sign in sign up
<<
Home , Havildar, Kargil War, Line of Control, Longewala, Operation Meghdoot, Operation Trident (1971)

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Surgical Strike: Outcome of terrorism lava from ’s volcanic Eruption: Lesson For Feeded Militants

Dr. Monika Kannan, Shilpi Yadav & Jitendra Sethi Department of Geography, Sophia College Ajmer ()

Keywords: Uri attack, Surgical Strike, Impact, and the in ,”i remarked Indo-Pak , Pakistan Reaction, International United States President in March of Response. 2000. His contentious statement rang loudly throughout the world, reflecting the 21st century Introduction reality that the between India and Pakistan had undergone a complete transformation “Death is lighter than a feather, Duty is heavy as a from a seemingly contained, bilateral situation into Mountain”- this proved by our Indian . an international issue that has vast ramifications for the entire world, due in large part to the “The most dangerous place in the world today, I introduction of nuclear weapons and mid-range think you could agree, is the Indian sub-continent missiles into the arsenals of both countries.

Map 1: Showing the location of POK

“India has a much better case to go for pre-emptive a [more] fit case than Iraq for a pre-emptive strike.” action [against Pakistan]” announced Yashwant (, 13 April 2003) Sinha the Indian External Affairs Minister during the first week of April. He also made a statement in The Uri attack was a carefully planned terrorist the Rajya Sabha, “If lack of democracy, possession attack that saw Pakistani handlers exploiting a of weapons of mass destruction and export of fleeting opportunity to inflict maximum casualties terrorism were reasons for a country to make a - on Indian . Coming as the attack did in the strike in another country, then Pakistan deserved to wake of the cumulative build-up of terrorist attacks be tackled more than any other country.” (The and infiltration attempts, the Indian government Hindu, 10 April 2003) Later, , resolved to act to send a message to Pakistan. That agreeing with Yashwant Sinha, stated, “Pakistan is message assumed the form of calibrated surgical

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 542

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in strikes against terrorist launching pads across the (JeM) struck at an camp in Uri. The Line of Control and a diplomatic campaign to camp housed more than the usual number of troops, isolate Pakistan within , both of which given the changeover between two were premised on the wide-ranging international . This had resulted in the creation of condemnation of the Uri attack. additional temporary accommodation in the form of tents. Unlike in the past, this was seen as an The Uri Terrorist Attack obvious vulnerability by the Pakistani terrorist handlers who decided to exploit this fleeting On September 18, 2016, four terrorists belonging to opportunity. the Pakistani jihadi Jaish-e- Mohammed

The resultant impact of the Uri incident, which led Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who indicated that to the death of 19 army , was not the only those responsible for the Uri attack would not go provocation that hardened the government’s unpunished. Therefore, a robust and determined resolve to move beyond standard reactions. The response was expected sooner rather than later. It Army’s action against terrorist launch pads was was a matter of time before a strong message was also linked to the cumulative build-up of terrorist delivered, through surgical, yet demonstrative, attacks that had been emanating from across the means. Line of Control (LoC). This was reinforced by

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 543

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Map 2: Map of Kashmir, the crown of India

