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Atlantic Halibut of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Divisions 4RST)

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Atlantic Halibut of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Divisions 4RST) Fisheries and Oceans Pêches et Océans Canada Canada Science Sciences DFO Science Laurentian Region Stock Status Report A4-02 (2000) 52 3K Québec 50 4S 4R Terre-Neuve Québec 48 4T 3L Nouveau-Brunswick 3Pn 4Vn 3Ps Atlantic Halibut of the Gulf of 46 St. Lawrence (Divisions 4RST) 44 Background The Atlantic halibut of divisions 4RST can be found 4X 4W 4Vs 3O 42 throughout the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence. In the 70 68 66 64 62 60 58 56 54 52 northern Gulf, they are more abundant in the Esquiman, Laurentian and Anticosti channels, at depths of 200 m and over. In the southern Gulf, the highest concentrations are Figure 1. Map of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and found in shallower water (less than 100 m) near the Miscou adjacent regions showing NAFO divisions 4RST. Bank, north of Prince Edward Island, northwest of Cape Breton Island and around the Magdalen Islands. This species grows fast and continuously, at a mean rate of Summary about 7.5–8.5 cm per year (Figure 2). The growth rate for • Since 1995, mean annual landings of males and females is comparable, although female halibut reach a larger maximum size than males. Based on Atlantic halibut have been around 275 t, observations made during scientific trawl surveys twice the mean annual landings for conducted in January and May, it appears that the Gulf 1992–95 (135 t), but comparable to those halibut is able to spawn during those periods. of the late 1980s. They are still well The high landings of Atlantic halibut made during the first below the values of 1000 t and over half of the 20th century indicate that the Gulf stock was regularly recorded during the first half of under very strong fishing pressure at the time. Catches the century. during this period fluctuated between 1000 t and 2000 t. • Halibut landings totalled about 650 t in the early 1960s, Despite an increase in the TAC to 350 t but subsequently stabilized at a level below 500 t, with a in 1999, total halibut landings have not record low of 91 t recorded in 1982. Since then, catches risen above 1998 levels. have rarely exceeded the 300 t mark, which is equivalent to • Since 1995, the fixed gear fleet has the precautionary total allowable catch (TAC) established in 1988. Since 1995, landings of Atlantic halibut have steadily increased its share of total risen substantially, and this is thought to be due primarily landings, accounting for over 94% of the to the increased fishing effort by the fixed gear fleet, total in 1999. Longliners alone take more notably longliners. than 80% of the total catch. The current Atlantic halibut management unit for the Gulf, • The length distributions of fish caught which corresponds to divisions 4RST, was defined in 1987 with fixed gear have always been quite in light of tagging-recapture results inside and outside the broad compared with those observed in Gulf, and taking into consideration additional biological data such as size and growth rate. A second management the catches made by the mobile gear unit, 3NOPs4VWX5Zc, applies to the Canadian Atlantic fleet. coast halibut stock. • In 1999, the proportion of halibut less than 81 cm long, the minimum legal size for the fishery, in by-catches of trawlers and gillnets dropped sharply; at about March 2000 Laurentian Region Atlantic Halibut of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Divisions 4RST) 15%, it was comparable to that in of the largest marine fish species in longliner catches. Canadian Atlantic waters. The species is • Recent data on the sexual maturity of the demersal, living on or near the sea bottom. Atlantic halibut stock living in Canadian Atlantic halibut are found on both sides of Atlantic waters (unit 3NOPs4VWX5Zc), the North Atlantic in cold boreal and for which L50 (length at which 50% of subarctic waters at temperatures close to individuals have reached sexual 5°C. In the Northwest Atlantic, the species maturity) is 75 cm for males and ranges from the coast of Virginia to Disko approximately 115 cm for females, Bay, located up the west coast of Greenland. suggest that there are grounds for Information on the geographic range and questioning the validity of using a legal abundance of Atlantic halibut in the Gulf is size limit of 81 cm as a management derived mainly from scientific trawl surveys tool. New research into the maturity of and commercial fishing data (Figure 3). In the Gulf halibut stock would help arrive the northern Gulf, Atlantic halibut are at a more appropriate value. especially abundant in the Esquiman, • Although landings in the last few years Laurentian and Anticosti channels, northeast have been higher than those recorded in and northwest of Anticosti Island, at depths