DOCSLIB.ORG

Study on Critical Raw Materials at EU Level Final Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Study on Critical Raw Materials at EU Level Final Report Ref. Ares(2014)2063495 - 24/06/2014 Study on Critical Raw Materials at EU Level Final Report A report for DG Enterprise and Industry 16 December 2013 This report has been prepared by: This report has been jointly prepared by Oakdene Hollins and Fraunhofer ISI The authors from Oakdene Hollins are Adrian Chapman, Josephine Arendorf, Tecla Castella, Paul Thompson and Peter Willis The authors from Fraunhofer ISI are Luis Tercero Espinoza, Stefan Klug and Eva Wichmann Checked as a final copy by: Katie Deegan Reviewed by: Nick Morley Date: 16 December 2013 Contact: [email protected] File reference number: EC—11 315 –Final Report Issue 3.docx Oakdene Hollins provides these services to clients: ● environmental labelling ● programme management and evaluation ● policy and strategy development ● market reports ● carbon footprints & LCA reviews ● materials flow analysis ● “Lean”manufacturing ● economic analysis & modelling ● statistical analysis ● technology appraisal. Oakdene Hollins is registered to For more information visit www.oakdenehollins.co.uk ISO 9001:2008 and ISO 14001:2004 Contents amendment record This report has been amended and issued as follows: Version Date Description Author Editor Issue 1.0 15/11/2013 Issue 1.0 for DG ENTR AC KD Issue 2.0 12/12/2013 Issue 2.0 for DG ENTR following comments AC PW Issue 3.0 16/12/2013 Minor revision for DG ENTR following comments AC LM We print our reports on Ecolabel / recycled paper Glossary AHWG Ad-Hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials APPPC Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission BGR German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources BGS British Geological Survey BRGM Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières CAGR compound annual growth rate CEPI Confederation of European Paper Industries CR Concentration Ratio CRM Critical Raw Materials DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo ECHA European Chemicals Agency EEA European Environment Agency EIP European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative EPI Environmental Performance Index ETRMA European Tyre & Rubber Manufacturers’ Association EUBA European Bentonite Association FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDP Gross Domestic Product GVA Gross Value Added HHI Herfindahl-Hirschman-Index HREEs Heavy Rare Earth Elements ICA International Copper Association ICSG International Copper Study Group ICT Information and Communication Technology IFA International Fertilizer Industry Association ILZSG International Lead and Zinc Study Group INSG International Nickel Study Group LREEs Light Rare Earth Elements MMTA Minor Metals Trade Association OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PGM platinum group metal ppb parts per billion PPI Policy Potential Index ppm parts per million PV photovoltaic REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of Chemicals REE Rare Earth Elements RGI Resource Governance Index RMI Raw Materials Initiative RoHS Directive Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive SALB South American Leaf Blight STDA Selenium Tellurium Development Association SVHC Substances of Very High Concern (REACH) TDA tyre derived aggregates UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme USGS US Geological Survey VAT value added tax WGI World Governance Index WMD World Mining Data WTO World Trade Organisation For DG Enterprise and Industry Abiotic: Metals (or metallic ores) and industrial minerals. These are derived from static reserves. Biotic: Materials which are derived from renewable biological resources that are of organic origin but not of fossil origin. Only non-energy and non-food biotic materials are under consideration in this report. Deposit: A concentration of material of possible economic interest in or on the earth’s crust. Reserves: The term is synonymously used for “mineral reserve”, “probable mineral reserve” and “proven mineral reserve”. In this case, confidence in the reserve is measured by the geological knowledge and data, while at the same time the extraction would be legally, economically and technically feasible and a licensing permit is certainly available. Resources: The term is synonymously used for “mineral resource”, “inferred mineral resource”, “indicated mineral resource” and “measured mineral resource”. In this case, confidence in the existence of a resource is indicated by the geological knowledge and preliminary data, while at the same time the extraction would be legally, economically and technically feasible and a licensing permit is probable. Units: Conventional SI units and prefixes used throughout: {k, kilo, 1,000} {M, mega, 1,000,000} 9 {G, giga, 10 } {kg, kilogramme, unit mass} {t, metric tonne, 1,000 kg}. For DG Enterprise and Industry Contents 1 Executive Summary 1 2 Introduction 5 2.1 Concerns over Raw Materials 5 2.2 Materials Criticality and Previous