MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVI EW,

CONTENTS little Visits with Literary Missourians—-Fanny Hurst Catharine Cranmer The Building of a City—Springfield A. M. Haswell Norman J. Colman Floyd G. Summers In the Land of the Osages— Harmony Mission Mrs. W, W. Graves A Great Report W. O. L. Jewett Personal Recollections of Distinguished Missourians— B. Gratz Brown Daniel M. Grissom The New Journalism in Missouri Walter B. Stevens Shelby's Expedition to Mexico John N. Edwards Historical Notes and Comments Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks Historical Articles in Missouri Newspapers

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY of MISSOURI

APRIL, 1925

THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Vol. XIX April, 1925 No. 3

CONTENTS Little Visics with Literary Missourians—Fannie Hurst 389 CATHABINE CRANMER The Building of a City—Springfield 397 A. M. HASWELL Norman J. Colman 404 FLOYD G. SUMMERS In the Land of the Osages—Harmony Mission 409 MRS. W. W. GRAVES A Great Report 419 W. O. L, JEWETT Personal Recollections of Distinguished Missourians—B. Gratz Brown 423 DANIEL M. GRISSOM The New Journalism in Missouri 427 WALTER B. STEVENS Shelby's Expedition to Mexico 438 JOHN N. EDWARDS Historical Notes and Comments 472 Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 493 Historical Articles in Missouri Newspapers 508 &?$&&

FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Editor The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly. The subscription price is $1.00 a year. A complete set of the REVIEW is still obtainable—Vols. 1-18, bound, $55.00; unbound, $25.00. Prices of separate volumes given on request. All communications should be addressed to Floyd C. Shoemaker, Secretary, The State Historical Society of Missouri. "Entered as second-class matter at the postoffi.ee at Columbia, Missouri, under act of Congress, October St 1917, Sec. 4b2" CONTRIBUTORS CATHARINE CRANMER is a native of Cooper county, Missouri. She has taught school, written for magazines, etc., and at the time these interviews were written was doing advertising work in New York. At present she is engaged in publicity work in St. Louis. A. M. HASWELL, author, was born in Mauhmain, Burmah, and educated in Colgate University. Since 1868 he has lived in the Missouri Ozarks, where he has done his literary work. He represented the Springfield, Mo., district in the Legislature. His home is in Mansfield, Mo. FLOYD G. SUMMERS is a senior in the School of Arts and Science, University of Missouri. His home is in Memphis, Missouri. MRS. W. W. GRAVES, native Missourian, has largely directed her public efforts to forwarding the work of state patriotic societies. Mrs. Graves was chairman of the D. A. R. committee which secured the adoption of the State flower. She is State vice-regent of the Missouri D. A. R., and a member of the State Board of Charities and Corrections. Her home is in Jefferson City. W. O. L. JEWETT, former editor of the Shelbina Democrat, former president of the Missouri Press Association and of The State Historical Society of Mis­ souri, has played a prominent part in the State's history since the latter '60s. DANIEL M. GRISSOM, a native of Kentucky, came to Missouri in 1853. From that year to 1888 he engaged in journalistic work on the St. Louis City newspapers. He served on the "Evening News," was editor of the "Union,' worked on the "Dispatch," and for nearly two decades held a position on the "Missouri Republican." His historical articles on Missouri have received wide circulation. His home is in Kirkwood. WALTER B. STEVENS, author and journalist, is the most popular historical writer in Missouri. Mr. Stevens has over a score of books to his credit and in 1921 published a "Centennial History of Missouri." He has held a number of important public positions, including the secretaryship of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis. He is president of The State Historical Society. His home is in St. Louis. JOHN N. EDWARDS (deceased), one of the most widely known journalists of Missouri, was a member of Shelby's expedition to Mexico. He is regarded by some competent authorities as having been the greatest master of journalistic writing that the State has produced. LITTLE VISITS WITH LITERARY MISSOURIANS* FANNIE HURST