the early 1990s, the Atlantic halibut of 200 m or more. Concentrations of halibut stock of the Gulf still appears to be at a at shallower depths of 100 m or less have very low level if fishery data going back been observed in the southwestern Gulf, over a longer period are considered. In around the Miscou Bank, north of Prince the first half of the 20th century, annual Edward Island, northwest of Cape Breton landings often exceeded 1000 t, which and around the Magdalen Islands. indicates that the stock was capable in the past of supporting much larger Halibut catches are very sporadic in the catches than those taken in the last few course of a scientific survey. When halibut decades. are caught, rarely are there more than two or three per tow. It should be noted that, unlike 180 cod or redfish, Atlantic halibut are not a Male schooling species. Nonetheless, since 1996 150 Female the total number of halibut caught has 120 increased significantly. About 20 fish are taken on each scientific cruise, compared 90 with half a dozen in previous years. Length (cm) 60 Although little is known about the spawning 30 of Gulf Atlantic halibut, data on halibut in 0 the second Atlantic management unit 02468101214161820 indicate that 50% of males are sexually Age mature at 75 cm, while 50% of females Figure 2. Mean length (cm) at age, Atlantic reach this reproductive milestone at about halibut from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 115 cm. Based on data from scientific trawl surveys conducted in the Gulf in January Biology and May, it appears that the Atlantic halibut of the Gulf are able to spawn during those Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus periods. According to the literature, the L.), the largest of the flatfishes, is also one species spawns at depths greater than 180 m. - 2 - Laurentian Region Atlantic Halibut of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Divisions 4RST) 52 Summer and autumn surveys from Sentinel Fisheries - Mobile Winter scientific surveys (1983-1997) (1995-1999) Québec / Quebec Québec / Quebec 50 4S 4S 4R 4R TN / NFLD TN / NFLD 48 4T 4T Nouveau Brunswick / Nouveau Brunswick / New Brunswick New Brunswick IPÉ / PEI IPÉ / PEI 46 NÉ / NS NÉ / NS 52 LATITUDE Summer scientific surveys (1980-1999) Commercial Fisheries - Mobile and Fixed Gears (1999) Québec / Quebec Québec / Quebec 50 4S 4S 4R 4R TN / NFLD TN / NFLD 48 4T 4T Nouveau Brunswick / Nouveau Brunswick / New Brunswick New Brunswick IPÉ / PEI IPÉ / PEI 46 NÉ / NS NÉ / NS -70 -68 -66 -64 -62 -60 -58 -56 -70-68-66-64-62-60-58-56 LONGITUDE Figure 3. Atlantic halibut catch sites, scientific trawl surveys and commercial fishery. The pelagic phase of the egg and larva lasts almost exclusively on invertebrates, an estimated 6–7 months, a period including krill, small crabs and shrimp. favourable to dispersal of the species by Between 30 and 70 cm, halibut eat both currents. Scientific surveys conducted in the invertebrates and small fish, such as sand Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence to study lance and gadoids. Individuals over 70 cm zooplankton and juvenile fish have provided long feed mainly on other fishes, including data which helped to confirm the presence plaice, redfish and gadoids. Because of their of Atlantic halibut larvae in the northeastern large size, active lifestyle and burrowing and southwestern Gulf, between May and habit, adults are not subject to notable August. Larvae were most abundant along predation by other marine species. In areas the eastern and northeastern coast of Prince inhabited by both Atlantic halibut and seals, Edward Island. The depths at which the however, such as the Magdalen Islands, larvae were caught ranged from a dozen seals have been known to attack halibut metres to more than 100 m. Metamorphosis caught on a longline hook. to flatfish form occurs at a size of about 35– 45 mm, after which Atlantic halibut become demersal. Atlantic halibut are voracious, and until they reach a length of about 30 cm, they feed - 3 - Laurentian Region Atlantic Halibut of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Divisions 4RST) 50 4S 4R 50 LATITUDE 4R LATITUDE 48 4T Legend : Tagging : Recapture 48 -66 -64 -62 -60 -58 -60 -58 -56 LONGITUDE LONGITUDE Figure 4a. Halibut tagging sites, 1998 and 1999. Figure 4b. Halibut recapture sites, 1999. Tagging studies done on Gulf Atlantic In the fall of 1998, five fishers from the halibut from 1940 to 1950 showed that most west coast of Newfoundland tagged 89 fish were recaptured within the Gulf. halibut, which were returned to the water in However, research has also shown that the Esquiman Channel or off Trout River halibut are capable of travelling up to a (Figure 4a). The tagged fish were between thousand of kilometres, with the distance 48 and 80 cm long (Table 1). The tagging travelled being inversely proportional to the project continued in 1999, with the addition size of the individual.
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