Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada

The ongoing exclusion of First Nations governments from a fair share in the wealth of their lands must end. It’s time.

Natasha Beedie David Macdonald Daniel Wilson ABOUT THE PHOTOGRAPHER “I love who I am, where I come from, my people, my communities, my culture and being connected to anything and everything that connects me spiritually. © Melody /Charlie First Nations Photographer After all, we are all spirits and that is always my intent, to show peoples’ spirit.”

­—Melody Charlie First Nations Photographer www.melodycharlie.com

About the Authors Natasha Beedie is of mixed settler, Pottawatomi, and Ojibwe descent and a member from Beausoleil First Nation on Gchi’mnissing (Christian Island). She is a Policy Analyst at the Assembly of First Nations and studied Political Science at Carleton University.

David Macdonald is a senior economist with the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. He has co-authored several reports examining the economic circumstances of Indigenous peoples in Canada. He also runs the Alternative Federal Budget for the Centre.

Daniel Wilson is a non-status Mi’kmaq and Special Advisor to the Assembly of First Nations (AFN). He has co-authored www.afn.ca several reports with the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives on the socio-economic circumstances of First Nations. He is also the AFN lead on a new fiscal relationship between First Nations and Canada. About Upstream Upstream is a national communications think tank working with a growing movement of people who recognize that social, www.policyalternatives.ca ecological, and economic conditions shape people’s health and the wellbeing of our communities. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Anita Khanna, Andrew Heisz, Jon Thompson, Stephanie Wellman, and Jessica Quinn for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper. www.thinkupstream.net TIER 3 TIER 2 First Nations children children First Nations the far and away are most marginalized and economically disadvantaged... TIER 1 :

1 However, some sub-groupings of racialized groups, notably of Arab and West Asian backgrounds, can have much higher child much higher can have Asian backgrounds, of Arab and West notably of racialized groups, sub-groupings some However, Tier 3: The third tier of poverty captures poverty rates among non-racialized, non-recent non-recent non-racialized, among rates poverty captures tier of poverty 3: The third Tier 12%, which of child poverty: rate the lowest who register children, non-Indigenous immigrant, First Nations’ child poverty. for the rate is one quarter tiers of poverty: This report identifies three This report (53% in poverty live 47% of status First Nations children tier of poverty, 1: In the highest Tier reserve). off living those and 41% for on reserve living those for in live 22% of Métis children in poverty, live 25% of Inuit children tier, 2: In the second Tier tier also The second in poverty. live First Nations children and 32% of non-status poverty, are rates poverty average whose children, immigrant and recent racialized encompasses 22% and 35%, respectively. 1 50%. over rates, poverty Executive Summary Executive between of papers that track the gap installment in a series the third provides This report Measure Low-Income the after-tax in Canada, using and other children children Indigenous First in Canada: one where of child poverty picture a disturbing provides That snapshot ‑AT). (LIM disadvantaged. Tracking and economically the most marginalized far and away are Nations children between Census 2006 and trends child poverty non-Indigenous and child poverty Indigenous period. that 10-year over changed not markedly have differences clear that these it’s Census 2016, Little a decade. for almost unchanged has remained on reserves child poverty speaking, Broadly Comparing either. Inuit or non-status First Nations children for has been registered improvement cities of Edmonton, in the western children Indigenous fallen for have rates poverty urban areas, First Nations than half of status more Nevertheless, Saskatoon. and, particularly, Regina, Winnipeg, rates Poverty line. the poverty below live continue to and Saskatoon in Regina, Winnipeg, children be influenced by may improvements these however, improved, have Métis children amongst study. further and require in self-reporting changes Child Poverty in Canada Child Poverty 2019 July, Natasha Beedie David Macdonald Daniel Wilson Towards Justice Towards Indigenous Tackling

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada 2019 1989 2000 of anniversary th all-party resolution the federal 2000. by poverty end child to 2019 is the 30 2019 29% 65% Poverty rate for status First Nations children children First Nations status for rate Poverty and lowest highest province: by reserve on living (2016 census) Comparing tiers 1, 2, and 3, we see the prevalence of poverty among status First Nations children Nations children status First among poverty of the prevalence tiers 1, 2, and 3, we see Comparing First Nations non-status For children. non-Indigenous than non-racialized, times higher is 3.8 as as high twice it’s Métis children, Inuit and and for times higher two-and-a-half it’s children, children. non-Indigenous child in Indigenous improvement is modest There time? over changes to does that compare How Status First Nation child poverty at a glacial pace of change: happening it’s but rates, poverty due to decline is largely This 2016. 47% in Census 52% in Census 2006 to fallen from have rates reserve on living Status First Nations children reserve. off living children of these the proportion since Census 2006. in child poverty a small decline only seen have status First Nations for rate child poverty the lowest far, by Quebec retains, provincially, Looking of the James the children among rate the 15% poverty by at 29%, driven on reserve, living children the highest have and Manitoba of Northern Quebec. Saskatchewan Itschee) (Eeyou Cree Bay 65% of these astounding on reserve—an living status First Nations children for rate child poverty in poverty. live children status First for rate geographic location? The poverty time by over changed things have How gains with the most provinces, in all western has improved reserve off living Nations children This Census 2016. 50% in 2006 to 61% in Census from falling with rates made in Saskatchewan, from fell rates where in Saskatoon, a decline in status First Nations child poverty by was driven declines in status First Nations child poverty Large Census 2016. in 51% 69% in Census 2006 to Census 2006 and the 2011 National and Winnipeg between in Edmonton registered also were since the 2011 National Household of its gains although Regina lost some Survey, Household there although rates provinces, of the western the least improvement Alberta has seen Survey. with Inuit children was mixed, child poverty on Inuit begin with. Progress to lower relatively were Newfoundland an improvement. in Nunavut showed while those worse slightly in Quebec faring Inuit children. for improvements showed also and the Northwest Territories and Labrador 27% in Census 2006 from falling a sustained decline in child poverty, experienced Métis children as Métis while the population self-identifying this occurred However, 22% in Census 2016. to it is unclear growth, the population Given 30% between Census 2006 and Census 2016. by grew incomes or higher economic circumstances improved due to are rates poverty whether declining as Métis. identifying newly of those status First against discrimination the ongoing on their own, numbers are as these As troubling that Tribunal the Canadian Human Rights before brought in cases Nations children—highlighted the of Canada—reinforces the Government against compliance orders different in four resulted solutions. of targeted range a broader require forces that structural and legislative observation non-potable water, and insufficient housing, of inadequate the continued challenges Likewise, need for the urgent points to other matters, among education and health services, inferior Indigenous of poverty environment the surrounding to alleviate financial investment increased face. children

