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Armenian Presidential ELECTION Sept. 1996
104th CONGRESS Printed for the use of the 2nd Session Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe Armenian Presidential election September 22, 1996 A Report Prepared by the Staff of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION (OSCE) The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, also known as the Helsinki process, traces its origin to the signing of the Helsinki Final Act in Finland on August 1, 1975, by the leaders of 33 European countries, the United States and Canada. Since then, its membership has expanded to 55, reflecting the breakup of the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. (The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro, has been suspended since 1992, leaving the number of countries fully participating at 54.) As of January 1, 1995, the formal name of the Helsinki process was changed to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The OSCE is engaged in standard setting in fields including military security, economic and envi- ronmental cooperation, and human rights and humanitarian concerns. In addition, it undertakes a variety of preventive diplomacy initiatives designed to prevent, manage and resolve conflict within and among the participating States. The OSCE has its main office in Vienna, Austria, where weekly meetings of permanent represen- tatives are held. In addition, specialized seminars and meetings are convened in various locations and periodic consultations among Senior Officials, Ministers and Heads of State or Government are held. ABOUT THE COMMISSION (CSCE) The Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), also known as the Helsinki Commission, is a U.S. -
Recent Evolution of Poverty
Report No. 19385-AM ImprovingSocial Assistancein Armenia Public Disclosure Authorized June8,1999 Human Development Unit Country Department III Europe and Central Asia Region Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ACBA Agriculture Credit Bank of Armenia ASIF Armenia Social Investment Fund BBP Basic Benefit Package CAS Country Assistance Strategy CIS Commonwealth of Independent States ECHO European Community Humanitarian Office FAR Fund for Armenian Relief FBS Family Budget Survey FSU Former Soviet Union GDP Gross Domestic Product GOA Government of Armenia HAC Humanitarian Assistance Commission HACC Humanitarian Aid Coordination Commission HBS Household Budget Survey HES Health and Education Survey IDA International Development Association IMF International Monetary Fund JMP Jinishian Memorial Program MA Mission Armenia NGO Non-governmental Organization(s) OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PAYG Pay-As-You-Go SDS Armenian State Department of Statistics SSC Social Services Center UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development VAT Value Added Tax WFP World Food Program YICRD Yerevan Institute of Computer Research and Development YSU Yerevan State University Vice President Johannes Linn, ECAVP Country Director Judy O'Connor, ECCO3 Sector Manager Michal Rutkowski, ]ECSHD Task Team Leader Alexandre Marc, ECSHD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of the report was managed by Alexandre Marc (Sr. Human Resources Specialist). Margaret Grosh (Sr. Economist) was responsible for the research work on targeting which she carried out in collaboration with Elena Glinskaya (Consultant), and was the main author of the chapter on targeting of social assistance. -
THE IMPACT of the ARMENIAN GENOCIDE on the FORMATION of NATIONAL STATEHOOD and POLITICAL IDENTITY “Today Most Armenians Do
ASHOT ALEKSANYAN THE IMPACT OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ON THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL STATEHOOD AND POLITICAL IDENTITY Key words – Armenian Genocide, pre-genocide, post-genocide, national statehood, Armenian statehood heritage, political identity, civiliarchic elite, civilization, civic culture, Armenian diaspora, Armenian civiliarchy “Today most Armenians do not live in the Republic of Armenia. Indeed, most Armenians have deep ties to the countries where they live. Like a lot of us, many Armenians find themselves balancing their role in their new country with their historical and cultural roots. How far should they assimilate into their new countries? Does Armenian history and culture have something to offer Armenians as they live their lives now? When do historical and cultural memories create self-imposed limits on individuals?”1 Introduction The relevance of this article is determined, on the one hand, the multidimen- sionality of issues related to understanding the role of statehood and the political and legal system in the development of Armenian civilization, civic culture and identity, on the other hand - the negative impact of the long absence of national system of public administration and the devastating impact of the Armenian Genocide of 1915 on the further development of the Armenian statehood and civiliarchy. Armenian Genocide in Ottoman Turkey was the first ever large-scale crime against humanity and human values. Taking advantage of the beginning of World War I, the Turkish authorities have organized mass murder and deportations of Armenians from their historic homeland. Genocide divided the civiliarchy of the Armenian people in three parts: before the genocide (pre-genocide), during the genocide and after the genocide (post-genocide). -
