by step-by-step dif- fusion arising from collisions between the particles-the so- called "classical" rate of diffusion of plasma across a magnetic [.,,RESISTIVE MICROWAVE in a tube this classi- 0 w HEATING field. At fusion temperatures and straight EE' 10 cal rate is calculated to be orders of magnitude slower than LAJ + ELECTRON CYCLOTRON This " that needed to satisfy fusion requirements. result, namely - +.'-RESONANCE HEATING that a strong magnetic field in a straight tube should effec- I-P- tively prevent the flow of particles across that field, has been 2c OHMIC HliEATING: LAJ AFTERGILOW LSo BOHM DIFFUSION,-, L- I Tt Te OHMIC / \ HEATING A ION CYCLOTRO>K -( DATA NORMIALIZED TO RESONANCE HETING 12.3 kG, 5.U.Oc RADIUS) n0 l I..... I fll QI 1.0 10 100 kTe (ELECTRON TEMPERATURE) (eV) FIG. 4. Stellarator model C confinement results compared FIG. 2. Illustration of the magnetic field lines in a sheared with the prediction of Bohm diffusion.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • L-Shell and Energy Dependence of Magnetic Mirror Point of Charged
    Soni et al. Earth, Planets and Space (2020) 72:129 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-020-01264-5 FULL PAPER Open Access L-shell and energy dependence of magnetic mirror point of charged particles trapped in Earth’s magnetosphere Pankaj K. Soni* , Bharati Kakad and Amar Kakad Abstract In the Earth’s inner magnetosphere, there exist regions like plasmasphere, ring current, and radiation belts, where the population of charged particles trapped along the magnetic feld lines is more. These particles keep performing gyration, bounce and drift motions until they enter the loss cone and get precipitated to the neutral atmosphere. Theoretically, the mirror point latitude of a particle performing bounce motion is decided only by its equatorial pitch angle. This theoretical manifestation is based on the conservation of the frst adiabatic invariant, which assumes that the magnetic feld varies slowly relative to the gyro-period and gyro-radius. However, the efects of gyro-motion can- not be neglected when gyro-period and gyro-radius are large. In such a scenario, the theoretically estimated mirror point latitudes of electrons are likely to be in agreement with the actual trajectories due to their small gyro-radius. Nevertheless, for protons and other heavier charged particles like oxygen, the gyro-radius is relatively large, and the actual latitude of the mirror point may not be the same as estimated from the theory. In this context, we have carried out test particle simulations and found that the L-shell, energy, and gyro-phase of the particles do afect their mirror points. Our simulations demonstrate that the existing theoretical expression sometimes overestimates or underesti- mates the magnetic mirror point latitude depending on the value of L-shell, energy and gyro-phase due to underlying guiding centre approximation.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicholas Christofilos and the Astron Project in America's Fusion Program
    Elisheva Coleman May 4, 2004 Spring Junior Paper Advisor: Professor Mahoney Greek Fire: Nicholas Christofilos and the Astron Project in America’s Fusion Program This paper represents my own work in accordance with University regulations The author thanks the Program in Plasma Science and Technology and the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory for their support. Introduction The second largest building on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s campus today stands essentially abandoned, used as a warehouse for odds and ends. Concrete, starkly rectangular and nondescript, Building 431 was home for over a decade to the Astron machine, the testing device for a controlled fusion reactor scheme devised by a virtually unknown engineer-turned-physicist named Nicholas C. Christofilos. Building 431 was originally constructed in the late 1940s before the Lawrence laboratory even existed, for the Materials Testing Accelerator (MTA), the first experiment performed at the Livermore site.1 By the time the MTA was retired in 1955, the Livermore lab had grown up around it, a huge, nationally funded institution devoted to four projects: magnetic fusion, diagnostic weapon experiments, the design of thermonuclear weapons, and a basic physics program.2 When the MTA shut down, its building was turned over to the lab’s controlled fusion department. A number of fusion experiments were conducted within its walls, but from the early sixties onward Astron predominated, and in 1968 a major extension was added to the building to accommodate a revamped and enlarged Astron accelerator. As did much material within the national lab infrastructure, the building continued to be recycled. After Astron’s termination in 1973 the extension housed the Experimental Test Accelerator (ETA), a prototype for a huge linear induction accelerator, the type of accelerator first developed for Astron.
