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The Integration of Climate Change in the Strategic Environmental Evaluation (Sea) in Spatial Planning the Case of the Region of Murcia

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The Integration of Climate Change in the Strategic Environmental Evaluation (Sea) in Spatial Planning the Case of the Region of Murcia THE INTEGRATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION (SEA) IN SPATIAL PLANNING THE CASE OF THE REGION OF MURCIA Julia Cambronero Msc Thesis Supervisors: Francisco Victoria Jumilla Marina Berger Jensen Submission date: 19/11/2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION……………………..……………………….………5 2. BACKGROUND THEORY……………….……………………….…..9 2.1 Spatial, socioeconomic and environmental characteristics of the Region of Murcia...9 2.2 Climatic characteristics and vulnerability to climate change in the Region of Murcia…………………………………………………………………………………..11 2.3 Climate change and water. Impact on water resources……………………………...14 2.3.1 Water consumption and demands in the region of Murcia. A scarce resource…………………………………………………………………………14 2.4.2 How urban planning affects water resource: problems an innovatives solutions………………………………………………………………………...23 2.4 Conceptual framework: SEA and climate change………………………………….28 2.5 The urban planning of the territory in the Region of Murcia………………………...36 2.6 Strategic documents of climate change: EU, Spain, Region of Murcia……………...40 3. METHODS…………………………………………………………….47 4. RESULTS……………………………………………………………...48 4.1 How climate change is integrated in the SEA reports of urban planning. Study of cases………………………………………………………………………….48 4.2 Interviews with experts……………………….…………………………….58 5. DISCUSSION………………………………………………………….66 6. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….….71 REFERENCES……………………………..…………………………………………73 APPENDIX I APPENDIX II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BAT Best Avaibale Technology EEA European Environmental Agency GHG Greenhouse Gases PP Plan and Programs UNEP United Nations Environment Program SPAB Special Protection Area for Birds SHC Segura Hydrographic Confederation WFD Water Framework Directive 1. INTRODUCTION The Region of Murcia is a Region highly vulnerable to climate change due to its geoclimatic and socio-economic characteristics. It is increasingly evident that migratory movements and armed conflicts are related to changes in climate. Currently there are conflicts in this area due to water shortage, a resource strongly linked to agricultural activity, a sector of great relevance in the Region of Murcia. The Working Group of Experts of the Climate Change Observatory of the Region of Murcia concluded that in 2017 the average temperature of the Region stood at 17.3º (in 1961 it was 16.3º) and it was a particularly dry year with an average annual 203 mm (the average from 1961 to 2014 was 307 mm.) (Bañón JM, 2018). Also, there is a tendency to increase heat waves (persistence over time of abnormally high temperatures in both maximum and minimum), an increase between 2 and 3 days per decade in the last 65 years (Victoria F., 2016) If the analysis of data evolution is considered, it is foreseen for the different scenarios defined in AR5 (Fifth IPCC report), having as reference period 1960-2000 (Victoria F., 2016), the following scenario: • Temperature, by the middle of the century, an accumulated increase between 1.5 and 3º and between 2.5 and 4º for the maximum temperatures for the end of the 21st century, and the accumulated increase for the minimum temperatures between 1 and 2º for the middle of the century and 2 and 3.5º for the end of the century. On the other hand, warm days will increase between 10 and 20% by mid-century and between 30 and 40% by the end of the year. This is especially serious in a Region that in the months of July and August many days exceed the maximum 40%, with effects on health when episodes with heat spikes are not punctual but they last many days. • Precipitations point to decreases of around 10% by the middle of the century and between 10 and 20% by the end of the 21st century. • Regarding sea level, according to estimates by Puertos del Estado, a rise of 12 to 22 centimetres is foreseen for the next 35 years, taking into account the trend of the data recorded by tide gauges in the last 20 years. 5 Therefore, we are facing a Region of the Mediterranean Arc, located in the southeast of Spain in which the effects of climate change are worrisome and increasingly will be more, with forecasts of increased temperatures, less rain, desertification and rise of the sea level. In spite of this panorama, on the part of the authorities of the Region of Murcia have not tackled blunt measures as far as the mitigation and adaptation, to confront the future negative effects of the climatic change. Currently there is no standard and the Climate Change Strategy is under development. On the other hand, we find a Region of great contrasts, where there is a huge biodiversity and variety of landscapes, but there is also a great lack of urban control. Therefore, with the imposition of mitigation and adaptation measures to climate change in environmental assessment processes, and specifically through the SEA of the urban plans, there is an opportunity to assume these measures as they are