India’s reaction to the Uri terrorist attack is a • After running through a variety of non- distinct departure from the strategic and tactical responses to the September 18 approaches it had adopted in the past. The terrorist strike at an Army camp in Uri, the government decided to undertake a shallow Centre on Thursday announced that Indian surgical strike along the LoC. This clearly implied forces had carried out “surgical strikes” that the Army intended to target terrorist launch across the Line of Control. pads, which are typically located between 500 • With this, India s next steps, post-Uri, are metres and a couple of kilometres along the LoC in uncharted terrain, with New Delhi inside Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK). The abandoning the ‟self-proclaimed policy of decision reinforced the government’s restraint and “strategic restraint” adopted in the face of mature response, which had characterised past earlier provocations by terrorists believed Indian responses as well. Second, by limiting the to be backed by Pakistan. strike to terrorist launch pads, India maintained the • The operation, that began and concluded requisite balance between resolve to punish the in the early hours of Thursday, was perpetrators of terrorism and keeping a low military claimed to be a military success, with no threshold as would be expected from a reasonable injuries to the Indian - state. Third, on completion of the strike, the who went across the LoC into Pakistan- Director Military Operations of the Indian occupied Kashmir to attack several Army informed his counterpart in Pakistan of the locations. same and simultaneously indicated termination of • The decision to strike in this manner was the mission, thereby, ensuring that no ambiguity evidently taken after specific intelligence existed regarding the scope and scale of the that terrorist groups were planning attacks operation. Fourth, a large number of friendly in India. foreign countries as well as the media were • This may not be the first time India has informed about the operation. This saw the undertaken quick cross-LoC operations, government and the army take ownership of the but it has never before chosen to share operation and its intended consequences. Fifth, the information so publicly. government called for cooperation from the • The terms “surgical strike” and “pre- Pakistan to fulfil its international obligations to emptive strike” used by the Centre were fight terrorism, as has been promised by intended to convey that this was not an on more than one occasion. attack on Pakistan s defence forces, but a targeted action against terrorists poised to Facts about Surgical Strike wreak damage in India.‟ • A surgical strike is a military attack • Pakistan of course has played down the intended to inflict damage on a specific Indian operation, characterising it as an act target, with minimal or no collateral of habitual cross-border shelling. It is damage to surrounding areas. welcome that New Delhi declared the strikes complete shortly after the

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 544

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

operation, with the DGMO calling his • In the final analysis, it is clear that the Pakistani counterpart to convey that India Modi government has signalled a change would not escalate the conflict beyond in tack. It will be very difficult to retrace this. the steps from here. Presumably, it has • This, along with the briefings held in New worked this out in its calculations. Delhi for envoys of various countries, • Pakistan reaction on surgical strike is indicates that the Centre wants to end somewhat surprising as it has not endorsed hostilities with Pakistan for the moment. that India has conducted any Surgical • This strengthens the view that the Strike in Pak Occupied Kashmir. operation was the result of pressure on the • World powers including Britain and Modi government to manufacture a strong are trying to reduce tensions response to Uri. Over the past few days between India and Pakistan and asked there has been a cascade of moves to both countries to exercise restraint in the underline that such provocations cannot be wake of surgical strikes by Indian troops followed with business as usual. across the Line of Control. • The government reviewed the working of • Pak media ridiculed and denied surgical the , declared it is strike by Indian troops across the Line of flirting with the idea of reviewing Control. Chinese media has shown Pakistan s Most Favoured Nation status, expressions of hope and said that all the and pulled out of the SAARC heads meet issues between the two countries can be to be held‟ in Islamabad. resolved through meaningful dialogue. • 29 September 2016 marks a turning ‟point, British as well as US media do not play with India sending out an unambiguous down the surgical strike and deem it to be message: it can no longer be business as paradigm shift in India s approach to deal usual. There are four reasons for that: with external threats. • Surgical strike by India is a paradigm shift • If International Relations‟ Experts are to be in India s approach to external threats. It believed, surgical strike by India will is exactly how an advanced, modern definitely curb Pakistan sponsored nation would‟ respond to such challenges. terrorism. The singular message is that it can no longer be business as usual; the message is Brief History of Stabilising the Border that India is willing to give and take in its international relations and that it can no The Indian military has won many against longer be taken for granted. forces. In this climate of we want you to look • Second, the Modi government has at these 6 most successful military operations that demonstrated that nothing is off the table the Indian military launched against Pakistan. in a negotiation or dialogue. In the build- 1. Operation Vijay : Operation Vijay was up to the surgical strikes last night, it launched during war of 1999 by the unambiguously signalled as much: Indian military. The war began when the including its review of a seven-decade-old Pakistani army dressed as Majuhideen decided Indus Water Treaty. to infiltrate into the Indian mountainous terrain • Third, India has demonstrated its of Kargil. willingness to undertake risky 2. : Operation Meghdoot manoeuvres, albeit calculated ones. This is was the secretive for the operation a dramatic shift from the past, when launched by the Indian army and the Airforce India s response was often defensive; in order to capture the Siachen . countries like Pakistan and China often 3. : Operation Trident is the interpreted‟ this pacifism for the lack of a most famous defensive operation and the pride stomach for a fight. of the . The operation was • th Fourth, like it did in Myanmar—when it launched on 4 with the aim chased down an outlawed Naga terrorist of destroying the port. The operation outfit—it has signalled that India has the was launched when the war of 1971 was right nous for measured but effective underway between India and Pakistan. retribution. While war as an option is 4. of Longewala : The Battle of Longewala extremely difficult to exercise and entails is one of the most memorable war in the world huge economic and social costs, surgical and the war fought between India and Pakistan strikes, though risky, are relatively easier on the western side of the Indo-Pak border in to undertake swiftly. Dec 1971, Pakistan forces launched an attack

