Published by Eta Sigma Phi

Volume 91, Number 1 Spring 2017

In This Issue

2 ΗΣΦ: Statement of Purpose and Benefits of Membership

2 About NUNTIUS

2 List of Officers

2 Members of the Board of Trustees

2 ΗΣΦ Committees 3 Address from the Megale Hipparchus, Emma Vanderpool

3 Want to place an ad?

3 FASTI

4 Something Old, Something New by Kendall Farkas Acrocorinth, p. 4

6 A Gallic Adventure by Elizabeth Andrews

8 Abstracts of “We Love Wisdom and Beauty: Research by Undergraduate Members of ΗΣΦ” (at the 2016 meeting of CAMWS-SS, Atlanta, GA)

10 Abstracts of “The Next Generation: Papers by Undergraduate Classics Students” (at the annual meeting of the SCS-AIA, Toronto) Pont-du-Gard, p. 6 12 Response by Antony Augoustakis

13 ΗΣΦ Medals

14 ΗΣΦ Website 16 15 Hours in Pylos by Luke Madson

19 Un’estate stupenda a Roma! (An amazing summer in Rome!) by Michael Russo Sphacteria, p. 18 22 Lifetime subscriptions to NUNTIUS

24 In the Footsteps of Poets and Painters: A Summer Tour in Italy by Anne Begin

26 Initiates January 1, 2016 through June 30, 2016 (inlcuding honorary members)

27 List of Chapters Filing the 2016–2017 Annual Report

28 Back Issues of NUNTIUS Wanted

30 Membership Report for 2015–16

30 New and Reactivated Chapters

31 ΗΣΦ Regalia (Honor Cords, Hoods, Jewelry and Lapel Pins) Tiberius’ Palace on Capri, p. 25

32 2017 ΗΣΦ National Convention Ponte Fabricio, p 20 ETA SIGMA PHI: LIST OF 2016–17 OFFICERS HONORARY TRUSTEES Statement of Purpose Megale Prytanis: Emma Vanderpool, Martha Davis Gamma Omicron at Monmouth College; Zeta Beta at Temple University and Benefits of [email protected] Sister Thérèse Marie Dougherty Membership Megale Hyparchos: Alexandra Howell, Beta Beta Kappa at Notre Dame of Maryland Psi at Rhodes College; [email protected] University The purposes of Eta Sigma Phi, the national Megale Grammateus: Spencer Silver, Epsilon Brent M. Froberg Classics honorary society, are to develop and at the University of Iowa; spencer.s.silver@ Gamma Omega at Baylor University promote interest in Classical study among gmail.com students of colleges and universities; to promote W. W. de Grummond Megas Chrysophylax: Christopher Maze, Eta at Florida State University closer fraternal relationship among students Theta Alpha at Franklin and Marshall College; who are interested in Classical studies, and to Thomas J. Sienkewicz [email protected] stimulate interest in Classical studies and in the Gamma Omicron at Monmouth College history, art, and literature of ancient Greece and Wayne Tucker Rome. Members are elected by local chapters MEMBERS OF THE Beta Theta at Hampden-Sydney College which have been chartered by the society. Most BOARD OF TRUSTEES members are undergraduates but chapters can also Antonios Augoustakis (2017), Chair initiate graduate students, faculty, and honorees. Alpha Kappa at the University of Illinois EDITOR OF NUNTIUS There are more than 180 chapters of Eta Sigma [email protected] Georgia Irby Phi throughout the United States. Benefits of Omega (College of William and Mary) Katherine Panagakos (2019) membership include: [email protected] • membership card, lapel pin and certificate Theta Tau at Richard Stockton College • subscription to NUNTIUS, the biannual [email protected] EXECUTIVE SECRETARY newsletter of the society Joseph Garnjobst (2018) • an annual national convention including a Eta Delta at Hillsdale College David H. Sick, Executive Secretary (2018) certamen and banquet [email protected] Eta Sigma Phi • the opportunity to give academic presentations Greek and Roman Studies before an audience of peers and scholars Daniel Levine (2017) Rhodes College • annual sight translation exams in Latin and Beta Pi at University of Arkansas 2000 N. Parkway Greek [email protected] Memphis, TN 38112 • honor cords and sashes for graduation Mary Pendergraft (2018) Phone: 901-843-3907 • bronze and silver medals of achievement Beta Iota at Wake Forest University Fax: 901-843-3633 • eligibility for summer travel scholarships to [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Greece, Rome or southern Italy • eligibility for a Latin teacher training scholarship ΗΣΦ COMMITTEES Translation Contest Coordinator Joseph Garnjobst of Eta Delta at Hillsdale College (2018) About NUNTIUS [email protected] Fox Latin Teaching Scholarship Committee NUNTIUS is the newsletter of Eta Sigma Phi, the Bridget Thomas of Eta Zeta at Truman State University, chair (2019, [email protected]) national Classics honorary society. It is published Sister Thérèse Marie Dougherty of Beta Kappa at Notre Dame of Maryland University (2018) twice a year, in September and in January. Copies Timothy Moore of Alpha Xi at Washington University in St. Louis (2017) of the NUNTIUS are sent free of charge to Summer Travel Scholarships Committee active, associate, and honorary members at active Molly Pasco-Pranger, Lambda at the University of Mississippi, chair (2019, [email protected]) chapters. A lifetime subscription to the NUNTIUS Katherine Panagakos, Theta Tau at the Richard Stockton College of New Jersey (2017) is also available to members who wish to continue James (Jim) Johnson, Gamma Upsilon at Austin College (2017) receiving the newsletter after graduation. The cost Program Committee of this lifetime subscription is a single payment of John Rundin of Eta Mu at the University of California, Davis (2017) $50. Non-members interested in subscribing to the Alexandra Pappas of Iota Phi at San Francisco State University (2019) newsletter should contact the editor for further Robert H. Simmons of Gamma Omicron at Monmouth College (2018) information. The editor is Dr. Georgia L. Irby of Omega at the College of William and Mary. Finance Committee Graphic designer is Jon Marken of Lamp-Post Davina McClain of Iota Beta at Northwestern State University Scholars’ College, chair Publicity in Meherrin, Virginia, who also provides (2017, [email protected]) the printing. Brent Froberg of Gamma Omega at Baylor University (ex officio) Lora Holland of Eta Tau at the University of North Carolina, Asheville (2018) David Sick of Beta Psi at Rhodes College (ex officio) Christopher Maze, Theta Alpha at Franklin & Marshall College (2017, ex officio) H. R. Butts Field Archaeology Scholarship Committee Ruth Palmer of Gamma at Ohio University, chair (2018, [email protected]) Cynthia Claxton of Delta Sigma at the University of California–Irvine (2019) Christine Renaud of Theta Omicron at Carthage College (2017)

2 Address from the Fasti Megale Hipparchus 2017 February 15 deadlines SALVETE ET KAI XAIPETE! katabases in the Harry Potter septology. We Earlier this year, I wrote about how we also hosted an evening reception, where • requests for Maureen Dallas Watkins Greek and Latin as an organization should consider the current students, alumni, and chapter Translation Contest (If paper copies advice of Edward Zarrow, Latin teacher sponsors all had the opportunity to share of testing materials are desired, such and ACTFL National Language Teacher stories and connect. I cannot wait to for a request must be received by date of the Year, and work to usher the study of the National Convention in Ann Arbor, of Friday, March 3rd.) Classics, which has already lasted two mil- Michigan as the unique community upheld lennia, into another two. From the onset of and shared by those bound together by a • completed ΗΣΦ Bernice L. Fox the academic year, I have been so encour- love of the Greco-Roman world is undeni- Teacher Training Scholarship Applications aged as I have had the privilege to see the ably inspiring. In particular, when Eta good work of Eta Sigma Phi firsthand. I Sigma Phi-ers join together from across the • completed Summer Travel had the distinct pleasure of representing nation, great things — and great fun — is Scholarship Application Eta Sigma Phi at the business meeting at bound to happen. February 13–15: Lupercalia the Summer Institute of the American On the Eta Sigma Phi Facebook page, March 3: deadline for completed Classical League. Here representatives the officers moved to further populate Maureen Dallas Watkins Greek and from classical organizations big and small the page with Certamen questions as Latin Translation Contest tests. join together. It was empowering to see the well as with #ThrowbackThursday and March 4: Exelauno day great company that we share as we face #ScholarshipSunday posts. These posts the honor and privilege of carrying on the highlighted unique moments from past March 6–10: National Latin Teacher torch of classical civilization. editions of the Nuntius as well as past Recruitment Week (NLTRW) Later in the fall, we hosted under- scholarship winners. It has been our dis- March 6–10: Administer College graduate panels at the biennial CAMWS tinct pleasure to read how our organization Greek Exams Southern Section meeting in Atlanta, serves not only current students but also March 20: Ovid’s birthday Georgia as well as at the annual meet- alumni and those beyond our membership March 24–26: 89th National ing of the Society for Classical Studies in through our scholarships and through Convention at the Invitation of Toronto, Ontario. It was exciting to see the chapter activities, outreach projects, Alpha Eta at the University of undergraduates from across the nation and fundraising initiatives of individual Michigan gathering together to share their knowl- chapters. Classical studies, a microcosm of March 26: Vespasian’s birthday edge and speak on such a wide variety of the liberal arts, is certainly for all students. topics, which ranged from the status of In a similar vein, motivated by the April 5–8: Classical Association Roman doctors as shown in epigraphy to alumni panel at this past year’s national of the Middle West and South, convention in Monmouth, we issued a Kitchener, Ontario call on the Facebook page to alumni. We April 21: Parilia, Happy Birthday, asked them to share their accomplishments Rome! and their post-college journeys with us so April 26: Marcus Aurelius’ birthday Want to place an that we could attempt to answer burning May 15 deadlines: question: “So what do you DO with a Classics degree?” Our alumni were eager • Chapter Res Gestae due (submit ad in ­NUNTIUS? online: http://www.etasigmaphi.org/ to take up the call. We have heard from res-gestae) Cost per issue for active chapters: a Latin teacher, a research librarian, a $25 (1/4 page); student in medical school, an author, and • submissions for the next NUNTIUS $40 (1/2 page); even a nuclear physicist! Because that’s (book/movie reviews; creative work; Hobbit expositions, ktl) $75 (whole page). how the Classics lives on. It lives on in all of us as we carry our studies with us — no May 24: Germanicus’ birthday For other organizations: matter where life carries us. It has been my July 12: Caesar’s birthday $200 for full page on back cover, distinct pleasure to serve as your Megale August 1: Claudius’ birthday $150 for full page inside; Prytanis, and I look forward to the future $75 for half page; with great optimism. August 24: Hadrian’s birthday $50 for quarter page. Emma Vanderpool 2018 Send payment and electronic camera- ready copy to the editor. January 4–7: SCS, Boston

3 Something Old, Something New by Kendall Farkas

Thanks to the generosity of Eta Sigma Phi, I spent six weeks in Greece participat- ing in a brand new excavation. It was a unique experience for me since I was able to observe what it takes to begin a new archaeological project. Not only that, but Greece is an indescribably beautiful coun- try. Between the mountains and shorelines, there was nowhere more beautiful that I could have spent my summer. Since this was the first year of the project, there was a lot of work to be done. I utilized muscles I did not even realize I had. My day began at 4:45 am. As painful as it was, and some days it was a true test of will to make my way downstairs for breakfast, it all became worth it when we would arrive on site by 6 am to see the sun rising over

From top: Sunrise over the mountains every morning on site. Photo of Acrocorinth At the top of Acrocorinth at the Temple of Aphrodite.

About the Author Kendall Farkas was inducted into Eta Sigma Phi at Grand Valley State University (Iota Sigma), where she received her BA in Classical Studies. She is currently a graduate student at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, working toward her MAT in Latin and Classical Humanities. Ms. Farkas plans to continue in the field of teaching and is excited to use the knowledge she gained this summer to benefit her future students.