    [Show full text]
  • Anl-7807 Anl-7807 Survey of Thermonuclear-Reactor
    ANL-7807 ANL-7807 SURVEY OF THERMONUCLEAR-REACTOR PARAMETERS P. J. Persiani, W. C. Lipinski, and A. J. Hatcli U of C-AUA-USAECB ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY, ARGONNE, ILLINOIS Prepared for the U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38 The faciliUes of Argonne National Laboratory are owned by the "-'f •> S'^^f °°^^%'" ment. Under the terms of a contract (W-31-109-Eng-38) between the U. S. ""^^^^J^^'J/ Commission, Argonne Universities Association and The University of Chicago, the ""'J'"=">' employs the staff and operates the Laboratory in accordance with policies and programs formu- lated, approved and reviewed by the Association. MEMBERS OF ARGONNE UNIVERSITIES ASSOCIATION The Ohio State University The University of Arizona Kansas State University Carnegie-Mellon University The University of Kansas Ohio University Case Western Reserve University Loyola University The Pennsylvania State University The University of Chicago Marquette University Purdue University University o£ Cincinnati Michigan State University Saint Louis University Illinois Institute of Technology The University of Michigan Southern Illinois University University of Illinois University of Minnesota The University of Texas at Austin Indiana University University of Missouri Washington University Iowa State University Northwestern University Wayne State University The University of Iowa University of Notre Dame The University of Wisconsin NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Atomic Energy Commission, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontrac­ tors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately-owned rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Quaslconflned Particles and I= 2 Stellarator Fields on the Negative Mass Lnstablllty in a Modified Betatron G
    TABLE II. Coefficients a and b + r of log(ac,) vs log[2/( p 1/p0 +Pel ACKNOWLEDGMENTS p,)J. We thank Jeanette Nelson for a careful reading of the log(ac1 ) =a+ b log(2/( pc/p1 + p 1/p0 ) l when a = 10 manuscript and G. Pollarolo for useful discussions about the NAG FORTRAN LIBRARY. The numerical computations were 0.1 <Pi <Po< 10 carried out on the Vax 11/780 ofINFN Sezione di Torino. M = 100 M=30 M =IO a; b; r 0.44; 0.06; 0.99 0.33; 0.06; 0.98 0.42; 0.04; 0.98 1 where r0 is the Lorentz factor and spans between 1 and 10. A. E. Gill, Phys. Fluids 8, 1428 (1965). The presence of a shear in cylindrical symmetry has not 2 A. Ferrari, B. Trusooni, and L. Zaninetti, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 196, yet been considered and will presumably produce a cutoff in !OSI (1981). 3H. Cohn, Astrophys. J. 269, 500 (1983). the instabilities where a> 21'Id, with d (in jet radius units) 4 D. G. Payne and H. Cohn, Astrophys. J. 287, 29S (1984). the length characterizing the thickness of the shear. ' A. M. Anile, J.C. Miller, and S. Motta, Phys. Fluids 26, 14SO (1983). Effect of quaslconflned particles and I= 2 stellarator fields on the negative mass lnstablllty in a modified betatron G. Roberts and N. Rostoker Department ofPhy sics, University ofCalifomia, Irvine. California 92717 (Received 5 February 1985; accepted 10 October 1985) A sufficient stability condition for the negative mass instability is derived.
