Ein Transhumanistischer Leviathan? Die Borg Als Emotionslose Dystopie in Star Trek

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Ein Transhumanistischer Leviathan? Die Borg Als Emotionslose Dystopie in Star Trek Arbeitstitel – Forum für Leipziger Promovierende // Gegründet 2009 Herausgegeben von Stephanie Garling, Enrico Thomas, Franziska Naether, Christian Fröhlich, Felix Frey Meine Verlag, Magdeburg Ein transhumanistischer Leviathan? Die Borg als emotionslose Dystopie in Star Trek Sebastian Stoppe Zitationsvorschlag: Sebastian Stoppe: Ein transhumanistischer Leviathan? Die Borg als emotionslose Dystopie in Star Trek. In: Arbeitstitel – Forum für Leipziger Promovierende Bd 3, Heft 2 (2011). S. 69–82. urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa2-169148 69 Arbeitstitel // Jahrgang 3 (2011) 70 Abstract – deutsch – – englisch – Der Beitrag diskutiert die Notwendigkeit The paper discusses the necessity of emo- von Emotionen im futuristischen Gesell- tions in the futuristic concept of society schaftsbild von Star Trek anhand der Fö- in Star Trek and compares the Federation derationsgesellschaft und dem Borg-Kol- society with the Borg Collective. We show lektiv. Es wird herausgestellt, dass die Borg that the Borg driven by their will to achieve begründet durch ihren Willen zur Perfek- perfection submit to a sophisticated tech- tion sich vollkommen einer fortgeschrit- nology and negate the individuality of sing- tenen Technologie unterwerfen und die le Borg drones. In this society, emotions are Individualität von einzelnen Borgdrohnen irrelevant. Thus the Borg may be seen as a negieren. Emotionen spielen bei den Borg manifestation of transhumanism which keine Rolle. Die Borg kann man damit als shows certain parallels to Hobbes’ Levia- transhumanistische Staatsordnung inter- than. pretieren, die starke Parallelen zu Hobbes’ Leviathan aufweist. Arbeitstitel // Jahrgang 3 (2011) 71 Einleitung aristotelischer Tradition wird dort sowohl dem Einzelnen als auch der ganzen Ge- „Der Mensch hat zwei Triebfedern: aus meinschaft das Recht zugesprochen, nach seinem Vernunftursprung […] folgt er ihrer Glückseligkeit zu streben: pursuit of dem Gesetz; aus seinem Zeitursprung Happiness (vgl. Flam 2002: 254–255). als psychologisch erkennbarem Natur- In dem US-amerikanischen Serienfran- wesen folgt er seinen Neigungen, Lei- chise1 Star Trek wird jedoch eine Spezies2 denschaften, will er sein Glück in der porträtiert, die eine Gesellschaftsstruktur Welt, oder vielmehr, was er dafür hält.“ aufgebaut hat, welche ganz ohne Emotio- (Jaspers 1993: 56) nen auskommt und deren Individuen kei- ne Emotionen kennen: die Borg. In diesem Diese Bemerkung Karl Jaspers verweist auf Beitrag soll aufgezeigt werden, wie die Borg die politische Philosophie Aristoteles’, der ihre Gesellschaftsstruktur ohne Emotionen feststellte, dass der Mensch ein zoon po- realisieren und warum dies sie fundamen- litikon sei, ein politisches Wesen, und gar tal von anderen Gesellschaftsentwürfen im nicht anders könne, als in einer Gemein- Star Trek-Universum unterscheidet. schaft zu leben (vgl. Braun/Heine/Opolka 1996: 53–54). Jaspers legt zudem nahe, Das Gesellschaftsbild der Föderation dass Emotionen ein grundlegender Be- In Star Trek ist die Erde als geeinter Pla- standteil menschlichen Handelns und da- netenstaat Mitglied einer interstellaren mit auch menschlichen Zusammenlebens Organisation, der so genannten „Ver- sind. Der Mensch geht seinen Neigungen einten Föderation der Planeten“. Durch nach, hegt bestimmte Leidenschaften und technologische Fortschritte insbesonde- Vorlieben und ist ein fühlendes Wesen. re im Bereich der Raumfahrt konnte die Sympathie und Antipathie entscheiden Menschheit ihren Lebensraum auf das All über die Zusammenarbeit von Einzelnen, außerhalb des Planeten Erde und des Son- über das Funktionieren von Teams und letztlich auch über soziale und politische 1 Wir verwenden hier den Begriff „Franchise“ des- Entscheidungen. halb, um die Vielfalt in Medien deutlich zu ma- chen, in denen Star Trek präsent ist. Neben den als offiziell („canon“) anerkannten Fernsehserien „Ohne Emotionen wüssten wir gar und Kinofilmen existieren eine Vielzahl an Roma- nicht, dass und wie wir leben. Emotio- nen, Comics, Fanfiction und (Computer-)Spielen, nen, wie Wut, Scham, Traurigkeit und die im Star Trek-Universum stattfinden. Im Ein- zelnen unterscheiden wir die folgenden Fernseh- Glück, begleiten unseren Alltag und serien: The Original Series (TOS, 1966–1969) u. a. geben ihm eine Gestalt.