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada © Melody Charlie / First Nations Photographer

th First Nations parents parents First Nations less for nothing desire do than their children in Canada: other parents with them provide to health and the good best opportunity success. for anniversary of the federal all-party resolution to end child poverty by 2000 (which at this time has by end child poverty to all-party resolution of the federal anniversary not been achieved). In addition, the existence of such significant child poverty rate rate child poverty of such significant the existence In addition, we that is identity—suggests main characteristic the differences—where the to and respond challenge, investigate, to continue a society, must, as in Canada. child poverty of driver of racism as a role to pointed number of studies have a large the past 50 years, Over and jurisdictional the fiscal to changes by supported ‑determination, self for and First Nations, as the foundation between Canada relationship paper concerning in this referenced evidence specific Moreover, progress. as sharing, revenue from suggests the income available Itschee the Eeyou Canada and First Nations, between treaties of the intent was the original foundation. part of that and effective can be a significant to in Canada: than do other parents their children less for nothing desire First Nations parents First Nations success. Similarly, the best opportunity for health and them with good provide their communities and for care to less than other governments: nothing seek governments of First Nations governments exclusion The ongoing at hand allow. citizens as best the resources this. reconcile to in the wealth of their land must end. It is time a fair share from everyone that is a goal that poverty Eliminating is unacceptable. children for of poverty level Any identified in this that the differences recognize It is incumbent on us to in this country can share. 2019 is the 30 but not least: Last solutions. policy and different causes different paper point to

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada Gender Disability Early learning Racialization

Status Education Aboriginal

Income & working conditions distribution and income Social Employment of Health Determinants

Social exclusion and Job Security Unemployment

Health Social safety services network Food Housing insecurity Indigenous Frameworks for the determinants of health often emphasize access to land emphasize access of health often the determinants for Frameworks Indigenous as central and ceremonies culture, language, to as well as a relationship and resources of health that are aspects are of individual and community wellness. These determinants Learn more: of health models. social determinant emphasized in mainstream not often http://ccsdh.ca/images/uploads/Frameworks_Report_English.pdf Upstream: Social Determinants of Health Determinants Social Upstream:

INTRODUCTION 6 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada 3

, First Nations reserves and the three and the three , First Nations reserves 4 Bill C-87, An Act Respecting the Reduction of Poverty, would support the support would the Reduction of Poverty, Respecting An Act Bill C-87, 2 . August 22, 2018. . August 22, 2018. Reduction Strategy First Poverty All – Canada’s Canada. Opportunity for and Social Development Employment a modest, basic representing services goods and of the cost of a specified basket on income based of low The MBM is a measure Alternatives. Policy for in Canada. Canadian Centre Children Indigenous or Prosperity: Poverty David Macdonald and Daniel Wilson. A Healthy Society: How Can a Focus on Health Can Revive Canadian on Health Can Revive Can a Focus Society: How Meili, A Healthy —Ryan 2012. Ltd. Democracy. Purich Publishing Social Determinants of Health. of Social Determinants one informed especially society, a healthy building to approach reasonable “Any the conditions among means improving justice, accountability or social social by must society of a healthy The foundation priority. must be top our society in poorest addressing This is where at the bottom. who find themselves those among be built impact.” the greatest of health will have the determinants territories contain some of the highest poverty rates in the country. This third report provides an provides report This third in the country. rates poverty the highest of contain some territories the 2016 Census. from data including children, Indigenous for rates on poverty update government’s continuous efforts to reduce poverty and monitor poverty reduction in Canada by in Canada reduction poverty and monitor reduce poverty to efforts continuous government’s line. poverty official (MBM) as Canada’s Measure Basket the Market designating 2 ). (https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/poverty-reduction/reports/strategy.html 3 (https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs- 2016. Census Programs. Dictionary, Measure, Basket Statistics Canada. Market of living. standard enm/2011/ref/dict/pop165-eng.cfm). 4 Policy for . Canadian Centre in Canada Child Poverty Shameful Neglect: Indigenous June 2013. David Macdonald and Daniel Wilson. 2016. May Alternatives. While a federal commitment to reduce poverty is laudable, additional work must be undertaken to to must be undertaken additional work is laudable, poverty reduce commitment to While a federal peoples. Given Indigenous by and understood experienced, is measured, poverty how determine poverty into this examination nature, and its intersectional of poverty of the topic the breadth look at the a broad provide to is intended this work Rather, exhaustive. should not be considered context. within the contemporary peoples’ child poverty of Indigenous complexity among rates poverty measure to that seeks installment of a series is the third This report (NHS), Survey the 2006 Census, the 2011 National Household data from using children Indigenous available only are and in the territories data on reserves identity, and the 2016 Census. Indigenous the 2006 Census, can be made to comparison With the 2016 Census, a fairer in census years. 2011 NHS. of the voluntary the anomaly given those examine to continuing it will be worth reduction, in poverty interest federal With renewed of the use government’s the federal counts through poverty Canada’s from excluded who are MBM baskets, costed-out have nor its First Nations reserves territories MBM. Neither Canada’s a northern basket. to develop underway are although efforts shown have reports and our previous As this report Introduction of poor health outcomes the disproportionately demonstrating is ample evidence There federal poverty the first proposed government 2018 the federal In August Peoples. Indigenous by year of 20% the 2015 base reduction from for poverty goals with specified strategy, reduction 2030. 2020 and 50% to

