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Chemical Heritage Foundation Eugene Garfield CHEMICAL HERITAGE FOUNDATION EUGENE GARFIELD Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Robert V. Williams at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 29 July 1997 (With Subsequent Corrections and Additions) This interview has been designated as Free Access. One may view, quote from, cite, or reproduce the oral history with the permission of CHF. Please note: Users citing this interview for purposes of publication are obliged under the terms of the Chemical Heritage Foundation Oral History Program to credit CHF using the format below: Eugene Garfield, interview by Robert V. Williams at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 29 July 1997 (Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation, Oral History Transcript # 0165). Chemical Heritage Foundation Oral History Program 315 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 The Chemical Heritage Foundation (CHF) serves the community of the chemical and molecular sciences, and the wider public, by treasuring the past, educating the present, and inspiring the future. CHF maintains a world-class collection of materials that document the history and heritage of the chemical and molecular sciences, technologies, and industries; encourages research in CHF collections; and carries out a program of outreach and interpretation in order to advance an understanding of the role of the chemical and molecular sciences, technologies, and industries in shaping society. EUGENE GARFIELD 1925 Born in New York City on 16 September Education 1948 B.S., chemistry, Columbia University 1954 M.S., library science, Columbia University 1961 Ph.D., structural linguistics, University of Pennsylvania Professional Experience 1949-1950 Laboratory Chemist, Evans Research and Development Corporation 1950-1951 Research Chemist, Columbia University 1951-1953 Staff member, Welch Machine Indexing Project, Johns Hopkins University 1954-1960 President, Eugene Garfield Associates 1998-2000 President, ASIS&T (American Society for Information Science & Technology) Institute for Scientific Information 1960-1992 President and CEO 1992 Chairman 1993-present Chairman Emeritus The Scientist, LLC 1986-2000 Publisher and Editor-in-Chief 2001-present President Honors 1953-1954 Grolier Society Fellow, Columbia University 1966 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science 1966 Fellow, Institute of Information Scientists 1975 Award of Merit, American Society for Information Scientists 1977 Hall of Fame Award, Information Industry Association 1977 Herman Skolnik Award, Division of Chemical Information, American Chemical Society 1978 Book Award for Best Information Science Book of 1977 (Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol: 1&2, 1962-1976), American Society for Information Scientists 1980 Award, Chemical Notation Society 1983 Patterson-Crane Award, Dayton and Columbus Sections, American Chemical Society 1983 John Price Wetherill Medal, Franklin Institute 1984 Derek J. de Solla Price Memorial Medal, Scientometrics 1986 John Scott Award, City of Philadelphia 1987 Distinguished Alumni Award, Columbia University, School of Library Service 1988 Doctor (honoris causa), Vrije University, Brussels, Belgium 1990 Ph.D. (honoris causa), State University of New York, Albany 1991 Honorary Fellow, Society for Technical Communication 1991 Ph.D. (honoris causa), Thomas Jefferson University 1993 Honorary Foreign Member, Institute of Marine Biology, Vladivostok, Russia 1993 Honorary Fellow, Medical Libraries Association 1993 M.D. (honoris causa), University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Italy 1995 M.D. (honoris causa), Charles University, Czech Republic 1999 Avenue of Technology Award, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2000 Professor Kaula Award for Library and Information Science, India ABSTRACT Eugene Garfield begins the interview with a discussion of The Johns Hopkins University Welch Library indexing project. Garfield joined this project in 1951, during which he became involved in machine methods for indexing and searching literature. He worked on automating Current List of Medical Literature, and experimented with punched cards and zato coding. During his tenure there, he helped to organize a symposium to demonstrate the project’s work, at which he met many pioneering information scientists. Also while at the project, Garfield developed his idea for Contents in Advance. He discusses his relationship with Sanford V. Larkey, and his decision to attended library school at Columbia University. After graduating, Garfield joined Smith, Kline & French as a consultant. He eventually set up his own company, DocuMation, Inc., and worked on many projects, including a Genetics Citation Index for the NIH and Management’s DocuMation Preview. Garfield discusses the development of Current Contents, the