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 545

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

on insuspecting and unprepared Indians at the . Facts : Struck Pakistani Posts, border post of Longewala in the of Killing atleast 13 Soldiers, Avenged Kupwara Rajasthan. attack brought back heads of 3 Pakistani 5. Tangail Airdrop : Tangail Airdrop was an soldiers. operation launched by the Indian Airforce against the Pakistan Forces who were occupying in the Impact and Implications of the Surgical Strikes Liberation war of 1971. The operation was launched on 11th Dec 1971 by the 2nd This was the first operation conducted by the Army of the Indian Army’s Parachute Regiment. The across a wide frontage of well over 100 kilometres paratroopers landed by parachute and blocked at multiple terrorist targets along the LoC. Second, off all the Pakistani military’s Entrance into by taking ownership of the strike, India snatched Dhaka. The main objective of the Tangail the initiative from Pakistan, which had continued Airdrop Operation was the Capature of its provocations through terrorist attacks at regular Poongli Bridge on the Jamuna River. It was intervals. Third, the Army raised the cost of using this operation the successfully managed to cut terrorism as an instrument of state policy by a off East Pakistan From West Pakistan and couple of notches. Fourth, the Pakistani narrative Ultimately Lead to the Liberation of about the absence of India-targeting terrorists on its Bangladesh. soil stood exposed for the world to see. 6. Operation Ginger : Indian army carried out surgical strike across the Loc in 2011 in

Map 3: the sensitive zone between India and Pakistan

Fresh fighting has erupted along the southern provocations because of the fear of escalation. stretches of the Line of Control with Indian forces Along with this, the army also crossed the laxman engaging terrorists in the village of , close rekha that had for long constrained its ability to hit to the location of some of the most intense combat terrorists in their own backyard. in Thursday’s pre-dawn raids on jihadist staging posts. Indo-Pak Border likely to be sealed

Fifth, the strikes proved to be an important element Amid rising tension between India and Pakistan for maintaining the morale of the people of India following the surgical strikes across the Loc , th and the armed forces. Sixth, the strike reinforced Union Home Minister Rajnath singh on Friday (7 the credibility of the government and displayed its October,2016) said the entire stretch of 3323 km resolve, even as justified restraint and maturity was long border between the two countries would be on display. Finally, India called into question the “completely sealed” by December, 2018 for which Pakistani belief that it would not react to terrorist a time bound action plan would be formulated. Speaking to reporters after holding a security

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 546

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in review meeting in Jaisalmer, Mr. Singh said the Mr. Singh said- the nation must have full faith in its procedure for sealing the international border Army “we will take all steps to ensure that the would be development in a planned manner, with a nation’s security is not risked. Just as a farmer mechanism in place for its periodic monitoring at protects his crops, our soldiers will protect the multiple levels in the defence establishment as well Country.” as the government of the four border states. Pakistan’s Response to the Surgical Strikes Rajasthan CM Vasundhara Raje, Deputy CM of Punjab Sukhbir Singh Badal, Gujrat Home Minister Following the surgical strikes carried out by the Pradeep Singh Jadeja and and Kashmir Indian Army across the Line of Control (LoC) on Chief Secretary Brij Raj Sharma attended the the night of 28/29 September 2016, the Pakistan security review meeting. Mr. Singh visit the border establishment was in denial mode once again. It has outposts at Munabao in with accused India of “fabrication of truth” and interact the BSF personally on Saturday (8th explained the death of two soldiers and injury to October,2016) asked about the ongoing tension and nine others as resulting from cross-border firing deteriorating relations between Pakistan and India, between troops deployed on either side of the LoC.