EU Study 10 2.3 Purpose of this Study 11 3 Materials Scoping 13 3.1 Abiotic Materials 14 3.2 Biotic Materials 15 4 Criticality Analysis 16 4.1 Introduction 16 4.2 EU Criticality Methodology 16 4.3 Results of Criticality Analysis 19 4.4 Availability and Quality of Data 21 4.5 Analysis of Supply 22 4.6 Outlook for the Critical Raw Materials 25 4.7 Summary and Conclusions from Criticality Analysis 27 5 Possible Influences on Criticality 29 5.1 Introduction 29 5.2 Exploration Stage 30 5.3 Mining Stage 36 5.4 Refining Stage 59 5.5 End-Use Stage 67 5.6 Summary and Conclusions for Additional Influences 75 6 Criticality Analysis of Biotic Materials 77 6.1 Introduction 77 6.2 Scope and Discussion on Materials 77 6.3 Review of Criticality Methodology for Biotic Materials 80 6.4 Criticality Analysis of Biotic Materials 84 6.5 Influences on Criticality 88 6.6 Summary and Conclusions for Biotic Materials 93 7 Suggested Actions 95 7.1 Suggestions to the European Commission 95 7.2 Suggestions for Future Studies 95 7.3 Suggestions for Actions Relating to Critical Raw Materials 96 7.4 Suggestions for Actions Relating to Biotic Raw Materials 97 7.5 Other Suggested Actions 97 Annex A – Members of the EU Ad-Hoc Working Group on Raw Materials 98 Annex B – Description of EU Criticality Methodology 99 For DG Enterprise and Industry Annex C – Statistical Information for Criticality Assessment 105 Megasector values and assignments 105 WGI and EPI values (Scaled) 111 End use data sources and locality 114 Production data sources 115 Annex D – Worked Example of Assessment Calculation 116 Annex E – Further Data and Detailed Results of Criticality Assessment 120 End uses, megasector assignment and substitution values 120 Economic importance and supply risk calculations 126 Comparison of 2010 and 2013 studies 127 Large format results and supply charts 129 Annex F – Comparison with Other Methodologies 134 Annex G – Land Use and Mining Governance Data (EITI & PPI) 145 Deposit Categorisation 145 EITI Status of Countries 147 PPI Scores (2012/2013) 148 Annex H – Possible Changes to Scope and Quantitative Methodology 149 Annex I – Sector specific discussions 157 Raw Materials and their criticality in the European defence sector 157 Critical raw materials in the energy technologies 158 Materials of concern to the ICT sector 159 Critical Raw Material Extended Profiles See Separate Document Non-Critical Raw Material Profiles See Separate Document For DG Enterprise and Industry 1 Executive Summary Raw materials are fundamental to Europe’s economy, and they are essential for maintaining and improving our quality of life. Recent years have seen a growth in the number of materials used across products. Securing reliable and undistorted access of certain raw materials is of growing concern within the EU and across the globe. As a consequence of these circumstances, the Raw Materials Initiative was instigated to manage responses to raw materials issues at an EU level. At the heart of this work is defining the critical raw materials for the EU’s economy. These critical raw materials have a high economic importance to the EU combined with a high risk associated with their supply. The first criticality analysis for raw materials was published in 2010 by the Ad-Hoc Working Group on Defining Critical Raw Materials. Fourteen critical raw materials were identified from a candidate list of forty-one non-energy, non-food materials. The group highlighted the need to revise this list at regular intervals. This present study follows on from this recommendation, revising and extending the work carried out previously at the EU level. Three key areas are addressed: Revision of the list of critical materials for the EU. Discussion of additional influences on raw material criticality. Extension of the analysis to biotic materials. Fifty-four non-energy, non-food materials are analysed using the same methodology as the previous study; this extended candidate list includes seven new abiotic materials and three biotic materials. In addition, greater detail is provided for the rare earth elements by splitting them into ‘heavy’ and ‘light’ categories. Critical raw materials experience a combination of high economic importance and high supply risk relative to the other candidate materials, and are defined using thresholds for each measure set during the previous study. The overall results of the 2013 criticality assessment are shown below; the critical raw materials are highlighted in the red shaded area of the graph. Twenty one critical raw materials are assessed as critical from the list of fifty-four candidate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IAEA Safety Standards Advisory Material for the IAEA