INTRODUCTION 7 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada ). The 5 7 As Figure 1 illustrates, child poverty rates vary according to identity. to vary according rates child poverty 1 illustrates, As Figure 6 Low-income Low-income 11-10-0135-01. Statistics Canada. Table here: reported the Canadian Income Survey data from 2015, to Compared Income, in Low Income Status, Number of Persons for Households in Private Population Tables, Statistics Canada. Income Highlight 2012. and Older, Years of Age Population, 15 First Nations the Off-Reserve of Health for Statistics Canada. Social Determinants Social Determinants of Health. of Social Determinants variables predict the following Survey, Peoples the 2012 Aboriginal to According overweight being smoking, daily First Nations off-reserve: for poor health outcomes school less than a high having in a home in need of major repairs, living or obese, third income in the lower an annual household having unemployed, education, being unmet health needs, having insecurity, food of the income spectrum, experiencing the presence support in a time of need. The greater for turn to no one to and having poor health outcomes. reports the respondent likely the more factors, of these official poverty rate from the census, excluding reserves and the North, was 17%, as poverty rates rates poverty and the North, was 17%, as reserves excluding from the census, rate poverty official areas. in those higher are Poverty among non-Indigenous, non-racialized, non-recent immigrant children was much lower was much lower children immigrant non-racialized, non-recent non-Indigenous, among Poverty of This group the 4.5 the national average. below in that group—well (12%) for million children racialized and historically which excludes tier of child poverty, in the third can be found children disadvantaged groups. culturally 5 . Type and Economic Family Sex Age, Statistics by 6 (https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ Concept. Census 2016. on the Low-Income Income Based of Low Prevalence ). dp-pd/hlt-fst/inc-rev/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=301&S=99&O=A&RPP=25 7 2012. April 12, 2016 (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-653-x/89-653-x2016010-eng.htm Survey Peoples Aboriginal AT). They are based based are They (LIM‑AT). Low Income Measure on the after-tax based report are in this All figures Income and 2006. 2011 from with data and compared the 2016 Census from on data compiled was conducted as the census itself the 2015 year, on the 2016 census comes from data reported on collected Income data is only of income data was in 2015. of 2016 and the last full year in May in As noted rates. poverty for gap between data in a five-year resulting in census years, reserves been applied in the territories, they nor have on reserves, applied aren’t rates Appendix 2, poverty custom we of this paper, the purposes For as of 2018. the territories for although this changed though it has not and in the North, even reserves lines on the application of poverty requested include report in this figures publish this data. All aggregated policy to been Statistics Canada’s and the territories. both reserves according in poverty, children—lived one in five of children—roughly 17.6% In Canada in 2015, than the Canada percentage This is a higher and the North). reserves Census 2016 (including to at 15.2%. rate the child poverty which recorded the annual income survey, Income Survey, Child poverty rates by broad identity categories broad by rates Child poverty As in previous reports, we have continued to use a blend of language to distinguish between distinguish to a blend of language use continued to we have reports, As in previous differences led to have that dynamics contemporary and historic the complex recognizing groups, persons status First Nations distinguishes report This statuses. legal identities and in personal that underline and programs of the policies a picture provide to if only non-status, from of poverty. experiences questions: in three data collected from identity is derived data, Aboriginal the 2016 Census For a First Nation or Indian Indian status, and membership in or Treaty Registered group, Aboriginal band.

INTRODUCTION 8 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada TIER 3 22% children Racialized Métis children TIER 2 47% child poverty Source: Custom tabulation Census 2016 tabulation Custom Source: of on- and off- average TIER 1 The reserve status First Nations reserve 25% Inuit children off reserve off 41% Status First Nations children living living 32% Non-status First Nations children Non-racialized, non-recent immigrant, non-Indigenous children, children, non-Indigenous immigrant, non-recent Non-racialized, national the 12%, below child poverty: rate the lowest register First Nations child poverty. for the rate and one quarter average on reserve 53% 12% Status First 35% children children Nations children living living Non-racialized, Indigenous non‑Indigenous Recent immigrant In Canada in 2015, 17.6% of children lived in poverty. lived of children 17.6% In Canada in 2015, one in five. That’s differently. poverty experience groups But different First Nations children: status among found are of poverty results The highest in poverty. live children half of these to close Tier 3: Least level of poverty level 3: Least Tier Tier 2: Next level of poverty level Next 2: Tier of 17%. Non-status the national average than is worse tier of child poverty The second average. of 35%, twice the national rates poverty have children Indigenous Tier 1: Deepest level of poverty of level 1: Deepest Tier

Figure 1: Three tiers of child poverty in Canada (2015)* in Canada child poverty tiers of 1: Three Figure * For population numbers see Appendix 3, page 24 population numbers see * For

INTRODUCTION 9 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada Métis 2015 Inuit 2010 FN-Status FN-Non status 2005 60% 56% 52% 48% 44% 40% 36% 32% 28% 24% 20% Source: Custom tabulation Census 2006, 2011 NHS, Census 2016 Census 2006, tabulation Custom Source: the first providing income data was in Census 2006, after-tax The first time Canada collected With three could be examined. and in the territories on reserves rates in which poverty year the first time. for be examined can now with such data, trends censuses identities of the Indigenous lowest the are Métis children for rates poverty earlier, As noted 2, it can Figure Examining than national average. much higher remain although rates examined, 22% since Census to 27% fallen from have in this group rates that child poverty be observed The second tier of child poverty is worse than the national average and ranges from poverty poverty from ranges and average than the national is worse child poverty tier of The second national average. the is just above 22%, which to average, 35%, twice the national of rates 35%, followed is rate poverty whose children, immigrant recent end, it includes At the higher and 32%. Inuit, Métis, of rate with a poverty children, First Nations non-status by closely 20%. above rates poverty experiencing of this tier, end at the lower are children racialized poverty results of highest we find the where tier of child poverty, is a first this group Following are children that these indicates “Status” or “registered” status First Nations children. among physically be not necessarily may although they in Canada, system reserve the to connected the poverty below live children almost half of these In this first tier of poverty, on a reserve. reserve, on rates poverty higher even yields reserve on or off a living children Examining line. It this report. in examined other group any to compared poverty of rate at 53%—the highest on children Canada definition, none of these Statistics under the present that noting is worth not been lines have poverty line because the poverty below living identified as are reserve at better, is slightly rate the poverty reserve, off First Nations children For applied on reserves. as the national average. it is still twice as high 41%, but identities. the wide variances between Indigenous illustrate graphically tiers of poverty These and of policies, programs, the availability and effectiveness assess is needed to research More poverty. Indigenous on reducing focusing services identity (LIM‑AT) Indigenous by rates 2: Child poverty Figure

