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Index

action, 17, 26, 54, 56, 94, 99, 118, Agency Theory, 43, 44–5, 48, 63, 65 119, 182, 204–32 Model of man (REMM), 26 acts of man vs. human acts, 205 altruism, 18, 25, 64, 139, 205 collective action, 22, 41, 64, 166 Analytical philosophy, 84–5 in consequentialism, 222, 223–4 animism, 69, 201 in , 223 Aquinas, Thomas, 77, 86, 107, 108, in decision-making school, 37 111, 122, 128 in deontologism, 222 acts of man, 205 emotions, 12 beauty, see under beauty Adam Smith, 139 emotions, see under emotions Max Weber, 139, 145, 149, 151 happiness, 216 ethics, 66, 219–21 human acts, 205 free will, 16, 20, 158–60, 163, methodical realism, 135 167–72, 207, 209 moral judgment, 225–6, see under game theory, 27 action goals 208 (Aristotle), see also ends natural law, 227 goods, 219 passions, see under emotions human flourishing, 212 person, 96 Hume, David, 79 rational being, 93 instincts, 210 sociability, 191 instrumental reason, see under tendencies (appetitus), 100 rationality virtue, see under virtue judgement, 123 Arendt, Hannah, 133 learning, see under learning Argyris, Christian, 34, 35 moral circumstances (Aquinas), 225 Aristotle moral intention (Aquinas), 225 action, see under action moral object (Aquinas), 225 beauty, see under beauty motivation, 99 desire, see under desire poiesis (Aristotle), 209–10 economics, 10, 52 practical reason, see under ethics freedom, see under freedom praxeology, see under praxeology friendship, see under sociabilty praxis (Aristotle), 209–10, see under God, see under God virtue goods, see under goods preference stability, 24 habits, see under virtue self-interest, 18, 208 happiness, 213 virtuous action, see under virtue human flourishing, see under human Weber, Max, 113, 139 flourishing aesthetics, 23, 152–6, 196 hylomorphism, 106 emotions, 137, 139, 144, 153–4 intellectual form, 123 experience, 152–6 intellegible form, 123 needs, 101, 113 knowledge, 119 Neopositivism, 57 logic, 125 agency, 58, 169 nous, see under rationality

259 260 Index

Aristotle – continued psychological (subjective) certainty, opinions, see under rationality 119 passions, see under emotions character, 171–7, see also virtues practical reason, see under rationality Christianity, 62, 71–4, 77, 79, 82, 87, practical wisdom, see under 96, 162–3, 175, 179, 181, 197, rationality 200, 202–3, 225 principle of rationality, see animal cogitative power, 122 rational Comte, August, 55, 84, 193–4 rational animal, 73, 76, 93–4, 118 , 34, 68, 71, 76, 175, rationality, see under rationality 180–1, 201–2 self-interest, see under self-interest consequentialism, 204, 222–6 sociability, see under sociability constructivism, 110, 132–4 soul, see under soul cognitive psychology, 166–7 syllogism, 125 corporate social responsibility, 42, synderesis, 209 156 tendencies, see under tendencies courage, see under virtue theoretical reason, see under rationality Daoism, see Taoism virtue, see under virtue Descartes, René, 78, 93, 131, 133, 135, virtue ethics, see under virtue 142, 164, 171 , 66, 73, 77, 175, ‘mind-body problem’, see under 195, 225 dualism Austrian School, 16, 18, 24, 168 desire, 70, 202 Aristotle, 42, 99, 168, 170–1, 182, Bacon, Francis, 52–3, 56, 62, 66, 67, 186, 206, 209 85, 129 Buddhism, 99, 100, 116, 158, 159 Barnard, Chester I., 1, 32–4, 49 desire theories (happiness), 215–16 beauty, 101, 103, 137, 152–6, 193, desire-satisfaction, 216 195–6, see also aesthetics opinion (Aristotle), 216 Aquinas, 154 determinism, 159, 162–7, 169–71, see Aristotle, 153 also freedom belief, 41, 45, 59, 62, 64, 111, 113, bio-psychic determinism, 164–5 117, 120, 149, 165, 170–1, 190 , 165–6 religion, 196–8, 201 , 170 see also opinion (knowledge) neurobiological determinism, body 169–70 body and mind, 105–9 past experiences determinism, human body, 103–6 166–7 unity of body and mind, 108 psychological determinism, 168–9 Buddhism, 68, 70–1, 216 rational-psychological determinism, 167 Cannon-Bard theory, 147 social determinism, 170 capitalism, 199 deontologism, see under ethics Catholicism, 163, 199 Drucker, Peter, 32–4 certainty, 59–60, 118–20, 126, 130–1, dualism, 170, see also soul 133, 185, 214 Aquinas, 107 lack of certainty (or freedom), 17, 207 Aristotle, 106 moral certainty, 120 Descartes, 78, 106–8, 130 philosophical (objective) certainty, Plato, 76, 106 119 unity of body and mind, 108 Index 261 ecology, see human-nature instrumental ends, 86 relationship Kant’s ‘kingdom of ends’, 222–3 economic thought Mises, 206–7 Austrian School, 16–17 necessary ends (Aristotle), 163 Keynesian economics, 14 utilitarianism, 224, 226 Neoclassical economics, 13–16 Enlightenment, 67, 77–80, 135, 163, Rational Choice theory, 15–16 202 (Buddhism) Smith, Adam, 10–12 Epicureanism, 77 emotions, 10, 23, 51, 62–3, 76, 82, 94, episteme, 118, 120 104–5, 138–9, 144–9 see also scientific knowledge under action, 210 knowledge aesthetics, see under aesthetics epistemic values, 61 behavioral economic theory, 27 epistemology, 70, 120, 127–36, 220, bounded emotional rationality, see knowledge 140 critical analysis, 133–4 determinism, 163, 165 critical realism, 134–6 emotion management, 141 feminist epistemology, 132 emotional intelligence, 112, 141 methodical realism, 135 emotional knowledge, 151–3, 220 modern epistemology, 128–32 emotional labor, 141 moral epistemology, 132 happiness, see under happiness postmodernism, 132–3 homo economicus, see under homo pre-modern epistemology, 127–8 economicus religious epistemology, 132 Hume, David, 79 virtue epistemology, 132 Kierkegaard, Soren, 82 ethics, 33, 35, 37, 38, 41, 56–7, 66, motivation, see under motivation 101, 114, 116–17, 124, 159, needs, see under needs 183, 186, 193, 197, 200, 205, neopositivism, 57 208, 220 neuroscience, 144–6 Confucianism, 71 organization, in the, 139–41 consequentialism, 222, 223–4, see passions also utilitarianism Aquinas, 142 decision-making (Aquinas), 225 Aristotle, 77, 139 deontologism, 222–3, 226 preferences, 23 emotivism, 221–2 rationality, 24, 113, 116, 140, 142 ethical decision-making, 225 Aristotle and Aquinas, 149, 150–2, ethical egoism, 21, 28 220–1 ethical theories, 219–26 tendencies, 142, 173 ethical values, 39–40, 101, 193, 208, theories of, 146–50 219 typology, 142–4 freedom, see under freedom virtue, see under virtue goods, see under goods will (Aquinas), 171, 174 Hinduism, 69–70 emotivism, see under ethics Islam, 74 empiricism, 78–9, 84, 96, 110, 128–31, Judaism, 72 134–6 Kant, Immanuel, 79, 223 ends, 19, 21, 52, 114–15, 167, 170, Kierkegaard, Soren, 82 187 Levinas, Emmanuel, 151 see also goods and preferences Mises, Ludwig von, see under Aristotle, 212 praxeology 262 Index ethics – continued ethics, 171 Neoclassical Economics, see existentialism, 83–4 underNeoclassical Economics freedom of action (external Nietzsche, Friedrich, 82 freedom), 158, 209 practical wisdom, 117, 175–7, 209 freedom of alternative choice, 160 Aquinas, 226, 227, 232 freedom of choice, 160, 168 Aristotle, 210, 211, 216, 219, 225 freedom of indeterminacy, 159–61, principles, 220, 222, 226–7 171 responsibility, 17, 20–1, 33, 34, freedom of self-determination, 95, 57, 69, 74, 95, 101, 159, 161, 172, 160–1 162, 163, 168, 170, 172, 180, freedom of will (or free will), 158–9, 199–200, 205, 209, 219, 221 165, 171 sentiment-based approach, 220–2 Aristotle, 209 Taoism (or Daoism), 71 see also determinism Ten Commandments, 72, 162 Freud, Sigmund 80–2, 84, 164, 195 universal