Religion in the South Caucasus
CAUCASUS ANALYTICAL DIGEST No. 20, 11 October 2010 7 The Role of the Armenian Church During Military Conflicts By Harutyun Harutyunyan, Yerevan Abstract Throughout its history, Armenia frequently has been a battlefield for foreign forces. Consequently, Armenians have repeatedly been forced to fight for their freedom. Society highly valued such resistance and Church lead- ers glorified these combatants as heroes. During the Armenian–Persian war in the th5 century, the death of Christian soldiers was defined as self-sacrifice and the Church canonized them as “fighting martyrs.” This attitude towards sacred militarism continued to be evident from that time through the present. The main focus of the following article is to examine how the Armenian Church legitimized the use of violence, espe- cially during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–1994). For the future, it suggests a critical analysis of traditional Church–State relations and a complete separation between politics and religion. A History of Invasions the state religion and, with the blessing of the bishops, Since the beginning of the first millennium, Armenia started a campaign of compulsory conversion. One hun- has struggled to preserve its existence between power- dred years later, Armenian clerical historians started to ful empires. For this reason, every century of Armenian write about “defensive and liberating wars.” Such resis- history is filled with armed conflicts. In the 4th century, tance was glorified as heroism. In contrast, foreign con- Eastern Rome and Sassanid Persia divided the kingdom querors were demonized and classified as fiends and between them. After a long period of resistance, the Arme- brutes. -
THE ARMENIAN Mirrorc SPECTATOR Since 1932
THE ARMENIAN MIRRORc SPECTATOR Since 1932 Volume LXXXXI, NO. 37, Issue 4679 APRIL 3, 2021 $2.00 Third Dink Murder Trial Verdicts Issued, Dink Family Issues Statement ISTANBUL (MiddleEastEye, Bianet, Dink Fami- ly) — An Istanbul court issued six sentences of life imprisonment and 23 jail terms, while 33 defendants were acquitted on March 26 in the third court case concerning the January 2007 Hrant Dink murder. One individual died during the trial, leading to charges against him being dropped. Among those sentenced were former police chiefs and security officials. Reporters Without Borders (RSF) Representative to Turkey Erol Önderoğlu commented: “The Hrant Dink case is not over. This is the third trial and it does not comprise behind-the-scenes actors who threatened him with a statement, threw him before vi- olent groups as an object of hate or failed to act so that he would get killed. As a matter of fact, the attorneys of the Dink family made an application to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) last year as they could A cargo plane carrying COVID-19 Vaccines lands in Armenia. not have over 20 officials put on trial.” The 17-year-old Ogun Samast was convicted of the crime in 2011 but it was clear that he could not have Large Shipment of AstraZeneca carried out this alone. The first court ruling was issued Vaccine Arrives in Armenia By Raffi Elliott The shipment, which was initially Agency (EMA). Special to the Mirror-Spectator expected in mid-February, had been At a press conference held in Yere- delayed due to disruptions in the glob- van on Monday, Deputy Director of YEREVAN — A Swiss Air cargo al supply chain. -
"From Ter-Petrosian to Kocharian: Leadership Change in Armenia
UC Berkeley Recent Work Title From Ter-Petrosian to Kocharian: Leadership Change in Armenia Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0c2794v4 Author Astourian, Stephan H. Publication Date 2000 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California University of California, Berkeley FROM TER-PETROSIAN TO KOCHARIAN: LEADERSHIP CHANGE IN ARMENIA Stephan H. Astourian Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Working Paper Series This PDF document preserves the page numbering of the printed version for accuracy of citation. When viewed with Acrobat Reader, the printed page numbers will not correspond with the electronic numbering. The Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies (BPS) is a leading center for graduate training on the Soviet Union and its successor states in the United States. Founded in 1983 as part of a nationwide effort to reinvigorate the field, BPSs mission has been to train a new cohort of scholars and professionals in both cross-disciplinary social science methodology and theory as well as the history, languages, and cultures of the former Soviet Union; to carry out an innovative program of scholarly research and publication on the Soviet Union and its successor states; and to undertake an active public outreach program for the local community, other national and international academic centers, and the U.S. and other governments. Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies University of California, Berkeley Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies 260 Stephens Hall #2304 Berkeley, California 94720-2304 Tel: (510) 643-6737 [email protected] http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~bsp/ FROM TER-PETROSIAN TO KOCHARIAN: LEADERSHIP CHANGE IN ARMENIA Stephan H. -
Armenia SABER Country Report EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT 2012