4 the mountains. On site, I had a unique opportunity to try different methodologies and techniques in archaeology that went beyond what I was taught in the classroom. To me, being an archaeologist is a privilege since we uncover the past and give life back to the people who lived thousands of years ago. Every artifact tells a story and it was humbling to be given the opportunity to be on the front lines of such discoveries. After work, many of us would head into the village for lunch and coffee. We lived in ancient Corinth; a small village nestled alongside the ancient archaeological site. Acrocorinth loomed over us, providing a

the Acropolis for the first time. And, having spent time in Greece, I am much better prepared to bring my love for the Classical world directly into my classroom. Throughout my time abroad, I experienced many things that I had only read about for class. Seeing Mycenaean citadels such as Mycenae and Tiryns, or visiting famous cult sites such as Eleusis really ignited that passion for the Classical world that I have carried with me and will carry with me into the classroom. I will be better prepared to teach about ancient Greece having seen and experienced it firsthand. I am now prepared to share my experiences with the students in my classroom and to establish connections between ancient remains and real life experiences. Leaving Greece and the excavation Top: Me in front of the Parthenon. was bittersweet, from our final farewells Above: Grand Valley State University students at Eleusis. on site to walking through the village one last time hugging and saying goodbye to unique and scenic backdrop. A couple res- or sipping coffee and chatting with friends. the people who lived there. But the best taurants, grocery stores, and tourist shops “Siga siga” (slowly slowly) is the Greek way part of being a part of the beginning of an make up the town. The benefit to living in of life, a lifestyle very different from what I excavation is the anticipation of all the such a small town was that we really grew do in the United States and one to which I great things still left to be uncovered. to know the locals and they treated us am very happy to have been exposed. Without Eta Sigma Phi and the generos- like their own. The people in the markets In addition to the excavation, I had ity of H.R. Butts Scholarship for Fieldwork would teach us Greek phrases and how plenty of opportunities to travel. My goal in Classical Archaeology, this study abroad to carry on a simple conversation. Being for the summer was to integrate my love would not have been possible. This experi- exposed to the Greek culture in the village of material culture with my future goal of ence has helped shape and provides new gave me some new perspectives. The Greek being a teacher. And the best way to learn direction for my future students and me. lifestyle is very humbling because they is to experience firsthand. No amount This was a summer that I will not forget have a slower pace of life. One is meant to of classroom lecture or textbook images and the memories and friendships I made enjoy the moment, having a simple dinner could prepare me for laying eyes upon will be something I carry with me forever.

5 A Gallic Adventure by Elizabeth Andrews

When considering the study of Ancient Rome, Gaul is not the first location that comes to mind. With the advent of Caesar on the AP Latin curriculum, however, Below, exploring and picnicking both Gaul and Caesar loom heavy on the under the Pont-du-Gard! minds of teachers and students. I have discussed this matter with several colleagues, and there is a shared feeling of frustra- tion concerning the imple- mentation of Caesar and his Commentarii de Bello Gallico, as well as creating a cohesive syllabus involv- ing both Virgil and Caesar. This is the conundrum that the Paideia Institute has taken by storm with the institute’s recently de- veloped “Caesar in Gaul” program. Thanks to the Bernice L. Fox Scholarship from Eta Sigma Phi, I was Under the renovated remains of the Maison able to attend the “Caesar Carrée in Nîmes, dedicated to Gaius and in Gaul” program in July Lucius Caesar 2016. Before beginning, I expected a course staying in a retired 17th c. convent in through the reconstructed Gallic walls, fully devoted to Caesar, one where we Autun, an adorable bucolic town in the the description of which we had just read would follow Caesar’s circuitous war- Burgundy region close to the sites of (Caesar, DBG, 7.23), and to stand within path through Gaul while analyzing his Bibracte and Alesia. a massive public cistern laying outside a Commentarii. I was pleasantly surprised to As we traveled from site to site, I vast Roman-style villa, kindly built by an find that even though Caesar was always deepened my understanding of the ele- affluent citizen only a few years before the on the mind, the group explored the ments that defined ancient Gallic life. I saw town was abandoned. remains and history of Roman provinciae in Roman amphitheaters and temples tucked The Paideia Institute characterizes its France beyond the limitations of Caesar’s between the narrow streets of Nîmes and site visits with two defining elements that time period. We began in Paris, traveled to Lyon. I saw the towering golden arches of were particularly helpful for learning about Aix-en-Provence, visited the Pont-du-Gard the Pont-du-Gard. I saw clear evidence of the locations: loci in locis and “on site at and Nîmes, and continued on to Vienne the power and extent of Roman influ- sight.” We read selections of Latin texts and Lyon. We completed our travels by ence throughout the Gallic provinces. that discussed or evoked whichever Gallo- While the grand Roman architecture Roman site we were visiting. Since the was exciting, my favorite site was not one readings were not circulated in advance, About the Author defined by impressive architectural feats. the group worked together to read the Elizabeth Andrews (Iota at the University My favorite site was Bibracte, a Gallic selections at sight. These excerpts were not of Vermont) first fell in love with the oppidum in the Burgundy region of France. from Caesar alone. The authors ranged Classics in the green mountains, completed This site brought the world of ancient Gaul from Augustine to Seneca, Suetonius, her Masters in Classics with Teaching to life for me. Abandoned decades after Tacitus, and Virgil. My favorite was a Licensure at Tufts University in May 2016, Caesar’s conquest, Bibracte lay moldering tricky bit of Frontinus’ De Aquis that we and now teaches Latin at Old Rochester and undisturbed until its discovery in the read as we sat under the Pont-du-Gard. I Regional High School in Mattapoisett, late 19th century. Since it is untarnished clung to these worksheets and currently MA. Elizabeth is excited to bring her expe- by modern life, Bibracte’s remains provide have them safely tucked away, as they riences and knowledge gained this summer a fascinating case study into Gallic life. It provide an absolute trove of readings and to her students at every level. was an enlightening experience to walk sources to use in the classroom.

6 The idea of sight-reading with a scholars in Caesar, currently co- group of teachers and professors can be editing The Cambridge Companion to overwhelming (it was also a decent re- Caesar. They were able to introduce minder of what we ask of our students). the group to the most current academ- But, the Paideia staff did an amazing ic research surrounding Caesar and his job to create a positive and supportive works. These lectures were fascinating environment. So bolstered was my and rigorous, and supplied us all with cohort that we continued our foray a vast amount of information to bring into sight-reading during the evenings, home to our students. In the coming independent from the formal meetings. years, I look forward to using my notes One evening in Lyon, I succeeded in to expand upon the usual reading and convincing a group to read Lucretius’ themes from Caesar’s Commentarii in gruesome account of the Athenian an effort to give my students a picture plague, an interesting venture to say of who Caesar was, not only as a man the least! of politics and war, but also as a man Alongside the site visits, the group of letters and rhetoric. took part in regular lectures about The Paideia Institute has created Caesar given by Professors Luca Grillo, an ideal program for Latin teachers University of North Carolina Chapel who wish to trek around Gaul. The Hill, and Christopher Krebs, Stanford combination of structured lectures, University. Both professors are leading wine-and-cheese pedagogical discus- sions, site visits with at-sight readings, and the perfect amount of time for exploration and relaxation inspired us all. I know that I headed home with a passion for Caesar and loaded with new teaching ideas. I could not have asked for a better experience as I enter my first year teaching high school Latin, and I give my sincerest thanks to Eta Sigma Phi for making my trip possible with the Bernice L. Fox Scholarship.

From top: Statue of Vercingetorix on Mont Auxois in Burgundy, commission by Napoleon III in 1865 In a public well/cistern outside a vast Roman villa in Bibracte A piece of Rome tucked away in a Parisian garden, donum Lucretiae ab Romā datum

7 Abstracts of “We Love Wisdom and Beauty: Research by Undergraduate Members of ΗΣΦ”

(at the 2016 meeting of CAMWS-SS, The Roman internal religious experience is philosophy. The word natura, around which a Roman nature religion would orient itself, Atlanta, Georgia) does not necessarily refer to the ecological world, but, in the case of philosophy, often refers to the physical reality of the universe. Eta Sigma Phi, the national honorary society for classical studies, Stoicism, as presented by Lucilius and Cleanthes in the De Natura proposes a panel of scholarly papers by undergraduate members of Deorum conceptualizes natura more as an animated deity, the the society. All papers (not only abstracts) submitted were reviewed World Soul. Epicureanism, as explained by Velleius in the De by the society’s Program Committee, and five were deemed worthy Natura Deorum, treats natura as a random law of nature. However, of presentation. both philosophies dictate that their adherents respect and live in Papers were judged anonymously based upon their accuracy, accordance with each’s respective definitions of nature. Cicero, as originality, and suitability for presentation at a professional meet- influenced by Plato, presents Stoicism as including a religious awe ing. Any topic concerned with classical civilization, language, the of both the physical universe and the living order of it. Cicero in classical tradition, or the pedagogy of the discipline was permitted. his De Natura Deorum and Lucretius in his De Natura Rerum both The society would like to use this event to promote the excel- express a similar religious sentiment towards natura present in lent work of its members to the larger community of classicists. Epicureanism, although natura is believed to be inanimate. Thus, given the emphasis within Stoicism and Epicureanism for a person’s respect of natura, these ancient philosophies can be considered Nec Ullo Modo Barbaros: Cicero’s Rivalry nature religions. with Plato and his Republic by Noah Diekemper, Hillsdale College Social Status of Roman Doctors: An

This paper explores the relation that Cicero’s De Republica has with Epigraphical Evidence-based Approach Plato’s Republic. Cicero’s intention in writing such a comparable by Michael Stierer, Rhodes College but different work is investigated, while numerous parallels and divergences are observed between the two works. This paper focuses on the status of doctors in the city of Rome, as Cicero’s work is clearly modeled on Plato’s work significantly, as best can be determined from the epigraphical database the Corpus they have strikingly similar titles, are composed of reported discus- Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL). Considering that extant Latin texts sions governed by deceased but real figures, generally concerned often offer conflicting opinions of physicians, such those of the with the nature of man and government. Cicero, however, relates Elder Pliny, I aim to elucidate the status of doctor’s from epigraphic numerous stories of real histories and states when investigating evidence, rather than from these textual sources, however promi- what the best form of state is, unlike Plato and his more theoretical nent their authors may be. Using an original translation of epitaphs dialogue. Moreover, Cicero occasionally acknowledges his Greek from the CIL, along with statistical analysis, I extrapolate the model in ways that shed light on his intentions and tactics of various factors contributing to a doctor’s social status in Rome, subverting him. including nationality, family lineage, and legal status. My find- Specifically, we study how Cicero intends to supplant Plato as ings suggest a medical profession which was largely dominated by the premier in political philosophy, winning glory for Rome and those of Hellenic origin, and often low social status. In addition remolding the discipline with a more practical focus. to this, I compare the evidence which I have compiled to more current literature about doctors in the city of Rome: in particular, the writings of John Scarborough, Ido Israelowich, and A.M. Duff. Nature Religion in Cicero’s De Natura Deorum Though their publications very much align with the implications by Charlotte Hunt, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign which can be drawn from my compilation of data, I also draw into question the veracity of their findings, specifically with regard to This essay is an exploration of the presence of “nature religion” in their possible over-reliance on textual sources. Through my own Stoic and Epicurean philosophy, particularly as set out in Cicero’s statistical analysis, combined with the cross-examination of current De Natura Deorum. Religion is defined as the way in which literature, I hope to illustrate a more accurate picture of the average people orient themselves in the world, and thus nature religion life of the Roman doctor. is defined as the orientation around nature. Religion consists of two main components: external and internal. External religious practices, particularly for the Romans, include ritual and cult practices. Internal practices consist of morals and ethics — the ways in which a person chooses to behave based on their beliefs.