goods, 219 homo economicus, 17, 20–2, 36–7, virtues, 175–6 167 virtue ethics, see under virtue internal freedom, 158 virtuous man, see under virtue Kant, 79 Weber, Max, 113, 199 moral freedom (or freedom of work, 231 self-determination), 95, 159, eudaimonia, see under happiness 160–1 evidence, 119, 120, 126 Neoclassical Economics, see evidence in science, 53, 61, 164 underNeoclassical Economics evolution, theory of, 80–1, 92, 164 psychological freedom (or freedom evolutionary psychology, 164 of choice), 168 existentialism, 82–3 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 189 self-determination, 20, 96, 160–1, facts and values, 37, 55 171–2 fallibilism, 60 stoicism, 163 falsifiability, 60 , 162–3 God, 62, 70–4, 77–83, 87, 102, 125, feelings, 23, 31, 71, 82, 94–5, 99, 132, 134, 162–3, 179–82, 184, 101, 104, 107, 112, 116, 125, 194–7, 201–3, 216, 218, 225, 137–45, 150, 151–3, 172–4, 178, 229 184, 186, 195, 200, 213, 221, goods, 14, 15, 16, 18, 25, 28, 40, 43, 230 53, 151, 159, 190, 191, 208, see also emotions 224, 226 Follett, Mary P., 32, 34, 63 apparent good, 216 Ford, Henry, 31 bodily goods, 218, 228 Frankl, Viktor, 108, 160–1 common good, 183, 191 freedom, 31, 54, 57–8, 63, 69, 76, 108, desires, 209 158, 161, 169, 190, 205 emotional goods, 185 Augustine of Hippo, 73 good life, 187, 191, 193, 212–13, Austrian School, 16–17, 168 217, 219, 226, 228 Christianity, 77 human goods, 117, 211, 218, 225, circumstantial freedom, 159 226, 227 Descartes, 78 internal goods, 219 emotions, 172 Aristotle, 228 Index 263 goods – continued as a model of the human, 13, 59, 65 intertwining with virtues and Neoclassical Economics, see principles, 226–8 underNeoclassical Econcomics list of (Aquinas), 218 preference stability, 24 material goods, 185 preferences, 9, 13–15, 17, 20, 23, moral goods, 208–9 24, 36 pleasant goods (Aristotle), 208–9 Rational Choice Theory, 15, 167 rational goods, 185 Rational Expectations Theory, 16 real good, 216–19, 228 rationality, 19 relational goods, 185 REMM, 26 shared goods, 185 self-interest, 18 soul, see under soul Smith, Adam, 12 substantive good theories, 216–18 sociability, 26 universal goods, 226–8 Transaction Costs Theory, 43 useful goods, 208–9 homo humanus, 4, 28, 29 honesty, see under virtue happiness, 11, 12, 63, 70, 73, 77, 163, human flourishing, 76, see also 212–18, 223–4 happiness; goods; teleology emotions, 143, 148, 151, 213 Aquinas, 227 eudaimonia, 76, 213, 217 Aristotle, 116–17, 177, 191, 204, soul, see under soul 212, 218–19 theories of happiness, 213–18 Aristotle and Aquinas, 220, 225 virtue, see under virtue capabilities theories, 219 Hayek, Friedrich August von, 16–17, eudaimonia, 213 21–2, 23, 48, 53–5 work, 228–30 homo economicus, 16 human nature, 9, 10, 63, 66–7, 71, hedonism, 213–14, 223 74–6, 78, 80, 82, 83, 86, 87, hedonistic fallacy, 214 91–109, 128, 130, 139, 161, hedonistic principle, 223 163, 195, 217, 218, 226, 227 hedonistic psychology, 18 homo economicus, 22, 28, 48, 49 hedonistic satisfaction, 99, 100, 101 human-nature relationship pleasure, see under pleasure anthropocentrism, 179–80, 183 Hegel, Friedrich, 33, 80–2 biocentrism, 181, 183 Heidegger, Martin, 19, 83 ecocentrism, 181, 183 Hinduism, 76, 102, 181, 201 stewardship, 180, 183 see also under ethics Hume, David, 10, 78, 79, 108, 129, Hobbes, Thomas, 78, 129, 187–9, 191 195, 220–1 homo economicus, 9–29 emotions, see under emotions aesthetic experience, 155 Husserl, Edmund, 85–6 Agency Theory, 44, 55 alternatives to, 25 idealism, 33, 80, 96, 110, 128, 131 behavioral economics, 27 ideas, 122–3 emotions, 17, 23, 28, 64, 139 imagination, 122 ethics, 21 inclination, see under tendencies freedom, 20, 22 indeterminacy, see freedom of habits, see under virtue