ETCS in PS-Mode GPRS/EGPRS Guideline
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GSM Network Element Modification Or Upgrade Required for GPRS. Mobile Station (MS) New Mobile Station Is Required to Access GPRS
GPRS GPRS architecture works on the same procedure like GSM network, but, has additional entities that allow packet data transmission. This data network overlaps a second- generation GSM network providing packet data transport at the rates from 9.6 to 171 kbps. Along with the packet data transport the GSM network accommodates multiple users to share the same air interface resources concurrently. Following is the GPRS Architecture diagram: GPRS attempts to reuse the existing GSM network elements as much as possible, but to effectively build a packet-based mobile cellular network, some new network elements, interfaces, and protocols for handling packet traffic are required. Therefore, GPRS requires modifications to numerous GSM network elements as summarized below: GSM Network Element Modification or Upgrade Required for GPRS. Mobile Station (MS) New Mobile Station is required to access GPRS services. These new terminals will be backward compatible with GSM for voice calls. BTS A software upgrade is required in the existing Base Transceiver Station(BTS). BSC The Base Station Controller (BSC) requires a software upgrade and the installation of new hardware called the packet control unit (PCU). The PCU directs the data traffic to the GPRS network and can be a separate hardware element associated with the BSC. GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs) The deployment of GPRS requires the installation of new core network elements called the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) and gateway GPRS support node (GGSN). Databases (HLR, VLR, etc.) All the databases involved in the network will require software upgrades to handle the new call models and functions introduced by GPRS. -
Empirical Analysis of the Effects and the Mitigation of Ipv4 Address Exhaustion
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN FAKULTÄT FÜR ELEKTROTECHNIK UND INFORMATIK LEHRSTUHL FÜR INTELLIGENTE NETZE UND MANAGEMENT VERTEILTER SYSTEME Empirical Analysis of the Effects and the Mitigation of IPv4 Address Exhaustion vorgelegt von M.Sc. Philipp Richter geboren in Berlin von der Fakultät IV – Elektrotechnik und Informatik der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades DOKTOR DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN -DR. RER. NAT.- genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sebastian Möller, Technische Universität Berlin Gutachterin: Prof. Anja Feldmann, Ph.D., Technische Universität Berlin Gutachter: Prof. Vern Paxson, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley Gutachter: Prof. Steve Uhlig, Ph.D., Queen Mary University of London Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 2. August 2017 Berlin 2017 Abstract IP addresses are essential resources for communication over the Internet. In IP version 4, an address is represented by 32 bits in the IPv4 header; hence there is a finite pool of roughly 4B addresses available. The Internet now faces a fundamental resource scarcity problem: The exhaustion of the available IPv4 address space. In 2011, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) depleted its pool of available IPv4 addresses. IPv4 scarcity is now reality. In the subsequent years, IPv4 address scarcity has started to put substantial economic pressure on the networks that form the Internet. The pools of available IPv4 addresses are mostly depleted and today network operators have to find new ways to satisfy their ongoing demand for IPv4 addresses. Mitigating IPv4 scarcity is not optional, but mandatory: Networks facing address shortage have to take action in order to be able to accommodate additional subscribers and customers. Thus, if not confronted, IPv4 scarcity has the potential to hinder further growth of the Internet. -
Location Update Procedure
Location Update Procedure In order to make a mobile terminated call, The GSM network should know the location of the MS (Mobile Station), despite of its movement. For this purpose the MS periodically reports its location to the network using the Location Update procedure. Location Area (LA) A GSM network is divided into cells. A group of cells is considered a location area. A mobile phone in motion keeps the network informed about changes in the location area. If the mobile moves from a cell in one location area to a cell in another location area, the mobile phone should perform a location area update to inform the network about the exact location of the mobile phone. The Location Update procedure is performed: When the MS has been switched off and wants to become active, or When it is active but not involved in a call, and it moves from one location area to another, or After a regular time interval. Location registration takes place when a mobile station is turned on. This is also known as IMSI Attach because as soon as the mobile station is switched on it informs the Visitor Location Register (VLR) that it is now back in service and is able to receive calls. As a result of a successful registration, the network sends the mobile station two numbers that are stored in the SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card of the mobile station. These two numbers are:- 1. Location Area Identity (LAI) 2. Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI). The network, via the control channels of the air interface, sends the LAI. -