8 Left to right: Etenia Mullins, Anne Begin, Emma Vanderpool (moderator), Charlotte Hunt, Noah Diekemper, Michael Stierer

Using Modern Creative Non-Fiction Theory Focalization in Tacitus’ Histories 1.1–50 to Understand Livy’s Narrative Style by Anne Begin, Hillsdale College by Etenia Mullins, Austin Peay State University This paper deals solely with the events of the early months of 69 AD, as Tacitus narrates them. The Histories begins with the reign When readers peruse Livy, the ancient Roman historian, they of the emperor Galba, and the chaotic rise of his successor Otho. discover an author who writes solely in a cultural nature. They Standing between Otho and the throne is Galba’s chosen heir, expect facts derived from historical documents and sources; a man named Piso. The narrative, while complicated with other however, if they study elements of the modern creative nonfic- individuals and events, focuses mainly on the characters of Galba, tion genre, these readers observe that Livy follows the same Otho, Piso, and the common, collective soldiery. Tacitus focalizes basic principles by utilizing legend (oratory tradition) to create a these four main players according to their causal importance in the macroscopic analysis of Rome. In his work, To Show and To Tell: narrative, through either speeches or direct descriptions of their The Craft of Literary Nonfiction, Philip Lopate categorizes these thoughts. Galba, the emperor, is focalized to some extent though elements into three broad rules: creative nonfiction must allure the not as much as Otho or Piso or even the collective soldiery. Otho is reader, introduce tension, and establish the author as an individual focalized the most intensely, identifying him as one of the primary (i.e. commentator) (65–66). Most importantly, the audience is catalysts for the chaos. Otho, jealous that Piso had been adopted compelled to examine the methodology used within the text. For as successor to Galba instead of himself, stirred up a rebellion that the first rule, the focus is on agency. The second rule for introduc- caused the deaths of Piso and Galba. In stark contrast to the char- ing tension appears whenever the author provides a pattern of style acter of Otho, however, is Piso. Piso is portrayed as a stern man of that can be followed in midst of ambiguity. Lopate further defines great virtue, whose virtue renders him useless in the narrative as creative nonfiction as a relationship between “factual reality and he lacks Otho’s political savvy. Piso is barely focalized at all, though self-testimony” (78). Hence, the third rule applies directly to the his great virtue gets him killed in the end because he lacks the author’s leadership, where the true story assimilates to each life. political savvy to survive. Tacitus also focalizes according to the Particularly, the writing style is characterized as a vehicle for truth, character trait which he has identified as key to the action, so he gathering readers so that they can roam through the lives of a great focalizes Galba as an incompetent old emperor primarily through people. This paper will show that Livy establishes historiography speeches and the perceptions of others, and Otho as a villainous, as an occupation engrossed in facts and legends, such as in the scheming figure through representations of his own thoughts, and example of Remus and Romulus’ origins, the establishment of Piso is practically ignored. This is how Tacitus frames his narrative the city, and Ascanius’ birth, which are then surveyed under the and his explanation of the causality of events, though it is embed- modern creative nonfiction lens — a collection of perspectives for a ded in his portrayal of the most important characters. singular, yet continuous, narrative process.

9 Abstracts of “The Next Generation: Papers by Undergraduate Classics Students”

(at the SCS-AIA, Toronto, January 6, 2017) in the event, and considers it a turning point in the first phase of the war. There are two examples of counterfactual narratives within the text in question (4.1–45), one which corresponds to the Spartan Rehabilitating Legal Rule in Statesman and Laws point of view, while the other corresponds with the Athenian by Joshua Blecher-Cohen, Harvard University point of view. Using narratology, this paper draws some conclusions about Thucydides’ narrative technique, while also suggesting that In Statesman, Plato offers a critique of regimes based solely on law Thucydides uses such devices as a covert means of intervening in the in favor of wise kingships (St. 293 ff.). This assessment is supported narrative. A counterfactual passage from Herodotus Book 7 serves by a number of complaints, summarized collectively under a single as a means of comparison for the remainder of the paper, along with broad claim: law, absent the corrective discretion of a political the important observation that Thucydides is more likely to use a expert, is too simple to govern the complexities inherent in human counterfactual statement of this nature more so than Herodotus. affairs (Lane 1998). In particular, the dialogue notes that legisla- The Pylos narrative is carefully crafted, and the two counterfac- tion will always be general rather than tailored to individual needs tual narratives occurring at critical moments of the narrative seem (St. 294–95), whereas ruling experts are able to grant particular to serve as the focal points of the entire narrative. Critical to under- accommodations as circumstances require; in these cases, the standing Thucydides’ argument is the observation that both coun- authority of wise rulers supersedes the authority of the law. When terfactuals are preceded by prolepses that give away the ending of such political expertise is not present, however, law-based rule the episode before Thucydides actually narrates it. Thucydides also remains deficient in part due to its generality. carefully balances the prolepses with the counterfactuals to create a This critique of legal authority in Statesman has rightly been sense of narrative symmetry and balance. The first counterfactual recognized as having resonances for the legislative project outlined is focalized from the Spartan point of view, and centers upon the in Plato’s Laws (Irwin 2010; Nightingale 1999; Klosko 2008; Kraut disappearance of one of the ship-captains, Brasidas, who is wounded 2010). However, an examination of law’s generality in the latter in action. The implication of the counterfactual is that had Brasidas dialogue has escaped significant comment. This paper identifies a had not fallen so soon into the action and been successful in forcing section of the Laws describing legally-imposed marriages for certain his own landing, the outcome could have been very different. Also inheritances (Leg. 925 ff.) as explicitly taking up the issue of legal by implication, the Athenians were fortunate, otherwise they might generality. While the arranged marriages are sound on the whole, have suffered worse consequences. From a grammatical point of particular pairings will pose undue burdens by requiring partner- view, this counterfactual is not obvious. Thucydides seems to make ships harmful for those involved (Leg. 926). an argument from what did not occur. However, the counterfactual In its provision for a council to adjudicate individual requests nature of this segment of narrative is obvious. to avoid such marriages, I argue that this passage provides a means The second counterfactual is similar in nature to the first. of mitigating the problem of generality raised both in Laws and in However, the second counterfactual clearly occurs at an even Statesman. While those individuals for whom the general law is more intense high point of the narrative. The struggle for Pylos unduly burdensome will still initially be subject to its prescriptions, is coming to an end, and the point at which the counterfactual its arbitration provision will eventually excuse them on the basis of occurs is the decisive moment. Like the first, there is a prolepsis their particular situations. As the council is composed of citizens that gives away the ending and the reason why the Athenians were without political expertise (Leg. 926), this policy corrects for legal ultimately successful. Grammatically, it is a series of potential state- generality without requiring the presence of political experts able ments taking place within the mind of the Athenian commander to override the law. This passage in the Laws thus offers a more op- Demosthenes. It is much more explicit than the first counterfac- timistic assessment of rule by law than that advanced in Statesman, tual, and the outcome is even more dramatic than the first. The demonstrating its potential viability even when a political expert Spartans had managed to hide on the wooded island, making an has not arisen or cannot be found. assault on the island seem impossible for the Athenians. By some chance, someone had accidentally set the wood on fire, clearing the way for an Athenian attack. The counterfactual statements oc- Thucydides’ Use of Counterfactuals cur after Thucydides has informed the reader that the woods had burned down; Demosthenes is considering how he might attack in the Pylos Narrative the island while the wood was still intact, highlighting the initial by Anne Begin, Hillsdale College difficulty facing the Athenians. After careful analysis, it becomes evident that Thucydides tells This paper focuses on counterfactual statements within the Pylos his readers what he believes is the underlying cause behind the turn narrative, contained in Thucydides Book 4. Thucydides recounts of events: luck. The disappearance of Brasidas early into the first bat- a battle that took place around modern day Messenia for control tle was fortunate; the accidental fire on the island was also a stroke over the island of Sphacteria. Thucydides is clearly very interested of luck for the Athenians. Thucydides uses the counterfactuals

10 SCS Panel at Toronto: from right to left: Joseph Slama, Anne Begin, Antonios Augoustakis, Joshua Blecher-Cohen

to highlight their good fortune, by suggesting alternatives. The nobility. Both authors use katabasis to elaborate on their philosophi- counterfactual narratives set up alternative timelines in the mind of cal worldviews, through which the protagonist and the audience gain the sensitive reader, suggesting the precariousness of the situation. It greater personal understanding. Finally, prophecy plays a significant is a kind of narrator intervention, where Thucydides leads his careful role as a device that heightens the connection between the physi- readers to his conclusion about the true nature of the events at Pylos. cal and spiritual world. In Aeneid 6, Aeneas, with the prophetess Sibyl as his companion and following the death of his crew member Palinurus, goes down from the “high (altus), holy places of Apollo,” Harry Potter and the Descent to the which provide the contrast with “Sibyl’s deeps, the immense cav- Underworld: Katabasis in the Final erns” (Lombardo, 2005, 6.9–10), which provides the physical marker Installment of J.K. Rowling’s Septology of a removed location. As they travel through the circles of the Underworld, they pass a number of evil spirits, hybrids, and personi- by Joseph Slama, Truman State University fied ailments, and Aeneas meets figures such as Palinurus, Dido, and comrades from the Trojan War, providing the opportunity for This paper examines the presence of criteria for a katabasis in reminiscing the past. He is then reunited with his father, and Vergil Classical authors, focusing on Vergil’s Aeneid, and relates them uses this meeting to expound a philosophy of death and rebirth and to Harry’s journey to the afterlife in Rowling’s Harry Potter and to look toward the future. Upon re-ascending, Aeneas experiences the Deathly Hallows. Throughout Harry’s descent, we see several a near-literal rebirth as he exits through the Ivory Gate. By traveling elements strongly paralleling Classical tradition, but in the end, to the Underworld, both Aeneas and we the audience gain a clearer Rowling produces her own work entirely. I employ a set of cri- vision of the task Aeneas has to carry out. teria for defining what constitutes a katabasis. Citing Erling B. The climax of Hallows closely follows the criteria for katabasis Holtsmark’s essay “Katabasis in the Modern Cinema,” (2010) I set in Classical tradition. However, Harry’s katabasis is not only a forth the following criteria: (1) Distinct physical features separate literary convention. He experiences a literal death, the most direct the location of the hero’s journey from the rest of the narrative’s path to the afterlife, which sets him apart from the Classical setting; (2) the realm in which the katabasis occurs is inhabited heroes and casts him as a Christ figure. Harry, realizing he must by a number of creatures characteristic of death and darkness; (3) die to fulfill the prophecy given shortly before his birth, begins the presence of a companion or multiple comrades; (4) the hero his descent from the high place of Dumbledore’s office tower. He undergoes significant character change, often “increased respon- reaches the Forbidden Forest, patrolled by centaurs and crawling sibility and leadership” (26); and (5) he may even have experience with Voldemort’s dark creatures, and from there has as companions a rebirth of sorts. In addition to the katabatic elements laid out by several of his deceased friends and family members. He experiences Holtsmark, I also add one of my own, that the death of a character a literal death, thus creating a kind of katabasis within a katabasis. leads the hero to make his journey to the Underworld. Speaking to Anchisean Dumbledore, Harry receives an overview of Both the Aeneid and Hallows have elements which serve to his life’s journey while the dead headmaster elaborates on his phi- satisfy the criteria given above by Holtsmark and myself. In addition losophy of love and death and what the future may hold, and then to fulfilling these, both texts share certain narrative parallels. First, proceeds to exit his limbo state and return to the world of the living, the hero’s descent begins from a location that contrasts with the mirroring the Resurrection. The end product of Rowling’s unique depths to be entered, a location that is characterized its loftiness and katabasis is one that blends Classical and Christian elements.