Killed Pakistani Soldiers, Imtiaz ( Left), Jammu Khan (Right)

However, in a move unusual for cross-border wish to escalate tensions at this particular moment firing, which is fairly routine, the Indian High when regional and global opinion is against the Commissioner was summoned to the Pakistan promotion of terrorism by states anywhere in the Foreign Office and issued a demarche. In the initial world. The other explanations could be: statement carried by The Nation on behalf of Prime Minister , it was stated that the PM (a) Pakistan wants to deny the existence of terrorist “condemned the military action undertaken by the launch pads in the territory presently under its Indian Army along the Line of Control.” However, control and wants to avoid accountability on this the Inter Services Public Relations (ISPR) account. categorically stated that no surgical strikes were carried out across the LoC. (b) Pakistan wants to avoid a linkage between India’s targeting of terrorists and the casualties its When looking at the clear articulation of the event troops suffered in the vicinity of the terrorist launch by the Director General Military Operations pads. (DGMO) of the Indian Army, the political leadership, and briefing of envoys of 25 countries (c) The does not want to be seen in by Foreign Secretary in New Delhi on 29 a poor light vis-à-vis India, particularly after its September, it becomes clear that an operation was loss of face in not being able to detect the US strike indeed carried out. Subsequent press reports also at Abbottabad (Operation Neptune Spear) in which suggested that two members of the strike force Osama bin Laden was killed. from the Special Forces units of the Indian Army have also received injuries during the operation. (d) Denial also becomes necessary to prevent The question that arises is the reason for Pakistan’s questions about the Pakistan Army’s level of denial of the operation ever having taken place. alertness and preparedness and consequently The benign explanation is that Pakistan does not greater public pressure to undertake retaliatory

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 547

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in action at the earliest even if that turns out to be a misadventure.

Militants killed by Indian Armed Force

World opinion has definitely turned against Hafiz saeed threatens action against India & Zee Pakistan and there is more than enough evidence to News, says we will teach you what surgical link the Pakistan Army with terrorist groups. The strikes are : Pakistan Army, therefore, has a difficult choice of either denying the presence of terrorist launch pads A day after Indian Targeted terror launch pads in the portion of Jammu and Kashmir under its along Line of Control (LoC) conducting Surgical occupation close to the LoC or having to undertake strike on Pakistan, furious Jammad-ud-Dawaah a retaliatory action for which it may not be (JUD) Cheif Hafiz Saeed threatened India for prepared presently. Carrying out .

All told the Pakistan government and Army Baffled with the befitting response of the Indian obviously know the facts. Therefore, two main Armed Forces post Uri attacks in which 18 jawans reasons to downplay the operations are: (a) avoid were killed, “Hafiz Saeed Said Pakistan forces will admitting association with terrorists, and (b) avoid teach Indians what surgical strikes are”. While public pressure to retaliate. addressing a gathering of his supporters in Pak Occupied Kashmir (POK), also threatend Zee But soon enough the Pakistan public would know News Channel over their coverage on India’s the facts when jihadi tanzeems start holding military operation in Pakistan. functions to honour the jihadis who have been killed in the Indian surgical strike. It is then that Pakistani public will hold the Army responsible for such incidents.

