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Menaquale, Sandy
“Prejudice is a burden that confuses the past, threatens the future, and renders the present inaccessible.” – Maya Angelou “As long as there is racial privilege, racism will never end.” – Wayne Gerard Trotman “Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced.” James Baldwin “Ours is not the struggle of one day, one week, or one year. Ours is not the struggle of one judicial appointment or presidential term. Ours is the struggle of a lifetime, or maybe even many lifetimes, and each one of us in every generation must do our part.” – John Lewis COLUMBIA versus COLUMBUS • 90% of the 14,000 workers on the Central Pacific were Chinese • By 1880 over 100,000 Chinese residents in the US YELLOW PERIL https://iexaminer.org/yellow-peril-documents-historical-manifestations-of-oriental-phobia/ https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/14/us/california-today-chinese-railroad-workers.html BACKGROUND FOR USA IMMIGRATION POLICIES • 1790 – Nationality and Citizenship • 1803 – No Immigration of any FREE “Negro, mulatto, or other persons of color” • 1848 – If we annex your territory and you remain living on it, you are a citizen • 1849 – Legislate and enforce immigration is a FEDERAL Power, not State or Local • 1854 – Negroes, Native Americans, and now Chinese may not testify against whites GERMAN IMMIGRATION https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/FT_15.09.28_ImmigationMapsGIF.gif?w=640 TO LINCOLN’S CREDIT CIVIL WAR IMMIGRATION POLICIES • 1862 – CIVIL WAR LEGISLATION ABOUT IMMIGRATION • Message to Congress December -
Some Strands of Wittgenstein's Normative Pragmatism
Some Strands of Wittgenstein’s Normative Pragmatism, and Some Strains of his Semantic Nihilism ROBERT B. BRANDOM ABSTRACT WORK TYPE In this reflection I address one of the critical questions this monograph is Article about: How to justify proposing yet another semantic theory in the light of Wittgenstein’s strong warnings against it. I see two clear motives for ARTICLE HISTORY Wittgenstein’s semantic nihilism. The first one is the view that philosophical Received: problems arise from postulating hypothetical entities such as ‘meanings’. To 27–January–2018 dissolve the philosophical problems rather than create new ones, Wittgenstein Accepted: suggests substituting ‘meaning’ with ‘use’ and avoiding scientism in philosophy 3–March–2018 together with the urge to penetrate in one's investigation to unobservable depths. I believe this first motive constitutes only a weak motive for ARTICLE LANGUAGE Wittgenstein’s quietism, because there are substantial differences between English empirical theories in natural sciences and semantic theories in philosophy that KEYWORDS leave Wittgenstein’s assimilation of both open to criticism. But Wittgenstein is Meaning and Use right, on the second motive, that given the dynamic character of linguistic Hypothetical Entities practice, the classical project of semantic theory is a disease that can be Antiscientism removed or ameliorated only by heeding the advice to replace concern with Semantic Nihilism meaning by concern with use. On my view, this does not preclude, however, a Linguistic Dynamism different kind of theoretical approach to meaning that avoids the pitfalls of the Procrustean enterprise Wittgenstein complained about. © Studia Humanitatis – Universidad de Salamanca 2019 R. Brandom (✉) Disputatio. Philosophical Research Bulletin University of Pittsburgh, USA Vol. -
Semantic Analysis of the First Cities from a Deconstruction Perspective Doi: 10.23968/2500-0055-2020-5-3-43-48
Mojtaba Valibeigi, Faezeh Ashuri— Pages 43–48 SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST CITIES FROM A DECONSTRUCTION PERSPECTIVE DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2020-5-3-43-48 SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST CITIES FROM A DECONSTRUCTION PERSPECTIVE Mojtaba Valibeigi*, Faezeh Ashuri Buein Zahra Technical University Imam Khomeini Blvd, Buein Zahra, Qazvin, Iran *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Introduction: Deconstruction is looking for any meaning, semantics and concepts and then shows how all of them seem to lead to chaos, and are always on the border of meaning duality. Purpose of the study: The study is aimed to investigate urban identity from a deconstruction perspective. Since two important bases of deconstruction are text and meaning and their relationships, we chose the first cities on a symbolic level as a text and tried to analyze their meanings. Methods: The study used a deductive content analysis in three steps including preparation, organization and final report or conclusion. In the first step, we argued deconstruction philosophy based on Derrida’s views accordingly. Then we determined some common semantic features of the first cities. Finally, we presented some conclusions based on a semantic interpretation of the first cities’ identity.Results: It seems that all cities as texts tend to provoke a special imaginary meaning, while simultaneously promoting and emphasizing the opposite meaning of what they want to show. Keywords Deconstruction, text, meaning, urban semantics, the first cities. Introduction to have a specific meaning (Gualberto and Kress, 2019; Expressions are an act of recognizing or displaying Leone, 2019; Stojiljković and Ristić Trajković, 2018). -