11 Abstracts of “The Next Generation” (Continued) Response by Antonios Augoustakis should not be rejected because of the insurmountably restrictive and constrictive nature of nomoi or grammata as they are called It is a great honor to present a response to the great papers we elsewhere in the Platonic corpus. heard today, in this wonderful Eta Sigma Phi annual tradition at The exposition and rejection of law-based regimes and the the SCS meeting. On behalf of the organization and as a Chair conception of an ideal rule by kingly men with political wisdom of the Board of Trustees of Eta Sigma Phi, I say with confidence is laid out in the exposition by the xenos from Elea, the Eleatic and without exaggeration that Classics undergraduates are among foreigner, who points out that law resembles a man who is αὐθάδης the best in the country! In recent years, it has become a kind of καὶ ἀμαθής, that is, self-willed or stubborn and without mathos, cliché for Colleges and Universities around the country to talk knowledge. Written law is static, never improves, does not change, about undergraduate research, but we as Classicists know quite really serves its own self, as the epithet αὐθάδης points out, from well that there is really no division between the various stages of the word for self and the verb to please, to enjoy ἥδομαι. Moreover, research in the field of Classics: undergraduate majors and minors human life is complex, an undeniable truth, while law is by nature in all branches of Classical Studies have always been conducting simply uncomplicated. Law lacks prescriptive tailoring to each research, by studying the ancient texts in the original languages situation, to each individual, the point here being that this gap is and writing papers analyzing various intriguing aspects of ancient only fulfilled in the ideal state from the dispensation of justice by narratives, as we heard today, or by participating in excavations the wise king. As Andrea Nightingale has observed in her analysis, and interpreting material culture or by studying Classical reception “as a techne or art, then, statesmanship cannot be conducted ‘by in modern literature and media through the lens of the ancient the book’; though the statesman may opt to use laws, he himself models. Research of course develops constantly, and especially will always retain the right to abandon them in response to shifting 1 as our panelists will soon discover as they move on with their circumstances.” And I would like to take a moment to look at this careers, learning and therefore research never stops but continu- analogy between techne or art and statesmanship as is presented in ously changes, adapts, and adopts. And therefore Classics students the dialogue. Techne knows no boundaries, where laws are ener- can really pursue any career they want, because they can really gized by boundaries and restrictions; techne cannot be prescriptive, do anything in life! And we ought to keep this in mind all the whereas laws are such by necessity. And here Plato interweaves time as we set out to enlighten the crowds about the mysterious techne and episteme, science, with kingship: because, and as Joshua and idiosyncratic things we do as students of something past and pointed out, when an individual can pay attention to individual therefore no longer relevant (what an error!). And finally, I am cases not covered by the overgeneralizing law, this person is by particularly proud of the papers presented in this panel for an addi- training a king, a person who has been trained in the βασιλική tional reason, and one you may not expect to hear from me: even ἐπιστήμη, the kingly science. As Morris Davis has aptly discussed, though I study Latin texts and strictly speaking I am a Latinist or a “in his rule the statesman may act according to or without laws Latin epic specialist, it is so refreshing to have two papers on Greek (ἐάντε κατὰ νόμους ἐάντε ἄνευ νόμων, 293C).” That is, the ideal authors and one on the reception of the katabasis motif which of statesman can destroy and violate laws or he may be viewed as the 2 course comes from Virgil’s Aeneid, but let us be honest it really goes founder and defender of laws. back to Homer! The complexity of human circumstances is reflected or rather Let me begin then with Joshua Blecher-Cohen’s Rehabilitating contrasted to the rigidity of law, which cannot bend to accom- Legal Rule in Statesman and Laws. In the Politikos, the Statesman, modate exceptions, changes, progress. In the Eleatic Stranger’s Plato presents a strong rejection of law-based regimes in favor of opinion, when law has the duty to be dynamic, it remains static, wise kingships, whereby written law is cast as unable to help govern unmovable. And even lawgivers when they come back after a long successfully since laws are inherently flawed on account of their absence, they need to accommodate and change laws introduced rigidity and generalizing character. As Joshua ably demonstrated, a long time ago — Solon obviously comes to mind here. And it is a modification of this strong rejection is presented in the Laws, as on the basis of this static nature of law that the Stranger founds his Platonic thought evolves over time, where we are presented with argument against law-based regimes. models of written law that mitigate the impact of excessive rigidity But can a state or a regime survive without laws? The Politikos and overgeneralization. After all, law-based regimes cannot and offers an extreme rejection of law-based regimes, and in the last Platonic work, the Nomoi, another Stranger, a xenos, this time not one from Elea, but from Athens, comes to offer a mitigation of About the Author this earlier rebuttal of laws, pointing to the middle road. The idea Antony Augoustakis was educated at the University of Crete at is simple: why must law be overgeneralizing and non applicable Rethymnon and Brown University. He is Professor and Head to specific, idiosyncratic cases as the one exposed here with the of Classics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the Langan Professorial Scholar in the College of Arts and 1 A. Nightingale, “Plato’s Lawcode in Context: Rule by Written Sciences. He is the author of many books, collections of essays, and Law in Athens and Magnesia.” CQ 49.1 (1999): 100–22 at 114. articles, especially in the area of Flavian epic poetry and Roman comedy. He is currently the editor of The Classical Journal and the 2 M. Davis, “The Statesman as a Political Dialogue.” AJPh 88.3 Chairman of the Board of Trustees for Eta Sigma Phi. (1967): 319–31 at 325.

12 man who dies without a will. The proposed solution involves a scenarios are cast in the narrative very often as educated guesses, council of experts, the 15 Guardians of the Law who can pursue and they are never explicitly fully fleshed, as Anne’s first example individualized cases. These are the νομοφύλακες. Not all cases showed. Thucydides exploits Brasidas’ words to his fellow-Spartans require this specific, second-level, if you will, examination and rule. as an example of what would have happened had they listened to But some of them do. And this need for the nomofylakes presup- him or had he not fallen immediately on the spot soon after. There poses not only the by default overgeneralizing nature of laws but is no actual counterfactual here, as Anne recognizes, and what is also their rigidity. As Joshua correctly demonstrated through the more, Brasidas’ words are reported in indirect speech, which adds comparandum from the sixth book of Laws, temporal dynamism an extra layer of emphasis from a narratological point of view. of legislation is enabled through the ἐπανόρθωσις or amendments Likewise in the second case examined by Anne, we are exposed introduced by lawgivers and their successors. And I would like to to the use of counterfactual scenarios by the narrator to illustrate comment on the term used by Plato here, the verb ἐπανορθόω, to what is going on in the mind of the general. Demosthenes is make something right. Elsewhere Plato employs it with ἁμάρτημα, weighing the options in his mind, and we become privy to those mistake, for instance, but in contemporary context it is absolutely thoughts through the conditionals εἰ δ᾽ followed by apodoseis in related with the polis. More precisely, Isocrates uses the verb to infinitives with the particleἄν . refer to the restoration of the πολιτεία, τὴν πολιτείαν ἐπανορθοῦν But what does Thucydides want to illustrate here for his readers (7.15), to restore the constitution. (Think for instance of the most of the Peloponnesian war narrative as a whole? Naturally, as Anne recent elections in this country and the plethora of references to claimed, emphasis is laid on the vicissitudes of fortune, τύχη. I the restoration of our own constitution). The reference in Plato, would push this a step further: it seems likely that Thucydides fore- therefore, must have resonated with contemporary audiences, as shadows or anticipates eventual Athenian defeat, not necessarily at the circumstances of a changing polis are clearly a primary preoc- the end of the war, but definitely in Sicily. The “what if” moments cupation of the authors of the mid-fourth century BCE. after all are are those spaces in the narrative that make us pause: Let me now come to Anne Begin’s Thucydides’ Use of anything could and perhaps will happen. Counterfactuals in the Pylos Narrative. In this paper on counterfac- Let me finally come to Joseph Slama’s Katabasis in the Final tuals in Thucydides and in particular in the narrative of the events Installment of J. K. Rowling’s Septology. Erling Holtsmark’s essay at Pylos in book 4 of the Peloponnesian War, Anne took a deeper on the katabasis theme in modern cinema provided Joseph with look at an important narratological feature. Counterfactuals offer a clear model to follow in his interpretation of the seventh and fascinating, alternative scenarios played out in the mind of the final installment of the Harry Potter epic saga, Harry Potter and reader: ancient audiences, as well as modern readers, are invited to visualize (even for a minute) the “what if” possibility, when they know well what had actually taken place at those specific mo- ments in history. In a way, ancient authors from all genres (epic, historiography, drama) rehearse an alternative path that never Eta Sigma Phi Medals happened, that could or should never have come to pass. A famous example comes from a Roman historian, Livy: what would have Eta Sigma Phi medals awarded to honor taken place if Alexander had fought the Romans, the historian students in secondary school Latin ponders (9.17–19). And there is a plethora of modern examples; classes help promote the study of think, for instance, of the most recent: what if Bernie Sanders had Latin in high school and give Eta actually been the Democratic nominee for President of the United Sigma Phi an excellent contact with States. Is this exercise then an exercise in futility? For the Romans, high school students of the Classics. it was actually a practical, rhetorical exercise, especially in the first Chapters can use them as prizes century CE, when declamation grows and flourishes as a genre: for contests or as a way to recog- the declamator presents alternative paths to historical events in the nize achievement. In addition, controversiae and especially in the suasoriae.3 Thucydides’ narrative constitutes no exception: as Anne chapters can award the medals demonstrated, the Greek historian appears to use his counter- to outstanding students of the factual statements to underline the role of chance and to alert Classics at their home institu- the audience to consider alternative paths. And while Herodotus tions. Two silver medals are avail- sparingly uses such alternatives to the historical events he narrates, able: the large medal (1½ inches) Obverse and reverse of Thucydides grows fond of the device, not to the degree of later and the small (¾ inch). A bronze the large silver medal Roman historians but definitely more so than Xenophon. Such medal (¾ inch) is available. The various medals can be awarded to students at 3 See further R. Cowan, “Virtual Epic: Counterfactuals, various levels of their study. Sideshadowing, and the Poetics of Contingency in the Punica.” In Medals may be ordered through the Eta Sigma Phi A. Augoustakis, ed., Brill’s Companion to Silius Italicus. Brill, 2010: website. See www.etasigmaphi.org for order forms and prices. 323–51.

