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“Liberation of Kosovo” Among Albanian- Speaking Activists in Switzerland

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“Liberation of Kosovo” Among Albanian- Speaking Activists in Switzerland Memories of the “liberation of Kosovo” among Albanian- speaking activists in Switzerland Narrating transnational belonging to the nation Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Social Sciences by Romaine Farquet Approved by the doctoral committee: - Prof. Janine Dahinden, University of Neuchâtel, Supervisor - Prof. Ger Duijzings, Universität Regensburg, Germany, Committee Member - Dr. Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom, Committee Member - Dr. Thomas Lacroix, CNRS and Maison Française d’Oxford, United Kingdom, Committee Member Defended on 24 June 2019 University of Neuchâtel Abstract The Albanian-speaking population living in Switzerland mobilised massively on behalf of the national cause in Kosovo in the 1990s. After the end of the conflict, that saw the departure of the Serbian forces from Kosovo (1999), some of the Albanian-speaking activists from Switzerland returned to their homeland. Many others remained in Switzerland, where they largely diminished or terminated their homeland engagement. Since the end of the war, very little attention has been paid to these former champions of the national cause in Switzerland. Furthermore, there is also very little literature on the memories of the mobilisation in Switzerland and the related discourses of belonging to the “Albanian nation”. The situation differs in Kosovo where several researchers have analysed the memorialisation of the recent past. This dissertation explores the narratives of homeland engagement related by Albanian-speaking former activists who engaged on behalf of the national cause in Kosovo from Switzerland in the 1980s and 1990s. In particular, it scrutinises how they narrate national belonging in their memories of the quieter post-war years (after 1999). As such, this study falls within the field of research on nationhood and ethnicity that examines how people negotiate and reproduce nationhood away from extreme situations of nationalist movements and warfare. Furthermore, this research analyses the narratives with a transnational perspective as it focuses on how the interviewees mobilise and negotiate different discourses of national belonging embedded in the different social spaces they inhabit at the local, national, transnational and international levels. This research mainly relies on oral history interviews conducted with former Albanian-speaking activists who were active on behalf of Kosovo in Switzerland in the 1980s and 1990s. Of the fifty former activists who participated in this research, seven were interviewed in Kosovo and the rest in Switzerland, where most of the research participants still reside on a fixed or irregular basis. The interviewees told me about their trajectory as activists on behalf of the national cause, their vision of Albanianness and their position in the evolving “Albanian nation”. The thesis is chiefly composed of three articles. They highlight the trajectories of the former activists from the years of engagement in the 1980s and 1990s to the search for a new status during the post-war period. While the thesis accounts for the negative image of the Albanian- speaking population in Switzerland, it also shows how they feel excluded and forgotten in post- war Kosovo. Moreover, the research demonstrates how the former activists use narratives of homeland engagement to reconfigure the symbolic categories and boundaries that delimit the “Albanian nation” and seek to enhance their own position. The thesis thus underlines the evolution of the narratives of belonging as an adaptation of the transnational situation of the activists, from the period of “hot” nationalism during the years of engagement to the milder forms after the end of the war. Keywords: Albanian-speaking migrants, Switzerland, narratives, nationhood, transnational perspective Résumé La population albanophone vivant en Suisse s'est massivement mobilisée pour la cause nationale au Kosovo dans les années 1990. Après la fin du conflit, qui a vu le départ des forces serbes du Kosovo en 1999, certain.es des militant.es albanophones de Suisse sont retourné.es dans leur patrie. Beaucoup d'autres sont resté.es en Suisse, où ils/elles ont largement diminué, voire même mis fin à leur engagement dans leur patrie. Depuis la fin de la guerre, très peu d'attention a été accordée à ces ancien.nes militant.es de la cause nationale en Suisse. De plus, il existe très peu de littérature sur les souvenirs de la mobilisation en Suisse ainsi que sur les discours d'appartenance à la "nation albanaise" qui s'y rapportent. La situation est différente au Kosovo, où plusieurs