    25.2 mm IAEA Safety Standards Safety through international standards for protecting people and the environment IAEA Safety IAEA Standards Series 1) No. TS-G-1.1 (Rev. “The IAEA’s standards have become a key element of the global safety regime for the beneficial uses of nuclear and radiation related technologies. Advisory Material for the “IAEA safety standards are being applied in nuclear power generation as well as in medicine, industry, agriculture, research IAEA Regulations for the and education to ensure the proper protection of people and the environment.” Safe Transport of Mohamed ElBaradei IAEA Director General Radioactive Material Safety Guide No. TS-G-1.1 (Rev. 1) INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92 –0–101408–5 ISSN 1020–525X 08-06441_P1325_covI-IV.indd 1 2008-08-11 09:24:07 25.2 mm ADVISORY MATERIAL FOR THE IAEA REGULATIONS FOR THE SAFE TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL Safety standards survey The IAEA welcomes your response. Please see: http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/feedback.htm The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GREECE NORWAY ALBANIA GUATEMALA PAKISTAN ALGERIA HAITI PALAU ANGOLA HOLY SEE PANAMA ARGENTINA HONDURAS PARAGUAY ARMENIA HUNGARY PERU AUSTRALIA ICELAND PHILIPPINES AUSTRIA INDIA POLAND AZERBAIJAN INDONESIA PORTUGAL BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF QATAR BELARUS IRAQ REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELGIUM IRELAND ROMANIA BELIZE ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BENIN ITALY SAUDI ARABIA BOLIVIA JAMAICA SENEGAL BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SERBIA BOTSWANA JORDAN
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Indicator Choice and Normalization in Raw Material Supply Risk Assessments
    resources Review An Overview of Indicator Choice and Normalization in Raw Material Supply Risk Assessments Christoph Helbig * , Martin Bruckler, Andrea Thorenz and Axel Tuma Resource Lab, University of Augsburg, Universitaetsstr. 16, 86519 Augsburg, Germany; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (A.T.); [email protected] (A.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Supply risk assessments are an integral part of raw material criticality assessments fre- quently used at the country or company level to identify raw materials of concern. However, the indicators used in supply risk assessments to estimate the likelihood of supply disruptions vary substantially. Here, we summarize and evaluate the use of supply risk indicators and their normal- ization to supply risk scores in 88 methods published until 2020. In total, we find 618 individual applications of supply risk criteria with 98 unique criteria belonging to one of ten indicator categories. The most often used categories of supply risk indicators are concentration, scarcity, and political instability. The most frequently used criteria are the country concentration of production, depletion time of reserves, and geopolitical risk. Indicator measurements and normalizations vary substantially between different methods for the same criterion. Our results can be used for future raw material criticality assessments to screen for suitable supply risk indicators and generally accepted indicator normalizations. We also find a further need for stronger empirical evidence of widely used indicators. Citation: Helbig, C.; Bruckler, M.; Keywords: criticality assessments; supply risk; raw material; concentration; scarcity; political insta- Thorenz, A.; Tuma, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Criticality of Raw Materials: an Empirical Approach Assessing the Supply Risk Dimension of Commodity Criticality
    Natural Resources, 2015, 6, 56-78 Published Online January 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/nr http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/nr.2015.61007 Measuring Criticality of Raw Materials: An Empirical Approach Assessing the Supply Risk Dimension of Commodity Criticality Herbert Mayer, Benedikt Gleich Institute for Materials Resource Management, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany Email: [email protected], [email protected] Received 6 January 2015; accepted 25 January 2015; published 28 January 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Providing a sustainable and reliable supply of raw materials at economic prices has become es- sential to industrialized economies. Therefore, the need for both economical and sustainable me- thods and strategies for the management of raw materials has been postulated to enable compa- nies and economies to counteract dramatic effects of supply disruptions, or at least to provide early warnings. The relevant studies assign generic weights to different driving factors and therefrom derive criticality indexes. However, it often remains open how to interpret the resulting measures and how to apply them practically. Here we show that based on current commodity key figures, it is possible to empirically determine the risk for future price increases and fluctuations. Thus, we can identify future supply risks and incorporate their patterns into an empirically calibrated crit- icality measurement. To this end, we apply the well-known compounding framework used by many companies for their financial planning, calculating net present values and volatility from the pre- dicted future price development.