“ (Flam 2002: mit den Charakteren Captain James T. Kirk und 165) Commander Spock, The Next Generation (TNG, 1987–1994) u. a. mit den Charakteren Capti- an Jean-Luc Picard und Lieutenant Comman- Das Entstehen von Herrschaft, das Stre- der Data, Deep Space Nine (DS9, 1993–1999), ben nach Eigentum, das Eintreten in einen Voyager (VOY, 1995–2001) und Enterprise (ENT, Kriegszustand – nur um einige Beispiele 2001–2005). von Politik zu nennen – sind verbunden 2 In Star Trek wird der Begriff „Spezies“ sowohl im ursprünglichen biologischen Sinn als auch in ei- mit emotionalen Zuständen des Indivi- nem kulturellen Kontext verstanden. Das Star duums. Das findet nicht zuletzt Ausdruck Trek-Universum besteht zum überwiegenden Teil aus humanoiden Lebensformen, die den Men- in der Präambel der Unabhängigkeitser- schen äußerlich zumindest ähnlich sind. Im kultu- klärung der Vereinigten Staaten. Ganz in rellen Kontext greift der Begriff den Bedeutungs- inhalt des US-amerikanischen Begriffs „race“ auf. Arbeitstitel // Jahrgang 3 (2011) 72 nensystems ausdehnen. Der Warpantrieb ist letztlich die Existenz dieser zukünftigen ermöglicht Reisen mit einem Vielfachen Gesellschaft zu verdanken, doch in TOS der Lichtgeschwindigkeit (vgl. Sternbach/ wird die Angst vor einer Verselbstständi- Okuda 1994: 65) in Raumschiffen, die au- gung der Technik (und einer damit einher- ßerordentlich komfortabel eingerichtet gehenden Unterwerfung der menschlichen sind. „Die Lebensbereiche des Raumschiffs Natur) regelmäßig thematisiert. „Whether sind für maximale Bequemlichkeit und Si- set against superior beings or superior tech- cherheit der Besatzung während einer Mis- nology, the value of the human factor is sion entworfen worden“ (Sternbach/Okuda constantly emphasised“ (Gregory 2000: 34; 1994: 15). Große soziale Probleme der Ge- Hervorhebung im Original). Insbesondere genwart, etwa das Streben nach Profit oder in TOS möchte man also auf die Mensch- Hungersnöte, sind in der utopischen Vision lichkeit, das menschliche Intuitionsvermö- von Star Trek überwunden. gen nicht verzichten. Zwar ist allen Star Trek-Serien und den Fil- „A lot has changed in the past 300 men gemeinsam, dass einzelne Charaktere years. People are no longer obsessed in die Gesellschaft der Föderation stark ein- with the accumulation of things. We’ve gebunden sind. Zum einen haben wir es bei eliminated hunger, want, the need for Star Trek mit einer starken, omnipräsenten possessions. We’ve grown out of our Sternenflotte zu tun, die im Prinzip der infancy.“ (Picard in TNG The Neutral militärische Arm der Föderation ist. Auch Zone) wenn die Enterprise oder die Voyager pri- Dies ist nicht zuletzt dem technologi- mär Forschungsschiffe sind und man Deep schen Fortschritt zu verdanken, etwa der Space Nine als entfernten galaktischen Erfindung von Nahrungsreplikatoren (vgl. Handelsplatz begreift, so werden diese Sternbach/Okuda 1994: 102 f.), die Lebens- Mikrogesellschaften in Star Trek strikt hi- mittel aus Energie replizieren können. Die erarchisch organisiert und geführt. Nun ist fortschrittliche Gesellschaft der Föderation eine strenge Hierarchie in utopischen Dar- basiert also zu einem großen Teil auf Tech- stellungen nichts Ungewöhnliches. Mo- nologie. Ohne diese wäre eine bemannte rus’ Utopia und Campanellas Sonnenstaat Raumfahrt, wie sie in Star Trek das über- kennen ebenfalls eine strenge hierarchi- greifende Thema ist, um unbekannte Wel- sche Ordnung bis hin zu einem Fürsten als ten zu entdecken, gar nicht möglich. Durch obersten Herrscher (vgl. Morus 2003: 65; den technologischen Fortschritt ist die Campanella 2007: 21). Dennoch wird die Menschheit also gewachsen, weil sie ihre Rolle des Individuums im Gesellschaftsbild Verfügungsmacht über die Natur signifi- der Föderation hervorgehoben. Gerade in kant steigern konnte (vgl. Münkler 1997: TOS ist Captain Kirk als einzelgängerischer 62). Abenteurertyp charakterisiert, der sein ei- genes Handeln und seine eigene moralische Dennoch ist das Bild von Technik in Star Auffassung in den Episoden häufig über die Trek ein durchaus kritisches, insbesondere der Föderation stellt. Die Oberste Direktive in der Frühzeit Star Treks. Es ist auffällig, der Föderation, die eine absolute Nichtein- dass Technik in The Original Series noch mischung in die Angelegenheiten anderer durchaus als potenzielle Gefahr und stän- Völker postuliert, wird von Kirk mehr als dige Bedrohung der Menschheit gesehen einmal bewusst verletzt, um seine persön- wird (vgl. Stoppe 2008: 100). Der Technik Arbeitstitel // Jahrgang 3 (2011) 73 lichen Interessen zu erreichen. In der TOS- Sein Freund und Kollege Spock als Vulka- Episode The Return of the Archons kom- nier4 versucht hingegen rein rational lo- men Kirk und seine Crew mit einem Volk gisch zu argumentieren. Vulkanier sind der in Kontakt, das von einem Supercomputer Ansicht, dass Gefühle und Emotionen bei namens Landru beherrscht wird. Kirk un- der objektiven Bewertung von Situationen terstützt eine Untergrundbewegung, die hinderlich sind und haben deshalb die Fä- gegen die Tyrannei des Computers an- higkeit entwickelt, ihre Gefühle zu unter- kämpft und bringt den Computer durch drücken. Im Gegensatz zu den Borg haben logisches Argumentieren dazu, sich selbst die Vulkanier jedoch Gefühle und verlieren zu zerstören. Kirk nimmt
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