INTRODUCTION 10 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada © Melody Charlie / First Nations Photographer 8 Kathleen Martens. “Métis Nation Disputes Census Data.” APTN National. October 25, 2017. (https://aptnnews.ca/2017/10/25/ 2017. 25, Census Data.” APTN National. October Nation Disputes “Métis Martens. Kathleen 8 ). metis-nation-disputes-census-data/ 2006. While this may appear to be a positive trend, the finding is muddied by a substantial by a is muddied the finding trend, a positive be to appear this may While 2006. years. five the past over in the Métis population increase 27% from fell initially Rates 2006. since Census little change seen have rates poverty Inuit child in Census 2016, 25%, to again, rose rates However, 23% in the 2011 NHS. 2006 to in Census the in the territories, With half of the Inuit population living progress. little long-term showing the that confirms be no statistical evidence would it, there is vital; without inclusion of this region the Inuit. among of poverty existence and between the 2006 of 10% a year growth saw population children Non-status First Nations the past five Over birth rates. increased through be possible likely than would 2011, much more resulted have plausibly which could 3% a year, by grew group the non-status First Nations years, of in the number the rise appears similar to increase This population birth rates. increased from is little influx the substantial there people, of new Despite between 2011 and 2016. Métis children Nations child the data, non-status First When comparing in child poverty. of a trend evidence influx of new 30% in the 2011 NHS (with a large to fell 2006, at 33% in Census stood poverty a from little improvement showing by Census 2016, to 32% rose then respondents), self-identified decade earlier. has been There reserve. off and half on reserve about half live status First Nations children, For As 47% in Census 2016. 52% in Census 2006 to from dropping decline in child poverty, a steady on reserve, live half of status First Nations children that since noting it is worth in the territories, not been lines have Canadian poverty because in poverty as living not identified also are they news, the good is certainly rates decline in child poverty the slight While reserves. applied to times that of and four than the Canadian average 2.6 times higher bad news is that it remains non-racialized children. non‑Indigenous, section. in the next substantial geographic variations, as we examine also are There

INTRODUCTION 11 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada 2015 FN-Status - Off Reserve Source: Custom tabulation Census 2006, 2011 NHS, Census 2016 Census 2006, tabulation Custom Source: 2010 FN-Status - On Reserve 2005 FN-Status - All 46% 50% 58% 56% 48% 54% 42% 44% 40% 52% 60%

Child poverty rates by region by rates Child poverty children Nations First Status obscure if national averages see to region by rates child poverty deeper into dive will now We or city differences. important regional the among rate poverty the highest experience children status First Nations earlier, As noted of 53% in Census 2016. rate a poverty experiencing on reserve with children identities examined, much of an isn’t in the 2011 NHS, but documented the 60% rate from This is an improvement over put, little has changed Simply in Census 2006. documented rate the 55% from improvement on reserve of children in Canada. The population reserves on living children the past decade for The lack of change since 2006. 120,000, at just over stagnant, almost entirely remained has also solutions. effective undertake to a failure to period points the 10-year over faring are reserve off living 3, status First Nations children in Figure the data When examining 2006, 48% in Census from This is down 41% in Census 2016. of rate with a poverty better, on living years. While the population of children past five the over although little has changed Nations children status First among all population growth has been stagnant since 2006, reserve on-reserve The stagnation of the year. 3% a has averaged growth where reserve, has been off be a population, in part, could ostensibly of the off-reserve child population and the growth education, housing, like in areas public services of key underfunding federal chronic to reaction off children families with be driving may services funded provincial Better and health care. reserve. (LIM‑AT) reserve on and off Nations, First status for rates 3: Child poverty Figure

CHILD POVERTY RATES BY REGION 12 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada The status 10 ). 9 Quebec saw a spike in on-reserve child poverty in child poverty in on-reserve Quebec saw a spike other provinces.However, several the 2011 NHS, like at 29%, than a in Census 2016, lower were rates in Quebec child poverty and on-reserve decade ago on-reserve The lower province. of any is the lowest the in part, to is due, in Quebec rate child poverty Itschee the Eeyou among rate child poverty low of northern Quebec. (James Cree) Bay First Nations child poverty rate among the reserves the reserves among rate First Nations child poverty was 15% in Census 2016, Cree of the James Bay low This relatively 19% in Census 2006. from down the general national child poverty is below rate Specifically examining the on reserve child poverty rates for the Abitibi-Baie-James-Nunavik-Eeyou electoral district, which electoral for the Abitibi-Baie-James-Nunavik-Eeyou rates child poverty reserve the on examining Specifically October 25, 2017. (https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- 2017. 25, October in Canada. People of Aboriginal Conditions Statistics Canada. The Housing Social Determinant of Health: Adequate Housing. of Health: Adequate Social Determinant more are on reserve Nations living 2016 Census data, status First to According 44.2% that needs major repairs. in a dwelling of live to times likely than three walls, to repairs need structural dwellings their indicate on reserve respondents or electrical wiring, plumbing defective correct to or repairs floors, or ceilings population. 14.2% to compared of the off-reserve 10 all of northern Quebec. encompasses 9 recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016021/98-200-x2016021-eng.cfm Resource-revenue sharing sharing Resource-revenue between the Government of Quebec and First Nations way a long governments...went federal chronic countering to Much lower underfunding. be appear to rates child poverty achievements. one of the key The national average for on-reserve child poverty obscures substantial regional variations across across variations regional substantial obscures child poverty on-reserve for average The national number of children—about an equal 4 contains roughly in Figure province Each the provinces. rates poverty child on reserve in a spike show provinces of the Several on-reserve. 20,000—living and Quebec, Manitoba, true in This is particularly since then. NHS, with moderation in the 2011 65% to 2011 NHS has fallen in the rate child poverty on-reserve 76% high Alberta. Manitoba’s has Saskatchewan Similarly, it was a decade earlier. what which is similar to in Census 2016, the past 69% over to down has gone although the rate of 65% in this category, rate a poverty child with on-reserve improvement, consistent some shown British Columbia has also decade. 47% in Census 2016. Census 2006 to 53% in from falling rates poverty rate. Given the very low population density and remoteness of these fly-in communities along communities along fly-in of these population density and remoteness low the very Given rate. Quebec, this stands as a unique and important achievement. Bay, the northern coast of Hudson First Nations governments, of Quebec and between the Government sharing Resource-revenue underfunding. federal chronic countering to way went a long projects, of hydroelectric as a result of this agreement. achievements be one of the key appear to rates child poverty Much lower out. Ontario opted have reserves census. Several in every counted Not all First Nations are The impact on other year. by census reserves inclusion of by varying affected is particularly though reserves census even given any the counts for 4 isolates Figure muted. is more provinces in both censuses counted that were reserves only to measurement in or out. Restricting opted as it does in of falling, instead in Ontario, slightly rise actually rates and the NHS, child poverty the status First Nations poverty to similar remains level 4. absolute the Figure In either case, time the 10-year 45% and 49% over in Ontario—between on reserves living children for rate included in all three that are just reserves to count or restricting the total whether using frame, censuses.

