Based on the original note by Prof Dr Ibrahim Ngah

 All plants and animal resources in terms of individuals, species, communities, habitats and ecosystem.

a. Direct return: the direct material and financial return derived from hunting, shooting, fishing, berry picking, etc.

b. Genetic reserve: the values of maintaining a reserve of genetic material from which new varieties of crop plants and animal can be bred in the future c. Ecological balance: the values of maintaining natural VALUES OF WILDLIFE population of animals and plants as a buffer against AND ECOLOGICAL unnaturally large increases in RESOURCES pest species c. Educational values; the value of educating children and adults in a direct way about the manner in which biological world functions d. Research; the value of facilities for research into biological problems and for training of research workers e. Natural history interest; the value of catering for interesting hobbies for the amateur naturalist, photographer, artist, poet etc. f. Local character; the value of maintaining the visual character of an area VALUES OF WILDLIFE AND ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES

ESA Rank 1

• All protected Areas, potential protected areas, wetlands and turtle landing sites • Catchment of existing and proposed dams • All areas above 1000m contour ESA Rank 2

• All other forests, corridors linking important Protected Areas, buffer zone around Rank 1 areas; • All areas between 300m-1000m contour ESA Rank 3

• All marine park islands, buffer zone around Rank 2 areas • Catchment for water intakes and groundwater extraction (wetfields) • All areas between 150m – 300m contour, all areas with erosion risk above 150ton/day/ha/yr, all areas experiencing critical or significant coastal erosion ESA Rank 1 area

• Parts of Southeast Peat Swamp Forest, Pahang • Parts of Kuala North Peat Swamp Forest, Selangor • Island (Pulau Klang, Pulau Che Mat Zain, Pulau Tengah) • Parts of Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve, Perak • Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kedah • Tasik Chini and Its Surrounding wetland, Pahang • All forests above 1000m elevation except Special management Areas

Measures

• Gazetted as protection forest under National Forestry Act • Management plan & guidelines • Tourism • Linkages between major forest complexes • Use of rivers as corridors Major Forest Complexes

• Banjaran Titiwangsa-Banjaran Bintang- Banjaran Nakawan • -Banjaran Timur • South East Pahang, Chini and Bera Wetland • Rompin Park-Kluang Wildlife Reserves

Sensitive Coastal Ecosystems

• Parts of mangrove in Larut Matang District • Klang Islands • Nature Park • Turtle nesting sites • Kuala Gula ( sanctuary migratory birds) • All Island within marine parks

Highland and Special Management Areas • Cameron Highland-Kinta-Loging • -Bukit Tinggi- • Frazer’ Hill

Figure: Demands on rural resources (Sharpley and Sharpley in Kamarudin 2013:20)  Any human activities in the environment either for economic purposes or for socio-cultural development should follow a conservation approach and management of environmental impacts

 In the rural context where communities are living in resource areas with unavoidable demands on natural, cultural and historical resources (Figure), greater participation should be encouraged for communities and their stakeholders to be involved in the sustainable management of rural resources