BY CATHARINE CRANMER On Tuesday, March 11, 1924, I received from Fannie Hurst a typewritten line on the margin of the letter Mr. Shoemaker had written her. She specified three o'clock Thursday afternoon as an hour she could see me if I desired and I was asked to verify it by telephone. I did so and the arrangement was settled with dispatch. I arrived on schedule time at a big up-town studio apart­ ment building, was admitted to Miss Hurst's apartment by an elderly maid, and ushered into a room of magnificent pro­ portions. The walls were full two stories in height with cun­ ning little balconies and windows peeping out at intervals along the second floor level. The woodwork was in black, or nearly so, and the walls a creamy sort of ecru. Several of the big chairs were upholstered in bright red brocade. An enormous rug in rich blues and reds, a big davenport of dull gray, a roomy fireplace, lots of closely-filled bookshelves, some tapestries and paintings, a grand piano, and tables and lamps here and there gave to the big room a charming atmos­ phere without in any way crowding its generous area. After a few moments of waiting, quite audible steps on an uncarpeted stairway. My expectancy mounts to tip-toe. Then, enter the author. She is short, but less stout than when I saw her several years ago. She wears a flowing dress of soft black crepe de chine with facings of bright red flashing out here and there. Her hair, black as a crow's wing, is pulled straight back from her forehead, which is pretty and smooth and low. In the soft knot of hair at the nape of her

*The present high standing of Missourians in the field of letters is well known. To learn more about those who, living outside of the state have gained national distinction, these little visits with Missourian-New Yorkers are presented. (389) 390 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW neck a*big red comb perches low at the left side. Her com­ plexion is creamy and smooth, quite without color, but there's a vivid touch of red on her lips. Her mouth is small. Her dark eyes keenly expressive. She looks not a day older than when I saw her in St. Louis fully eight years ago. A distinctly attractive young woman. Miss Hurst seemed quite willing, but just a little uncer­ tain, how to talk about herself. A popular critic, in describ­ ing his first meeting with her, described her as being timid and halting when talking about herself but amazingly fluent and brilliant when talking of anything else. And as she talked to me that description came back to my mind, for I had a feeling that within her she had an uncanny amount of ideas and information with which to make talk, if she chose. She speaks each word clearly, in a subdued deep voice. At times she employs a series of brief staccato sentences, then suddenly moves off in a smooth flow of rapid talk with fre­ quent parenthetical remarks which in no wise break the even rhythm of her talk. Although quite cordial with her eyes, she impressed me as being a little on the defensive lest her character as author might lose something should she become downright sociable. This statement imperfectly conveys my impression, I'm afraid, but there was a subtle something which I felt but couldn't quite define and can not now describe. It is probably a defense mechanism made necessary by the innumerable appeals which an admiring and curious public makes upon the time and patience of reigning celebrities. Certainly it is not tainted with any ungraciousness, but is rather a respect-compelling reserve. I made some reference to the desire of The State Historical Society of Missouri for information about her as a distinguished native Missourian now living in New York, but I blush to recall my failure to ask the very first important question I should have asked. Almost the first thing Miss Hurst said was this: "As a matter of fact, I was not born in Missouri, although I was taken there when I was two weeks old and lived there until I was quite grown up." LITTLE VISITS WITH LITERARY MISSOURIANS 391