CHILD POVERTY RATES BY REGION 13 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada 2015 2015 Manitoba Saskatchewan Manitoba Saskatchewan Source: Custom tabulation Census 2006, 2011 NHS, Census 2016 Census 2006, tabulation Custom Source: Source: Custom tabulation Census 2006, 2011 NHS, Census 2016 Census 2006, tabulation Custom Source: 2010 2010 British Columbia Quebec British Columbia Quebec Alberta Ontario Alberta Ontario 2005 2005 65% 61% 57% 53% 49% 45% 41% 37% 33% 29% 25% 80% 74% 68% 62% 56% 50% 44% 38% 32% 26% 20%

Child poverty rates for status First Nations children are generally much lower off reserve than reserve off much lower generally are status First Nations children for rates Child poverty poverty lower have on reserve living children in Quebec, where but on. This is true everywhere living Nations children status First For funding. project of hydroelectric as a result likely rates, at the rates in poverty improvement has been universal there in other provinces, reserve off up given Quebec have and Ontario, Saskatchewan, but since the Census 2006, level provincial since the 2011 NHS. gains those (LIM‑AT) province by off-reserve, Nations First status, rates 5: Child poverty Figure

Figure 4: Child poverty rates, status First Nations on reserve by province (LIM‑AT) province by reserve on Nations First status rates, 4: Child poverty Figure

CHILD POVERTY RATES BY REGION 14 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada Winnipeg 2015 Saskatoon Source: Custom tabulation Census 2006, 2011 NHS, Census 2016 Census 2006, tabulation Custom Source: 2010 Regina 11 Edmonton 2005 . May 2008. (http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/ 2008. General of Canada. Report of the Auditor General of Canada. May Office of the Auditor Social Determinant of Health: Childhood Experiences. of Health: Social Determinant and involvement welfare of child likelihood includes an increased poverty in Living care into be taken to likely more 8 times 6 to are First Nations children placement. children. than non-Aboriginal 54% 50% 46% 42% 38% 70% 66% 62% 30% 58% 34% 11 ). English/parl_oag_200805_04_e_30700.html

Figure 6: Child poverty rates status, First Nations, by city (LIM‑AT) by Nations, First status, rates 6: Child poverty Figure Several cities in western Canada have large status First Nations populations and merit closer populations and merit closer status First Nations large Canada have cities in western Several the past decade. over improved have rates child poverty cities, those of In several scrutiny. status First 69% among from in child poverty, decline a steady has seen instance, for Saskatoon, (35%) (58%) and Edmonton Winnipeg in Census 2016. 51% in Census 2006 to Nations children 7 and by this period, dropping over Nations child poverty a decline in status First seen also have 6. in Figure as illustrated points respectively, 10 percentage in 62% to compared now (54%) is lower in Regina rate The status First Nations child poverty declined by rate) poverty in the 2011 NHS (49% captured the gains of some but Census 2006, the below in Regina live than half of status First Nations children As such, more Census 2016. line. poverty it is still multiple declined since Census 2006, has of First Nations child poverty While the rate and Winnipeg In fact, the cities of Regina, Saskatoon, than the Canadian average. times higher average. than the national on-reserve higher that are rates status First Nations child poverty have

CHILD POVERTY RATES BY REGION 15 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada 2015 Winnipeg Nunavut Source: Custom tabulation Census 2006, 2011 NHS, Census 2016 Census 2006, tabulation Custom Source: 2010 Quebec Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland 2005 . Households greatest at risk of food insecurity appear to be those with be those appear to insecurity at risk of food greatest . Households ). There is a correlation between those living in poverty and the inability to and the inability to in poverty living those between a correlation is ). There 12 13 2016. Retrieved from http://proof.utoronto.ca/. from 2014. in Canada, Insecurity Retrieved 2016. Food N. Household A., & Dachner, Mitchell, V., Tarasuk, in and Nutritional Biomarkers Insecurity G. Food S., Muckle, J., Jacobson, Jacobso, P., R., Ayotte, C., Lucas, M., Dallaire, Pirkle, access to fewer economic resources (indicated by accessing benefits from social benefits from accessing by (indicated economic resources fewer access to assistance Almost two-thirds of children under the age of 18 in Nunavut live in food-insecure in food-insecure under the age of 18 in Nunavut live of children Almost two-thirds households Social determinant of health: Food insecurity. health: Food of Social determinant purchase food for their households, regardless of ability to access traditional foods. access traditional of ability to regardless their households, for food purchase 10% 15% 30% 25% 20% 35% 12 13 2014.. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 105(4), e233-e238. Nunavik from in Inuit Children Relation to Stature as rate, child poverty low Inuit child population has maintained a relatively its part, Quebec’s For the In fact, similar to the Nunavik region. The Inuit of northern Quebec occupy 7. in Figure seen ‑revenue resource of northern Quebec, the Nunavik Inuit benefit from Itschee First Nation of Eeyou than the Inuit there—lower among rate in a 16% child poverty which has resulted sharing, nature the rural and remote when considering remarkable This is all the more Canadian average. northern coast with Hudson Quebec’s communities along fly-in comprising of the Nunavik region, Strait. the Hudson and Bay Inuit children and Labrador, northern Newfoundland northern Quebec, in concentrated are Inuit populations no one on reserve, living As with anyone and Nunavut. the Northwest Territories as well as no since line, the poverty below as living or identified can be measured the territories in living two the are applied unofficially, that, if the lines in the North. Despite apply lines officially poverty of Inuit child poverty. rates the highest Inuit populations register with large territories in Census 2016. at 30% rate, Inuit child poverty the highest with the territory Nunavut remains it is but earlier, a decade experienced rate the 34% child poverty from slightly This is down rate child poverty Inuit has a lower Territories than the 2011 NHS. The Northwest worse slightly NHS. than in in 2011 worse it is slightly but Census 2016, to compared (LIM‑AT) province/territory by rates, Inuit child poverty 7: Figure