13 Abstracts of “The Next Generation” (Continued) the Deathly Hallows.4 Holtsmark’s analysis focuses on cinematic mindful of its complicated and complicating reception. works, but, as Joseph clearly demonstrated, the scheme of descent, But I would like to push this a bit further, especially since I katabasis, and ascent, anabasis, works well in other media as well. come from a very specific school of reading Virgil and the Aeneid Beyond doubt, the katabasis motif as initiated by Homer and as critical of the Augustan regime: as Aeneas kills Turnus, who followed by his epic successors in Greece and Italy has been quite in the end begs for his mercy, and thus he founds an empire and influential in world literature from late antiquity to modern times, es- a new city, I wonder how much of this negative force of Aeneas in pecially in epic. In Latin epic, in particular, katabasis and sometimes Aeneid 12 is encapsulated in Harry Potter at the very end. Is this a anabasis include a series of horrendous trials for the katabatic hero, happy ending? There have been many sacrifices, huge losses. How while the Underworld is a place of learning and self-discovery. When has Harry Potter grow morally as a character, and how are we to Aeneas encounters Anchises, he is exposed to several (mostly Stoic) view him as a fully developed hero by the end. I suspect we will theories of divine will and the cycle of life: the will of the gods is im- easily divide in two groups, a pessimistic and an optimistic reading mutable, but humans can and should use every inch of free will they of the saga! Or perhaps a pluralistic reading would be preferable, have to exercise good judgment and especially mercy, clementia (the one that takes into account that this is a multi-faceted hero or, famous parcere subjectis et debellare superbos comes to mind here). dare I say, a fragmented hero. In the case of Harry Potter, however, his mid-Aeneidic moment Joseph’s paper offers me a great opportunity to talk about of a katabasis comes at the end of the narrative, in the last book, at Classical Reception, a field in Classics which has now taken off and the Battle of Hogwarts, in his final duel with Lord Voldemort, the is experiencing a particular flourish in the US and abroad: when I Turnus-like archenemy of the Aeneas-like Harry and the Anchises- was an undergraduate 21, 22 years ago there was not much oppor- like Dumbledore. Of course, J. K. Rowling receives Virgil through tunity to study in the field of Classical Reception per se. We could the Christian tradition, and there seems to be a clear division study in the field of Byzantium or Late Antiquity or Modern Greek between the two worlds, pagan and Christian. Harry’s Underworld Studies or in any of the Romance languages and literatures, but experience is filtered through the notion of life after death, as well not necessarily through the lens of antiquity and its multi-faceted as the Christian notion of eventual resurrection. As Joseph cor- reception through the centuries and in media beyond literary stud- rectly recognizes, J. K. Rowling does not have a specific classicizing ies. I believe students today have a great privilege and opportunity message or agenda: she filters Virgil through his reception, just like to study Classics in Film, Classics in Popular Culture, Classics and we read the Harry Potter septology through the lens of antiquity, video games! And I view this as a challenge but also as a proof of how much alive and resilient our discipline is and will be. In closing, I would like to thank the panelists for a series of well- 4 E. B. Holtsmark, “Katabasis in the Modern Cinema.” In M. M. written and well-researched presentations! And I hope to see many Winkler, ed., Classical Myth and Culture in the Cinema. Oxford, of you at our annual convention in Ann Arbor, Michigan, this year 2001: 23–50. in March.

Eta Sigma Phi Website

Take advantage of ΗΣΦ’s national website. Powered by WordPress, the setup makes it easy for any registered personage to comment on others’ work and publish their own.

If your chapter just pulled off a great event — tell us about it. If you’ve written a great Classics-related something — let us read it. If we all take advantage of the new website, it will provide convention-style collaboration and idea-trading in the comfort of our own homes.

To check it out, go to www.etasigmaphi.org.

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15 15 Hours in Pylos by Luke Madson of the most memorable experiences for me the archaeological site with Dr. Sharon was our visit to Pylos on the coast of the Stocker, who also directed the excavation Rather than giving a linear account of Peloponnese, located in ancient Messenia. of the Griffin Warrior Tomb. We saw our travels this summer at the American We had the privilege of touring the the shaft grave of the Griffin Warrior; School of Classical Studies in Athens, I Palace of Nestor which had been re- observed current excavation techniques; thought it might be more interesting to cently re-roofed for better protection of discussed Mycenaean culture and its focus on a singular experience. It was a joy to spend seven weeks in Greece in a whirl- wind of lectures, site visits, and museum tours. We spent time at major archaeologi- cal sites on Crete, the Peloponnese, Attica, and in the north around Thessaloniki. It would be impossible to give an account of every formative experience I had while with the ASCSA. Our travel itinerary was lengthy to say the least, and I enjoyed every minute we spent exploring Greece, and making fast friends along the way. What I valued most in the summer session program was the opportunity for experiential learning in a way that I simply could not gain from textual traditions. One

About the Author Luke Madson is a student at Villanova University’s MA program and interested in hero cult, foundational violence, and the city state. In his free time, he enjoys riding his bike and exploring Philadelphia while War memorial on Sphacteria commemorating the Pylos Campaign considering future study in Greece. and the battle between the Spartans and Athenians.

16 View of Navarino Bay from the smaller Pylos Island. The larger island of Sphacteria on the left and the coastline in the distance. The French war memorial commemorating the Battle of Navarino can be seen on the right as a small white column.

View of the Bay of Navarino and the Northern Sikia Channel from Sphacteria.

17 15 Hours in Pylos (Continued) relationship to Minoan culture on Crete; and we gained a better understanding of the kingdom of Pylos and how it may have been structured. We also spent a significant portion of our time in Navarino Bay. The bay, and the island of Sphacteria, feature prominently in one of the most important campaigns in the Peloponnesian War. I can recall my first time reading Thucydides and looking at the accompanying map in the Landmark edition, which explained the logistics of the Athenian blockade and military victory over Spartans trapped on the island. Being on the ground offered a radically different perspective. As I swam in the bay where helots were offered freedom in exchange for smuggling supplies to the Spartan forces, it became clear what this daunting task might have required in terms of possible approaches to the island. We hiked on Sphacteria and climbed up to the highest point of the island where The view of Sphacteria from Pylos Island. the Spartans eventually surrendered. From that final promontory, you could see the entire lay of the land. It became immedi- ately obvious how uneven the terrain of the island was; the difficulty of landing a ship on shore; the island in relation to the rest of the bay and the mainland; and where the Athenians would have needed to run a blockade of ships. Academic arguments as to how exactly the campaign might have been conducted became much more tangible. Modern history was mixed in as well, as the Bay of Navarino was the site of naval battle in the Greek War of Independence, resulting in the destruction of Ottoman naval forces. We visited a number of me- morials of the battle from the town square in Pylos, to the Russian Orthodox church built on Sphacteria, and a number of commemorative plaques to national forces involved in the conflict. Such a historical narrative from the Mycenaeans through the emergence of modern Greece under- scored the importance of the Navarino Bay and the geographical location as a whole. This perspective could have only been gained through spending time exploring the landscape. I was able to spend my summer engaged in this sort of intensive experience at site after site and for that I am immensely grateful. Sunset over the Bay of Navarino from the hotel at Pylos.

18 Un’estate stupenda a Roma! (An amazing summer in Rome!) by Michael Russo

Salvēte! My name is Michael Russo. I am presently a middle school Latin teacher at Casper Classical Academy in Casper, Wyoming. This summer I had the privilege of studying in Rome for six weeks at the From top: Classical Summer School at the American Academy in Rome thanks to a very The tomb of generous scholarship of the Eta Sigma Phi the leopards society. The goal of my trip was to learn Etruscan tombs as much as I could through contact with in Tarquinia the remains of the ancient world itself. Throughout this course, taught by Dr. The hut of Genevieve Gessert, I was able to visit so Romulus many important landmarks of the city of Rome and its surrounding countryside and learn about Rome’s rise and evolution from its early beginnings to the Imperial period, spanning a millennium. In the first week, I learned about the early inhabitants of Latium, the Etruscans. We took trips to Tarquinia and Cerveteri, both UNESCO World Heritage sites that house ancient Etruscan necropolises (“cit- ies for the dead”), some of which date back to the 9th century B.C. For me, the most impressive experience of this week was visiting the Etruscan tombs in Tarquinia, where upon descending the steps down into hollow cavities of the rock chambers one can see the most vibrant wall paintings which cast light on the life and customs of the Etruscan people. For example, in the Tomb of the Leopards, one can see first-hand an Etruscan banquet, in which couples are reclining on couches and dining while being served by attendants. Since the Romans customarily dined while reclining on couches in triclinia, this paint- ing is an example of how Roman customs

About the Author Michael Russo graduated from the College of the Holy Cross with a Bachelor of Arts in Classics. He is currently a middle school Latin teacher at Casper Classical Academy in Casper, WY. As a third generation Italian American, Russo loves to study the ancient and modern history, culture, and language of his ancestral land of Italy.

19 Un’estate stupenda a Roma! (Continued)

can be traced back to customs of Latium’s earlier peoples. The focus of the second week was Regal and Republican Rome. First we set out to the Palatine hill to see Iron Age huts, From top: among which is said to be the house of the Ponte Fabricio legendary founder and first king of Rome, Romulus. Next we went to the Forum The amphitheater at Romanum, where we visited each of the Alba Fucens existing buildings and monuments relevant The view of the forum to the time period and discussed their his- at Alba Fucens tory and function in situ. A highlight from this week was visiting Tiber Island, the seat of the ancient temple of Aesculapius, the Greek god associated with medicine and healing, and its bridges, the Ponte Cestio and the Ponte Fabricio, the latter of which is the oldest Roman bridge in Rome, dating back to 62 B.C. and in continuous use ever since then. It was amazing to see in person the surviving Latin inscription on its arch. We also journeyed to the Forum Holitorium, which in ancient times was the vegetable market, where today, in the church of San Nicola in Carcere, one can see the existing foundations of ancient Roman temples that once had occupied the same space. Later in the week we trav- elled to Alba Fucens, which the Romans colonized in the late 4th century B.C., and where one can see the remains of the ancient forum, an amphitheater, and the Chiesa di San Pietro, which contains the foundations and columns of the ancient Roman temple to Apollo. In the third week, we travelled outside of Rome. First, we went to Paestum, the site of an ancient Greek city in Magna Graecia (southern Italy), where today one still can see the remains of its forum and three well preserved temples, two dedicat- ed to Hera and one dedicated to Athena, all built within the 6th and 5th centuries B.C. Then we travelled to Oplontis to see the Villa Poppaea, a Roman home that evidence suggests belonged to Poppaea Sabina, the second wife of the emperor Nero and that is richly decorated in fres- coes. We spent an entire day at Pompeii and another at Herculaneum and the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli. Unlike any other experience on this trip, exploring Pompeii and Herculaneum made me feel as though I were living in the ancient world. These two cities were buried

20 From top: The temples at Paestum The octagonal room of the Domus Aurea The garden fresco from Livia’s villa

by the ash from the explosion of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, which preserved them until archaeological excavations began in the late 18th century. In the fourth week, we learned about Imperial Rome. We visited the House of Augustus, famous for its frescos, and the House of Livia on the Palatine Hill, and at the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme we were able to see the wall fresco of a garden that belonged to Livia’s villa. We visited the Colosseum, known in antiquity as the Amphitheatrum Flavium because it was built during the reign of the Flavian emperors, Vespasian and Titus, from 72 to 80 B.C. and the Ludus Magnus, the remains of the largest gladiatorial school in Rome built by Domitian in the late 1st century BC near the Colosseum to train the gladiators for their performances in the after it had been abandoned in the 2nd grounds beneath the modern St. Peter’s arena. A highlight of this week was tour- century B.C. it was used as a pagan burial Basilica, under which is believed to be the ing Trajan’s Markets and seeing Trajan’s ground, the remains of which are manifest site where the apostle Peter was buried Column and touring the Domus Aurea in the Mausolei della Piazzola, the tombs after being martyred in the nearby Circus (The Golden House), once the palace of of Roman freedmen, which later in the of Nero in 64 AD. the emperor Nero built in 64 A.D. but 3rd century AD were covered in earth to In the final week, most of the focus was subsequently filled with earth and built create a place to memorialize Saints Peter on Christian Rome. One very memorable over by his successors. and Paul. During this week, we travelled experience was visiting the Mausoleo In the fifth week, we spent a day to Ostia Antica, the ancient port city di Santa Costanza, one of Rome’s most travelling along the Via Appia. A highlight of Rome, a site famous for its preserved ancient churches built in the 4th century from this day was visiting the Catacombe ancient buildings, frescoes and mosaics. AD in dedication to Costanza, one of the di San Sebastiano, early Christian burial We closed out the week with a tour of the daughters of Constantine, the Roman grounds believed to house the remains Vatican. It was truly incredible to walk emperor who legalized Christianity, or her of the Christian martyr, Saint Sebastian. along the street of the ancient Roman younger sister, Helena. The ceilings and The area was once a site for mining but necropolis and see the pagan burial walls of this church are dedicated opulently

21 Un’estate stupenda a Roma! (Continued)

From top: Villa Poppaea The Vatican necropolis Mausolei della Piazzola

with 4th century mosaics, some of the This trip was an amazing and earliest Christian art in world. The mosaics unforgettable adventure through time. were fascinating because they showed how By seeing up close the remains of early Christian art incorporated pagan Roman antiquity from its beginnings symbols. For example, the scene of grape to the Late Empire and the Christian harvesting and images of peacocks, vines era, my understanding of Rome was and amphorae all can trace their roots transformed forever. back to Roman art.