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 548

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

International Responses to Uri and India’s times is now host to the Ivy League of Surgical Strikes terrorism. It attracts aspirants and apprentices from all over the world.” • India’s diplomatic offensive launched post the • This was followed up by External Affairs Uri-attacks provided the broader context in Minister Sushma Swaraj who, in an evocative which its decision to carry out the surgical speech at the UN General Assembly, called for strike needs to be seen. The thrust to ‘name and the isolation of Pakistan and added that “in our shame’ Pakistan as a sponsor of terrorism midst, there are nations that still speak the emanating from its soil was carried out language of terrorism, that nurture it, peddle it, systematically, at the national, regional and and export it. To shelter terrorists has become global level across all fora. Indian diplomatic their calling card. We must identify these representations in the 71st session of the and hold them to account. These Nations General Assembly in response to nations, in which UN declared terrorists roam Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s efforts freely, lead processions and deliver the to internationalise the Kashmir issue called out poisonous sermons of hate with impunity, are as Pakistan on its “long-standing policy of culpable as the very terrorists they harbour. sponsoring terrorism, the consequences of Such countries should have no place in the which have spread well beyond our .” comity of nations.” • In a statement intended to provoke, the Indian response also stated that “The land of , one of the greatest learning centres of ancient

Map 4 : Showing movement towards Uri • India was then quick to rally international Sharif to condemn the Uri attack during his support from the US, UK, and France, which meeting with US Secretary of State John Kerry condemned the Uri attack, and also highlighted and British Prime Minister Theresa May at the Pakistan’s atrocities in Balochistan, which led side-lines of the UN General Assembly.6 the to respond with a threat of • Countries such as Germany, Japan, and South punitive economic sanctions if Islamabad did Korea also issued statements condemning the not come clean on human rights violations. incident and expressed support for India’s stand • In conversations with her Indian counterpart on countering terrorism globally. Ajit Doval after the ‘cross-border attacks’, US • Japan, in a statement condoning the incident, Advisor Susan Rice said: “The government of Japan strongly reportedly said that, “the US expects that condemns the terrorist attack on the Indian base Pakistan take effective action to combat and in Uri, Jammu and stands “firmly on the side of delegitimise United Nations-designated terrorist India in the fight against terrorism,” according individuals and entities, including Lashkar-e- to an official statement. Taiba, Jaish-e-Muhammad, and their affiliates”. • Media reports suggested that the US and UK West Asian countries and members of the even tried to prod Pakistani Prime Minister Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 549