CHILD POVERTY RATES BY REGION 16 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada 2015 British Columbia Quebec Source: Custom tabulation Census 2006, 2011 NHS, Census 2016 Census 2006, tabulation Custom Source: 2010 Alberta Ontario Those who newly checked that Métis box likely did so for one for did so likely that Métis box checked newly who Those 14 Canada Manitoba Saskatchewan 2005 Becoming Becoming Gaudry. and Adam Darryl Leroux instance, for See, in the Métis population is not without controversy. The growth 35% 33% 31% 29% 27% 25% 23% 21% 19% 17% 15% 14 (http://theconversation.com/becoming-indigenous- 2017. October Métis in Canada. The Conversation. of Eastern The Rise Indigenous: ). the-rise-of-eastern-metis-in-canada-80794 While falling poverty rates among Métis children may appear to be a good news story, the news story, be a good appear to may Métis children among rates poverty While falling years. The the past five over population growth substantial by complicated statistics are deaths. births exceeding be possible through than would is far higher population growth people more many were There on the census. characteristic identity is a self-identified Indigenous in a substantial increase to 2011, creating compared in 2016 that self-identification who selected population. reported the officially

Métis Children except province every in almost in child poverty decrease steady fairly a seen have Métis children cities of Calgary, the western small. Examining is relatively the population New Brunswick, where Métis populations—similar downward large and Winnipeg—which have Vancouver, Edmonton, observed. can be in Métis child poverty trends are rates Métis child poverty worst in Alberta. The found are rates Métis child poverty The lowest what other is similar to ranking although this provincial and Saskatchewan, in Manitoba found identities experience. Indigenous (LIM‑AT) province by 8: Métis child poverty, Figure The much lower child poverty rates among the Eeyou Itschee (15%) and the Nunavik Inuit (16%) Inuit (16%) (15%) and the Nunavik Itschee the Eeyou among rates child poverty lower The much impact on a substantial can have governments Indigenous for that additional resources suggests hydroelectric Canada. Both of benefit from areas remote of the most some in even child poverty, in or Inuit communities in Ontario First Nations situated similarly However, revenue. resource child much higher register sharing similar resource-revenue to access that do not have Nunavut rates. poverty of two reasons: identity discovery or the changing legal framework for Métis peoples in Canada. for framework legal or the changing identity discovery reasons: of two

CHILD POVERTY RATES BY REGION 17 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada 30 25 20 2011 to 2016 2011 to 15 Source: Custom tabulation Census 2006, 2011 NHS, Census 2016 Census 2006, tabulation Custom Source: 2006 to 2011 2006 to Annual average population growth Annual average 10 5 (Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland sample sizes are too small to include) small to are too sample sizes and Newfoundland Island Edward (Prince 0 Ontario Quebec Canada Alberta Manitoba This case was preceded by other monumental cases upholding the rights of the Métis, the rights upholding cases other monumental by was preceded This case 15 Daniels v. Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development). 2016 SCC 12. Northern Development). and Affairs Canada (Indian Daniels v. Saskatchewan New Brunswick Scotia Nova British Columbia 15

With the advent of rapid DNA testing and online family trees, it may be that more people are people are that more be may it trees, family and online rapid DNA testing of advent With the important been also have There it on the census. selecting Métis heritage and their discovering resulting 2016, between 2011 and peoples in Canada Métis for framework the legal to changes that Métis and v. Canada ruled Daniels In 2016, as Métis. identifying people officially in more the Constitution 91 (24) of of section the purpose “Indians” for Nations were non‑status First Act. including Manitoba Métis Federation Inc. v Canada (2013) and R. v. Powley (2003). Powley v. Inc. v Canada (2013) and R. Métis Federation Manitoba including be a causal may rates child poverty improving rapidly alongside Rapid population expansion incomes and higher have generally and children identified Métis families If newly relationship. up bringing be artificially may they who identified as Métis in 2011, than those rates poverty lower is because rate child poverty Métis whether the declining unclear incomes. As such, it’s average families in Métis children more are there or because Métis children among is less poverty there in the 2016 census. incomes who self-identified with higher of 4%. rate at an annualized 2016, 22% between 2011 and by The Métis child population grew that identity Scotia and New Brunswick, suggesting in both Nova was much higher Growth in populations of growth, rate this high Despite of this population increase. is the source discovery small in the Canadian context. relatively remain the Atlantic provinces low and Alberta is population growth Saskatchewan, of Manitoba, in the Prairie provinces Only also rates the Métis child poverty provinces, In these with births alone. be consistent enough to the in economic conditions as improvements to credence declines lend some declined. These rather than identity discovery. rates, child poverty of declining source growth 9: Métis child population Figure

