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Frequent Promoter Methylation of M-Cadherin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Is Associated with Poor Prognosis

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ANTICANCER RESEARCH 27: 2269-2274 (2007) Frequent Promoter Methylation of M-cadherin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma is Associated with Poor Prognosis SUGURU YAMADA, SHUJI NOMOTO, TSUTOMU FUJII, SHIN TAKEDA, NAOHITO KANAZUMI, HIROYUKI SUGIMOTO and AKIMASA NAKAO Department of Surgery II, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nagoya, Nagoya, Japan Abstract. Background: Many cadherins (CDH) are associated Transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor and with various types of cancer and their genetic and epigenetic mismatch repair genes due to hypermethylation of 5’CpG alterations might be involved in carcinogenesis. Materials and islands is observed in a variety of malignancies (3, 4). Methods: We examined the methylation status of CDH genes in Several reports indicated that tumorigenesis is related to primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and corresponding loss of function of a tumor suppressor gene as a result of noncancerous liver tissues derived from 47 patients, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH), gene mutations, and evaluated the correlation with clinicopathological parameters. hypermethylation of promoter regions (5). Notably, allelic Results: Hypermethylation was detected at a ratio ranging from imbalance at chromosome 17p13 and frequent mutations of 0% to 55.3%. In particular, M-cadherin (CDH15) was the the p53 gene have been correlated with exposure to most hypermethylated of 7 CDH genes. Patients with aflatoxin B1 and chronic HBV infection (6). Mutations of methylated M-cadherin had shorter 5-year survival rates than ‚-catenin or its binding partner axin 1, leading to abnormal patients with unmethylated M-cadherin (overall survival rates, activation of the Wnt pathway, have been implicated in 67.4% vs. 82.7%; p=0.0167) when assessed using Kaplan- about one third of HCC cases (7, 8). Meier curves. Multivariate analysis revealed that M-cadherin In recent years, there has been increasing interest in a methylation status was an independent predictor of survival. superfamily of transmembrane glycoproteins, the cadherins Conclusion: We found that M-cadherin methylation status has (CDH). Cadherins are prime mediators of calcium-dependent prognostic significance for the poorer survival of patients with cell-cell adhesion in normal cells and are also involved in HCC. This is the first definitive report of a correlation between contact inhibition of cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest M-cadherin and the prognosis of patients with HCC. (9, 10). Many cadherins are associated with cancer. For example, the epithelial E-cadherin (CDH1), a putative tumor Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most suppressor, is deregulated in HCC, esophageal, gastric, colon, common malignancies worldwide and is generally associated pancreatic, lung, breast and prostate cancer (11-17). In with a poor prognosis (1). The disease is highly prevalent in contrast, increased expression of other cadherins such as N- Asia but relatively rare in developed countries, although its cadherin (CDH2), P-cadherin (CDH3), and OB-cadherin incidence is increasing in both the United States and Japan (CDH11) are clinically correlated with breast cancer (18, 19). (2). In many cases, HCC develops from chronic liver disease Aberrant methylation of H-cadherin (CDH13) associated with due to infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), or hepatitis C gene silencing has been reported in several primary tumors virus (HCV), or exposure to drugs such as aflatoxin B1. including breast and lung cancer (20). E-cadherin is intimately Many more studies have shown that multiple genetic related to malignancy which is characterized by uncontrolled alterations are associated with HCC, but the molecular proliferation, dedifferentiation, invasion and metastasis, and mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis are not yet clear. its expression is reduced by hypermethylation of the promoter region in a number of tumors (17, 21). Furthermore, a cluster of cadherin genes are located on chromosome 16q, which is commonly deleted in various types of human cancer including Correspondence to: Suguru Yamada, Department of Surgery II, HCC, with deletion rates ranging from 28% to 70% (22, 23). Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nagoya, Therefore, it has been proposed that genetic and epigenetic 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan. Tel: +8152 7442249, Fax: +81527442255, e-mail: [email protected] alterations in CDH might be involved in liver carcinogenesis (24-26). Key Words: Hepatocellular carcinoma, cadherin, methylation, In this study, we examined the methylation status of CDH prognosis. genes, located at 16q, using a methylation-specific polymerase 0250-7005/2007 $2.00+.40 2269 ANTICANCER RESEARCH 27: 2269-2274 (2007) chain reaction (PCR), and evaluated the correlation with Table I. Methylation stutus and mRNA expression of M-cadherin in HCC. clinicopathological parameters. M-cadherin M-cadherin Materials and Methods Case Methylation RT-PCR Case Methylation RT-PCR status status Patients and specimens. Cancerous tissues and the surrounding non- cancerous hepatic parenchyma were obtained from 47 primary 1-↓ 25 - ↓ HCC patients who underwent resection at Nagoya University 2+↓ 26 + ↑ Hospital, Japan, during the period from May 1994 to December 3+↓ 27 - ↑ 1997. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the 4+↑ 28 + → hospital. Informed consent was obtained from all patients for the 5-↑ 29 + ↓ ↑ ↑ subsequent use of their resected tissues. There were 43 male and 4 6- 30 + → ↓ female patients, with ages ranging from 21 to 77 years (mean, 61 7+ 31 - ↓ → years). The mean follow-up period in the prognosis study was 8- 32 + → ↓ 64.3±31.9 (mean±SD) months. Tumor sizes ranged from 1.2 cm 9+ 33 - 10 - ↓ 34 - ↑ to 14.0 cm, with a mean size of 3.9±2.7 cm. Specimens were 11 + ↓ 35 + ↑ classified histologically using the Japanese staging system of the 12 + ↓ 36 + ↑ Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan (27). 13 + ↑ 37 - ↑ 14 + ↑ 38 - ↑ Bisulfite modification and methylation-specific polymerase chain 15 + ↓ 39 - ↓ reaction (MSP). DNA from primary HCC tissues and 16 + ↓ 40 + ↓ corresponding non-cancerous tissues were subjected to bisulfite 17 + → 41 - ↑ treatment. Briefly, 2 Ìg of DNA were denatured with NaOH and 18 - → 42 + ↓ modified with sodium bisulfite. DNA samples were then purified 19 - ↓ 43 - ↓ using the Wizard purification resin (Promega Corp., Madison, WI, 20 - → 44 + → USA), treated again with NaOH, precipitated with ethanol, and 21 + ↓ 45 - ↑ resuspended in water. The modified DNA was used as a template 22 + ↓ 46 + → for MSP. The PCR amplification of modified DNA samples 23 + → 47 - → consisted of 35 cycles of 94ÆC for 15 s, 60ÆC for 12 s and 72ÆC for 24 - ↑ 10 s, after the initial denaturation step (94ÆC for 5 min). Abbreviations: +: methylated; -: unmethylated; ↑: higher than normal → ↓ RT-PCR. The expression of M-cadherin mRNA was analyzed using liver; : same as normal liver; : lower than normal liver. RT-PCR. Total RNA (10 Ìg) isolated from primary HCC tissues and corresponding non-cancerous tissues were used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) and then amplified by PCR primers for M-cadherin: 5’-TGACTACGAGGGTGACGGCT-3’(forward) methylation was detected at a ratio ranging from 0% to and 5’-GGAGTGGCATGTCCAGTTGC-3’(reverse), which 55.3% (Figure 1A). In particular, M-cadherin (CDH15) was amplify a 263 bp product. The PCR amplification consisted of 30 the most hypermethylated of all 7 CDH genes. cycles of 94ÆC for 15 s, 60ÆC for 15 s and 72ÆC for 12 s, after the Representative cases of HCC tissues are shown in Figure 1B. initial denaturation step (94ÆC for 5 min). Expression of M-cadherin mRNA in HCC. We examined the Statistical analysis. To analyze the correlation between M-cadherin methylation status and clinicopathological parameters, differences expression of M-cadherin mRNA using RT-PCR in primary in the numerical data between the two groups were evaluated HCC tissues and corresponding non-cancerous tissues. In using Fisher’s exact test or ¯2 test. Overall survival rates were 20 (42.5%) of 47 cases, the M-cadherin expression of calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the difference in primary HCC tissues was less than that of corresponding survival curves was analyzed using the log-rank test. Independent non-cancerous tissues (Table I). Representative cases are prognostic factors were analyzed with the Cox proportional shown in Figure 1C. In 20 cases with lower expression of hazards regression model in a stepwise manner. Data are M-cadherin mRNA, 11 cases (55%) were hypermethylated expressed as mean±SD. The presence of a statistically significant difference was denoted by p<0.05. (Table I). Results Correlation between M-cadherin methylation status and clinicopathological parameters in HCC. The association Hypermethylation of the CDH promoter region in HCC. To between M-cadherin methylation status and investigate hypermethylation of the CDH promoter region, clinicopathological parameters in patients with HCC was MSP was performed in 47 primary HCC tissues and analyzed using Fisher’s exact test or ¯2 test statistically corresponding non-cancerous tissues. We examined 7 CDH (Table II). M-cadherin methylation was seen in well- genes on chromosome 16q. In primary tissues, hyper- differentiated cancers, and more frequently in larger 2270 Yamada et al: Frequent Promoter Methylation of M-cadherin in HCC Figure 1. A) Hypermethylation of CDH genes, located on 16q, in HCC. N: non-cancerous tissue, T: HCC tissue, U: Unmethylated, M: Methylated. B)
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  • Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Podocytes Mature Into Vascularized Glomeruli Upon Experimental Transplantation

    Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Podocytes Mature Into Vascularized Glomeruli Upon Experimental Transplantation

    BASIC RESEARCH www.jasn.org Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Podocytes Mature into Vascularized Glomeruli upon Experimental Transplantation † Sazia Sharmin,* Atsuhiro Taguchi,* Yusuke Kaku,* Yasuhiro Yoshimura,* Tomoko Ohmori,* ‡ † ‡ Tetsushi Sakuma, Masashi Mukoyama, Takashi Yamamoto, Hidetake Kurihara,§ and | Ryuichi Nishinakamura* *Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, and †Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; ‡Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; §Division of Anatomy, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and |Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kumamoto, Japan ABSTRACT Glomerular podocytes express proteins, such as nephrin, that constitute the slit diaphragm, thereby contributing to the filtration process in the kidney. Glomerular development has been analyzed mainly in mice, whereas analysis of human kidney development has been minimal because of limited access to embryonic kidneys. We previously reported the induction of three-dimensional primordial glomeruli from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Here, using transcription activator–like effector nuclease-mediated homologous recombination, we generated human iPS cell lines that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the NPHS1 locus, which encodes nephrin, and we show that GFP expression facilitated accurate visualization of nephrin-positive podocyte formation in