    [Show full text]
  • Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade No. 99 (2020), 256 - 257 Invited Lecture
    Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade No. 99 (2020), 256 - 257 Invited Lecture CHALLENGES AND PROGRESS ON THE PATH TOWARDS FUSION ELECTRICITY A. J. H. DONNÉ EUROfusion, Garching, Germany E-mail [email protected] Abstract. The European Roadmap to the Realisation of Fusion Energy1 breaks the quest for fusion energy into eight missions: 1. Plasma regimes of operation: Demonstrate plasma scenarios (based on the tokamak configuration) that increase the success margin of ITER and satisfy the requirements of DEMO. 2. Heat-exhaust systems: Demonstrate an integrated approach that can handle the large power leaving ITER and DEMO plasmas. 3. Neutron tolerant materials: Develop materials that withstand the large 14MeV neutron flux for long periods while retaining adequate physical properties. 4. Tritium self-sufficiency: Find an effective technological solution for the breeding blanket that also drives the generators. 5. Implementation of the intrinsic safety features of fusion: Ensure safety is integral to the design of DEMO using the experience gained with ITER. 6. Integrated DEMO design and system development: Bring together the plasma and all the systems coherently, resolving issues by targeted R&D activities 7. Competitive cost of electricity: Ensure the economic potential of fusion by minimising the DEMO capital and lifetime costs and developing long-term technologies to further reduce power plant costs. 8. Stellarator: Bring the stellarator line to maturity to determine the feasibility of a stellarator power plant. Now we are approaching the end of the 8th European Framework Programme (2014- 2020), it is a good moment to look back at the achievements since the establishment of EUROfusion in 2014, while at the same time have a peek into the future, to see which challenges lay ahead of us as well as the strategy to tackle them.
    [Show full text]
  • Observation of Nuclear Fusion Driven by a Pyroelectric Crystal
    letters to nature 1900þ14. I. An interpretive study of BeppoSAX and Ulysses observations. Astrophys. J. 549, electrostatic field of the crystal is used to generate and accelerate 1021–1038 (2001). a deuteron beam (>100 keV and >4 nA), which, upon striking a 10. Gaensler, B. M. et al. Second-epoch VLA observations of SGR 1806220. GRB Circ. Network 2933 (2005). deuterated target, produces a neutron flux over 400 times the 11. Corbel, S. & Eikenberry, S. S. The connection between W31, SGR 1806220, and LBV 1806220: background level. The presence of neutrons from the reaction Distance, extinction, and structure. Astron. Astrophys. 419, 191–201 (2004). D 1 D ! 3He (820 keV) 1 n (2.45 MeV) within the target is 12. Kolpak, M. A., Jackson, J. M., Bania, T. M. & Dickey, J. M. The radial distribution of cold atomic hydrogen in the galaxy. Astrophys. J. 578, 868–876 (2002). confirmed by pulse shape analysis and proton recoil spectro- 13. Corbel, S. et al. The distance of the soft gamma repeater SGR 1806220. Astrophys. J. 478, 624–630 scopy. As further evidence for this fusion reaction, we use a novel (1997). time-of-flight technique to demonstrate the delayed coincidence 14. Hartmann, D. & Burton, W. B. Atlas of Galactic Neutral Hydrogen. Ch. 4, 169 (Cambridge Univ. Press, between the outgoing a-particle and the neutron. Although the Cambridge, 1997). 15. Garwood, R. W. & Dickey, J. M. Cold atomic gas in the inner Galaxy. Astrophys. J. 338, 841–861 (1989). reported fusion is not useful in the power-producing sense, we 16. Figer, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Astron 104 Laboratory #7 Nuclear Fusion and Stars Chapter 12
    Lab #7 Name: Date: Section: Astron 104 Laboratory #7 Nuclear Fusion and Stars Chapter 12 Introduction You are intimately linked to the nuclear fusion that occurs in stars. Life on Earth thrives on sunlight, which originates as energy produced at the center of the Sun as hydrogen is fused to form helium. Even the very atoms and molecules of your body | iron in your blood, calcium in your bones, phosphorous in your DNA | were forged in stars and dispersed to the interstellar medium in spectacular explosions. In this lab, you will explore the creation of heavy elements and release of energy through nuclear fusion in stars. Learning Objectives At the completion of this lab, you should be able to: 1. Describe the components of atomic nuclei and the properties of subatomic particles 2. Describe the force between two protons as a function of their separation distance 3. Describe the temperature required for nuclear fusion of hydrogen and heavier elements 4. Describe how nuclear fusion produces energy 5. Describe why iron is the heaviest element that can be made via nuclear fusion in stars Atomic Nuclei [5 pts each, 15 pts total] Atomic nuclear are made of combinations of sub-microscopic particles called protons and neutrons. The neutron is slight more massive than the proton, but for now we will ignore that difference and assume the neutron and proton each have a mass of 1 unit. Protons have a positive electrical charge (let's call it +1 unit) and neutrons have no electrical charge. Astron 104 Fall 2015 1 Lab #7 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Nuclear Fusion
    TOWARDS NUCLEAR FUSION The outlook for controlled nuclear fusion has many people had apparently been led to believe. become much more complex than it appeared to be - Professor Teller said that while he believed that at least to the general public - when the possibility of thermonuclear energy generation was possible, it was taming thermonuclear reactions for the production of not going to be "quite easy". Professor L.A.Artsim- useful power was optimistically mentioned at the 1955 ovich of the Soviet Union remarked: "We do not Geneva conference on the peaceful uses of atomic wish to be pessimistic in appraising the future of our energy. Indeed, it may now be impossible to re­ work, yet we must not underestimate the difficulties capture the widespread excitement that followed the which will have to be overcome before we learn to prediction about thermonuclear power by the Presi­ master thermonuclear fusion. " Dr. P. C. Thonemann dent of the conference. Dr. Homi J. Bhabha of India, of the United Kingdom thought that an answer to the and the subsequent disclosures that research on con­ question whether electrical power could be generated trolled nuclear fusion was actively under way in some "using the light elements as fuel by themselves" could of the technically advanced countries. be given only in the next decade, and if the answer was "yes" a further ten years would be required to The significance of this possibility was immedi­ answer the question whether such a power source was ately recognized and there were many enthusiastic economically valuable. accounts of what the generation of power from fusion reactions would mean to the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Fusion Energy Plasma Physics (K
    BOOK REVIEWS S',".'"" o book, tor review " based on the editor's 'P'"'""' ",,,d'", possible reader E interest and on the availability of the book to the editor. Occasional selections may include II. L><:5.NB; ns books on topics somewhat peripheral to the subject matter ordinarily considered acceptable. 1111. Controlled Nuclear Fusion - Fundamentals of Its experiments and design studies have evidently so consumed Utilization for Energy Supply the time of experienced workers that there is a great short­ age of rigorous but comprehensible review articles that Authors J. Raeder, K. Borass, R. Bunde, W. should serve as the basis for such a text. Danner, R. Klingelhofer, L. Lengyel, In summary, the book by Raeder et al. should serve as F. Leuterer, M. Soli a useful supplementary text for courses on controlled fusion and a useful enough reference to justify its purchase by Publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Somerset, researchers and instructors active in the various fields of New Jersey (1986) tokamak research that it covers. Despite the recent publica­ tion of a number of very good efforts, the definitive, self­ Pages 316 (illustrated) contained, introductory text on fusion reactor design and a more widely useful reference work for tokamak researchers Price $100.00 remain to be written. Clifford E. Singer Reviewer Clifford E. Singer received his PhD at the University of California, Berkeley. He has worked on the theory and This book is a translation of Kontrol/ierte Kernfusion, applied physics ofplasma transport in tokamak experiments written in 1980. Despite the delay in translation, the book and reactors at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (and remains a timely summary of many aspects of tokamak the University ofIllinois) since 1977.
    [Show full text]
  • Insight Manufacturers, Publishers and Suppliers by Product Category
    Manufacturers, Publishers and Suppliers by Product Category 2/15/2021 10/100 Hubs & Switch ASANTE TECHNOLOGIES CHECKPOINT SYSTEMS, INC. DYNEX PRODUCTS HAWKING TECHNOLOGY MILESTONE SYSTEMS A/S ASUS CIENA EATON HEWLETT PACKARD ENTERPRISE 1VISION SOFTWARE ATEN TECHNOLOGY CISCO PRESS EDGECORE HIKVISION DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY CO. LT 3COM ATLAS SOUND CISCO SYSTEMS EDGEWATER NETWORKS INC Hirschmann 4XEM CORP. ATLONA CITRIX EDIMAX HITACHI AB DISTRIBUTING AUDIOCODES, INC. CLEAR CUBE EKTRON HITACHI DATA SYSTEMS ABLENET INC AUDIOVOX CNET TECHNOLOGY EMTEC HOWARD MEDICAL ACCELL AUTOMAP CODE GREEN NETWORKS ENDACE USA HP ACCELLION AUTOMATION INTEGRATED LLC CODI INC ENET COMPONENTS HP INC ACTI CORPORATION AVAGOTECH TECHNOLOGIES COMMAND COMMUNICATIONS ENET SOLUTIONS INC HYPERCOM ADAPTEC AVAYA COMMUNICATION DEVICES INC. ENGENIUS IBM ADC TELECOMMUNICATIONS AVOCENT‐EMERSON COMNET ENTERASYS NETWORKS IMC NETWORKS ADDERTECHNOLOGY AXIOM MEMORY COMPREHENSIVE CABLE EQUINOX SYSTEMS IMS‐DELL ADDON NETWORKS AXIS COMMUNICATIONS COMPU‐CALL, INC ETHERWAN INFOCUS ADDON STORE AZIO CORPORATION COMPUTER EXCHANGE LTD EVGA.COM INGRAM BOOKS ADESSO B & B ELECTRONICS COMPUTERLINKS EXABLAZE INGRAM MICRO ADTRAN B&H PHOTO‐VIDEO COMTROL EXACQ TECHNOLOGIES INC INNOVATIVE ELECTRONIC DESIGNS ADVANTECH AUTOMATION CORP. BASF CONNECTGEAR EXTREME NETWORKS INOGENI ADVANTECH CO LTD BELDEN CONNECTPRO EXTRON INSIGHT AEROHIVE NETWORKS BELKIN COMPONENTS COOLGEAR F5 NETWORKS INSIGNIA ALCATEL BEMATECH CP TECHNOLOGIES FIRESCOPE INTEL ALCATEL LUCENT BENFEI CRADLEPOINT, INC. FORCE10 NETWORKS, INC INTELIX
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Spheromak Fusion Reactor
    UCRL-JC-124363 Advanced Spheromak Fusion Reactor T. Kenneth Fowler University of California at Berkeley '4 6 E. Bickford Hooper Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory This paper was prepared for submittal to 8th International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems Obninsk, Russia June 24-28,1996 June 19,1996 This is a preprint of a paper intended for publication in a journal or proceeding Since changes may be made before publication, this preprint is made available with the understanding that it will not be cited or reproduced.withoutthe permission of the author. DfSTRIBUlION OF TffFS DOCUMENT UNLrMlTEO IS 4? DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information. apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark. manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the University of California. and shall not be. used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.
    [Show full text]
  • Generation of Astron-Spherator Configuration
    INSTITUTE OF PLASMA PHYSICS NAGOYA UNIVERSITY Generation of Astron-Spherator Configuration Kazumichi NARIHARA, Mitsuru HASEGAWA Yukihiro TOMITA, Tetsuya TSUZUKI Kuninori SATO and Akihiro MOHRI (Received - Dec.27, 1982 ) IPPJ-621 Jan. 1983 RESEARCH REPORT NAGOYA, JAPAN Generation of Astron-Spherator Configuration Kazumichi NARIHARA, Mitsuru HASEGAWA Yukihiro TOMITA, Tetsuya TSUZUKI Kuninori SATO and Akihiro MOHRI (Received - Dec.27, 1982 ) IPPJ-621 Jan. 1983 Further communication about this report is to be sent to the Research Information Center, Institute of Plasma Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464, Japan. Generation of Astron-Spherator Configuration issue ) Kazumiohi NARIHARA, Mitsuru HASEGAWA, Yukihiro TORIITA, Tetsuya TSUZUKI, Kuninori SATO and Akihiro MOHRI Institute of Plasma Physics, Nagoya University Nagoya, 4 64 Synopsis It was experimentally demonstrated that Astron-Spherator configuration is formed by injecting a pulsed relativistic electron bean in a toroidal device SPAC-VI with external toroidal and vertical magnetic fields. A plasma is confined in the extended magnetic region produced by a slender core of current carrying energetic electrons. This configuration continued for 40 ms without fatal instabilities. - 2 - Introduct ion A toroidal magnetic system called 'Astron-Spherator' was first considered for plasma confinement by S.Yoshikawa and N.C.Christfilos so a- to synthesise the favourable features of 2) 3 4) Astron and Spherator * . Spherator is equipped with a conducting hard core carrying toroidal currents. Its magnetic configuration is characterised by deep magnetic well, high magnetic shear and short connection length between the bad and good curvature regions. However, the presence of the hard core,floated and immersed inside the confined plasma, makes it difficult to extend this system to a fusion reactor concept.
    [Show full text]