CHILD POVERTY RATES BY REGION 18 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada The cause of poverty for for of poverty The cause peoples is a Indigenous affair without a complex the given solution, single and interconnected diversity geography, of identity, nature to and policies relating First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples. Conclusion higher experience children Indigenous trend: stark, longstanding a indicate Data continue to where on reserves, issue is most severe This children. than non-Indigenous of child poverty rates on reserve living First Nations children Canada is found. in of child poverty rate the highest were when budgets since 1996, public services of basic the callous underfunding endured have When it comes on need or population growth. based inflation not adjusted and were to locked the therefore jurisdiction, under federal exclusively also are reserves services, public funding to government. with the federal squarely shortfalls rests these for responsibility Little a decade. for almost unchanged has remained on reserves child poverty speaking, Broadly Comparing Inuit or non-status First Nations children. either for has been registered improvement Regina, in the cities of Edmonton, children Indigenous fallen for have rates poverty urban areas, than half of status First Nations more Nevertheless, Saskatoon. and, particularly, Winnipeg, rates Poverty line. the poverty below live continue to and Saskatoon in Regina, Winnipeg, children be influenced by may improvements these however, improved, have Métis children amongst further study. and require in self-reporting changes solution, given affair without a single peoples is a complex Indigenous for of poverty The cause First to and policies relating geography, of identity, nature and interconnected the diversity with worked communities have instances, Indigenous some Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples. In will This work poverty. reduced that have and policies programs comprehensive create partners to continue. undoubtedly through this case, funding—in adequate how illustrate First Nations and Inuit in northern Quebec rates. a substantial impact on child poverty have sharing—can Quebec resource-revenue Hydro to strategies deploying rates, can impact poverty households low-income to While transfers adequately quality, high Additionally, poverty. household reduce local people can also employ directly would children support Indigenous to services public appropriate funded, culturally years. in their early benefit children

CONCLUSION 19 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada

16 This is in line with the national goals, but should be evaluated separately for for separately should be evaluated but This is in line with the national goals, reserves; both self-determination, supporting should commit to government The federal sharing. revenue on with an emphasis and jurisdictionally, financially Reserves, conditional upon the agreement of First Nations governments, should of First Nations governments, upon the agreement conditional Reserves, occur in the begun to as has already be included in annual income surveys, territories; on in MBM poverty a 20% reduction should commit to government The federal 2015 and 2030. between and 2020 and 50% reduction between 2015 reserves ‑tax (MBM) and the after Measure Basket the Market including lines, Low-income and in the be applied on reserves should ‑AT), (LIM Income Measure Low territories; Other sub-groups living with high poverty rates—for example, certain groups of racialized Canadians—should also have sub- have of racialized Canadians—should also certain groups example, rates—for poverty with high living Other sub-groups 4. 1. The following straightforward recommendations should be included in the should recommendations straightforward The following plan: reduction poverty government’s federal 2. 3. Moving forward, a national poverty strategy must recognize the special relationship that Canada the special relationship must recognize strategy poverty a national forward, Moving way is no single peoples, there Indigenous peoples. For has with First Nations, Inuit and Métis to mechanism or strategy will be no single there Therefore, is experienced. in which poverty a multi-pronged First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples. This requires among poverty eradicate approach. and on reserve living of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples who are the exclusion case, In any utilize It is time to long. too on for has gone basic statistical information from in the territories Indigenous and among on reserves poverty analyze better to been collected data that has already a targeted within eliminated and, ultimately, can be reduced that that poverty identities so timeline. 16 reduction. for poverty specific targets group As the federal government embarks on a poverty reduction strategy plan that sets out specific out sets plan that strategy reduction on a poverty embarks government As the federal in and reserves exists on poverty that acknowledge officially to it is time and goals, measures and First Nations, Inuit partnership with full and reduced—in tracked It should be the territories. Solutions varied. are peoples Indigenous among of poverty holders. The causes Métis rights transparent goals with set of a clear requires first step A necessary this complexity. must address criteria.

CONCLUSION 20 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada The after-tax Low Income Low The after-tax is ‑AT) (LIM Measure at the household calculated on focuses This report level. if the child but child poverty, the below is in a household in else everyone line, LIM‑AT below lives that household too. poverty AT) line to all people living on all people living line to (LIM‑AT) Income Measure Low the after-tax This paper applies Statistics applied from lines are these how though this isn’t even territories, and in the reserves same one applied is the line, the LIM‑AT to adjusted size, definitions. The household Canada’s in the inclusion of new households in the 2016 Census. However, all other households to it as the additional reducing in this case line itself, ‑AT modify the LIM also would the LIM‑AT new households few relatively are There income. of low prevalence a higher have households However, figures. on national little effect is likely there and so be included nationally that would in the population, like their total to populations relative reserve on with large in provinces of the inclusion of reserves. as a result lower be slightly likely would rate Prairies, the LIM‑AT annual Canadian Statistics Canada’s 2018, Prior to on reserves was not conducted (CIS) Income Survey was extended the CIS In 2018, and in the territories. it still does not include but the territories, to As a result, do so. plans to no are and there reserves which income data is available for in years the only populations are Indigenous with large areas these to include Census 2006 was the first census years. point the starting income and is, therefore, after-tax it will be In 2018 and thereafter, this analysis. for in the rate the annual poverty calculate possible to official Statistics Canada if this isn’t even territories, income future, the foreseeable for However, policy. be will still only on reserves rates and poverty accessible in census years. the and for on reserves annually is calculated of the LIM‑AT that a version It should be noted data. This on taxfiler based which is (T1FF) dataset, Form T1 Family North in Statistics Canada’s and not on family, is based (CFLIM‑AT)—which Tax After income Measure Low Census Family Indigenous Unfortunately, rates. poverty of on reserve tracking the size—allows household, on whether families live to determine and it is difficult this dataset available within identity isn’t cases. or not in some reserve if but on child poverty, focuses This report level. at the household is calculated The LIM‑AT below lives in that household else everyone line, the LIM‑AT is below the child in a household too. poverty If a household income. adjusted on half of the median household is based threshold The LIM‑AT in poverty—if living are they size, for household adjusting after threshold, this LIM‑AT is below has been rising households not. The median income for are they the threshold, above are they Appendices Appendix 1: Methodology

