Design Social Et Design D'évènement Dans Le Sud-Est

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Design Social Et Design D'évènement Dans Le Sud-Est Design social et design d’évènement dans le Sud-Est tunisien : l’hétérotopie de l’espace ksourien. Une recherche-projet. Nesrine Ellouze To cite this version: Nesrine Ellouze. Design social et design d’évènement dans le Sud-Est tunisien : l’hétérotopie de l’espace ksourien. Une recherche-projet.. Architecture, aménagement de l’espace. Université de Nîmes; Université de Tunis, 2019. Français. NNT : 2019NIME0002. tel-02136217 HAL Id: tel-02136217 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02136217 Submitted on 21 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. délivré par l’Université de Nîmes et l’Université de Tunis Thèse préparée en cotutelle au sein des écoles doctorales Risque et Société et Arts et Culture et de l’équipe de recherche Projekt Spécialité : Aménagement de l'espace et de l'urbanisme Présentée par Nesrine Ellouze Design social et design d'événement dans le Sud-Est tunisien : l'hétérotopie de l'espace ksourien. Une recherche-projet. Soutenue le 31 janvier 21019 devant le jury composé de : Monsieur Mohamed BEN HAMOUDA, Pr, Université de Tunis Directeur Madame Imen BEN YOUSSEF, MCF, Université de Tunis Examinatrice Monsieur Rabah BOUSBACI, Pr. Ag., Université de Montréal Rapporteur Madame Sonia CHAMKHI, MCF, Université de Carthage Rapporteure Madame Michela DENI, Pr, Université de Nîmes Directrice Monsieur Alain FINDELI, Pr, Université de Nîmes Co-directeur 1 Résumé Le ksar (pluriel 'ksour'), cet espace architectural et patrimonial propre à la culture berbère (amazigh), était destiné autrefois à emmagasiner les biens et les réserves de provisions des tribus semi-nomades du Sud-tunisien qui en étaient propriétaires. Avec le temps et le passage à la modernité, il s’est produit un glissement de valeurs et de significations dans l’environnement social et culturel des populations établies dans ces lieux, provoquant ainsi une menace pour les ksour qui s'en sont trouvés délaissés ou abandonnés. La thèse fait l’hypothèse que le concept d’hétérotopie proposé par Michel Foucault pourrait permettre une lecture de ces sites susceptible d’ouvrir un espace de projet innovant afin de mettre en valeur les ruines des ksour derrière lesquelles, ainsi que le montre l’enquête de terrain que nous y avons conduite, se cachent des conflits institutionnels, sociaux et intergénérationnels. C’est dans une telle perspective, par la mise en œuvre d’une démarche de recherche-projet appuyée sur un projet de design d’événement qui s’est déroulé pendant quatre jours en avril 2018, que nous nous sommes employée à exploiter le gisement d’intelligence collective propre à la dynamique du système des acteurs liés à ce patrimoine archéologique et architectural délaissé et promis sinon à une simple exploitation touristico-économique. Nous concluons que par une telle approche inspirée de l’innovation sociale par le design (ou design social), il sera possible d’assurer aux ksour un avenir durable et culturellement fécond sans dénaturer leur signification et leur richesse historique, anthropologique et patrimoniale. Mots-clés : ksour, Tunisie, hétérotopie, recherche-projet, design d’événement, design social. 2 Abstract As an architectural and heritage space peculiar to Berber (Amazigh) culture, the ksar (plural ksour) was used in the past as a granary and storage space by its owners, the local semi- nomadic tribes of Southern Tunisia. With time and the change to modernity, a shift in the socio- cultural values and worldview of the local population led to the neglect or mere abandonment of the ksour. The thesis hypothesizes that the concept of heterotopia coined by Michel Foucault could help provide an interpretation of these sites leading to the opening of an innovative project space. The project would restore value to the ruins of the ksour, behind which, as highlighted by our field inquiry, there lie institutional, social, and intergenerational conflicts. It is in such prospect, through a project-grounded research approach grounded on an event design project that took place during four days in April 2018, that we ventured to capitalize upon the available collective intelligence resulting from the dynamics of the system of stakeholders connected with this archeological and architectural heritage, otherwise promised to a mere touristic-economic exploitation. We conclude that such an approach, consonant with social innovation by design methodologies (or social design), will make it possible to secure a sustainable and culturally fruitful future to the ksour without compromising their historical, anthropological, and patrimonial richness and meaningfulness. Keywords: ksour, Tunisia, heterotopy, project-grounded research, event design, social design. 3 Sommaire Introduction générale ............................................................................................................. 14 Présentation de la recherche et de son déroulement .................................................. 14 CHAPITRE 1. Cadre conceptuel et théorique .................................................................... 22 1.1 Les ksour : état des lieux ........................................................................................... 22 1.1.1 Les ksour dans la littérature scientifique ............................................................ 22 1.2 Habiter le désert ......................................................................................................... 25 1.2.1 Les ksour : repères géographiques, historiques, culturels .................................. 32 1.2.2 L’implantation physique et symbolique des ksour ............................................. 39 1.2.3 L'architecture des ksour ...................................................................................... 51 1.3 L’hétérotopie : fortune d’un concept éphémère ........................................................ 70 1.3.1 L’hétérotopie chez Michel Foucault .................................................................. 70 1.3.2 Diffusion, réception et interprétation du texte de Michel Foucault ................... 80 1.4 Le ksar et le désert, espaces hétérotopiques ? ........................................................... 84 1.4.1 Le ksar comme espace hétérotopique ................................................................. 84 1.4.2 Le désert comme espace hétérotopique .............................................................. 89 Résumé du chapitre 1 ......................................................................................................... 92 CHAPITRE 2. Les limites d’une approche spéculative: « matter of facts » ou « matter of concern » ? ............................................................................................................................... 93 2.1 Critique et "pragmatisation" du concept d'hétérotopie .............................................. 94 2.2 Les leçons du terrain .................................................................................................. 95 2.3 L'espace ksourien et sa réhabilitation ........................................................................ 99 2.3.1 De la destruction à la restauration ...................................................................... 99 2.3.2 La restauration des ksour : acquis et défi ......................................................... 101 2.3.3 La mise en tourisme des ksour : ksar Haddada, ksar Ouled Sultan, ksar Ouled Debbab...... ...................................................................................................................... 105 2.4 Une problématisation et une question de recherche in progress : vers une enquête orientée design (designerly inquiry). Les ksour comme objet social et projet de design social ………… ................................................................................................................. 113 Résumé du chapitre 2 ....................................................................................................... 116 4 CHAPITRE 3. Stratégie de recherche et dispositifs méthodologiques ........................... 119 3.1 La recherche-projet .................................................................................................. 120 3.2 Le design d’événements .......................................................................................... 123 3.3 L’hospitalité ............................................................................................................. 129 3.3.1 L’hospitalité sens et présentation ..................................................................... 130 3.3.2 L’hospitalité, une pratique communautaire ...................................................... 132 3.3.3 Réenchanter l’hospitalité dans le Sud tunisien ................................................. 135 3.3.4 L’hospitalité touristique ................................................................................... 136 Résumé du chapitre 3 ....................................................................................................... 140 CHAPITRE 4. Conception et mise en
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