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Journal of Science IOWA STATE COLLEGE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Published August, November, February, and May EDITOR-IN-CHIEF • R. E. Buchanan BUSINESS MANAGER Marshall Townsend Published under the joint auspices of the graduate faculty of Iowa State College and the local chapter of Sigma Xi. The administrative board for the academic year 1954-55 includes: REPRESENTING THE GRADUATE FACULTY E. A. Benbrook, Department of Veterinary Pathology; F. E. Brown, Department of Chemistry; E. S. Haber, Department of Horticulture; H. M. Harris, Department of Zoology and Entomology; R. M. Hixon, Dean of Graduate College (a1;,1d .Chaiz;m,an <!f tjie Administrative Board}; Frank Kerekes, Departrii~\~.of.t;tvtl p\gin!~'!i)i.g;: ~len LeBaron, Divi­ sion of Home Economics;'\l.".W... Oi-r,"The. .. .. .LiJ:>r~i1.:: . ... .. .... : :.: .: :·:: :·. .... •• 4i.£RRE~ENtINn° SIGMk Xi ·. : ·. : ... .·: .. ..·: . :.. ·: .. .. .. ~. ·.. ·. : .. · 0. E. Tauber, Department'of:Z0ppJE<!gi an~E.njof*>,;hig-1;' C. H. Werkman, Department of Bacteriology. " "• • Manuscripts should be submitted to R. E. Buchanan, 316 Curtiss Hall, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. ·All matters pertaining to subscr~ptions; remittance, etc., should be addressed to the Iowa State College Press, Press Building, Ames, Iowa. Subscriptions" are as follows: Annual: $6. 00 (in Canada $6. 50; other foreign countries $7. 00 ); single copies: · Jz. 00 (except No. 3 in each volume $3. 00}. Entered as second-class matter January 16, 1935, at the post office at Ames, Iowa, under the act of March 3, 1879. Q I Io c:> v.L~ 1 c.Z. Vol. 29, No. 1, August, 1954 The development of Eimeria brunetti Levine in the digestive tract of chickens. JANET I. BOLES and ELERY R. BECKER Physiology of Endoconidiophora fagacearum Bretz. I. Factors influencing growth and toxin production. P.F. HOFFMAN 27 The winter-spring movements of the ring-necked pheasant in northern Iowa. HENRY G. WESTON, JR. 39 The fall population European corn borer survey. T.A. BANCROFT, T.A. BRINDLEY, R. BOWLES, and P.C. TANG 61 A search for resistance to the injury caused by species of Diabrotica in the corns of Guatemala. IRVING E. MELHUS, REGINALD H. PAINTER, and FRANK 0. SMITH 75 Relative toxicity of legume seed protectants to two species of Rhizobium. G. W. PETERSON and W.F. BUCHHOLTZ 95 Cytohistological responses of plant meristems to maleic hydrazide. JOHN B. CARLSON 105 Isolation of cellulose-digesting microorganisms of the rumen. WARREN D. KITTS, P.H. CARR, and L.A. UNDERKOFLER 129 The development of the embryo of Zea in relation to position on the ear. MAX E. BELL 133 The rate of animonia production in the acid hydrolysis of vitamin B 1z. JOHN M. BRIERLY, ROBERT R. SEALOCK, and HARVEY DIEHL 141 Effects of heating vitamin B 1 z in a stream of dry nitrogen at various temperatures. RICHARD A. MURIE and HARVEY DIEHL 143 Effects of natural selection in segregating generations upon bulk population of barley. L.H. TAYLOR and R.E. ATKINS 147 486256 Vol. 29, No. 2, November, 1954 The grasshoppers and other Orthoptera of Iowa. RICHARD C. FROESCHNER 163 Blattidae 171 Mantidae 185 Phasmidae 189 Tetrigidae 193 Acrididae 201 Tettigonidae 273 Gryllacrididae 2 98 Gryllidae 31 O Gryllotalpidae 326 Tridactylidae 327 Vol. 29, No. 3, February, 1955 Abstracts of doctoral dissertations 355 List of master's theses 537 List of staff member publications 545 Vol. 29, No. 4, May, 1955 Cytohistological responses of varieties of Avena to 2,4-D. --IMY VINCENT HOLT 581 Evaluation of combining ability in Dactylis glomerata L. I. Clonal and outcross progeny performance. R.R. KALTON, R.C. LEFFEL, C.E. WASSOM, and MG. WEISS 631 Fungi from birds associated with wilted oaks in Iowa. LOISH. TIFFANY, J.C. GILMAN, and D.R. MURPHY 659 The growth of green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) in Little Wall Lake, Iowa. GEORGE SPRUGEL, JR. 707 Use of activated glycerol dichlorohydrin for estimating v itamin A in dairy calf blood plasma. R.S. ALLEN, P . G. HOMEYER, and N.L. JACOBSON 721 Author Index 735 Subject Index 736 IOWA ST.ATE COLLEGE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Vol. Z9 No. 4 May 15, 1955 Pp· 581-6Z9 CYTOHISTOLOGIC.AL RESPONSES OF VARIETIES OF .AVENA TO Z,4-D1 . lmy Vincent Holt2 The gross aspects of the responses of the cereal grasses to Z, 4-di­ chlorophenoxyacetic acid(Z, 4-D)have been studied extensively, e.special­ ly with respect to the relative susceptibility of crop plants. Yields, root suppression, and stalk brittleness have been used as criteria for meas­ uring response. Various abnormalities of plant organs have been cor­ related with the stage of growth at the time of treatment, and with dosage. However, precise knowledge of the histological responses of apicalmeri­ stems of grasses to growth regulants is relatively meager. The present study was undertaken to determine the cytohistological basis for