And the question I failed to ask was "Where were you born?" However, I did say, "But weren't your parents St. Louisans before you were born?" "Yes," she said, "the fact is, my mother was away at her home at the time I was born, and when I was two weeks old took me home to St. Louis." The next question I put was this: "How far are you conscious of any Missouri influences, of environment or train­ ing, on your work?" "It would be nice if I could say that my chief inspiration came from my Missouri environment," she said, with a frank smile, "but I'm afraid I can't say that." Then she went on to say, so rapidly that I can give only the gist of it, that she undoubtedly had been influenced by her environment, and that it was absurd to think that anyone could ever grow entirely away from the soil wherein they first took root. "But except unconsciously, my Missouri contacts did not influence me," she went on, "with one outstanding excep­ tion, and that is William Marion Reedy. I count him as the most definite mile-post of my life." This she said with tre­ mendous emphasis. And she added that she couldn't understand the apparent indifference of Missourians about doing something as a mem­ orial to Reedy. For she felt that his influence had benefited the community in many other important ways besides giving to it a literary importance no other editor had given it. It was Mr. Reedy's recognition and encouragement which first got her started on her career, and although she didn't go into detail, it is evident that she feels intensely grateful to him. Miss Hurst also spoke of the pride any Missourian should feel in being able to say that Samuel Clemens was a Mis­ sourian. I asked her whether more of her stories had New York rather than St. Louis as a background because of the greater wealth and appeal of its material, or because she had come to feel New York hers in a way she no longer felt about St. Louis. 392 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"Not at all," she said. "As a matter of fact, I have used St. Louis almost as freely as I have New York; and sometimes when New York was the apparent setting, the characters and locale really belonged to St. Louis. I find myself experienc­ ing, continually, quite definite throw-backs to my middle- western background. Maybe 'throw-back' is more than I mean, but—" and as nearly as I can quote her, she added that she continually found herself using her middle-western background as a starting point. She then went on to say that although she had traveled in many countries, she had never felt that she knew any locale, aside from St. Louis and New York, well enough to write about it. She said that in trying to write about any­ thing or any place which caused the question, "Do I know this well enough to write about it?" to keep coming up, there were inhibitions which seriously interfered with good work. I then put a question something like this: "In several of your stories, notably 'Humoresque,' 'Star Dust' and 'Lum­ mox,' mother love has seemed, to me, the biggest thing. May I ask whether mother love, as a great theme, appeals to you more than others?" "Not at all, consciously." Then she said, with a little smile, "I think perhaps you're right about the stories you mention, but I wasn't conscious of it until you told me." She added that she felt sex love was not necessarily the big emotional experience of the normal woman's life. "Though I am going into that subject rather more in the novel I am now writing than I have done in my other novels." I asked her what among her own stories were her favorites. "Oh, yes," she said, "I have favorites. Sometimes they aren't the ones that other people seem to like best." I told her how I had felt the strength of her story, "Even as You and I," and that it had surprised me that many people, especially the critics, had not put that among her best short stories. It seemed to please her, and she said: "Yes, that's one of my stories I have been fond of. And even so emotional a thing as 'Sob Sister' is one of my favorites." LITTLE VISITS WITH LITERARY MISSOURIANS 393

Later, she said: "But of course 'Lummox' is the thing I consider as definitely the most outstanding thing I have done." I suppose I should be executed for not asking specific questions about this book's inspiration and development, but I didn't want to risk losing the opportunity to put this question: "Upon which form, short story or novel, do you prefer to have your fame ultimately rest?" She said she had no preference. And very quickly, she added: "But the short story is infinitely more difficult than the novel. A far more subtle form. The novel is the freest form—its unity is less exacting." Then came a flow of words which I can only summarize: There is no comparing the amount of work involved in writing ten short stories and one novel of the same number of words. Because the whole "psychic incentive" must be as fully worked out in each of the ten short stories as in the one novel, and the whole picture which in the novel covers a broad canvas must have each of its elements gathered in and all of them "mosaicked into a very small frame." And this, she repeated, was infinitely more difficult than to write one novel. "And when I say 'short story' I do not of course mean the episodic things which are now so often styled 'short stories'," she added, with strong emphasis. "The vignette has its place but—" and I can't exactly quote the rest, but it was to the effect that episodes and sketches are not short stories. She insists that the whole creative process must go as fully into the short story as into the novel. I told her I had read many times that she had besieged The Saturday Evening Post with short stories at the rate of one a month for years before she had an acceptance, but that re­ cently an anonymous magazine writer had given the impression that her first story sent to that publication had been accepted. And I asked which was true. She smiled. "I had sent them thirty-eight stories during the time I was still a student at Washington University," she said. "But my first acceptance from them came when I was doing work here in New York for Bob Davis of the Munsey publications. A story I submitted to him impressed him as suitable for The 394 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Saturday Evening Post. Upon his suggestion I submitted it, and it was accepted." I said to her that no doubt certain "legends" had become current about her, as there was such great eagerness among her public to know everything gleanable about her methods and her successes. She said,''oh, yes ". I then asked whe ther there were any such legends she would especially want to have corrected. "Oh, no," she said, smilingly, "I suppose one's sense of humor must be one's reliance in such matters." To my next question—"Are you willing to say what single influence, other than the urge of your genius, has helped most in your development?"—her answer was immediate and direct. "Perpetual dissatisfaction with my work. It drives me to greater effort. When one thing is finished, it belongs to the past. The only thing that counts is the thing to be done." I asked whether she had any advice to young writers about preparation for their work, in reading to be done, forms to be attempted, subject matter, locale, treatment. "I have one kind of advice for young writers," she said, "a very important advice, I think, and one which many authors seem not particularly conscious of as being important, and that is to acquire authentic information about all manner of things. I would urge them that the young author can not understand too definitely the importance of this kind of know­ ledge for putting in the piles that will strengthen the literary structure. Young authors are not sufficiently catholic-minded. So many say to me, 'I am studying composition, and English, and so on.' But they do not seem to realize the importance of doing,—well, what Wells, for one, has done. I am contin­ ually impressed by the way he transcends his fiction." She added that there was an astonishing ignorance among many writers about the things they ought to know fully to develop their themes. She said she thought it a mistake for young authors to read other authors too much. That they should read, not necessarily the sciences, but the things which would give them a basis for their fictional material. But that LITTLE VISITS WITH LITERARY MISSOURIANS 395 even mathematics was better than too much fiction. She said that in her college work she didn't at all value the importance of the sciences, but took them just because they were there to be taken as part of the course. As to subject matter and locale, she felt no young writer ought to attempt to write of anything save what he knows thoroughly. She said a common misstatement was the one which tells young writers that "the ground lies fallow all about you; it's only waiting for you to work it." Because she feels that unless there is within one the power and the urge and the basic training, one's environment is valueless as literary material. And she said that too many young authors who have the spark with which to set aflame the material about them either do not realize the necessity for hard work, or are not willing to make the sacrifices necessary to do the work. "One must be very prodigal with one's self, and also very frugal," she said. "That is, no effort must be too great to make, and no diversion too tempting to be put aside with 'no.' The attitude should be that everything else must be put aside for the sake of the short story that is to be the most important thing in the world." I asked her what, in her college work in English, had helped most to develop her ability to write. She answered that by far the most important thing her college work did for her was to send her out with a keen intellectual curiosity about things in general, about everything that was being done by the best minds. (Personally, the inter­ viewer feels that this kind of curiosity is part and parcel of Fannie Hurst and that her college training only directed its activity in various directions). She says people often wonder why students who leave college with such high honors never achieve, or frequently do not, correspondingly good results in creative work. And her opinion is that it is because they accumulate facts rather than have their intellectual curiosity stimulated or get the kind of training which "cultivates their intellectual muscles." 396 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