    [Show full text]
  • Security of Supply and Scarcity of Raw Materials
    Security of supply and scarcity of raw materials Towards a methodological framework for sustainability assessment Edited by Lucia Mancini, Camillo De Camillis, David Pennington 2013 Report EUR 26086 EN European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability Contact information Lucia Mancini Address: Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, TP 270, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +39 0332 78 5428 Fax: +39 0332 78 6645 http://sa.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ http://lct.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ This publication is a book coming out as Reference Report by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/. JRC81762 EUR 26086 EN ISBN 978-92-79-32520-5 (pdf) ISSN 1831-9424 (online) doi: 10.2788/94926 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013 © European Union, 2013 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Cover page photo by Simone Manfredi – all rights reserved ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Security of supply and scarcity of raw materials ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TOWARDS A METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT Cite this publication as: Mancini, L., De Camillis, C., Pennington, D.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Based on Data Collected and Research Performed During 2010
    PREDECISIONAL December 9, 2010 December 2010 DRAFT CRITICAL MATERIALS STRATEGY—NOT FOR PUBLIC RELEASE 1 CRITICAL MATERIALS STRATEGY 2 Table of Contents FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................ 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 10 CHAPTER 2. USE OF KEY MATERIALS IN CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES .................................................. 14 CHAPTER 3. HISTORICAL SUPPLY, DEMAND AND PRICES FOR THE KEY MATERIALS ................................... 27 CHAPTER 4. CURRENT DOE PROGRAMS .................................................................................................. 53 CHAPTER 5. OTHER U.S. GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS ............................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 6. MATERIALS STRATEGIES FROM OTHER NATIONS .................................................................. 61 CHAPTER 7. SUPPLY AND DEMAND PROJECTIONS ................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 8. CRITICALITY ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Taking the Step Towards a More Dynamic View on Raw Material Criticality: an Indicator Based Analysis for Germany and Japan
    Resources 2016, 5, 45; doi:10.3390/resources5040045 S1 of S7 Supplementary Materials: Taking the Step towards a More Dynamic View on Raw Material Criticality: An Indicator Based Analysis for Germany and Japan Simon Glöser-Chahoud, Luis Tercero Espinoza, Rainer Walz and Martin Faulstich In the following supplementary data we provide supporting information regarding trade codes, production data and calculated indicator values as well as a rough overview of indicators used in previous criticality studies. 1. Data sources Production data at the country level in order to calculate the concentration of production (Herfindahl-Hirschman-Index (HHI)) and the domestic consumption for the indicators in the corresponding paper are based on data from the US Geological Survey (USGS [1]). Table S1 summarizes the trade codes (Harmonized System) used for the trade data assessment based on UN Comtrade database (see UN Comtrade website http://comtrade.un.org/). The level of detail regarding trade statistics for specific high-tech metals is a major limitation of the approach introduced in the corresponding paper. For several high-tech metals (such as indium, gallium, hafnium, niobium or tantalum) a specific analysis of trade flows is not possible as the trade flows of these commodities are only reported in association with other substances. The same is true for specific substances from element groups such as specific Rare Earth Elements (REEs) or Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) for which only platinum and palladium are reported separately. Table S1. HS codes (Harmonized System) relevant for the trade data analysis using the UN Comtrade database. The material contents, which are only needed for the calculation of the first indicator in the corresponding paper (Equation 1) due to the comparison to global production levels, were estimated from stoichiometric balances and literature data [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Resources, Conservation & Recycling