Mee10:71 Location-Aware Decision Algorithm for Handover Across
MEE10:71 LOCATION-AWARE DECISION ALGORITHM FOR HANDOVER ACROSS HETEROGENOUS WIRELESS NETWORK. BY STANLEY O.OKOYE This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering with Emphasis on Telecommunication. Department of Telecommunication Blekinge Institute of Technology Karlskrona, Sweden August 2010 DEDICATION: To my wife Gloria Okoye ,and my child Kamsi Okoye for their love, patience while doing this work; to my brothers Stephen E. Okoye and Augustine I. Okoye for their wonderful support and encouragement. ii ABSTRACT Vertical handover is the processes that switch a mobile node from one technology to another in order to maintain a communication in a network. Heterogeneous Networks are two Networks whose entities support different technologies. Because of the benefits brought about by 3G networks such UMTS, it is increasingly desirable to integrate 3G networks with WLAN. WLAN is a low coverage, high speed network compared to 3G networks. Consequently, WLAN is used to extend 3G networks at certain locations in order to provide improved services and address QoS issues. To achieve a beneficial vertical handover in a network, an algorithm that departs from the conventional RF based algorithm is necessary. An attempt is made in this study to provide such algorithm which aims to utilize location information stored in a WLAN coverage database, and the location service entities of UTRAN as defined by 3GPP to determine a valuable/beneficial vertical handover between UMTS and WLAN. RF based conventional downward vertical handovers can be inefficient and wastes resources. This study aims to correct the lapses associated with conventional RF based vertical handover across heterogeneous network. -
Modeling the Use of an Airborne Platform for Cellular Communications Following Disruptions
Dissertations and Theses 9-2017 Modeling the Use of an Airborne Platform for Cellular Communications Following Disruptions Stephen John Curran Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/edt Part of the Aviation Commons, and the Communication Commons Scholarly Commons Citation Curran, Stephen John, "Modeling the Use of an Airborne Platform for Cellular Communications Following Disruptions" (2017). Dissertations and Theses. 353. https://commons.erau.edu/edt/353 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MODELING THE USE OF AN AIRBORNE PLATFORM FOR CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS FOLLOWING DISRUPTIONS By Stephen John Curran A Dissertation Submitted to the College of Aviation in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Aviation Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach, Florida September 2017 © 2017 Stephen John Curran All Rights Reserved. ii ABSTRACT Researcher: Stephen John Curran Title: MODELING THE USE OF AN AIRBORNE PLATFORM FOR CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS FOLLOWING DISRUPTIONS Institution: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Degree: Doctor of Philosophy in Aviation Year: 2017 In the wake of a disaster, infrastructure can be severely damaged, hampering telecommunications. An Airborne Communications Network (ACN) allows for rapid and accurate information exchange that is essential for the disaster response period. Access to information for survivors is the start of returning to self-sufficiency, regaining dignity, and maintaining hope. Real-world testing has proven that such a system can be built, leading to possible future expansion of features and functionality of an emergency communications system. -
ETSI TS 123 101 V8.0.0 (2009-01) Technical Specification
ETSI TS 123 101 V8.0.0 (2009-01) Technical Specification Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; General UMTS Architecture (3GPP TS 23.101 version 8.0.0 Release 8) 3GPP TS 23.101 version 8.0.0 Release 8 1 ETSI TS 123 101 V8.0.0 (2009-01) Reference RTS/TSGS-0223101v800 Keywords LTE, UMTS ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. -
UMTS Overview
UMTS overview David Tipper Associate Professor Graduate Telecommunications and Networking Program University of Pittsburgh 2720 Slides 12 UMTS • ETSI proposed GSM/NA-TDMA /GPRS evolution under name Universal Mobile Telecom. Services (UMTS) • Most of 3G licenses in Europe required operator to deploy a UMTS system covering x% of population by a specific date y – Germany: 25% of population by 12/03, 50% by 12/05 –Norway: 80% of population by 12/04 – In most countries operators have asked for and received deployment delay due to dot.com bust and equipment delays • Estimate 2.5 Billion euros to deploy a 5000 base station UMTS system • According to UMTS Forum – More than 90 million UMTS users as of 10/06 on operating networks in more than 50 countries – Most deployments of UMTS in Europe (~40% of market) and Pacific Rim (~38% market) Telcom 2720 2 UMTS • UMTS is a complete system architecture – As in GSM emphasis on standardized interfaces • mix and match equipment from various vendors – Simple evolution from GPRS – allows one to reuse/upgrade some of the GPRS backhaul equipment – Backward compatible handsets and signaling to support intermode and intersystem handoffs • Intermode; TDD to FDD, FDD to TDD • Intersystem: UMTS to GSM or UMTS to GPRS – UMTS supports a variety of user data rates and both packet and circuit switched services – System composed of three main subsystems Telcom 2720 3 UMTS System Architecture Node B MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN RNC USIM Node B HLR ME Internet Node B RNC SGSN GGSN Node B UE UTRAN CN External Networks • UE (User Equipment) that interfaces with the user • UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) handles all radio related functionality – WCDMA is radio interface standard here. -
Emulation of the IP Core Network for Testing of the Service GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Routing Application
Technical report, IDE0959, November 2009 Emulation of the IP Core Network for Testing of the Service GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Routing Application Master’s Thesis in Computer Network Engineering Hossein Torkaman School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering Halmstad University Emulation of the IP Core Network for Testing of the Service GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Routing Application Master’s thesis in Computer Network Engineering School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering Halmstad University Box 823, S-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden November 2009 Description of cover page picture: IP Core Network picture on GPRS Networks. Preface The following report is based on the data and information gathered through literature studies, Ericsson’s Intranet documents and other several GPRS standards published by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), observations, emulating different IP core network scenarios, meetings and executed experiments during December 2008 - August 2009 at Ericsson AB Lindholmen. The input martial to this thesis formed primarily by Internet Protocols and Drivers section in Product Development Department Packet Core at Ericsson AB, Göteborg, Sweden with leadership of Gunilla Zachrisson, my supervisor, to whom I should give an immense thank you due to her kind guidance on each phase of project and for her valuable supports on the implementation of improvements. I am also thankful to my manager, Matthew Crockett, who also made me feel welcomed at Ericsson AB Lindholmen. A big thanks is also directed to my supervisor at Halmstad University, Tony Larsson, for pointing me in the right direction and for the feedback regarding the performance of the project. I would also like to use this opportunity to thank Colin Taylor and Daniel Nilsson and all other colleagues at Ericsson, for interrupting their busy schedules in order to provide me with their technical feedback and experience. -
Wireless Networks
SUBJECT WIRELESS NETWORKS SESSION 3 Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology SESSION 3 Case study Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology By Lachu Aravamudhan, Stefano Faccin, Risto Mononen, Basavaraj Patil, Yousuf Saifullah, Sarvesh Sharma, Srinivas Sreemanthula Jul 4, 2003 Get a brief introduction to wireless networks and technology. You will see where this technology has been, where it is now, and where it is expected to go in the future. Wireless networks have been an essential part of communication in the last century. Early adopters of wireless technology primarily have been the military, emergency services, and law enforcement organizations. Scenes from World War II movies, for example, show soldiers equipped with wireless communication equipment being carried in backpacks and vehicles. As society moves toward information centricity, the need to have information accessible at any time and anywhere (as well as being reachable anywhere) takes on a new dimension. With the rapid growth of mobile telephony and networks, the vision of a mobile information society (introduced by Nokia) is slowly becoming a reality. It is common to see people communicating via their mobile phones and devices. The era of the pay phones is past, and pay phones stand witness as a symbol of the way things were. With today's networks and coverage, it is possible for a user to have connectivity almost anywhere. Growth in commercial wireless networks occurred primarily in the late 1980s and 1990s, and continues into the 2000s. The competitive nature of the wireless industry and the mass acceptance of wireless devices have caused costs associated with terminals and air time to come down significantly in the last 10 years. -