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Biology and Fisheries Aspects of Western Longnose Spurdog, Squalus Edmundsi from the Eastern Indian Ocean, Indonesia

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Biology and Fisheries Aspects of Western Longnose Spurdog, Squalus Edmundsi from the Eastern Indian Ocean, Indonesia BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 18, Number 4, October 2017 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 1714-1722 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d180452 Biology and fisheries aspects of Western Longnose Spurdog, Squalus edmundsi from the Eastern Indian Ocean, Indonesia FAHMI1,♥, AGUS ARIFIN SENTOSA2 1Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Pasir Putih I, Ancol Timur, Jakarta Utara 14430, Jakarta, Indonesia. Tel.: +62- 21-64713850, Fax.: +62-21- 64711948, ♥email: [email protected] 2Research Institute for Fish Enhancement and Conservation, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Jl. Cilalawi No.1 Jatiluhur, Jatimekar, Purwakarta 41152, West Java, Indonesia Manuscript received: 8 August 2017. Revision accepted: 31 October 2017. Abstract. Fahmi, Sentosa AR. 2017. Biology and fisheries aspects of Western Longnose Spurdog, Squalus edmundsi from the Eastern Indian Ocean, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 1714-1722. A research has been done to determine some biological aspects of Western Longnose Spurdog (Squalus edmundsi) from the Eastern Indian Ocean Fishing Region in Indonesia (WPP 573). A total of 1797 samples were recorded from bottom longline fisheries at Tanjung Luar, Lombok from July 2015 to November 2016 by a trained enumerator. The study revealed that Selat Alas and the south west of Sumbawa waters are the most fished areas in the region for this species, with the peak fishing season may occur from January to March. The average catch rate of S. edmundsi was about 8 individuals per boat. The size of sharks varied from 470 mm to 1150 m total length (TL), with average size was 723.6±111.5 mm. Size distributions and sex ratio between females and males were significantly different, indicating a sexual dimorphism. This study revealed a fact that there was no seasonal pattern in the reproductive cycle of S. edmundsi in this region, which means the parturition may occur throughout the year. Analysis on its population status showed that this species was very susceptible to overfishing. This condition should be responded by the government through management actions for its fishery. Keywords: Squalus edmundsi, Squalidae, biology, Indian Ocean INTRODUCTION hemipinnis White, Last and Yearsley 2007, S. montalbani Whitley 1931, S. nasutus Last, Marshall and White, 2007, Eastern Indian Ocean Fishing region (WPP573) is one and Cirrhigaleus barbifer Tanaka, 1912 (White et al. 2006; of the most important fishing regions in Indonesia. It Last et al. 2007; White et al. 2007). The Western Longnose covers about a half of Indonesian’s Indian Ocean area from Spurdog, Squalus edmundsi, is known as one of the most south of Java to south of East Nusa Tenggara waters. This common squaloids in the deepwater shark longline area is also considered as one of the most exploited waters fisheries operating in the eastern Indian Ocean fishing in Indonesia, due to many fishing methods are involved, region, together with the Indonesian short snout spurdog, from traditional to industrial fisheries (Blaber et al. 2009; Squalus hemipinnis (Dharmadi and Fahmi 2007; White and Fahmi and Dharmadi 2013a). Dharmadi 2010). This species is a member of the This area is also the most favorite spot for shark fishery, “Mitsukurii” group of the Family Squalidae, which is with the average shark catch more than 10,000 tons characterized by relatively large size, having a dark caudal annually until 2007, but then there was a rapid decline in bar through the base of lower caudal fin lobe, low dorsal the following years to around 4,000 tons (Fahmi and fin spines, and first dorsal fin spine is shorter than the Dharmadi 2013a). Deepwater shark fishery plays an second (Last et al. 2007; White et al. 2007; Last and important role at several fish landings in the region due to Stevens 2009). Squalus edmundsi was previously known as the high demand of shark liver oil in both domestic and Squalus sp. C in previous kinds of literature (Last and international markets in which deepwater sharks such as Stevens 1994; White et al. 2006). This species is usually squalids and centrophorids are target species (Fahmi and caught at a depth between 200 and 850 m and well Dharmadi 2013a). There are several fishing methods to distributed in the East Indian Ocean from Indonesia to catch deepwater sharks, but the most common one is Western Australia (White et al. 2007; Last and Stevens bottom longlining, which operates in the depth from 50 to 2009). more than 400 m (Dharmadi and Fahmi 2007; Fahmi and The conservation status of this species in the IUCN red Dharmadi 2013a). list for threatened species is categorized as Near Dogfish shark or spurdog shark (Family Squalidae) is Threatened (White 2009). Nevertheless, biological one of the most commonly caught in deepwater shark information of