Matrix Decompositions and Latent Semantic Indexing
Online edition (c)2009 Cambridge UP DRAFT! © April 1, 2009 Cambridge University Press. Feedback welcome. 403 Matrix decompositions and latent 18 semantic indexing On page 123 we introduced the notion of a term-document matrix: an M N matrix C, each of whose rows represents a term and each of whose column× s represents a document in the collection. Even for a collection of modest size, the term-document matrix C is likely to have several tens of thousands of rows and columns. In Section 18.1.1 we first develop a class of operations from linear algebra, known as matrix decomposition. In Section 18.2 we use a special form of matrix decomposition to construct a low-rank approximation to the term-document matrix. In Section 18.3 we examine the application of such low-rank approximations to indexing and retrieving documents, a technique referred to as latent semantic indexing. While latent semantic in- dexing has not been established as a significant force in scoring and ranking for information retrieval, it remains an intriguing approach to clustering in a number of domains including for collections of text documents (Section 16.6, page 372). Understanding its full potential remains an area of active research. Readers who do not require a refresher on linear algebra may skip Sec- tion 18.1, although Example 18.1 is especially recommended as it highlights a property of eigenvalues that we exploit later in the chapter. 18.1 Linear algebra review We briefly review some necessary background in linear algebra. Let C be an M N matrix with real-valued entries; for a term-document matrix, all × RANK entries are in fact non-negative. -
Linguistic Relativity Hyp
THE LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS by Michele Nathan A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Social Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida December 1973 THE LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS by Michele Nathan This thesis was prepared under the direction of the candidate's thesis advisor, Dr. John D. Early, Department of Anthropology, and has been approved by the members of his supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of the College of Social Science and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: &~ rl7 IC?13 (date) 1 ii ABSTRACT Author: Michele Nathan Title: The Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis Institution: Florida Atlantic University Degree: Master of Arts Year: 1973 Although interest in the linguistic relativity hypothesis seems to have waned in recent years, this thesis attempts to assess the available evidence supporting it in order to show that further investigation of the hypothesis might be most profitable. Special attention is paid to the fact that anthropology has largely failed to substantiate any claims that correlations between culture and the semantics of language do exist. This has been due to the impressionistic nature of the studies in this area. The use of statistics and hypothesis testing to provide mor.e rigorous methodology is discussed in the hope that employing such paradigms would enable anthropology to contribute some sound evidence regarding t~~ hypothesis. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction • 1 CHAPTER I THE.HISTORY OF THE FORMULATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS. -
Canadian Inclusive Language Glossary the Canadian Cultural Mosaic Foundation Would Like to Honour And
Lan- guage De- Coded Canadian Inclusive Language Glossary The Canadian Cultural Mosaic Foundation would like to honour and acknowledgeTreaty aknoledgment all that reside on the traditional Treaty 7 territory of the Blackfoot confederacy. This includes the Siksika, Kainai, Piikani as well as the Stoney Nakoda and Tsuut’ina nations. We further acknowledge that we are also home to many Métis communities and Region 3 of the Métis Nation. We conclude with honoring the city of Calgary’s Indigenous roots, traditionally known as “Moh’Kinsstis”. i Contents Introduction - The purpose Themes - Stigmatizing and power of language. terminology, gender inclusive 01 02 pronouns, person first language, correct terminology. -ISMS Ableism - discrimination in 03 03 favour of able-bodied people. Ageism - discrimination on Heterosexism - discrimination the basis of a person’s age. in favour of opposite-sex 06 08 sexuality and relationships. Racism - discrimination directed Classism - discrimination against against someone of a different or in favour of people belonging 10 race based on the belief that 14 to a particular social class. one’s own race is superior. Sexism - discrimination Acknowledgements 14 on the basis of sex. 17 ii Language is one of the most powerful tools that keeps us connected with one another. iii Introduction The words that we use open up a world of possibility and opportunity, one that allows us to express, share, and educate. Like many other things, language evolves over time, but sometimes this fluidity can also lead to miscommunication. This project was started by a group of diverse individuals that share a passion for inclusion and justice. -