Armenia SABER Country Report EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT 2012 Policy Goals Status 1. Establishing an Enabling Environment The Republic of Armenia (RoA) has established strong national laws and regulations to promote the provision of ECD services. The National Program on the Protection of Children's Rights for 2004-2015 is a multi-sectoral ECD policy that comprises the education, health, and social protection sectors, and serves as an overarching umbrella to guarantee access to essential ECD services through national laws and regulations. 2. Implementing Widely The RoA has established national programs in all essential sectors of ECD. These efforts have resulted in increased equitable access to ECD services provided to young children and mothers, particularly in the area of health, but access to nutrition remains inequitable as reflected in the high stunting rate. In the education sector, the preprimary enrolment rate remains low. The net enrolment rate in preprimary school for children 3-6 years of age is only 33.9% countrywide, with significantly lower levels in some regions and particularly in rural areas. 3. Monitoring and Assuring Quality Child outcome indicators are collected in the health sector, but not in other relevant sectors. Armenia has well established minimum quality standards and requirements in health and education sectors. Compliance should, however, be enforced. There is a need to develop a comprehensive child development tracking system across sectors. THE WORLD BANK ARMENIA ǀ EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT SABER COUNTRY REPORT |2012 Armenia: Assessment of the Early exclusively breastfed from 35 percent to 60 Childhood Development Policies and percent by 2018. Develop a plan to provide regular antenatal care Programs for an increased percentage of pregnant women; Summary of Policy Recommendations reduce the percentage of pregnant women with The National Program on the Protection of Children’s Rights anemia from 39 percent to 20 percent by 2018. -
Turkey 2020 Human Rights Report
TURKEY 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Turkey is a constitutional republic with an executive presidential system and a unicameral 600-seat parliament (the Grand National Assembly). In presidential and parliamentary elections in 2018, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe observers expressed concern regarding restrictions on media reporting and the campaign environment, including the jailing of a presidential candidate that restricted the ability of opposition candidates to compete on an equal basis and campaign freely. The National Police and Jandarma, under the control of the Ministry of Interior, are responsible for security in urban areas and rural and border areas, respectively. The military has overall responsibility for border control and external security. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over law enforcement officials, but mechanisms to investigate and punish abuse and corruption remained inadequate. Members of the security forces committed some abuses. Under broad antiterror legislation passed in 2018 the government continued to restrict fundamental freedoms and compromised the rule of law. Since the 2016 coup attempt, authorities have dismissed or suspended more than 60,000 police and military personnel and approximately 125,000 civil servants, dismissed one-third of the judiciary, arrested or imprisoned more than 90,000 citizens, and closed more than 1,500 nongovernmental organizations on terrorism-related grounds, primarily for alleged ties to the movement of cleric Fethullah Gulen, whom the government accused of masterminding the coup attempt and designated as the leader of the “Fethullah Terrorist Organization.” Significant human rights issues included: reports of arbitrary killings; suspicious deaths of persons in custody; forced disappearances; torture; arbitrary arrest and continued detention of tens of thousands of persons, including opposition politicians and former members of parliament, lawyers, journalists, human rights activists, and employees of the U.S. -
Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915
Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915 by Yektan Turkyilmaz Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Orin Starn, Supervisor ___________________________ Baker, Lee ___________________________ Ewing, Katherine P. ___________________________ Horowitz, Donald L. ___________________________ Kurzman, Charles Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 i v ABSTRACT Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915 by Yektan Turkyilmaz Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Orin Starn, Supervisor ___________________________ Baker, Lee ___________________________ Ewing, Katherine P. ___________________________ Horowitz, Donald L. ___________________________ Kurzman, Charles An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright by Yektan Turkyilmaz 2011 Abstract This dissertation examines the conflict in Eastern Anatolia in the early 20th century and the memory politics around it. It shows how discourses of victimhood have been engines of grievance that power the politics of fear, hatred and competing, exclusionary -
Citizenship and Citizenship Education According to the Perspective of Non-Muslim Minorities in Turkey* Zafer İbrahimoğlua Marmara University