indeterminacy under freedom Institutional Economics, 27 individualism, 17, 22, 58, 86, 189 knowledge, 15, 19, 36–7 methodological individualism, 22, 58 learning, 21 social atomism, 187–9, 192 264 Index intelligence metaphysics, 128–33, 171, 194 intellect, 111 moral knowledge, 132, 220 intuition, 111 operational knowledge, 211 psychological concept, 111–13 opinions, 119–20, 124, see also types of intelligence, 112 belief interpersonal relationships Aristotle, 216 interpersonal affection, 186 philosophy, 62, 67, 69, 117, 130, interpersonal communication, 185 135 interpersonal relations, 51, 178, rational knowledge, 110, 118–19, 184, 185 125, 132, 134, 149, 154, 172 intuition, 111, 123, 130, 164 scientific knowledge, 50, 53–6, Islam, 72, 74, 102, 180, 181, 197, 199, 59–64, 66, 67, 133, 164, 171, 203 194 see also under ethics scientific statements, 62 theories of knowledge, 127–36, see James-Lange theory, 146–7 also epistemology Jensen, Michael, 18, 26, 44, 63 Kuhn, Thomas, 60–1 Judaism, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 102, 181, 197, 202, 203 language, 5, 22, 57, 61 see also ethics analysis of, 84 judgments, 123–4 modalities, 95 descriptive statements, 124 rich language of the person, 91, prescriptive statements, 124 92, 94 scientific language, 57, 61 Kant, Immanuel, 79, 80, 86, 93, 116, self-fulfilling prophesies, 65 117, 123, 130, 134, 222–3, 226, social control, 84 228 symbolic language, 46, 156 see also under ethics learning, 22, 38, 46, 97–8, 101, 174, Kierkegaard, Soren, 82, 86, 195 205, 207, 210–11, 229, 230 see also under ethics see also virtue knowledge, 22, 69–70, 75, 78, 79, 82, homo economicus, 17, 21–2, 24 84–5, 98, 99, 107–8, 110, 114, learning effects, 230 117, 123, 169, 180, 194 operational learning, 211 see also under homo economicus Levinas, Emmanuel, 86, 151 see also belief; certainty; emotional Likert, Chris, 34–5 knowledge under emotions; life truth human life, 97–9 craft knowledge (or technique, life experiences, 97–8 skill), 115 love of self (Aristotle), 18 discursive knowledge, 76, 93 Locke, John, 78, 79, 85, 93, 123, 129, epistemic values, 61–2 187–9 evaluative knowledge, 211 evidence, see evidence McGregor, Douglas, 34–6 intellectual knowledge, 107, 113, MacIntyre, Alasdair, 158, 175, 191, 153, 182 220, 222, 227 intentionality (or intrinsic management intentionality), 103 aesthetic, 155–6 knowledge by confidence, 125 determinism and free will, 167–9 learning, see learning ecology, 182–3 Index 265 management – continued homo economicus, 22 emotions, 139–41 monism, 91 organizational culture, 45 materialistic, 108 science, 62–4 non-materialistic, 108 self-fulfilling prophesies, 65 moral conscience, 220 views of the business firm, 192–3 see also decision-making under work within organizations, 231–2 ethics; moral discernment workplace spirituality, 200–1 moral discernment, 68, 72, 73, 95, see also action; ethics; motivation; 112, 204, 219, 221 sociability; virtue see also Aquinas, moral judgement management theories, 39–49 motivation, 25, 30, 34, 35, 37–8, 41, Agency theory, 44–5 44, 51, 58, 62, 99, 100, 168, ancient classics, 30–4 208, 229 Bureaucratic Management Theory, see also under work 32 see also tendencies and goods competitive strategy, 42 emotions, 23, 101, 140 criticisms and new proposals, 47–9 extrinsic motivation, 63, 206, 208 Decision-making school, 36–8 homo economicus, 16–19, 31, 64 Human relations school, 34–6 intrinsic motivation, 23, 63, 208 Institutional school, 38–9 moral motivation, 220–1 Neo-institutionalism, 39 needs, 26, 101 organizational ecology, 40 pleasure, 64 power, 40–1 praxeology, 205–6 Simon’s approach, 36–7 rational motivation, 101 Systems theory, 40 religion, 198–200 Total Quality Management, 45 spiritual motivation, 208 Transaction Cost Theory, 43–4 spontaneous motivation, 101 Marx, Karl, 54, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 167, tendencies, 100–1 170, 190, 199 Maslow, Abraham, 26 needs, 41, 93, 98–102, 103 Mayo, Elton, 34 Buddhism, 70 memory, 122, 123, 149, 166, 182 emotions, 143 Menger, Carl, 14, 16, 17 Human Relations School, 34 metaphysics, see under knowledge Likert, 35 methodological individualism, see Maslow’s pyramid, 26, 34, 101–2 under individualism tendencies, 98 metholodological holism, see under universality of, 102, 219 sociability Neoclassical Economics, 13–16, 18, Mill, John Stuart, 9, 12–13 19, 22, 25, 27, 30, 43, 49, 64, mind, 102–9 114, 168, 206, 207 body, 102–9 Neo-Institutionalism (or New consciousness, 103 Institutionalism), 38–9, 167 intrinsic intentionality, 103 Neopositivism (or logical positivism), self-understanding, 103 37, 55–7, 84–5 unity of body and mind, 109 Nietzsche, F., 82–3, 85, 195 see also body; dualism; soul see also under ethics Mises, Ludwig von, 16, 17, 23, 24, 168, 205, 209–11 opinions, see under knowledge see also praxeology Opponent-Process theory, 148 266 Index

Pascal, Blaise, 195 rationality, see reason Peirce, Charles S., 60, 126 reason, 110–36 perception, 121 bounded rationality, 19, 36, 44, 63, person, 30, 35, 38, 69, 73, 77, 81, 82, 114, 140 83, 84, 85, 87, 91, 94–7, 103, instrumental reason (Aristotle), 105, 108, 179, 184, 192, 195 113–14 see also human nature téchne, 115 personality, 80, 95, 175 nous, see theoretical reason temperament, 175 (Aristotle) personalism, 85–6, 96 practical reason, 113, 115–17 phenomenology, 85–6, 155 Aristotle, 152, 167, 170, 209, see Plato, 66, 72, 76, 78, 102, 106, 107, also ethics 127, 163, 175, 177 practical wisdom, see under pleasure, 12, 18, 19, 25, 64, 70, 77, 99, ethics 137–9, 143, 148, 159, 186, 198, principles, 51, 61, 79, 111, 112, 119, 206, 208, 212–16, 218, 223–4, 127 226, 228 Synderesis (Aquinas), 209, see also see also happiness under ethics see also motivation theoretical reason (nous), 103, 117 polis, 185–7, 191 Aristotle, 113 Popper, Karl R., 60–1, 126 types of reason, 113–18 Positivism, 55, 84, 86, 129, 193 reasoning, 33, 74, 91, 110–13, 120–1, postmodernism, 46, 84–5, 127, 132, 124–7, 130, 206 134, 221 abductive reasoning, 126–7 practical rationality, 116, 117, 167, deductive reasoning, 125 173–4, 177, 180, 209–10 ethical reasoning, 116 see also practical reason inductive reasoning, 126 practical reason, see under ethics religion, 52, 67, 68–9, 72, 75–6, 79, practical wisdom, see under ethics 91, 101, 106, 175, 178–9, 181, praxeology, 22 193–4, 196–203, 209 ethics, 205–7 economy, 199–200 freedom, 205–7 origin, 201–3 preferences, 9, 13–15, 16, 17, 20, 23, see also animism; Confucianism; 24, 25–6, 36, 114–15, 116, 140, Christianity; Islam; 155, 157, 167–8, 189, 205–7, 215 Judaism; Taoism; see also ends transcendence;Zorostrianism preference stability, 16, 24 responsibility, see under ethics principles, 10–11, 31–2, 70, 107, 154, Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 79, 188–9 189, 191, 199 see also under ethics and virtue Schachter-Singer theory, 147–8 see also under rationality Scheler, Max, 86, 143–4, 152, 221 Protestant reformation, 77, 167 science prudence, see phronesis under virtue epistemic values, 61 psychoanalysis, 164 on the human being, 50–2 language of science, 61 rational choice theory, 15, 66, 114, limits, 59–61 167 management, 62–6 rationalism, 78, 96, 110, 123, 128–31, models and the reality, 58–9 134–6, 204 philosophical anthropology, 66–7 Index 267 science – continued Plato, 76, 106 scientific method, 52–4, see Taoism, 182 scientific knowledge under see also mind knowledge Stoicism, 11, 77, 163, 167 values, 56–8 structuralism, 84 scientism, 54–5, 66, 84, 129, 164, 196 see also positivism Taoism (or Daoism), 71, 72, 201, 202 Scottish Enlightenment, 77 Taylor, Frederick W., 31–2, 141, 156, self-control, 171–4, see also virtues 191 self-determination, see under freedom teleology, 190 self-fulfilling prophecies, 50, 59, 65–6 Aristotle, 212, 224 self-interest, 11–13, 17–19, 21, 23, teleologism, 222 25–6, 28, 44, 64–5, 114, 139, tendencies, 98–103, 139, 142 167, 188, 191, 205–6, 208 affective tendencies, 99, 142, 159, see also under ethics 172 self-knowledge, 76, 94, 118, 184 appetitus (Aristotle and Aquinas), self-understanding, 103 100 sensation, 121 Confucianism, 71 Separation Thesis, 21, 55 emotions, see under emotions Simon, Herbert, 19, 30, 36–7, 44, 49, freedom, 163, 210 55, 63–4, 114, 139–40 inclinations, 98, 99, 101, 142, 159, skepticism, 60, 120, 125, 127–8, 133 162, 207, 218 moral skepticism, 220 motivation, see under motivation Smith, Adam, 9–13, 14, 15, 21, 77, needs, see under needs 167, 221 rational-volitive tendency, 99, 100, sociability, 95, 178, 183–4, 186, 188, 151, 159–60 190 virtue, see under virtue see also individualism; interpersonal will, 103, 171 relationships Transaction Costs Theory, 44, 63–4 Aristotle, 34, 76, 190 transcendence, 68–9, 71, 83, 119, 177, emotions, 192 181, 193–6, 200 friendship, 61, 100, 176, 185–7, see also religion 192, 209 truth, 60, 78, 117–19, 120, 125, Aristotle, 215–16, 218, 225, 228 127–8, 130–5 methodological holism, 58 emotional truth, 151 social relations, 23, 67–8, 185, 187, self-evident truths, 120, 124, 131 190 zoon politikón (Aristotle), 184–5 unity of body and mind, 109 society utilitarianism, 12, 77, 214, 222–4, 226 views of the business firm, 192–3 views of the society, 187–92 values, 30, 39, 45, 51, 55, 57, 68, 69, soul, 102–3, 170, 180 71, 82–3, 95, 101, 113, 140, Aristotle, 76, 97, 106–7 155, 165, 176, 190, 196, 198, Christianity, 73, 74 199, 219, 221, 223 Descartes, 78, 94, 107 action (Aristotle), 208 happiness, 216 aesthetic values, 139 Hinduism, 69–70, 72, 181 basic values, 57, 209 internal goods, 218 corporate values, 156 Kant, 79, 134 emotions, 151 268 Index values – continued moral learning, 211 epistemic values, 61–2 moral virtues (Aristotle), 175 ethical values, 193 phronesis, 116, 177, 225 human values, 209, 219 practical wisdom, 211, 225, see also indoctrination of values under ethics (), 64 praxis (Aristotle), 210 moral values, 57, 144, 195, 219 principles, 227 objective values, 226 see also practical wisdom under religious values, 144, 199–200 ethics social values, 39 rational deliberation (Aristotle), subjective values, 57, 227 174, 177, 210 universal values, see human values synderesis (Aquinas), 209 virtue, 71–3, 77, 175, 176, 184, 191, tendencies, 175, 217 204, 210–11, 217–18, 219–20 virtue epistemology, 132 action, 174, 225–7 virtue ethics, 34 character, 22, 174, 176 Aristotle, 174, 225–6 Aristotle, 211, 223 virtuous man (Aristotle), 177, courage, 140, 143, 175, 176, 225 217 Aquinas, 177 vitalism, 82 Aristotle, 219 emotions, 175 Weber, Max, 32, 113, 116, 139, 199 excellence (Aristotle), 174 action, see under action friendship, see under sociability ethics, see under ethics habit (Aristotle), 173–5 will, see freedom of will happiness (Aristotle), 216 see also under tendencies homo economicus, 173 Williamson, Oliver, 43–4, 63–4 honesty, 175, 219, 230 wise man, see virtuous man under intellectual (or epistemic) virtues, virtue 117 work, 35–6, 228–32 Aristotle, 175 action, 230 justice, 176, 187, 191 ethics, see under ethics Aquinas, 225 human flourishing, see under human Aristotle, 209 flourishing love (Aquinas), 225 motivation, 35 mean between extremes (Aristotle), 176 Zoroastrianism, 102