the damage to the .Avena inflorescence, and for the reduction of the yield of grainby treatme~hZ,4-Dat known stages of development. REVIEW OF PERTINENT LITER.A TURE The literature pertaining to growth-regulating substances is exten­ sive and is enlarging rapidly. Skoog's (ZO) monograph deals with the physiology, chemistry, and agricultural uses of growth regulants. Nor­ man (14), and Norman, Minarik, and Weintraub (15) have published com­ prehensive reviews of studies on herbicides. Loomis (lZ), and Mitchell (13) have reviewed the literature on the physiological effects of Z,4-D. The present review will be limited to work on the use of Z, 4-D on grasses • .Anderson and Hermansen (1) have described the response of wheat, oats, and barley varieties to Z, 4-D applied at four stages of development. Their results showed little difference of susceptibility among the varie­ ties. The stage of development of the plants at the time of a.praying, and the dosage, were determining factors in the severity of the damage. The heavier dosages produced the most abnormalities, the greatest decrease in yields, reductions in test weight, and germin.ating ability. They de­ scribed the gross morphological abnormalities that occurred after treat­ ment at different stages of development. Klingman (11) treated wheat, l>ats, and barley at three different dates with Z, 4-D at rates of 1, Z and 3 pounds acid equivalent per acre. Oats showed leas striking responses than barley or wheat. Plants treated at 1This paper is based on work done for a Federal Government Agency under contract with the Iowa State College. Contribution from the Iowa Agri- cultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Journal paper No. J-2394, Project 944. 2The author is indebted to Dr. John E. SaBS and Dr. Iver J. Johnson for assistance in planning and conducting this study. Appreciation is also expressed to Dr. R.E. Atkins for procurement of seed and assistance in the field and to Professor Paul G. Homeyer for statistical advice. 582 IMY VINCENT HOLT the "prejoint" stage gave the most responses. The upper leaves were rolled and stiff and the plants were darker green in color. Significant reductions in yield were obtained in all the treatments with the 3-pound rate applied at the boot stage and at the "jointing" stage. Overland and Rasmussen (17) observed that wheat and barley, treated with 2,4-D at -k- and 1-pound rates at the "early shooting" stage, did not show damage or decrease in yield. The 2-pound rate resulte4 in morphological injury, or decreased yield, or both. Olson, et al. (16) studied the sensitivity of wheat and barley at dif­ ferent stage; of growth to the n-butyl ester of 2, 4:..D, at the rate oft­ pound and 12-ounce acid equivalent per acre. The two critical periods in both barley and wheat_were the seedling stage when the plants were 1 to 5 inches in height, and the boot stage. Damage was most severe at the latter stage. Conspicuous gross abnormalities were observed in the material treated at early stages of development, and the yield was re­ duced. Staniforth (21) studied the gross effects of 2,4-D on meristematic tissues of corn. He found that treatments at the time of tassel formation caused severe inhibition of tassel development. Later treatments had less effect. Applications of 2, 4-D one to four days before silk emergence caused severe inhibition of seed setting. He concluded that the inhibitory effects occur during meristematic differentiation. Rodgers (18) applied 2,4-D to corn at the rate of i- to 1-pound per acre . He described a stimulation of brace root formation, and a result­ ing interference with the development of the hypodermis, which were associated with stalk brittleness. Stalk .bending, leaf rolling and brace root stimulation occurred after treatment at the 6 to 11 leaf stages. He concluded that spraying corn for weed control should precede the 6 leaf stage, or be applied during the 11 to 16 leaf stage of development. Derscheid (4) described the responses of barley, treated at four stages of development, and found that: {a) the most susceptible period was the 5-leaf stage (tiller buds inhibited), (b) the 5-leaf to early boot stage was relatively tolerant, (c) the pre-heading to late-heading stage was relatively susceptible, (d) the post-heading period was most resist­ ant. He found that seed viability was not impaired, even by heavy appli­ cation of 2, 4-D. Williams (26) found that the greatest reduction in yieid in oats oc­ curred from treatments applied 33, 38, and 39 days after planting. He suggested that yield reductions are closely associated with the reduction in number of spikelets per panicle and the number of kernels per spikelet. The cytohistological responses of meristems to growth regulants have been mentioned often in the literature, but concise and detailed in­ formation is relatively meager, in comparison with the extensive gross observations.
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