chercheur.ses ont analysé la commémoration du passé récent. Cette thèse explore les récits de l'engagement de la patrie racontés par d'ancien.nes militant.es albanophones qui se sont engagé.es au nom de la cause nationale au Kosovo depuis la Suisse dans les années 1980 et 1990. En particulier, elle examine comment ces personnes racontent l'appartenance nationale dans leurs mémoires des années plus calmes de l'après-guerre (après 1999). Ainsi, cette étude s'inscrit dans le domaine de la recherche sur la nation et l'ethnicité qui examine comment les individus négocient et reproduisent l’idée de la nation loin des situations extrêmes des mouvements nationalistes et de la guerre. De plus, cette recherche analyse les récits dans une perspective transnationale. Elle se concentre sur la façon dont les personnes interviewées se mobilisent et négocient différents discours d'appartenance nationale ancrés dans les différents espaces sociaux qu'elles habitent aux niveaux local, national, transnational et international. Cette recherche s'appuie principalement sur des entretiens d'histoire orale menés avec d'ancien.nes activitses albanophones qui ont été actif.ves au nom du Kosovo en Suisse dans les années 1980 et 1990. Sur les cinquante ancien.nes militant.es qui ont participé à cette recherche, sept ont été interviewé.es au Kosovo et les autres en Suisse, où la plupart des participant.es à la recherche résident encore de façon fixe ou irrégulière. Les personnes interrogées m’ont raconté leur trajectoire en tant que militant.es de la cause nationale, leur vision de l'albanité ainsi que leur position dans la "nation albanaise" en transformation. La thèse est principalement composée de trois articles. Ils mettent en lumière les trajectoires des ancien.nes militant.es depuis les années d'engagement dans les années 1980 et 1990 jusqu'à la recherche d'un nouveau statut dans l'après-guerre. Si la thèse aborde l'image négative de la population albanophone en Suisse, elle montre aussi comment ses membres se sentent exclu.es et oublié.es dans le Kosovo de l'après-guerre. De plus, la recherche démontre comment les ancien.nes activistes utilisent les récits de l'engagement de la patrie pour reconfigurer les catégories symboliques et les frontières qui délimitent la "nation albanaise". Ainsi, ces ancien.nes militant.es cherchent à améliorer leur propre position actuelle. La thèse souligne l'évolution des récits d'appartenance comme adaptation à la situation transnationale des militant.es, de la période du nationalisme "chaud" pendant les années d'engagement, aux formes plus douces après la fin de la guerre. Mots-clés: migrant.es albanophones, Suisse, récits, nation, perspective transnationale Table of contents ARTICLES SUBMITTED ...................................................................................................... 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... 3 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 5 1.1 EXPLORING ETHNICITY AND NATIONHOOD IN THE MEMORIES OF ALBANIAN-SPEAKING FORMER ACTIVISTS IN SWITZERLAND ...................................................................................... 5 1.2 THE JOURNEY TO THE PHD THESIS .............................................................................. 9 1.3 OUTLINE.................................................................................................................... 14 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: ALBANIAN NATIONALISM, KOSOVO AND ALBANIAN-SPEAKING MIGRANTS IN SWITZERLAND ........................................... 15 2.1 ALBANIAN NATIONALISM, NATION-BUILDING AND THE INDEPENDENCE OF KOSOVO: A BRIEF HISTORY ...................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 The birth of Albanian nationalism ....................................................................... 16 2.1.2 Kosovo in Yugoslavia ........................................................................................... 19 2.2 MIGRATION OF ALBANIAN-SPEAKING MIGRANTS TO SWITZERLAND: BACKGROUND . 26 2.3 HOMELAND MOBILISATION AMONG THE ALBANIAN-SPEAKING POPULATION IN SWITZERLAND ....................................................................................................................... 30 3 EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ........................... 35 3.1 EPISTEMOLOGICAL ROOTS ......................................................................................... 35 3.1.1 A constructivist perspective: implications for the research ................................. 35 3.1.2 A transnational perspective: approach and definitions ....................................... 37 3.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ...................................................................................
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