S. edmundsi is still very few. This article fishery in Indonesia (Fahmi and Dharmadi 2013a). At least aims to provide updated information on the biology of this five species of squalids are known to occur in this area, i.e. species including its fishery. Squalus edmundsi White, Last and Stevens 2007, S. FAHMI & SENTOSA – Biology and fisheries aspects of Squalus edmundsi 1715 MATERIALS AND METHODS Length-weight relationship was calculated using the standard power equation W=aLb and ln transformation was A daily survey had been conducted to record shark applied to plot the linear regressions. Analysis of catch landings at Tanjung Luar, East Lombok District, Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the difference of West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia from July 2015 length-weight relationships between female and male. The to November 2016 (Figure 1). Information on the total maturity stages of females were not analyzed as specimens catch, species name, sex, and length of the shark’s species were not dissected. Maturity stages of males were was gathered through direct observation at landing site by a classified based on the condition of the claspers. The non- trained enumerator, while a number of boats operated, boat calcified and not fully-calcified claspers were categorized name and number of days’ trip were recorded through as immature, while the full-calcified claspers were interviews and using landing port data. Shark species were categorized as mature (White and Dharmadi 2010). Length identified following identification guides by White et al. at first maturity of male S. edmundsi was estimated using (2006) and Fahmi and Dharmadi (2013b). The total length Spearman-Karber method (Udupa 1986). for each shark was measured to the closest cm. Females The catch rate (R) of S. edmundsi from the bottom and males were differentiated by the presence of claspers longline fishery operating from Tanjung Luar, Lombok was organ on males. calculated using formula following Hoenig et al. (1997): Length frequency of both sexes was compared and tested using two-samples Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (Motta et al. 2005) to see whether any differences in their size distributions. Sex ratio between females and males was also analyzed using Chi-Square test to determine the significant difference from the expected ratio 1: 1 (Gay Where, Cj = number of catch per boat; Lj= number of 1996). the day at operation per boat; and n = number of boats. Figure 1. Study site at Tanjung Luar ( ), Lombok Island, in Eastern Indian Ocean Fishing region (WPP573; yellow highlighted) 1716 BIODIVERSITAS 18 (4): 1714-1722, October 2017 In order to determine the population structure of this are generally smaller in size comparing to females. The species in Eastern Indian Ocean fishing region, the length- monthly averages of the total length of S. edmundsi also based frequency data was used to estimate the growth show that the size of females was always greater than curve that "best" fits a set of length-frequency data in the males. The average total length of females varied from growth parameters. The growth parameters were estimated 694-834 mm TL, while males were from 583-702 mm TL. using Von Bertalanffy model and natural mortality was (Figure 4). estimated using Pauly’s empirical equation from the regression line which extrapolated from the length- converted catch curve. Relative yield per recruit (Yʹ/R) was estimated using Beverton and Holt model that was modified by Pauly and Soriano (1986) and plotted with the exploitation level to estimate the maximum exploitation level (Emax). All analyses were performed using FISAT II software package (Gayanilo et al. 2005). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Size distribution A total of 1797 individuals of Western Longnose Spurdog, Squalus edmundsi were recorded from the Figure 2. Length frequency of females and males of Squalus deepwater longline fishery during the study period, with edmundsi from Tanjung Luar landing site from July 2015 to 997 of them were measured and weighed. The sharks were November 2016 caught at size between 470 and 1150 mm Total length (TL) with average size at 723.6±111.5 mm TL and mode length was at 680 mm TL. According to their sex, length frequency for females was 470-1150 mm (n=802) and 490- 990 mm for males (n=192). The mean and modal length of females were 746.67±107.81 and 700 mm, while males were 626.87±67.80 and 570 mm TL, respectively. The size class 670-719 mm was a predominance of females, while males were predominant at size class 620-669 mm (Figure 2 and 3). The maximum size of Squalus edmundsi in this study was higher than those stated in White et al. (2007) and Last and Stevens (2009). The t-test showed a significant difference in the average of total length between females and males (t-test, p<0.01). While the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KS) for significant differences in the size distributions indicated that females and males were taken from populations with different Figure 3. Scatter plot graph shows the size distribution of females distribution (p< 0.05).
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