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

also issued statements condemning the Uri Co-incidentally, China also continued with its terrorist attack. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, decision to extend its technical "hold" on a UN the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Qatar resolution to ban the Jaish-e-Mohammed all issued statements on the attack. Post Uri, leader Masood Azhar. The resolution to ban the Saudi Arabian Foreign Ministry stated: him was co-sponsored by the US, UK, France “The foreign ministry expressed the Kingdom and India, with 14 other countries acquiescing. of Saudi Arabia's strong condemnation and China was the only one to block it with a denunciation of the terrorist attack that targeted technical hold. an Indian military base in the Uri area of north Russia came out strongly in support of Indian Kashmir, killing and wounding dozens.” action saying Moscow stood for “decisive The UAE’s “Ministry of Foreign Affairs and struggle against terrorism in all its International Cooperation renewed the manifestations.” The Russian Foreign Ministry country’s firm stand against terrorism in all its spokesperson added, in a statement, that “we forms and manifestations and expressed. expect that the should solidarity with the Republic of India and take effective steps in order to stop the support to all actions it may take to confront activities of terrorist groups in the territory of and eradicate terrorism.” the country.” 11 News media also reported that the “UAE In another explicit statement of support, given and Bahrain have, in their statements, even to a news network, the Russian Ambassador in supported any action by India to confront, New Delhi, Alexander Kadakin, said, “the eradicate and fight terrorism at a time when greatest human rights violations take place Delhi is discussing a range of military, when terrorists attack military installations and diplomatic, political and economic options to attack peaceful civilians in India. We welcome retaliate against Pakistan.”12 Statements from the surgical strike. Every country has right to these OIC members are significant since they defend itself.” have traditionally supported Pakistan’s stand on Kashmir and the OIC itself was doing so Conclusion with respect to the recent unrest in the Valley. The “OIC Secretary General Iyad Ameen The pre-emptive surgical strikes conducted by the Madani [had] expressed concern over the Indian Army on 29th September along the Line of situation in Kashmir and called for an Control distinctly advance India’s position of immediate cessation of atrocities by India, employing both diplomatic and military urging the Indian government for peaceful manoeuvres to counteract the growing threat of settlement of the dispute ‘in accordance with cross border terrorism. The surgical strikes as wishes of Kashmiri people and the UNSC remarked by the DGMO, Lt. Gen. Ranbir Singh, resolutions’.” were conducted on receiving specific and credible In the immediate aftermath of the surgical inputs of some terrorist teams being positioned at strike, the US reiterated its support for India’s launchpads along the Line of Control to carry out fight in combating terrorism and sought to infiltration and conduct terrorist strikes inside the clarify the need for de-escalation of hostilities state of Jammu and Kashmir. These Counter- by both sides. terrorism operations not just neutralised the Meanwhile, media reports suggested that terrorists but also marked a watershed development China’s reaction to the strikes came two days in India’s response to the incessant rise of terrorist after Pakistan dispatched two special envoys activities on its soil. The Pathankot attack early this on Kashmir to Beijing to drum up support for year and the recent debacle in Uri dictated the its position. “As shared neighbour and friend sudden need for a stringent response from the to both India and Pakistan, we are concerned Indian state towards state-sponsored terrorism about continuous confrontation and tensions emanating from the soils of Pakistan. between India and Pakistan,” foreign ministry spokesperson Geng Shuang was quoted as References saying. He added, “we call on all relevant • Harshdeep Joshi, (January 2009), Jammu and parties to exercise restraint and refrain from Kashmir, Aakrosh: Asian journal on Terrorism actions that would escalate tension.” and Internal conflicts, volume 12. However, on the side-lines, the news of China • blocking a tributary of the Brahmaputra river Vivek Chadha, Rumel Dahiya, Neha Kohli, in Tibet at a time when India's reported Shruti Pandalai, Uri, Surgical Strikes And decision to suspend talks with Pakistan under International Reactions,October 04, 2016. the Indus Water Treaty in response to the Uri • India's Right of Reply during the General attacks did not go unnoticed. Debate of the 71st session UN General

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 550

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Assembly on September 21, 2016, URL: http://mea.gov.in/Speeches- Statements.htm?dtl/27422/Indias_Right_of_Re ply_during_the_General_Debate_of_the_71st_ session_UN_Ge neral_Assembly_on_September_21_2016, accessed on October 3, 2016. • “Nawaz Sharif refused to condemn Uri attack despite US, UK prodding,” Economic Times, October 2, 2016, URL: http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articlesh ow/54640491.cms?utm_source=contentofinter est&utm_med ium=text&utm_campaign=cpps, accessed on October 3, 2016. • “Saudi Arabia, UAE condemn Uri terrorist attack,” ummid.com, September 19, 2016, URL: http://ummid.com/news/2016/September/19.09 .2016/saudi-arabia-uae-condemn-uri- attack.html, accessed on October 3, 2016. • Sutirtho Patranobis, “China concerned about tension, asks India, Pakistan to be restrained,” Hindustan Times, September 30, 2016, URL: http://www.hindustantimes.com/world- news/china-concerned-about- tension-asks- india-pakistan-to-be-restrained/story- Qx2uaLRMDMZyXfjfYKnivI.html, accessed on October 3, 2016. • “Russia condemns Uri attack, confirms its support to India's counter-terrorism efforts,” firstpost.com, September 19, 2016, URL: http://www.firstpost.com/world/russia- condemns-uri-attack-confirms-its- support-to- -counter-terrorism-efforts-3011486.html, accessed on October 3, 2016. • “Surgical strikes: India briefs envoys of 25 countries including the US, China, Russia, the UK and France,” , September 29, 2016, URL: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india- news- india/india-briefs-envoys-of-25- countries-including-the-us-china-russia-the-uk- and-france-3056691/, accessed on October 3, 2016. • Suba Chandran Research , IPCS (May 2003)Preemptive Strike: Will it Secure Indian Interests?

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 551