I asked whether her success in writing stories with Jewish characters was due to any racial urge she felt to speak for the Jewish people. "That takes me back to the same answer I gave your first question," she said. "Subconsciously, or unconsciously, yes. With my mind, no. I can not feel that I am particularly interested in the mechanism of race. Emotionally, perhaps I am,—I suppose I am." She added that she didn't believe in setting limits upon one's work by writing only of one race. I hastened to say that "Lummox" as well as some of her earlier stories had pre­ cluded any notion that she had so limited herself. Lastly, I asked if she always had a new story in course of construction. She said, yes, that she was deep in another novel and was going through the same torments she had experienced while writing "Lummox." She said that she promised herself while working on that novel that she would remember those torments and avoid them on her next story, but that she hadn't been able to do it. "I am tempted to keep a diary," she said, "and write down data about the black days when I threaten to tear up my manuscript,—just as a warning in future creative work." "But isn't all that just a part of the throes of the creative process," I asked. "Well, yes;" she said, with a wry little smile. "But I think the ego comes purring around too, and tells one how important it all is." And, realizing that I had taken up nearly an hour of a celebrity's time, I betook myself away. She dismissed me very graciously and said she hoped she had given me what I wanted. My own hope is that I have suggested with some degree of vividness the abundant riches of mind and person­ ality which distinguish Fannie Hurst and make Missourians proud to claim her as one of their own. THE BUILDING OF A CITY—SPRINGFIELD 397