part of the plan. Compulsory reports. As established by the European Directive DIRECTIVE 2001/42 / EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programs on the environment (EU, 2001), impacts of climate change must be included in the environmental assessment process, which is why It offers a great opportunity to incorporate effective forms of mitigation and adaptation to climate change in urban planning. The main objective of this study is to know and analyse how the climate change report is prepared and integrated into the Environmental Assessment in the Region of Murcia. And because of the great impact it has in a particularly arid region, special reference will be made to the problem of water scarcity and the incorporation of adaptation measures to this situation. Therefore, from this study we intend to analyse weaknesses and strengths in the incorporation of climate change (mitigation and adaptation) in the environmental assessment procedure in urban spatial plans. First, before addressing the objectives pursued, a presentation is made of the main territorial, demographic, socioeconomic, environmental and political characteristics of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia - hereinafter, Region of Murcia - in order to show where we find and contextualize this work. 6 The following shows the climatic characteristics and vulnerability to climate change in this Region, with special reference to water, supplies and consumption, and how it affects urban planning (soil sealing and possible solutions: sustainable drainage systems). In third place, the description and explanation of the conceptual framework becomes necessary before procedures, documents and reports that have a certain complexity: procedure of environmental evaluation, urban regulations and strategic documents of climate change. The fourth section, based on the study and synthesis of five cases in the Region of Murcia, shows how climate change reports are made for urban plans as part of the environmental assessment report. Fifth, the vision of 5 key people in the Region in relation to the subject of this work is offered through the corresponding interviews that have been made to each one of them. Finally, the conclusions are addressed. 7 2. BACKGROUND THEORY 2.1 Spatial and socioeconomic characteristics of the Region of Murcia The Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia is located in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. It occupies a total area of 11,314 km2, which represents 2.2% of Spain. Located in the middle of the Mediterranean area, it borders the province of Alicante to the east; to the west with Granada and Almeria; to the north with Albacete and to the south with the Mediterranean Sea. It has 274 km of coastline bordering the Mediterranean Sea and the Mar Menor. Its coast is cliffy and rocky, interrupted by beaches and coves, where an enormous variety of ecosystems meet: salt flats, wetlands, dunes and beaches. The Mar Menor, a 135.2 km2 coastal lagoon, 73 km of perimeter and one of the largest coastal lagoons in Europe and the largest in the Iberian Peninsula, should be noted for its uniqueness. It is separated from the Mediterranean Sea by La Manga, an extension of land of 23 km in length and variable width of 100 and 1,200m, highly urbanized. The Mar Menor communicates with the Mediterranean Sea through five goles or channels (Barragán, 2016). Scientific articles have echoed the future disappearance of La Manga as a consequence of the rise in sea level due to climate change (Martínez-Graña, 2018) It is also included in the domain of the Betic Cordilleras, and comprises a quite rugged territory in which alternating mountain alignments of southwest-northeast direction with valleys, large depressions and plains. It has 8 mountains with altitude greater than 1,500 m. The highest point is located in the massif of Revolcadores, with 2,027 m. Towards the south the altitude of the reliefs diminishes. Before reaching the coast the relief draws the wide agricultural depression of the Campo de Cartagena (Baraza F., 2003). Regarding the distribution of land uses, the surface is distributed as follows, according to the Global Atlas of the Region of Murcia (Source: Corine Land Cover, 2000): • Artificial, 3.1% • Agricultural, 53% • Forestry, 37.5% 8 • Wetlands: 0.1% A very strong agricultural sector has to be highlighted, with an intensive horticultural agriculture highly technified in drip irrigation and in the agri-food industry.This sector are going to be very influenced by the consequences of climate change. Environmental and landscape characteristics Regarding its environmental and landscape characteristics, in just eleven thousand square kilometres there is a huge environmental variety. The Region of Murcia is an area between European and North African influences, with a landscape of contrasts. In this territory it is easily passed from the arid basins of the peninsular south, with steppe environments, to the forest masses of the inland sierras, to the fertile plains that form the Segura river and from there to the Mediterranean Sea Due to its singularity, the arid landscapes represented in the so-called "badlands" stand out, lands covered by the action of water on soft materials.
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