APPENDICES 21 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada 19 Such cautions are also worth heading within within heading worth also Such cautions are 18 In general though, Statistics Canada cautions users about Statistics Canada cautions users In general though, 17 For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) estimates, the global non-response rate (GNR) is used as an indicator of data as an indicator is used (GNR) rate the global non-response estimates, (NHS) Survey the 2011 National Household For (https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- 2017. 2016. November of Population, Census Guide, Statistics Canada. Income Reference 64%, was only areas remote or in reserves people on to census-enumerated tax filings) T1s (containing for rate Ibid. The linking this report, particularly off reserve for Indigenous children. In most cases where NHS data is where most cases In children. for Indigenous reserve off particularly this report, appropriate a more provide to presented also are rates 2006 poverty the in this report, provided survey, data than a voluntary better provides census Although the 2016 mandatory baseline. populations. on reserve for particularly a challenge, can remain levels income correct deriving comparing NHS data to census data as different methodologies were used: a voluntary survey for survey voluntary a used: were methodologies data as different census NHS data to comparing the census. for survey the NHS and a mandatory 17 2016. (GNR). rate Global non-response (GNR). NHS Profile, rate 2011 - Global non-response Statistics Canada. NHS Profile, quality. ). (https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/help-aide/gnr-tgn.cfm?Lang=E 18 ). recensement/2016/ref/guides/004/98-500-x2016004-eng.cfm 19 82% to rose persons enumerated to Agency records Canada Revenue from rate of 85%. The linking the Canadian average far below of 95% in average the Canadian linking this is still far below and tax slips. However, benefit programs through payments including by general. Given a fraught history between First Nations and the Canadian government, some First Nations some between First Nations and the Canadian government, a fraught history Given The surveys. censuses/household of the past three part in one or several take decided not to have or household on which census depending change included or not included may that are reserves different surveying be due to may rates in poverty changes As such, examining. we are survey this As a check on in economic circumstances. changes to and not due groupings on reserve that participated reserves only including and terms both in absolute data was analyzed possibility, reserves different is an impact from There surveys. of the past censuses/household in all three The to Ontario. limited mostly but the impact is censuses/surveys, included in different being in this report. little impact on the statistics presented has and territories impact in other provinces AT poverty is relative to an to is relative poverty in LIM‑AT for inflation. As such, being adjusting after even since 2005, threshold. moving upward north, do exist. or in the reserves some like areas, in low-population in data collection Challenges including reserves, data on collect high-quality to hard Canada has worked Statistics However, in the 2011 The result country. of the the rest the norm for enumeration, which is not in-person that was actually on reserves rate non-response was a global (NHS) Survey National Household than the Canadian average. better

APPENDICES 22 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada

21 20 Change must focus must focus Change poverty on reducing and inequality: for peoples, Indigenous this means working with governments Indigenous affirm to ‑determination self and eradicate poverty. For Indigenous peoples, this means working together with federal and provincial and provincial with federal together peoples, this means working Indigenous For 22 . January 2015. Continuum Framework First Nations Mental Wellness . 2015. (https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/ . 2015. Reduction Strategy Poverty Toronto Prosperity: To The City of Toronto. Dictionary, Census of Population. 2016. (https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/ 2016. Census of Population. Dictionary, (LIM‑AT). tax after measure, Statistics Canada. Low-income 22 uploads/2017/11/9787-TO_Prosperity_Final2015-reduced.pdf) 20 ). census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/fam021-eng.cfm 21 The assertion that those who are living on reserve and in the on reserve living who are that those The assertion participation and in-kind transfers benefit from territories that the data becomes the degree economies to in informal the Moreover, empirically. has not been demonstrated unreliable from participation in subsistence population benefits off-reserve economy or grey-market is a substantial barter economies. There outside of rural areas, In Canada’s the country. throughout and farming, is plenty of hunting, or the North, there reserves social amounts of substantial have Major cities often fishing. a substantial in-kind transfer. constitute that would housing cities. big applied in Canada’s lines are Nonetheless, low-income and the territories First Nations reserves This policy of excluding any to issues exist that these a lack of evidence continues despite in Canada. than elsewhere degree different or definition of income on a technical peoples based Indigenous for poverty measuring Lastly, and its poverty understanding to approach a multidimensional for does not allow expenditure of incarceration, rates high to linked is inextricably that poverty has shown elimination. Research issues. of educational attainment, and health rates lower unemployment, child apprehensions, Statistics Canada’s policy, to date, has been the exclusion of both “Indian reserves” and the “Indian reserves” of both been the exclusion has date, to policy, Statistics Canada’s provision: the following lines under all the low-income from territories on based and in certain areas applied in the territories not also are concepts The low-income transfers of substantial in-kind The existence Indian reserves). as type (such census subdivision economies or and sizeable barter housing) and First Nations band housing as subsidized (such could make or fishing) farming hunting, from as product (such production own consumption from situations. difficult in these statistics more of low-income the interpretation Appendix 2: Measuring Poverty in Canada Poverty 2: Measuring Appendix governments to create laws, policies, and practices that recognize and affirm Indigenous and affirm Indigenous and practices that recognize laws, policies, create to governments poverty. and eradicating defining to and adopt a holistic approach ‑determination self Longstanding colonial policies and practices perpetuate the experience of poverty by Indigenous Indigenous by of poverty the experience practices perpetuate colonial policies and Longstanding issues. contemporary emerging peoples, creating on racialization, based the concentration of poverty led to policies have that existing Recognizing Reduction Strategy Poverty and geographic concentration, the City of Toronto’s feminization, an accountable and creating on must focus change systematic that “actions that drive recognizes ‑day day-to of part integral an is inequality and poverty reducing wherein government participatory business.”

APPENDICES 23 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada

22% 159,240 Métis 159,240 12% 4,468,955 Least Level of Poverty Level TIER 3: Least Source: Custom tabulation Census 2016 tabulation Custom Source: -Racialized,Non Recent immigrant -Recent Non 25% 25,115 Inuit 25,115 18% 22% 7,001,530 7,001,530 1,563,935 Racialized Canadian children Next Level of Poverty Level TIER 2: Next 32% Indigenous children Indigenous First Nations First

Indigenous children -Indigenous Non -Status Non 86,160

41% Living 131,660 Off Reserve Status First Nations First Status

35% 437,205 437,205 47%

First Nations First Recent Immigrant 254,100 Status 254,100 53% Living 122,440 Deepest Level of Poverty TIER 1: Deepest Level On Reserve Status First Nations First Status Perecentages show number of children liviing in poverty in each group in poverty liviing number of children show Perecentages

Appendix 3 Appendix Figure 10: Total number of children, by group, and percentage of child poverty within within poverty of child and percentage group, by of children, number 10: Total Figure each group

APPENDICES 24 Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada July, 2019 © Melody /Charlie First Nations Photographer

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