THE BUILDING OF A CITY—SPRINGFIELD

BY A. M. HASWELL The railroad which has now for many years been known as the St. Louis and San Francisco, was authorized by act of Congress as the "Southwest Branch of the Pacific Railroad." This branch left the main line of the Missouri Pacific at what was then called "Franklin," but which soon had its name changed to that which it still bears, "Pacific." This is in Franklin county, some thirty-five miles west of St. Louis city. From that point the survey ran in a southwestern direction through Rolla, Lebanon, Springfield, and Neosho, and into the then, Indian Territory, not far from the present city of Seneca, Missouri. Congress, apparently laboring under the conviction that the public domain of the United States was inexhaustible, made huge grants of such lands to different companies, to encourage the building of trans-Mississippi railroads to, or towards, the Pacific. The Southwest Branch of the Pacific Railroad thus had set aside for its use about one million acres in Southwest Missouri. These lands covered all the government lands that were vacant, for from six to fifteen miles on each side of the survey, on all even-numbered sections, excepting the six­ teenth section in each government township, which had al­ ready been set aside for school purposes. This great acreage was to be donated to that company which should build the road. As the road was completed the grant for twenty miles ahead of the rails was to be patented to the company. The survey was run late in 1851, or early in 1852, and the building of the road began soon after. At the outbreak of the Civil War the rails were laid to Rolla, in Phelps county, some one hundred miles from St. Louis. Here the road remained through the war, and until 1866, when General John C. Fre­ mont, who had become familiar with Southwest Missouri during his command of the Federal forces in that region, be- 398 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW came the president of a new company, still under the old name, and built twelve miles of road from Rolla to Little Piney (now Arlington), on the east bank of the Gasconade river. Here the company came to the end of its resources and failed. Here the road halted until mid-September, 1868, when under a new and strong organization, building was resumed. But this article is not to tell the history of that road, but to give one of those changes wrought by the coming of the rails into the Ozark region. The original survey for the road followed for many miles west from Marshfleld, Webster county, that water shed which divides the waters flowing into the Missouri on the north from those flowing into the White river on the south. This divide lies some mile and a half north of the public square, the business center of the, then, little frontier town of Spring­ field. During the eighteen years that were to pass after the survey before the road should actually be built, the town thought little of the fact, that the survey had wholly missed its limits. But when it became certain that at last an able and responsible company had hold of the enterprise, and that the road was sure to be built in the immediate future, the leading business men of Springfield awoke to the realization that if they wanted the road to be put into their town, it behooved them to get actively at work to that end. Then a new element entered into the problem. One of the oldest and best-loved citizens of Springfield was Doctor Edwin T. Robberson, son of one of the earliest pioneers of Greene county, and a wealthy man. The Doctor owned a tract of about five hundred acres north of the town, through which the survey passed for the whole width of the land. It lay beautifully for subdividing into a town, and there were then in Springfield two men eminently fitted by training and practice to recognize the possibilities of the situation. These were Hon. Sempronius H. Boyd, at the time a member of congress from the district, and Charles E. Harwood, who had come to Springfield from Illinois two years previously, had formed a partnership with Boyd and John W. Lisenby, and had built up a thriving real estate business. THE BUILDING OF A CITY—SPRINGFIELD 399

These men went to Doctor Robberson with a plan for laying out a town, and Robberson, quick to see the great possibilities of it, sold a two-thirds interest in his tract to Boyd and Harwood, and the deal was on. As soon as the men of Springfield heard of the sale to Harwood and Boyd, they awoke to the danger that the road would be built entirely outside of their town limits, and they at once organized to compel the company to come through Springfield. Delegation after delegation made the trip to St. Louis to urge that the road be built along the valley of Wilson creek, always locally known as "The Jordan," which passed but a short distance north of the public square. Dele­ gations from the town even made the journey to the main office of the railroad company in Boston, Massachusetts, and that office was under a continual bombardment of peti­ tions, all urging the views of the little city. Against all these Harwood, Robberson & Boyd made these propositions to the company: If you will build the road on the original survey we will contract as follows: 1st. We will deed to the company a tract of forty acres, through which the survey passes, on which to erect railroad shops. 2d. We will deed a strip three hundred feet wide, entirely across our land, for railroad yards. And, 3d. We will lay out not less than two hundred acres for a town site; will organize a town company with such capital as may mutually be agreed upon, one-half of said stock to belong to the railroad, or to such a trustee as the company may select. These offers quickly brought matters to a head. Andrew Pierce, the president of the railroad company, came to Spring­ field with several other of the company officials. They went over the field carefully, and a meeting of all concerned was called. At this meeting Mr. Pierce made a proposition as follows: If the Springfield men will put up in cash twenty- five thousand dollars, to cover the extra expense of swinging away from the original survey, and back to it, the company will locate the depot on Center Street. This street at that time was the northern limit of the built-up portion of Spring- field,fand about half a mile from the public square. "That," 400 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

