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POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS and HABITAT USE of the AMERICAN EEL, Anguilla Rostrata, in a PROTECTED WATERSHED in NOVA SCOTIA by Lydia

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POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS and HABITAT USE of the AMERICAN EEL, Anguilla Rostrata, in a PROTECTED WATERSHED in NOVA SCOTIA by Lydia POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS AND HABITAT USE OF THE AMERICAN EEL, Anguilla rostrata, IN A PROTECTED WATERSHED IN NOVA SCOTIA by Lydia A. Stevens Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Biology) Acadia University Spring Convocation by Lydia A. Stevens, 2015 This thesis was defended successfully in an oral examination on 3 December 2015. The examining committee for thesis was: _______________________________________ Dr. Wilson Lu, Chair _______________________________________ Dr. Neil Ross, External Examiner _______________________________________ Dr. Anna Redden, Internal Examiner _______________________________________ Dr. Trevor Avery, Supervisor _______________________________________ Dr. Brian Wilson, Department Head This thesis is accepted in its present form by the Division of Research and Graduate Studies as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Biology). II I, Lydia A. Stevens, grant permission to the University Librarian at Acadia University to reproduce, loan or distribute copies of my thesis in microform, paper, or electronic formats on a non-profit basis. I, however retain the copyright in my thesis. _________________________________________ Author _________________________________________ Supervisor _________________________________________ Date III Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... IV List of Tables ................................................................................................................ VII List of Figures ............................................................................................................... IX Abstract ..................................................................................................................... XVII Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... XVIII Chapter I.............................................................................................................................. 1 An introduction to the life history, importance, status, and population analysis of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata .......................................................................................... 1 Taxonomy and Genetics .................................................................................................. 1 Species Range ................................................................................................................. 4 Life Cycle, Sex and Diet ................................................................................................. 5 Importance to Aboriginal Peoples ................................................................................... 8 Fishing and Commercial Importance .............................................................................. 9 Recreational Importance ............................................................................................... 12 Population Decline and Conservation ........................................................................... 12 Capture – Mark – Recapture ......................................................................................... 26 Chapter II .......................................................................................................................... 35 General Demographics and Habitat Use by the American Eel in a Small, Protected Watershed .......................................................................................................................... 35 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 35 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................... 41 Study Area ..................................................................................................................... 41 IV Traps and Trap Sites ...................................................................................................... 41 Trap Bait ....................................................................................................................... 43 Biological Sampling and Tagging ................................................................................. 44 Acoustic Tagging .......................................................................................................... 46 Habitat Characterization ............................................................................................... 47 Visualizations and Statistical Analysis ......................................................................... 49 Results ............................................................................................................................... 53 Tags, Captures and Recaptures ..................................................................................... 53 Eel Size and Age ........................................................................................................... 55 Habitat Characteristics .................................................................................................. 56 Habitat and trap CPUE ................................................................................................. 57 Home Range ................................................................................................................. 61 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 63 Chapter III ........................................................................................................................118 Local Population Estimates and Trap Efficiency .............................................................118 Introduction ......................................................................................................................118 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................... 123 Capture Events ............................................................................................................ 124 Local Population Estimates ........................................................................................ 125 Closed Population Size Estimation ......................................................................... 126 Sensitivity Analysis of Closed Population Estimates ................................................. 127 Sensitivity Analysis 1: Variable Capture Events ..................................................... 128 Sensitivity Analysis 2: Fixed Capture Events ......................................................... 128 V Trap Efficiency ........................................................................................................... 129 Immigration of Elvers ................................................................................................. 129 Emigration of Adults ................................................................................................... 130 Results ............................................................................................................................. 131 Sensitivity Analyses of Closed Population Estimates ................................................. 131 Sensitivity Analysis 1: Variable Capture Events ..................................................... 131 Sensitivity Analysis 2: Fixed Capture Events ......................................................... 132 Trap Efficiency ........................................................................................................... 133 Immigration of Elvers ................................................................................................. 133 Emmigration of Adults ................................................................................................ 134 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 135 Baseline Population Estimates .................................................................................... 135 Recommendations for long-term monitoring ............................................................. 138 Immigration of Elvers ................................................................................................. 139 Emmigration of Adults ................................................................................................ 140 References ....................................................................................................................... 147 VI List of Tables Table 1. Number of traditional eel trap sites within each year (2009 – 2012) showing duplicated traps from previous years, new traditional eel trap sites that same year and total eels captured during the target year in Oakland Lake, Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia. Trap CPUE was the number of eels captured divided by the number of trap checks per individual trap. .................................................................................................................. 75 Table 2. Total eels captured each year in traditional eel traps based on days fished with new tag implants from 2009 to 2012. Number of eels recaptured and unique eels captured (tagged eels captured once) based on new
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