growth of his business, and the challenges he encountered. In the 1960s, he launched Science Citation Index, a concept that was later expanded to include other fields of literature. Garfield was also involved in many professional organizations throughout his career, including the Information Industry Association (IIA). He addresses the evolution of his company, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), his colleagues, and his decision to sell ISI. Garfield concludes the interview with a discussion of his experience with VINITI, changes in library education, and the future role of the Internet. INTERVIEWER Robert V. Williams is a professor of library and information science at the University of South Carolina. He holds a Ph.D. in library and information studies from the University of Wisconsin, Madison; an M.S. in library and information science from Florida State University; and an M.A. in history from New York University. Before joining the University of South Carolina in 1978, he was an archivist and information services manager for the Ford Foundation and the Georgia Department of Archives and History. Williams has also been an information consultant for many organizations including Appalachian Council of Governments of Greenville, South Carolina, and Pontifical Catholic University Madre y Maestra, Dominican Republic. He came to the Chemical Heritage Foundation as the Eugene Garfield Fellow in the History of Scientific Information in 1997. He is a member of the South Carolina Historical Records Advisory Board, the American Library Association (ALA), and the American Society for Information Science (ASIS), where he served as chair of ASIS History and Foundations of Information Science Special Interest Group in 1994-1995. Williams is also a member of the Special Libraries Association (SLA) and Chair of the SLA Membership Committee. Williams has numerous publications on the historical role of information science. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Welch Indexing Project Producing the Current List of Medical Literature. Efforts at automation. Using the IBM 101. Punched card technology. Welch Conference. Colleagues. Leaving the project. 23 Beginning a Business Publishing Contents in Advance. Attending library school at Columbia. Forming DocuMation, Inc. Consulting for Smith, Kline & French. NIH grant. Management’s DocuMation Preview. Contract with Bell Labs. Changing name to Eugene Garfield Associates. Current Contents. Working with Claire Schultz. Subscriptions. Copyright difficulties. 46 Institute for Scientific Information Launching Science Citation Index. Financial problems. Competing with Chemical Abstracts. Index Chemicus. Using the Wiswesser system. Genetics Citation Index. Colleagues at ISI. 58 User Information Utilization of citation indexes. Database. Interest in a book citation index. 66 Information Science Organizations NSF grant to Chemical Abstracts Service. Founding of IIA. NFAIS for non- profits. 74 Conclusion Controversy with Scientific American. Evolution of ISI. Decision to sell ISI. Experience with VINITI. Future of library education. Role of Internet. 92 Notes 94 Index INTERVIEWEE: Eugene Garfield INTERVIEWER: Robert V. Williams LOCATION: Institute for Scientific Information Philadelphia, Pennsylvania DATE: 29 July 1997 WILLIAMS: Dr. Garfield, since the [Chemical Heritage] Foundation has already done the first interview, I thought we’d start with some of the specific kinds of things, such as the Welch Medical Library project. You began working there in 1951, I believe. GARFIELD: Right. WILLIAMS: Do you remember what month you started? GARFIELD: I think it was March. WILLIAMS: I assume you consider this your real beginning as an information scientist or documentalist. GARFIELD: Yes, essentially. Although I had been doing what you might call documentation activities on my previous job at Columbia University. I indexed a lot of the chemical compounds that they had there. I worked with Dr. [Louis Plack] Hammett, my boss, who was an advisor to McGraw-Hill. He had a complete set of Chemical Abstracts, as did most members. WILLIAMS: You were a volunteer abstracter, I believe. GARFIELD: Yes, but only after I joined the Welch Medical Indexing Project. 1 WILLIAMS: All right. At the Welch Medical Library project, you had several different responsibilities. You were the chemical expert on subject headings. GARFIELD: Yes. They hired me because I was a chemist and they needed that. WILLIAMS: You were involved in methods for producing the Current List of Medical Literature by machine methods. What were other activities in which you were engaged? GARFIELD: The project was interested in all types of methods of using machines (computers were not in use yet) for improving indexing methods and production of printed indexes, as well as methods for searching the literature. The Current List of Medical
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