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22 From top: Mausoleo di San Costanza exterior view Mausoleo di San Costanza interior view Grape harvesting and wine making scene, from mosaic at the Mausoleo di S. Costanza Detail of a peacock, from mosaic at the Mausoleo di S. Costanza

23 In the Footsteps of Poets and Painters: A Summer Tour in Italy by Anne Begin While visiting the grottos, we read the relevant passages from In July 2016, I visited Italy for the Aeneid, imagining what it the first time. I went on a tour could have been like while it with the Vergilian Society, with was a religious sanctuary. Here the help of an Eta Sigma Phi we discussed the origin of the scholarship. site, possibly founded by Greeks The tour was led by Professors from Euboea, and its connec- Steven and Anne Ostrow, who tion to nearby Ischia. teach at MIT and Brandeis On the following days, we University respectively. 18 others visited Pompeii in all of its ter- participated in the tour: grade rible and tragic glory, Paestum school Latin teachers, graduate with its marvelous temples, students, undergraduates like the archaeological museum at myself, or friends of the profes- Naples, and Capua. Each day sors. Our group was wonderfully had a distinctly different flavor, diverse in knowledge and experi- and a different focus. While ence, which made the experience in Pompeii, we learned about especially memorable. everyday life in a relatively af- The tour itself was vaguely fluent Roman city, and we had titled, “In the Footsteps of Poets the privilege of being able to see and Painters,” which does not the “suburban baths,” which are fully capture the sheer volume of generally closed to the public information I absorbed on this due to their delicacy. In these tour. The professors who led this buildings we saw some of the tour showed vast knowledge on most spectacular wall paintings, seemingly every angle of ancient mosaics, and stucco designs, culture and shared so much more fairly well-preserved in the cool than I had ever imagined I would quiet darkness. We began with learn. I learned about Roman the suburban baths and ended sanitation, everyday life, architec- at the Villa of Mysteries, which ture, poetry, the Roman em- was probably the highlight of perors, slave life, and also about my day in Pompeii if for no contemporary Italian culture. other reason than I found it the I also learned about architec- most tantalizing. ture at Terracina, the first stop The next day, we went on our tour, and Tacitus and the farther south, to the edge of the emperor Tiberius at Sperlonga, country. While in Paestum we our next stop on our way to the learned more about architecture Villa Vergiliana in Cumae, which and religion. I had the op- we would call “home” for the following two Mural in the Villa of Mysteries portunity to stand in the middle of one of weeks. The villa was not without its own the great Greek temples, which was a high archaeological significance, as its backyard point of this trip. contains a half-excavated Roman amphi- The next day was spent entirely in About the Author theater that is still mainly used as a private Naples, where we learned about the From Colfax California, Anne Begin is vineyard. Bourbon kings who discovered much of the currently a senior at Hillsdale College, The next day we visited the archaeo- surviving ancient art. In Capua, we learned double-majoring in Latin and Greek. logical site of Cumae, which was one of much about amphitheaters, and about She intends to pursue a PhD in Classical the more memorable sites for me. Not only the uprising of Spartacus. Capua was very Studies at University of California, Santa were there deep underground caverns cut quiet and lovely, despite the enormity of Barbara. She plans to study ancient histori- into tufa, the acropolis offered a gorgeous its amphitheater to suggest that this place ography and narratology. view of the shores and the island of Ischia. was once thronging and busy, and also felt

24 Temple to Apollo at Cumae Tiberius’ Palace on Capri the need for the usual gruesome Roman examples of rural places owned by wealthy in Naples, where we saw many pieces of entertainments. Romans. The villa at Oplontis was even Renaissance art, especially the work of The following week, we found ourselves more imposing than anything I saw in Caravaggio. in places like Saepinum and Beneventum, Pompeii or Herculaneum. The tour was a brilliant introduction to which were far more rural and mysterious After that we spent approximately three the history and culture of Italy. The profes- than anything we had experienced before. days on Capri, exploring some of the rich sors were incredibly professional, knowl- We visited Vesuvius and climbed to the top, history there and also its modern culture. edgeable, kind, and eager to share with the where we read the famous letter of Pliny to As a group we visited Tiberius’ vacation rest of the group. They greatly enhanced Trajan about the eruption of 79 CE. home there, overlooking Sorrento. We my vision of the ancient Roman world, and We spent some time in Herculaneum as also had the opportunity to enjoy more of inspired me to continue learning more, well, which had a similar flavor as Pompeii, the island’s natural architecture and other and asking more questions. My fellows on but without the swarms of visitors. features, which were all incredibly beauti- the tour were all wonderful people with a Herculaneum gave us a better taste of how ful. When we returned to the mainland, clear love of learning and also contributed a Roman city might have felt than Pompeii we finished off our tour by visiting Baiae, many meaningful things to our discussions. did, simply because the buildings were Bacoli, and Misenum, including the I learned a lot and felt even more inspired slightly better preserved. Piscena Mirabilis, a huge freshwater cistern to continue studying classics. I could not In the following days, we visited places and a marvel of architecture. Our final day have asked for a richer or more enjoyable like Boscoreale and Oplontis which were was spent at the museum of Capodimonte experience.

25 Initiates

Reported March 1, 2016 through Heath Rooks, Breeley Sellier, Bradley Alpha Kappa (University of Illinois May 31, 2016 Tune; ASSOCIATE: Blythe Dorn (March Urbana Champagne) 4, 2016) Charlotte Hunt, Kirk Halverson (February Gamma (Ohio University) 22, 2016); Vanessa Matravers, Alexander Elizabeth Ann Riepenhoff, Matthew Tau (University of Kentucky) Noddings, Sneha Adusumilli (May 13, Battaglia, Jericha Tumblin, Milan Starr; Sydney E. Consalvi, Sophia J. Decker, 2016) HONORARY: James Andrews, Bryan Emily T. Feeley, Stacie L. Gooch, Jacob Baur (March 31, 2016) R. Kaylor, Kyler B. Laycock, Thomas E. Alpha Mu (University of Missouri) Smith, Benjamin T. Van Pelt, Trevor C. Marleigh Anderson, Clarabelle Fields, James Andrews: Dr. Andrews has gone Wiley; HONORARY: Darrin V. Gulla Olivia Vierrether (December 2, 2015) above and beyond as our chapter advisor (April 20, 2016) helping us with projects and achieving our Alpha Xi (Washington University in St. chapter goals. He is a strong advocate for As a lecturer in Economics at the Louis) the study of Classics and teaches Greek University of Kentucky and enthusiastic Noah Berkowitz, Eva Dalzell, Russell and Latin to students at Ohio University. classicist, Dr. Gulla has both hosted and Clerk, Kylen Gartland, Ariadne Bazigos, Bryan Baur: Bryan is the administrative actively participated in social events for Marina Walters (March 31, 2016) assistant in the Classics Department at classics faculty and students, has drawn Ohio University. He helps our chapter with interest to classical studies in his classes, Alpha Pi (Gettysburg College) communications, recruiting new members, and has even provided financial support Louis Carusillo, Hayden Hall, Jess Johnson, and organizing events. He is a vital part of through the Rubicon Masonic Society to Henry Lavieri, Daniel Mallozzi, Abigail the Classics department and our chapter. the UK Translation Contest in Classics. Metheny, Chloe Parrella, Joshua Wagner He is very supportive and encouraging to The UK Classics faculty unanimously (April 6, 2016) students in the department. recognizes Dr. Gulla as most deserving of the ΗΣΦ honorary membership. Alpha Tau (Ohio State University) Zeta (Denison University) Philip Hathcock (April 7, 2016) Jennifer LaCount, Kevin Julian, Jennifer Omega (College of William and Mary) Durbin (March 31, 2016) Abigail Hamner Bradford, Akshay K. Alpha Chi (Tulane University) Zachary Baker (2015) Murthy, Benjamin Kapono Bechtold, Erin William Nolan Dickson, Lauren Hitt, Grey Eichenberger, Olivia Jameson, Kara Danielle Renee Krefft, Cynthia Kurtz, Eta (Florida State University) Lyn Garvey, Devon Noelle Altman (April Nicolette Vollero Levy, Samantha Morris, Sara Abate, Katherine Kaplan, Julianne 13. 2015) Kaeli Vandemark, Avery Lane Werther, Humphreys-Barrett, Katherine Slusher, Bettie A. Yeboah (March 30, 2016) Katherine Thornton, Carla Russo, Judith Alpha Gamma (Southern Methodist Faragasso, Kyle Petersen, Julia Kleser, University) Beta Gamma (University of Richmond) Rachael M. Krotec, Samantha Finley, Jared David Anziano, Carmen Barrett, Matthew Fonts, Amanda Focht, Tom Rachel Wood (March 15, 2016) Blair Katherine Betik, Madeline Bumpass, Francis, Sugandh Gupta, Surabhi Gupta, Hayley E. Graves, Lauren Hawkins, Marisa Joel Lai, Spencer Turkington (April 12, Iota (University of Vermont) Anne Infante, Lauren A. King, Charles 2016) Peyton Ashley, Erin Clauss, Ryan Dupuis, Branham Ritger, Reagan Long, Averi Susan Kostin, Samantha Lavertue, Sara White, Leigh Taylor Walden (March 15, Beta Delta (University of Tennessee) McGee, Amanda Pomeroy, Cody Shelton; 2016) Callie Ann Feezell, William Anderson ASSOCIATE: Amber Barnett (April 22, Plank, Robert B. Turner, Hayley Renee 2016) Alpha Delta (Agnes Scott College) Baldwin, Abby L. Durick, Emily Jane Lyric Simms, Mallika Balakrishnan, Gregg, Alexander W. Grimm, Casey Hall, Lambda (University of Mississippi) Abigail Biles, Abigail Camden, Mara David Housewright, Katie Lindsay, Claire Maraea Cardner, Victoria Clearman, Jackson, Victoria Kennedy, Yasmine Rowcliffe; HONORARY: Kathryn Weaver, Leigha Coke, Jackson Colburn, Thomas Green, Celina Ortiz, Evie Wang, Madison Justin Arft (April 19, 2016) Collins, Lauralee Davis, Taylor Davis, Romero, Jordan Lucier, Margaret Rose Kathryn Weaver has been the administra- Alan Donatelli, Elizabeth Baylee Edwards, Hunt (May 5, 2016) tive assistant for our department for years, Taylor Ferris, Zachary Gill, Cellas Hayes, and in that role not only has she played Natalie Keller, Shayne Keriazakos, Sonora Alpha Theta (Hunter College) a significant role in the planning and Morris, Henry Moyer, Clayton Myers, Hali Miriam Peters, Dominick Vandenberge execution of our Eta Sigma Phi events, Niles, Olivia Novarese, Stephanie Poiroux, (February 17, 2016) but more generally she provides a great Allison Melissa Ramsey, Dana Reppel, deal of material and personal support to April Michelle Rismiller, Logan Rolleigh,

26 our undergraduates. Her enthusiasm and love for our department and especially Chapters Filing Annual Reports for 2016–17 our majors has made her one of the many reasons our students love our program. She The following chapters filed annual reports for the 2016–2017 academic year (via the would do anything for them, and our chap- internet): Alpha Theta at Hunter College, Alpha Nu at Davidson College, Alpha ter’s membership would like to find this Xi at Washington University in St. Louis, Alpha Upsilon at the College of Wooster, special way to recognize her support for Eta Beta Nu at the University of Mary Washington, Beta Psi at Rhodes College, Sigma Phi and students of the Classics. Gamma Sigma at the University of Texas at Austin, Delta Sigma at the University Justin Arft has become the co-faculty advi- of California, Irvine, Delta Upsilon at Valparaiso University, Eta Delta at Hillsdale sor to the Beta Delta chapter this year and College, Eta Eta at Virginia Tech, Theta Zeta at Case Western Reserve University, plays a major role in coordinating events Theta Iota at Illinois Wesleyan University, Theta Lambda at Hamilton College, for our undergraduates. He will retain this Theta Tau at Stockton University, and Iota Alpha at the College of New Jersey. The role for years to come and plans to make annual report helps the national office to maintain accurate contact information and the Beta Delta chapter more robust and guarantees that the chapter will receive five copies of Nuntius for the year. active on UT’s campus.