White Attitudes Toward Latinos and Policy Preferences in Orange County California
Mapping Latino Racialization: White Attitudes Toward Latinos and Policy Preferences in Orange County California By Celia Olivia Lacayo A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies In the Graduate Division Of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge Professor Stephen Small, Chair Professor Michael Omi Professor Taeku Lee Spring 2013 Abstract Mapping Latino Racialization: White Attitudes Toward Latinos and Policy Preferences in Orange County California by Celia Olivia Lacayo Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Stephen Small, Chair The dissertation develops our theorizing about the dynamics of racialization, and the role of race and ethnicity, in the United States, particularly in order to account for the dynamics and processes unique to Latinos. It does so by examining white attitudes towards Latinos in Orange County, California through public discourse analysis of the “Ask a Mexican” column, a survey instrument and a series of in-depth interviews to triangulate whites’ use and logic of racial stereotypes and policy preferences. Orange County is a good testing ground for contemporary Latino racialization because it is a majority minority area, which has a long history of migration from Mexico, with deep racial segregation that reflects racial inequalities between whites and Latinos. While Latinos in the United States as a whole are a heterogeneous group my data demonstrates how the current racialization of Latinos in the United States has a homogenizing effect. Empirically my data maps racial stereotypes whites have had and continue to reference as the Latino population has increased. -
Philosophy of Language in the Twentieth Century Jason Stanley Rutgers University
Philosophy of Language in the Twentieth Century Jason Stanley Rutgers University In the Twentieth Century, Logic and Philosophy of Language are two of the few areas of philosophy in which philosophers made indisputable progress. For example, even now many of the foremost living ethicists present their theories as somewhat more explicit versions of the ideas of Kant, Mill, or Aristotle. In contrast, it would be patently absurd for a contemporary philosopher of language or logician to think of herself as working in the shadow of any figure who died before the Twentieth Century began. Advances in these disciplines make even the most unaccomplished of its practitioners vastly more sophisticated than Kant. There were previous periods in which the problems of language and logic were studied extensively (e.g. the medieval period). But from the perspective of the progress made in the last 120 years, previous work is at most a source of interesting data or occasional insight. All systematic theorizing about content that meets contemporary standards of rigor has been done subsequently. The advances Philosophy of Language has made in the Twentieth Century are of course the result of the remarkable progress made in logic. Few other philosophical disciplines gained as much from the developments in logic as the Philosophy of Language. In the course of presenting the first formal system in the Begriffsscrift , Gottlob Frege developed a formal language. Subsequently, logicians provided rigorous semantics for formal languages, in order to define truth in a model, and thereby characterize logical consequence. Such rigor was required in order to enable logicians to carry out semantic proofs about formal systems in a formal system, thereby providing semantics with the same benefits as increased formalization had provided for other branches of mathematics. -
A History of Semantics Naming
1/27 A history of semantics [in Nick Riemer (ed.) Routledge Handbook of Semantics] Naming [M]an “makes” his territory by naming the “things” in it. (Chatwin 1988: 301) Human beings name things in their environment. The name helps to distinguish and identify the denotatum (thing named) and is essential to communication with fellow humans about 1 such denotata. In Plato’s Cratylus (Plato 1997) c. 385 BCE, Socrates advances the hypothesis that the earliest name-giver (onomatourgos) selected a name that captures the essence of its denotatum, that is in some way iconic as with onomatopoeic bird names like cuckoo or whippoorwill. On this hypothesis the meaning of a word would be ‘natural’ because directly recognizable from the form of the word. Many of the Ancients sought to demonstrate that names are far more descriptive than the facts allow. For example Socrates in Cratylus 406c derives the name Dionusos (god of Bacchanalia) from didous ton oinon ‘giving wine’. In De lingua latina V: 101 (c. 45 BCE) Varro suggests that because the fox is fleet-footed, volpes ‘fox’ is a blend of volare ‘fly’ and pes ‘foot’ (Varro 1938). Isidore of Seville suggested c. 625 CE that oratio ‘utterance’ derives from oris ratio ‘the mouth’s reason’. None of these is correct and many such ‘etymologies’ are utterly absurd (see Allan 2010). Indeed, the implausibility of such accounts was recognized by Socrates in Cratylus (426b-427b, 434e- 435c), but a clear statement that names are symbols which denote by convention is first found some 25 years after Cratylus in Aristotle’s On Interpretation 16a3, 16a20 (Aristotle 1984). -
