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Monitoring, Modeling, and Assessment of Scour Critical Bridges in Alaska

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Monitoring, Modeling, and Assessment of Scour Critical Bridges in Alaska Monitoring, Modeling, and Assessment of Scour Critical Bridges in Alaska Robin A. Beebee Hydrologist U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center In Cooperation with the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities and the Alaska Railroad Corporation This information is preliminary and is subject to revision. It is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. The information is provided on the condition that neither the U.S. Geological Survey nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information. Photos by author except where noted The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Contributors Jeff Conaway (USGS) Karenth Dworksy (USGS) Schyler Knopp (USGS) Paul Schauer (USGS) Micah Claypoole (USGS) Mike Knapp (AKDOT&PF) Hiram Henry (AKDOT&PF) Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Assessment – Monitoring - Assessment Partnership between the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities and the U. S. Geological Survey since 1964, with additional support from the Alaska Railroad. Started as a way to better understand scour and sediment movement at gravel-bedded rivers in Alaska. The initial study (Norman, 1975) measured hydraulic variables and streambed elevations during floods at 11 bridges. The U.S. Geological Survey began a large-scale phased assessment program throughout the state in 1994. In 2001, real-time monitoring of a subset of scour-critical bridges was initiated in part to fulfill a mitigation strategy for scour-critical bridges until counter-measures or replacement could occur. Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. Figure of scour measured at a pier from Norman, 1975 The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Assessment • Over 400 bridges in 20- plus years • Phased approach to assessments • Phase 1-2 and Tidal were 1D models with increasing amounts of field-specific data. • Phase 3 includes 2D models and future phases will include sediment transport. Conaway, 2004; Heinrichs and others, 2007; Langely, 2006; Heinrichs and others, 2001; Conaway and Schauer, 2012; Beebee and Schauer, 2015; Beebee and others, 2017; Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. Beebee and others, 2019 The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Monitoring • 27 bridges have been instrumented with sonars at some point, 15 are currently monitored with sonars and 3 are stage-only with soundings. • Monitoring fulfills part of the scour critical plan of action for these bridges • Bridges are added as repeat soundings and/or assessments indicate need • Monitoring discontinued when bridges are replaced/retrofitted/closed, or monitoring indicates little scour during major floods. Conaway and Brabets, 2010; Dworsky and Conaway, 2018 Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Monitoring Methods • 200kHz pier-mounted sonar, usually on upstream side of bridge, with 8-degree beam, fixed or retractable for ice. • Ultrasonic stage sensor mounted on rail or deck • CR1000 datalogger, Iridium satellite modem, power supply • Verified with annual or semi-annual soundings. • Most sites only monitored during ice-free season. • Some sites have only stage and soundings. Sheridan River scour monitoring site, 2013 Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Kasilof River winch-raised sonar mount Photo by Jeff Conaway, 2005 2014 Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. 2014 The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Copper 1187 winch-raised sonar mount and footing Both photos, Copper River at 1187, 2019 Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Montana/Kashwitna sliding sonar mount Kashwitna River raised 2016 Montana Creek lowered 2015 Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. 2020 The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Nenana at Ferry sliding sonar mount Nenana River, 2015 Nenana River, 2015 Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Tanana fixed sonar mount for ice/debris Tanana River at Nenana, 2014 Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Tanana armored mount in action Tanana River, Jeff Conaway, 2008 Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Verifying sonar depths with soundings Lead weights Copper River, Jeff Conaway, 2010 ADCP on tethered boat Montana Creek, 2015 Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Verifying sonar depths – RC boat and ice drill ADCP on remote controlled boat – 20-Mile River, 2020 Steam drill and ice rod, Nenana River, 2015 Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Near real-time data is streamed to website: https://www.usgs.gov/centers/asc/science/streambed-scour-bridges-alaska Soundings are also uploaded to the website Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Results of Monitoring 27 bridges since 2002 Scour observed Other without flooding, Flooding all three still observed monitored without scour, 2 4 5 partially 3 monitored, 2 monitored, 1 replaced 5 Neither flooding nor scour 10 Both flooding observed, 3 still monitored, and scour 4 retrofitted/replaced, 3 observed, 3 discontinued closed, 2 monitored Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Twelve sites are no longer monitored because: • 1 countermeasures were installed • 5 replaced with new bridges • 3 closed when part of Copper River Highway was closed because of bridge failure • 4 because little to no scour was measured Copper River Highway at Bridge 339 in 2011 Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. Photo by Jeff Conaway, 2011 The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Scour in Absence of Major Flooding Events Knik River, Chilkat River, Copper at 1187. Knik River Example. Knik River bridge sonar in winter, Knik River bridge, 4:1 contraction ratio old bridge visible upstream Matanuska-Susitna Borough Imagery, 2016 Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. and Photo by Schyler Knopp, 2017 The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Scour in Absence of Major Flooding Events Bridge 539: Knik River Stage & Sonar 2013 62 Pier 56 Sonar Elevation Stage 50 Design high water elevation Stream Bed Elevation 44 6/21/2013 Sounding 38 7/2/2013 Sounding 8/1/2013 Sounding 32 10/29/2013 Sounding Built Built Elevation, feetin - 26 As 20 Estimated 100-year scour 14 8 5/1/2013 5/26/2013 6/20/2013 7/15/2013 8/9/2013 9/3/2013 9/28/2013 10/23/2013 11/17/2013 Date Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Scour in Absence of Major Flooding Events Bridge 539: Knik River (2013-2015) 70 60 Bridge geometry 50 As-built cross section 10/29/2013 US 40 8/21/2014 US 6/25/2015 US 30 7/30/2015 US BUILT ELEVATION, IN FEET - AS 20 9/17/2015 US 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 DISTANCE FROM THE LEFT BANK ABUTMENT, IN FEET Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Scour in Absence of Major Flooding Events New Knik River Bridge, 505 feet long 20 feet of scour at 29,000 cfs Old Knik River Bridge, 2000 feet long 3.5 feet of scour at 235,000 cfs Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. See Norman, 1975 and Conaway, 2006 The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Scour in Absence of Major Flooding Events Maximum scour depth of 3.5 ft Old Knik River Bridge at 235,000 cfs Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. Photo and figure from Norman,1975 The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Scour AND Flooding Events Sheridan River, 20-Mile River, and Eastern Copper Delta. Sheridan River example. Approach to Sheridan River during flood Sheridan River during flood Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. Photos by Paul Schauer, 2014 The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Scour AND Flooding Events Bridge 230: Sheridan River Stage & Sonar 2014 50 Estimated 100-year flood Pier 45 Estimated design flood Sonar Elevation 40 Stage 35 Stream Bed 30 7/22/2014 Sounding BUILT ELEVATION, BUILT ELEVATION, IN FEET - 25 9/16/2014 AS Sounding 20 Estimated 100 year scour 15 5/26/2014 6/26/2014 7/27/2014 8/27/2014 9/27/2014 DATE Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Scour AND Flooding Events 55 Bridge 230: Sheridan River (2013 - 2014) 50 45 40 Bridge 35 As-built 9/11/2013 US 30 10/23/2013 US 7/22/2014 US built elevation, in feet - 25 9/16/2014 DS As 9/16/2014 US 20 Estimated 100-year scour 15 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 DISTANCE FROM THE LEFT BANK ABUTMENT, IN FEET Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution. The Alaska Streambed Scour Program Changes to Sheridan Glacier likely increased flooding at Bridge 230 Bridge 230 Bridge 230 1950 aerial
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