Beta Theta (Hampden-Sydney College) also published an article, “Aristophanes’ Gamma Nu (Montclair State University) Stephen Craig Beresik, Brant Derwent Herodotean Inquiry: the Meaning of Jennifer Panyaleuth, Alejandra Yadira Boucher, Kole Frederick Donaldson, Athenian Imperialism in the Birds,” and Duran, Brian Louis Cautero, Laurette Timothy Patrick Fallon, Jr., Robert P. a review of a book on Aristophanes and Elizabeth Rodriguez, Andrew Novoa, Gilbertson, Taylor Michael Hevener, democracy. Also at Hampden-Sydney, he Alyssa Marie Zito, Priyatharshan Gopalan John Gregory Jones, Jr., Wesley F. was the organizer of a three-day sympo- (March 1, 2016) Kuegler, Joseph Anthony Lantagne, Brian sium, “Democracies at War: Athens and Christopher Mahan, Blake Aaron Martin, America” that featured Secretary of State Gamma Theta (Georgetown College) Tyler Austin McGaughey, Jacob York Lawrence Eagleburger as keynote speaker. William Thomas, Evan Moore, Regan Mitchell, Ian P. O’Malley, Jacob Daniel The symposium was accompanied by a Martin, Tyler Phillips, Peyton Popp, Rockenbach, Brendan Murphy Schwartz, one-credit course that introduced many Elizabeth Turner, Noah Krieger (March Christian Valenti Wilder, Ryan Alexander students to the importance of the classical 23, 2016); Fiona McElrath, Hailey O’Haire Yost, Peter Allen Yukich; HONORARY: thought to an understanding of politics. (March 23, 2016) Dr. Kenneth M. De Luca (March 15, 2016). Delta Alpha (Randolph College) Beta Kappa (Trinity College) Kenneth De Luca (A.B, Chicago, 1984; Elisabeth Huntley Polanshek, William H. Kathareeya “Katie” Zonyai, Dylan Ingram, Ph.D. Fordham University, 2000), Senior Webb, Cristina Irene Evans, Kiaorea L. Claudia Garrote, Julia “Cheeky” Herr, Lecturer in Government & Foreign Wright (March 15, 2016) Olivia Gibson, Maura Griffith, Caroline Affairs, has taught at Hampden-Sydney Manns, Joy Kim (May 4, 2016); Heewon since 2001. At the College he audited Delta Beta (Canisius College) Yang (May 12, 2016) Greek from Professor Arieti for several Jeffrey J. Donovan, Colleen E. Foley, years, reviewing Elementary Greek and Matthew J. Rudin (April 27, 2016) Beta Sigma (Marquette University) then taking classes with readings in Brendan Anderson, Peter Berg, Heather Herodotus, Homer, and Plato. For the Delta Zeta (Colgate University) Conner, Kelsey Evans, Patrick Janzen, Department of Government and Foreign Gabriella Bianchi, Erin Burnett, Zixing Lauren Jones, Michael Majerczyk, Sean Affairs he regularly teaches “Classical Chen, Megan Delaney, Gordon Denis, Rider, Caroline Stanko (April 9, 2016) Political Philosophy,” a class that satisfies Jiarong He, Joseph Mays, Andy Moshos, a requirement for the Classical Studies, Shambhavi Sawhney, Sarah Stuccio Beta Chi (Loyola University Maryland) Greek, Latin, and Greek and Latin majors. (April 1, 2016) Julie Anderson, Jennelle Barosin, Alex In addition, he has taught a number Akers, Kelly Mueller (April 24, 2016) of Freshman Honors courses that were Delta Theta (Dickinson College) devoted to Herodotus. In 2005 he pub- Alexia Orengo Green, Ian White, Seth Beta Psi (Rhodes College) lished Aristophanes’ Male and Female Levin, Eli Goings, Mary Emma Heald, Camila Zimmerman, Kathryn M. Boehm, Revolutions: A Reading of Aristophanes’ Olivia Termini, Connor Ford, Jack Doran, Thomas Matthews, Roger Johnson, Knights and Assemblywomen, a book Luc Traugott (March 4, 2016) Anna Singletary, Adrian Scaife, Gillian on the philosophy of democracy as Wenhold, Abigail Hicks, Jordan Ankersen presented by a reading in tandem of the (March 16, 2016) two plays mentioned in the title. He has

27 Initiates (Continued)

Delta Lambda (College of the Holy G. Hill, Casey Leigh Kampegaard, Colin Dr. Walter Penrose is a historian of ancient Cross) Lacey, Alan Lee, Aaron M. Lobo, Taylor Greece with special interests in gender, Greyson Ford, Jason Steranko, Anne Duerring Loubris, Andrew J. Moles, Jack sexuality, and Amazons. For several years Thompson, Andrew Morfill, Michael Griffin Mulvaney, Joseph William Proctor, now he had fostered our members’ interest Daskalakis, Michael Shun, Liam Kelly O’Connor, Maura Quinn, Adam and expertise in ancient history in his Prendergast, Zachary Sowerby, William Ryan, Kathleen Stoppiello (April 8, 2016) teaching, as well as providing individual Connors, James Moriarity (April 22, 2016) mentorship and support for their applica- Epsilon Rho (College of Charleston) tions to graduate school. Delta Pi (Randolph-Macon College) Emily Morgan Beck, Joshua Chase Grace McIntire, Zachary Sayles, Rachael Cohn, Gwendolyn Lois Gibbons, Joshua Zeta Eta (Loyola Marymount University) Smith (March 4, 2016) Lawrence Joseph Perez, Kayla Ann Marie Joseph Berg, Jacqueline Castner, Cathleen Souders, Waverly Brook Strickland, Deleon, Elizabeth McLaughlin, Christian Delta Tau (University of Delaware) Rebecca Jasmine Todd, Tess Ann Van Moreno, Mario Moreno (February 11, 2016) Aubrey Eve Arnold, Nicole Gregory, Scott (April 14, 2016) Kaitlyn Lawrence, Shae Marie Parks, Zeta Mu (Troy University) Naomi Major, Jessica Sugarman, Kyle Epsilon Upsilon (University of New Alaina Hornberger, Cameron MacDonald, Kreider, Nicholas Ustaski (March 22, Hampshire) Saraelizabeth Parker, Ivy Ragland, Riley 2016); Kate Huffman, Jennifer L. Philbin Christopher Barry, Rachel Berg, Sombathy, Whitney Spake, William (May 5, 2016) Jacob Compagna, Jess Gero, Michaela Worley (April 1, 2016) Hrynowski, Zak Schlichtmann, Jack Delta Chi (St. Olaf College) Vachon, Adam Way, Qizhen Xie (March Zeta Nu (University of Maryland, Katherine W. Bickley, Katharina A. 22, 2016) College Park) Biermann, Mary Landis Gaston, Grace M. Lauren Baker, Edward Borders, Helen Gresham, Stephanie A. Hagan, Andrew B. Epsilon Psi (Santa Clara University) Bynum, Joseph Cheli, Judah Eisenman, Hallberg, Herman S. Hannan, Christopher Alexandra Bertaccini, Emma Ruth Casey Ohringer, William Soergel, Holly P. Hinton, Michael Litkewitsch, Jack Q. Brethauer, Madison Givens, Mitchell Storm; ASSOCIATE: William Austin, Smith, Nathan M. Swan, Audrey M. Hart, William Ho, Rachel Dean Jepsen, Saúl Cardona-Luciano, Wayne Keysor, Walker, Erin E. Wiebe (March 14, 2016) Hayden Kolodziejski, Alexander Liang Michael Kubik, Richard Ruda, Shannon Quin Liu, Adithya Prabhakaran, Nicolas Wooldridge; HONORARY: Francisco Delta Omega (Macalester College) Sonnenburg, Sarah Ellen Watson, Reid Barrenechea, Jorge J. Bravo III, Jane Michelle Coblens, Katherine Reilly, Jingjia Yamauchi, Emily Young, Aurora Zahm Brinley, Morgan Palmer (March 3, 2016). Liu, Elizabeth MacMillan (April 21, 2016) (May 12, 2016) Francisco Barrenechea is an Assistant Professor of Classics at the University of Epsilon Iota (University of Florida) Zeta Gamma (San Diego State Maryland, College Park. He holds a Ph.D. Mackenzie Ecker, Emily Radomski, Emily University) in Classics from Columbia University and Bozigar, Haley Enrlich, Eduardo Iglesias, Mark Anson, Sophy Daneault, Richard before coming to Maryland, he taught at Jessica Turk, Brianna Tringali (March 24, Leary, Krystal Solano, Natalie Thompson, the University of Chicago, Bryn Mawr 2016) Madison Whitton; HONORARY: Walter College, and the University of Texas at Penrose (February 19, 2016). Austin. He is a popular teacher whose Epsilon Xi (Gustavus Adolphus College) Amanda Downs, Daniel McCrackin, Kassandra Pull, Megan Kallestad, Tanner Petroske, Tatiana Ickler, Ryan Prichard, Back Issues of NUNTIUS Wanted William Riihiluoma, Kelsey Backer, Hannah Kerber, James Harlan, Kris Reiser The Eta Sigma Phi Archives are missing the following issues of the NUNTIUS. If (April 29, 2016) you or your school have any of these issues, please contact the Executive Secretary: Vol. 1, No. 3-4; Vol. 2, No. 1-2, 4; Vol. 3, No. 4; Vol. 4, No. 4; Vol. 5, No. 5; Vol. 6, Epsilon Omicron (University of No. 4; Vol. 18, No. 2; Vol. 18, No. 3; Vol 19-21 (these are the war years and there Massachusetts Amherst) may have been no issues in that period); Vol. 24, No. 2; Vol. 29, No. 4; Vol. 35, No. Remi J. Abolafia, Jeffrey Anderson-Burgos, 3; Vol. 35, No. 4; Vol. 40, No. 2; Vol. 41, No. 1; Vol. 41, No. 2; Vol. 41, No. 3; Vol. Benjamin James Andreassi, Emily Berardi, 45, No. 3; Vol. 47, No. 2; Vol. 54, No. 1; Vol. 55, No. 2; Vol. 56, No. 1; Vol. 58, No. Olivia Simpson Blais, Marisa Clark, 2; Vol. 60, No. 2; Vol. 64, No. 2; Vol. 65, No. 1; Vol. 65, No. 2; Vol. 66, No. 1; Vol. Madeline Collins, Emma Marie Cunneen, 67, No. 2; Vol. 68, No. 1; Vol. 68, No. 2; Vol. 69, No. 1; Vol. 69, No.2; Vol. 70, No. 1; Brendan Deady, Frances Mary Fleming, Vol. 70, No. 2; Vol. 71, No. 1; Vol. 71, No. 2. Nya Gavin, Kristin Graham, Nicholas

28 teaching and research interests include David Nussman, Alexander Liossis, Eta Omicron (Assumption College) Greek drama, especially Old Comedy and Morgan Doty, Patrick Berryman, Nicholas Elizabeth Browne, Shant Eghian, Euripides, and their reception in his native Tarnowski. Ryan Spolar, Ty Richer (April Colleen Glidden, Adrianna Karalis, Mexico. 16, 2016) Lucas LaRoche, Meghan Lotti, Elizabeth Sullivan, Peter Twomey, Joseph Wiley Jorge Bravo is an Assistant Professor Zeta Psi (Hollins University) (February 18, 2016) at the University of Maryland, College Meaghan Alyssa Harrington, Alethea Jesse Park. He holds an A.B. in Classics from Vest (April 22, 2016) Eta Tau (UNC Asheville) Princeton and a Ph.D. in Ancient History Katrina Griffin, Giacomo Riva, Elizabeth and Mediterranean Archaeology from the Eta Alpha (University of North Caroline Hunt, Alden Roberts, Oliver Richards University of California, Berkeley. He is at Chapel Hill) (March 18, 2016) co-director of the American Excavations Abigail Dupree, Elizabeth Li, Perla Priest, at Kenchreai, Greece, where he leads a Emma English, Alexander Griffin, Anna Eta Omega (Austin Peay State summer field school, and he is completing Dallara, Amanda Kubic, McKenzie University) a volume of the Excavations at Nemea Hitchcock, Austin Glock Goodwin George Bezold, Justin Cross, Grace Harvey, series on the hero shrine of Opheltes at Andrews, Kristina Cheung, Mary Rachel Alexander Kee, Jasmin Linares, Judith Nemea. Bulkeley, Devan Haddock, Thalita Cortes Long, Brittany Orton, Cierra Pegram (September 9, 2015) (April 22, 2016) Jane Brinley teaches Latin at the School Without Walls in Washington, D.C. She Eta Zeta (Truman State University) Theta Alpha (Franklin and Marshall has taught Latin at the secondary level for Olivia D. Brady, Anna Conrades, April College) twelve years and is a vital, active member Kannady, Emily Summer Nicholson, Alexandra Brady, Jane Braswell, Jennifer of the Washington Area Latin Teachers Austin Redding, Joseph Slama (April 17, Deasy, Riley Duncan, Shaun Espenshade, Association. She holds a B.A. degree from 2016) Cassandra Garison, Alexis Hucek, Sydney the University of Chicago and a Master’s Jackson, Grace Kraus, Alyse Saliba, in Latin from the Catholic University of Eta Eta (Virginia Tech) Caroline Savoie, Abigail Spiro, Kris Urs, America. Her academic interests include Jesse Case, Rachel Handres, Virginia Matthew Walker (March 4, 2016) the influence of the Classics in the early Kibler, Victor Lalwani, Lisa Moskowitz, history of the United States and the role Abby Roberson, Samuel Ross, Elizabeth Theta Beta (University of Alabama) of the Classics in the history of African Villaflor (February 29, 2016) James Lowery, Simran Mahbubani, American education. Lauren Harrell, Alexa Pappanastos, Jessica Morgan Palmer holds a B.A. in Classics Eta Theta (DePauw University) Lowther (April 6, 2016) from Brown University and a Ph.D. Jacob Widner, Meghan Sink, David from the University of Washington. She Prabhu, Kemble Manning, Marcus Lobo Theta Delta (Seton Hall University) has taught at a number of schools, most (April 12, 2016) Brian Pulverenti, Kiersten Fowler, Malika recently Montclair State University and Baker, Marguerite O’Brien Reyes, Timothy the University of Maryland, College Park. Eta Mu (University of California, Davis) Hughes, Cierille Boco (April 8, 2016) She was unable to join Eta Sigma Phi as an Nicholas Baba, Ranelle Bradley, Jonathan undergraduate because her alma mater did Burks, Charles Hamilton, Gene Goranov, Theta Epsilon (Trinity University) not have a chapter. Emily Hoff, Mariana Huben, Danica Grace Anthony, Heather Finch, Gaelin Magana, Celina Petersen, Indica Sur, Helfer, Curtis Whitacre (February 22, Zeta Rho (University of Texas at Trina Thai, John Tupasi, Helena Bayat, 2016) Arlington) Huanchen Chen, Tiffany Chua, Emilie Michael Camele, David Fish (April 30, Defazio, Jonathan Fernandez, Mariana Theta Zeta (Case Western Reserve 2016) Filip, Jorge Gonzalez, Matthew Lancaster, University) Hargun Oberai, Margaret Paz, Shrey Angel Bai, Ann Elise Campo, Nikhil Zeta Upsilon (Sweet Briar College) Rastogi, Lauren Rudewicz, Christopher Edward, Lance Graul, Boaz Heller, Bradley Rachel Hannah Altier, Kathleen Allison Wilkins (May 17, 2015) Odhner, Emma Staley, James Sullivan, Hurley, Kiley Mineko Jolicoeur, Claire Avery Tippet (February 20, 2016) Elaine Zak (March 15, 2016) Eta Xi (California State University, Long Beach) Theta Eta (Transylvania University) Zeta Chi (Xavier University) Carolina Coguox; ASSOCIATE: Kristen Jake R. Gifford, Kate Hindman, Joey Caroline Blandford, Stephen Bothwell, Skjonsby (March 4, 2016) Otero, Morgan Nicoulin, Amanda Viktoria Schmacher, Emma Barlow, Schweighauser (April 15, 2016)

29 Initiates (Continued)

Theta Iota (Illinois Wesleyan Iota Theta (Whitman College) Iota Rho (Christendom College) University) Christopher Cox, Isabelle Cetas, Keith Emily Brown, Elise Carney, Laura Cermak, Brent Baughan, Madison Karabinus, Eubanks (April 16, 2015) Milanna Fritz, Colleen Haupt, Matthew Cayley Rydzinski, David Shacklette (April Summers, Mary Townsend, Gemma 5, 2016) Iota Kappa (Loyola University Chicago) Youngman; HONORARY: Kevin Tracy Theresa N. Amato, Jacob Ryan Borge, (April 29, 2016) Theta Pi (Kenyon College) Maria Miranda-Chavez, James J. Egan, Sarah Ash, Natalie Kane, Nathaniel Sloan, Aaron C. Kinskey, Noelle T. Wands, Since joining the faculty of Christendom Emily Stegner, Eva H. Buchanan-Cates, Timothy Warnock, Stephanie Wong College, Dr. Tracy has been a zealous Margaret Merlino (March 24, 2016) (February 26, 2016) supporter of Classics. He has frequently participated in our weekly Latin lunch Theta Rho (University of Miami) Iota Mu (Virginia Wesleyan College) table and Latin reading group. His Eunice Rabert-Perez, Sophia Raia, Dima Erin Combs, Marcus Taylor, Brianna Elementary Greek course has one of the Jaraki, Bianca Velikopoljski, Katie Singer, Graham, Vona Goodpastor, Jessica highest enrollments of any Greek course at Lina Maklad, John Wiltshire, Kaitlyn Spaulding, Stephanie Checchia, Laura the college in the last several years. He will Drozdowicz, Nicole Torek, Abigail Robusto, Ariel Bright, Alexis Green be a great asset to Iota Rho Chapter and to Pelletier, William Coffey, Mazieyar Azad, (March 8, 2016) the entire Society. Sarah Ortiz, Malik Herrera, Meghan Fournelle; HONORARY: Professor John Iota Xi (Bucknell University) Paul Russo, Professor Aaron Kachuck Danarenae Donato, Jon M. D. Hunsberger, (April 15, 2016) Jehan Momin, Elizabeth Sullivan, Jack J. Robinson (April 18, 2016) Both of these professors teach classics at the University of Miami and act as tireless advocates for the study of appreciation of the ancient world. They act as inspiration for those of us just beginning our studies Membership Report for 2015–16 of Classics and were pivotal in getting our Theta Rho Chapter reactivated. 1013 new members were initiated into Eta Sigma Phi during academic year 2015–16. That total is 49 higher than the total from the previous year, 964. The society saw Theta Psi (Washington and Lee the re-activation of four chapters during the year, contributing to the increase. University) 1136 members were inducted during the 2013–14 academic year, and we were Arianna (India) Dial, Emily Kochard, thus significantly below that total. The highest membership total comes from the Lillian MacDonald, Bruce McCuskey, 1967–1968. 1588 new members were received into the society during that time. Parrish Preston, Kristin Sharman, James Kleitches (May 11, 2016) New and Reactivated Chapters Iota Alpha (The College of New Jersey) Nicholas Parr, Michael Di Nizio, Roderick Eta Sigma Phi welcomed two new chapters during the 2015–16 academic year: Iota Macioch, Becca Colnes, Priti Patel (May Upsilon at the University of Oregon and Iota Phi at San Francisco State University. 2, 2016) The society also approved petitions for new chapters at Brandeis University and the University of California, Los Angeles at the 2016 annual convention. According to Iota Zeta (Christopher Newport the by-laws, an initiation must be held by the next convention (2017), or the qualify- University) ing school must resubmit its petition for a new chapter. We are also glad to report the Catarina Izzi, Gillian Hardy (March 30, re-activation of four dormant chapters during the year: Delta Tau at the University 2016) of Delaware, Zeta Mu at Troy University, Theta Eta at Transylvania University, and Theta Rho at the University of Miami!

30 Eta Sigma Phi Honor Cords and Hoods

Cords are $16 each by mail and $12 each if purchased at the national convention. Hoods are $21 each by mail and $17 each if purchased at the national convention.

______Number of Cords at $16 each = ______

______Number of Hoods at $21 each = ______

Name: ______

CHAPTER:______

Street Address:______

City:______State:______ZIP:______

DATE OF GRADUATION CEREMONY:______

Send this form with payment (by personal check or money order made out to Eta Sigma Phi, no cash or credit card, sorry) at least three weeks before the commencement ceremony. Add an optional $25 per order for express delivery.

David H. Sick Greek and Roman Studies, Rhodes College 2000 N. Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112 Phone: 901-843-3907 • Fax: 901-843-3633 Members of the 2007 class of Gamma Omicron Chapter at e-mail: [email protected] ­Monmouth College wearing their Eta Sigma Phi cords and hoods. Discounts for orders of five or more are available. Contact [email protected] for more information.

Eta Sigma Phi Jewelry

Photo No. Description Style No. Price

1 Official Plain Badge, 10k #1001 $160.00 1 3 2 Official Crown Pearl Badge, 10k #3002 $195.00 3 Pledge Pin, Goldgloss* #7001 $15.00 ea.

4 Owl Keypin, Goldgloss* #5000 $35.00

Owl Keypin with Pearl Eyes, not shown #5001 $42.00 2 5 Goldgloss* 5 Owl Key, Goldgloss* #4001 $33.00 4 6 6 Owl Key with Pearl, Goldgloss* #4002 $38.00 *Goldgloss is a finely polished, durable gold electroplate finish. Name:______Number Style No. Price Total CHAPTER:______

Street Address:______City:______State:______ZIP:______

Send this form with payment by personal check or money order made out to Eta Sigma Phi (no cash or credit card, sorry) to: David H. Sick, Eta Sigma Phi Executive Secretary Shipping and handling (per order) $5.00 Greek and Roman Studies, Rhodes College TOTAL ENCLOSED 2000 N. Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112 e-mail: [email protected] Price includes shipping. Discounts for orders of five or more are available. Contact [email protected] for more information.

31 Come to the 89th Annual ΗΣΦ National Convention!

Hosted by the Alpha Eta Chapter at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan March 24th - 26th, 2017

The convention will feature talks and workshops from our department’s faculty on various facets of the ancient world, opportunities to explore the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology and the University of Michigan Papyrology Collection, a Saturday night banquet, yearly ΗΣΦ business meetings, and, as always, a lively game of certamen. You will also have time to explore Ann Arbor’s wonderful downtown and all its hidden gems. Accommodations will be at The Kensington Hotel in Ann Arbor, with transportation to and from campus prearranged. See you soon!

Check out www.etasigmaphi.org/conventions for registration details.

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