11 Semantics
"'If" '.u' $. Semantics 115 ~' used to describe a product, with 'good for you', but we would not want to ., mclude this association within the basic conceptual meaning of the expres sion. Poets and advertisers are, of course, very interested in using terms in such a way that their associative meanings are evoked, and some linguists do lfivestigate this aspect of language use. However, in this chapter we shall be more interested in characterizing what constitutes the conceptual meaning vi terms. Semantic features , So, how would a semantic approach help us to understand something about 11 Semantics Ihe nature of language? One way it might be helpful would be as a means of accounting for the 'oddness' we experience when we read English sentences such as the following: I once referred to a character in one of my cartoons as a "dork" (a popular j The hamburgerate the man insult when I was growing up), but myeditor called me up and said that "dork" My cat studiedlinguistics couldn't be used because it meant "penis." I couldn't believe it. I ran to my A table was listening to some music New Dictionary ofAmerican Slang and, sure enough, he was right. Allthose years of saying or being called a "dork" and I had never really known what it ~otice that the oddness of these sentences does not derive from their syn meant. What a nerd. Gary Larson (1989) tactic structure. According to some basic syntactic rules for forming English sentences (such as those presented in Chapter 10), we have well-structured Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. -
The Leibnizian Vision in Frank Ankersmit's Philosophy of History
INTENSION, SUBSTANCE AND CALCULUS – THE LEIBNIZIAN VISION IN FRANK ANKERSMIT’S PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY Oulu University Faculty of History Master’s thesis 20.5.2019 Aleksi Oja 1 Due to the abundance of referral to the extensive work of Frank Ankersmit and my general reliance on his published books and selected papers as sources, I ask the reader to use the following list of abbreviations of some of the most featured works: NL – Ankersmit, F. R. 1983: Narrative Logic – a Semantic Analysis of the Historian’s Language. Martinus Nijhoff publishers, The Hague, Netherlands. HT – Ankersmit, F. R. 1994. History and Tropology: The Rise and Fall of Metaphor. University of California Press. London, England. HR – Ankersmit, F. R. 2001: Historical Representation. Stanford University Press, California, USA. PR – Ankersmit, F. R. 2002: Political Representation. Stanford University Press, California, USA. SHE – Ankersmit, F. R. 2005: Sublime Historical Experience. Stanford University Press, California, USA. MTR – Ankersmit F. R. 2012: Meaning, Truth and Reference in Historical Representation. Stanford University Press, California, USA. HSI – Ankersmit, F. R. 2013: History as the Science of the Individual. Journal of the Philosophy of History Vol. 7 (3), 396 – 425. WEM – Ankersmit, F. R. 2017: Where the extremes meet. A presently still an unpublished paper, given as the handout for Frank Ankersmit’s opening speech at the Seminar of philosophy of history in October 2017 in Oulu university. 2 Table of Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................. -
Semantic Analysis on the Use of English Language Slogan
SEMANTIC ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE SLOGAN 1Andi Asrifan 2Like Raskova Octaberlina 3Rini Handayani 1,3Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidenreng Rappang 2Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang, Indonesia Abstract In this study the objectives to be achieved are: (1) To identify what are the types of English slogans. (2) To identify how the semantic meanings of English slogans. The type of research used is qualitative. While the methods and instruments used to collect and analyze and answer all existing problems are qualitative methods and checklist observations. The process of data analysis in this research is carried out in a process starting from data collection and done intensively until the end of the study. Data that researchers get from observations from several sources such as the internet and journals, namely: (1) in general there are 4 types of slogans such as product / advertising slogans, health slogans, environmental slogans and educational slogans. The types of product / advertising slogans are 6 slogans, health slogans 2, environmental slogans 5 and education slogans totaling 8. (2) semantic meanings of 4 types of slogans from internet and journal sources there are 5 namely conceptual meaning, associative meaning, connotative meaning, affective meaning and stylist. Of the 20 slogans education slogans and products that contain more conceptual meaning. The environmental slogans contain more conceptual and affective meanings. Slogans that contain conceptual meaning in the form of a situation context and based on words that have been conceptualized in the dictionary. Key Words: Analysis Semantic, Semantic Meaning, English Slogan. Language is an important component in life so it is not excessive when language is termed as the heart of human life, because language is a very important role in life to support the interaction process.