said Pierce, "is final. We will make no other proposition, and this must be accepted at once if at all." Some of the Springfield men present were in favor of accepting this offer, but most of them, under the lead of Gen­ eral C. B. Holland, old citizen and war veteran, were against it. "Sir," said General Holland, "your charter says that you must build the road into Springfield. Not to a patch of black jack brush more than a mile away. You have got to build to our town, and we don't have to pay you a cent!" Andrew Pierce was a typical New England Yankee, of the shrewdest style; a man used to lead in large enterprises, and used, too, to having his own way. The instant that Holland took his seat Pierce was on his feet, and smiting the table with his fist, fairly shouted: "I'll damned soon show you where I'll build! Come on, gentlemen, this meeting is adjourned!" And it was nearly ten years before a railroad into the limits of Springfield made its appearance. And that is a story well worth the telling, too. Before Pierce and his fellow officials left Springfield, a town company under the name of "The Ozark Land Com­ pany" was organized, to which the town site was deeded. Andrew Pierce was made president of the new organization, and several of the subordinate officials of the railroad were placed on the board of directors of the town company. The work of laying out the new town, called "North Springfield," was begun immediately. The forty acres deeded for shops purposes, was cleared of brush and rock, and the walls of great buildings sprang up almost over-night. The "Ozark House," a three-story frame building a hundred feet square, and by all odds the largest hotel then in Southwest Missouri, was rushed to completion to be ready for the antici­ pated flood of new-comers on the arrival of the railroad. Com­ mercial street, eighty feet wide, paralleled the railroad survey for three-quarters of a mile, and long before the stumps and rocks were cleared out of the roadway, scores of business buildings sprang up on either side. Residences too were built in wonderful numbers, and when in April, 1870, the first train came in, there were nearly four hundred permanent in- THE BUILDING OF A CITY—SPRINGFIELD 401 habitants in North Springfield, and more than thirty business houses. Of the latter, thirteen were saloons! Naturally it was a bitter pill for the old-timers in Spring­ field proper, to receive their freight from North Springfield, and to purchase their tickets from the same place. The papers of the old town, the Leader, Democratic and still flourishing, and the Patriot, Republican, and long since de­ ceased, filled the editorial columns of their little weeklies with denunciations of the railroad company, and all and sundry responsible for the condition of affairs. Of course North Springfield soon had its papers also, the Times and the Southwest, both gone into the discard many years ago, who returned the fusillade with compound interest; and so the fight went merrily on. But amidst all the turmoil the old town persisted in grow­ ing towards the north, and the new town has certainly spread to the south. In 1873 Drury College was located on a thirty- acre tract, which while wholly within the actual limits of old town, was yet fully in the unoccupied part which was known as "No man's land." Today this tract is Drury College campus, and one of Springfield's beauty spots. After several years street cars came, drawn by mules or cayuses, and linked the two business centers together. Streets were built up solidly, so that it was hard to tell where one town ended and the other began. Still there were two corporations, and the rivalry between them waxed and waned for no less than seventeen years. The two towns brought their fight into politics. Many a man aspiring to county office found himself at the foot of the poll, because one town or the other sprang some canard on him at the last minute. More than one candidate was unexpectedly elected, because one of the towns had swung to him and turned defeat into victory. But the long contest did both towns harm. Many an enterprise which might have been secured, was driven away by the jealousy of the two places. At last in March, 1887, after seventeen years of bickerings, and when some "first class funerals" had lessened the ranks of unreconcilables, the best men of the two towns got together and appointed a committee 402 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

representing both sides, which drew up a plan for the union of the two corporations. The writer represented the Spring­ field district in the Legislature that year, and had the privilege of presenting the bill which was passed, and which allowed an election to be held on the question. At that election the affirmative carried in favor of union, by more than ten to one. But the union of the towns by no means ended their rivalry. The question of the location of the government build­ ing, offered by Congress, stirred both communities to a pitch of excitement far surpassing anything in the past. Old town wished it located near the public square. New town con­ tended that it should be put as nearly as possible at the center of population of the united cities. Again, as in the first location of North Springfield, delegations besieged official Washington, this time the treasury department. