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Compiled by Aubrey Glazier (Aubreyglazier158@Gmail.Com) Volume 54 Number 1 January to March 2019 Sights in the Charioteer The magazine of the Irish Astronomical Society [email protected] www.irishastrosoc.org Contents A brief history of Black Holes by David Taylor page 3 A star to outshine Sirius by Michael McCreary page 5 A crawl around the Crab page 6 Sky notes for January to March 2019 by James O’Connor page 8 90 with the C-90 by Kevin Berwick page 10 How Uranus got its tilt page 12 Observers’ Corner by Aubrey Glazier page 13 On the cover Committee President: vacant Derek Buckley produced this truly amazing image of the Tadpole Vice-President: John Dolan Nebula (IC 410) in Auriga. The “Tadpoles” are the two bright linear fea- Secretary: Michael Grehan tures embedded towards the right edge of the nebula in this view. IC Treasurer: Val Dunne 410 is 12,000 light years distant and spans 100 light years across. We can also: Mick McCreary, Greg Coyle, also see the open star cluster NGC 1893 within Derek’s image. Frank Boughton, Ben Emmett, John F Formed in the interstellar cloud a mere 4 million years ago, the in- Other Society Officers tensely hot, bright cluster stars energize the glowing gas. Composed of denser cooler gas and dust, the tadpoles are around 10 light-years long. Observations: Aubrey Glazier Sky-High Editor: John O'Neill Instruments used were a Takahashi 106 apochromatic refractor on an Webmasters: Sara Beck John O'Neill EM 200 Tak mount and Atik 383L camera. 5 min subs/Hydrogen Alpha. Orbit Editor: John Flannery IAS meetings and other events of interest Next IAS meetings 2019 marks the 50th anniversary of David Bowie’s Venue for all our lecture meetings is Ely House, 8 seminal album “Space Oddity” and also of Apollo 11 Ely Place, Dublin 2. All welcome & admission is free. landing on the Moon. As a result, this year’s Dublin Bowie Festival (7th - 13th Jan) is themed around • Monday, Jan 28th at 8pm: Speaker details and space and the IAS has been invited to participate with lecture topic will be notified to members by email. Sidewalk Astronomy on the Festival’s last weekend and a day of science at The Phoenix Park Visitors Centre on Monday, Feb 25th at 8pm: Speaker details and • Sunday, Jan 13th. See www.dublinbowiefestival.ie lecture topic will be notified to members by email. • Monday, Mar 25th at 8pm: Speaker details and This year’s BT Young Scientist Exhibition runs from lecture topic will be notified to members by email. Jan 9th to 12th in the RDS. See btyoungscientist.com for the timetable and admission details. Dublin Sidewalk Astronomers Galway Astronomy Club’s annual Festival is on Jan Friday, Jan 11th at 8pm: The Dublin Sidewalk As- 26th this year in the Harbour Hotel in the heart of the tronomers meet at the car park, on Strand Road, just city. As well as a full day of talks there will be trade south of the Sandymount Martello Tower, Dublin 4. stands and an exhibition. Speakers include: Aaron Free, all welcome. Golden of NUIG; Tony O’Hanlon; Mike Baille, QUB; Morgan Fraser, UCD; and Sophie Murray, TCD. Tom Saturday, Jan 12th at 8pm: The Dublin Sidewalk O’Donoghue will host an astrophotography workshop. Astronomers meet in Clontarf. The venue is the sea- front car park, on Clontarf Road, opposite the Clon- The Royal Irish Academy’s McCrea Lecture on Feb tarf Bus Garage, Dublin 3. Free, all welcome. 7th is “The European Southern Observatory in 2019, See our web site for details of further DSA events and the evolution of galaxies as probed by ALMA” and held monthly in each alternate venue (Sandymount on is given by Rob Ivison, ESO’s Director of Science. More Fridays and Clontarf on Saturdays). details and booking can be found at www.ria.ie — Page 2 — A brief history of Black Holes by David Taylor HORTLY AFTER Einstein’s General theory of rela- act with each other. Excitations of these fields can be S tivity was published, a curiosity was found by Karl represented as the familiar point particle theory. Schwarzschild. A stable solution was found that There is a specific aspect of quantum theory that is seemed to describe a most peculiar object (one that needed here, that is the notion of particle creation was briefly thought about in the late eighteenth cen- and annihilation. The hypothesis goes that particles tury). It was an object that warped the fabric of can flit in and out of existence subject to certain con- space and time in such a way that nothing could es- ditions. One is that the particles that are created cape. Thus the “black hole” as we know it was con- must be a pair such that one is a particle and the ceived. This is the classic idea of a black hole; an ob- other is its antiparticle. They get created, live a short ject of fixed size, with a huge gravitational well. At life, and annihilate with one another. its centre, the singularity, a point of infinite density, which itself is surrounded by the event horizon; the It is worth noting by the way that the marriage of boundary of no return. We'll call this type of black general relativity and quantum field theory is the holy grail of theoretical physics. There have been many hole a classical black hole. attempts; string theory, loop quantum gravity, to While at the time thought too extreme to exist, name but two. The difficulty arises from the funda- the idea persisted, and many years later astronomers mental differences between the two frameworks: In noticed that the motions of certain clusters of stars at general relativity, spacetime is assumed to be a con- the centre of galaxies were moving with incredible tinuous manifold, whereas in QFT, the more we zoom speeds around a seemingly invisible centre! That is, in the more granular the universe appears to be, to there was some massive object which wasn’t emitting the point that right at the lowest level it is hypothe- any light, yet interacting with these nearby stars via sised to be a quantum frenzy of madness. In this re- gravitation. They determined that the mass required gime nothing of our usual aspects of the universe are to cause the stars to orbit as they were was vastly familiar. The result of this is that when we incorpo- more than even the most massive stars. This was a rate the equations of quantum mechanics into general serious candidate for a black hole. relativity, the equations “blow up”, that is they give nonsensical answers such as infinite probabilities. With more and more observations like this, the Thus, Hawking's attempt at a slight overlap of the idea of black holes existing in our universe was be- quantum realm in a gravitational setting is a spec- coming generally accepted by the scientific commu- tacular result. nity. Few concepts have captured the imagination quite like these fantastic objects with such little ob- Radiation Revelations servational facts. There is somewhat limited scientific evidence of these objects, nevertheless much re- Now that we’re better equipped, let’s see what search has been done on the mathematical objects Hawking achieved. He placed the idea of the black which has modified our version of the classical black hole in this quantum framework, one where our parti- hole many times and in many ways. cle antiparticle pairs live. If we zoom into the bound- ary of the black hole, the event horizon, we have this Taking Quantum Leaps sphere of no return, so if we have particles and anti- particles coming in and out of existence right at the With the advent of quantum field theory, certain boundary, antiparticles can fall into the black hole, aspects of the black hole needed thinking about. One while the particle (without it’s partner to annihilate surprising (almost paradoxical) result is that a black with), can escape to infinity. Seen from far enough hole, an object where nothing can escape, should in away, it would appear that the black hole is in fact fact radiate! This amazing feat of thought was devel- radiating! This amazing result was named in Hawk- oped by the late great Professor Stephen Hawking. ing’s honour; Hawking radiation. The temperatures The father of popularising these ideas and making were calculated to be quite less than the balmy 3 kel- them accessible to a general audience via his many vin of the cosmic microwave background radiation, so best-selling popular science books. measuring this is currently practically impossible. A To understand his revolutionary contribution, a consequence of Hawking radiation is that the antipar- little quantum field theory (QFT) is necessary. In QFT, ticle diet of the black hole causes it to shrink in size! the most fundamental physical entities are not point So over time it would appear that the black hole particles; they are fields. In this framework, the uni- evaporates. We have now moved away from the clas- verse is filled with these quantum fields which inter- sical black hole to this quantum black hole. — Page 3 — Going back for a moment, the fundamental princi- dynamic system can have when in a state as specified ple of quantum mechanics is that all the information by some macroscopic variables. It also comes up in of a system is embodied by its wave function; which information theory as the disorder of a system. cannot be destroyed. This has relevance to us here when speaking about black holes.
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