    Resources, Conservation & Recycling 129 (2018) 81–92 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Resources, Conservation & Recycling journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resconrec Full length article Critical appraisal of the circular economy standard BS 8001:2017 and a T dashboard of quantitative system indicators for its implementation in organizations Stefan Pauliuk Industrial Ecology Group, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Strasse 4, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: So far, organizations had no authoritative guidance on circular economy (CE) principles, strategies, im- Circular economy plementation, and monitoring. Consequentially, the British Standards Institution recently launched a new Circularity indicator standard “BS 8001:2017 – Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations”. BS 8001 BS 8001:2017 tries to reconcile the far-reaching ambitions of the CE with established business routines. The 3R standard contains a comprehensive list of CE terms and definitions, a set of general CE principles, a flexible Material flow analysis management framework for implementing CE strategies in organizations, and a detailed description of eco- Life cycle assessment nomic, environmental, design, marketing, and legal issues related to the CE. The guidance on monitoring CE strategy implementation, however, remains vague. The standard stipulates that organizations are solely responsible for choosing appropriate CE indicators. Its authors do not elaborate on the links between CE strategy monitoring and the relevant and already standardized quantitative tools life cycle assessment (LCA) and material flow cost accounting (MFCA). Here a general system definition for deriving CE indicators is proposed. Based on the system definition and the indicator literature a dashboard of new and established quantitative indicators for CE strategy assessment in organi- zations is then compiled.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Report on Global Tin Resources & Reserves
    2016 Report on Global Tin Resources & Reserves Security of long-term tin supply 2 Security of long-term tin supply This report presents ITRI’s estimate of global tin resources and reserves at the end of 2015, with commentary and outlook for the important tin producing regions of the present, and potentially the future. Acknowledgements ITRI is grateful to all members who provided feedback on this report and would also like to extend special thanks to Dr Harald Elsner, Choo Mun Keong and John Sykes for their constructive comments. Contents Summary ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 The threat: Tin criticality. ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Defining resources and reserves ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Tin resources and reserves calculation method ........................................................................................................................... 5 ITRI’s estimate of global tin resources and reserves.................................................................................................................... 6 China ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • US Department of Energy (2011) Critical Materials Strategy / Report
    THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CRITICAL MATERIALS STRATEGY DECEMBER 2011 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................... 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. USE OF KEY MATERIALS IN CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES .............................................................. 14 CHAPTER 3. MARKET DYNAMICS AND CHARACTERIZATION ................................................................................ 37 CHAPTER 4. SUPPLY AND DEMAND PROJECTIONS ............................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 5. CRITICALITY ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................... 113 CHAPTER 6. PROGRAM DIRECTIONS .................................................................................................................. 120 APPENDIX A. CRITICALITY ASSESSMENTS BY ELEMENT .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Concept for a Data and Knowledge Information System on Mineral Mining and Trade and Related Environmental and Socio- Economic Issues
    Strategic Dialogue on Sustainable Raw Materials for Europe (STRADE) Draft concept for a data and knowledge information system on mineral mining and trade and related environmental and socio- economic issues September 2017 Andreas Manhart, Stefanie Degreif, Peter Dolega, Doris Schueler (Oeko-Institut e.V.) STRADE is an EU-funded research project focusing on the development of dialogue-based, innovative policy recommendations for a European strategy on future raw materials supplies. In a series of policy briefs and reports, the project will offer critical analysis and recommendations on EU raw materials policy. 1. Overview The STRADE project has developed a concept for a data and knowledge information system on mineral mining and trade and related environmental and socio-economic issues. It combines global and EU mining and trade data with information on environmental and socio-economic aspects. The target groups are policy-makers, analysts and decision-makers from industry (upstream and downstream), civil society organizations and academia. The main objective is the data information on all three pillars of sustainability in an easily accessible format. Besides the use for policy making and the creation of public awareness, the information system shall support European companies’ supply chain management and reduce companies costs for individual data collection in the context of the EU conflict mineral regulation and an extended due diligence engagement along the supply chain of products made from all kind of metals. In the first stage, the information system shall focus on the most urgent issues in the supply chain. These are internationally traded and imported primary minerals from countries with weak governance – particularly conflict minerals - and imported minerals from countries which strongly depend economically on raw materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Dynamic Stock & Flow Models for Global and Regional Material and Substance Flow Analysis in the Field of Industrial E
    The 31st International Conference of the System Dynamics Society Cambridge, Massachusetts USA July 2013 Using Dynamic Stock & Flow Models for Global and Regional Material and Substance Flow Analysis in the Field of Industrial Ecology: The Example of a Global Copper Flow Model Authors: Simon Glöser* Marcel Soulier* Luis Tercero Espinoza* Martin Faulstich+ *Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Karlsruhe Germany +CUTEC Institute TU Clausthal, Clausthal Germany Contact: [email protected] [email protected] www.r-cubed-research.eu Abstract: Models of anthropogenic metal cycles quantify where metals are introduced into economies, how they are used, where they are stored and how they are recycled or discarded. Despite the rising amount of publications and research work in the field of Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) in recent years, dynamic modeling approaches of anthropogenic metal flows have been heavily underrepresented. In this paper, we present a general methodology to simulate metal cycles over time based on a system dynamics approach. Using the example of a global copper flow model, we present the potential outcomes of dynamic metal cycles including the results of a stochastic uncertainty analysis of the recycling efficiency of postconsumer copper scrap. In conclusion, we discuss the potential to enhance the material flow models and to link these cycles with further system dynamics models. For this purpose, we shortly present several ongoing projects. Using Dynamic Stock & Flow Models for Global and Regional Material and Substance Flow Analysis in the Field of Industrial Ecology: The Example of a Global Copper Flow Model Introduction: Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) and Industrial Ecology: The demand for natural resources has been increasing steadily over the last decades, resulting from both the growing consumption in the established developed nations of the West and the economic rise of developing nations in Asia and South America.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Raw Materials.Pdf
    Critical raw materials and transportation sector electrification: A detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport Emmanuel Hache, Gondia Sokhna Seck, Marine Simoen, Clement Bonnet, Samuel Carcanague To cite this version: Emmanuel Hache, Gondia Sokhna Seck, Marine Simoen, Clement Bonnet, Samuel Carcanague. Crit- ical raw materials and transportation sector electrification: A detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport. Applied Energy, Elsevier, 2019, 240, pp.6-25. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.057. hal- 02061459 HAL Id: hal-02061459 https://hal-ifp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02061459 Submitted on 8 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Critical raw materials and transportation sector electrification: A detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport Emmanuel HACHE a,b,c, Gondia Sokhna SECKa,*, Marine SIMOENa, Clément BONNETa, Samuel CARCANAGUEb February, 5th 2019 Abstract Integrated assessment models are generally not constrained by raw materials supply. In this article, the interactions between a wide diffusion of electric vehicles in the world transportation sector and the lithium supply are analysed in the Times Integrated Assessment Model (TIAM-IFPEN version). The lithium sector and a detailed representation of the transportation sector have been then implemented into the TIAM-IFPEN processes constituting the global energy system.
    [Show full text]