ISSN 1303-0485 • eISSN 2148-7561 DOI 10.12738/estp.2015.6.2789 Received | December 25, 2014 Copyright © 2015 EDAM • http://www.estp.com.tr Accepted | November 27, 2015 Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice • 2015 December • 15(6) • 1637-1653 OnlineFirst | December 31, 2015 Citizenship and Citizenship Education According to the Perspective of Non-Muslim Minorities in Turkey* Zafer İbrahimoğlua Marmara University Ali Yılmazb Marmara University Abstract The purpose of this research is to put forth the opinions and expectations of non-Muslim minorities concerning citizenship and citizenship education in Turkey. The research included three minority groups that have been officially recognized in Turkey: Orthodox Greeks, Armenians, and Jews. The qualitative method was adopted and the snowball sampling technique was used to select the participants. Semi-structured interviews were used as a data collection tool, and discussions based on the research questions were held during face-to-face interviews with the participants. The data accumulated during the semi-structured interviews was transcribed. After all the interviews had been written down, the texts were checked more than once and a holistic view was targeted concerning the issue. In the study, the content analysis method was used as a data analysis tool while notes from the interviews were analyzed categorically together with the questions that the participants had been asked. Considering the data gathered in this study, although the non-Muslim minorities had a certain number of suggestions and criticisms regarding citizenship and citizenship education policies that have been implemented in Turkey, these policies can be said to have generally reached a more positive point compared to the situation in the past. -
Agriculture and Food Processing in Armenia
SAMVEL AVETISYAN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PROCESSING IN ARMENIA YEREVAN 2010 Dedicated to the memory of the author’s son, Sergey Avetisyan Approved for publication by the Scientifi c and Technical Council of the RA Ministry of Agriculture Peer Reviewers: Doctor of Economics, Prof. Ashot Bayadyan Candidate Doctor of Economics, Docent Sergey Meloyan Technical Editor: Doctor of Economics Hrachya Tspnetsyan Samvel S. Avetisyan Agriculture and Food Processing in Armenia – Limush Publishing House, Yerevan 2010 - 138 pages Photos courtesy CARD, Zaven Khachikyan, Hambardzum Hovhannisyan This book presents the current state and development opportunities of the Armenian agriculture. Special importance has been attached to the potential of agriculture, the agricultural reform process, accomplishments and problems. The author brings up particular facts in combination with historic data. Brief information is offered on leading agricultural and processing enterprises. The book can be a useful source for people interested in the agrarian sector of Armenia, specialists, and students. Publication of this book is made possible by the generous fi nancial support of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and assistance of the “Center for Agribusiness and Rural Development” Foundation. The contents do not necessarily represent the views of USDA, the U.S. Government or “Center for Agribusiness and Rural Development” Foundation. INTRODUCTION Food and Agriculture sector is one of the most important industries in Armenia’s economy. The role of the agrarian sector has been critical from the perspectives of the country’s economic development, food safety, and overcoming rural poverty. It is remarkable that still prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union, Armenia made unprecedented steps towards agrarian reforms. -
Financial Aid Provided to the Republic of Armenia and Its Regime in The
JUNE-2020 ANALYSIS FINANCIAL AID PROVIDED TO THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA AND ITS REGIME IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES OF AZERBAIJAN BY THE ARMENIAN DIASPORA AFTER THE SO- CALLED “VELVET REVOLUTION” The rise to power of the My Step Alliance, led by Nikol Pashinyan, following the events dubbed the “velvet revolution” that took place from April 13 to May 8, 2018, in the Republic of Armenia led to an increase in the interest shown towards Armenia by both foreign countries and the Armenian diaspora. As a result, the amount of financial support allocated to Armenia and its regime in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan has also increased. Armenian organizations in different countries constantly allocate financial aid themselves, as well as calling on government representatives of the states in which they reside to make donations, arguing that “the newly created democracy needs assistance.” Unsurprisingly, such calls do not remain unanswered: the financial aid to Armenia and its regime in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan is directed towards different areas, such as healthcare, energy, infrastructure, education, political programs, agriculture, and so on. It is no secret that the Armenian diaspora is one of the most powerful in the world. Year by year, its representatives make huge donations and maintain the sustainability of Armenia and its regime in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan. This report, therefore, presents the most important allocations made by the diaspora since the so-called “velvet revolution.” The Armenian diaspora is now paying special attention to the development of the IT sector in Armenia and its regime in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan.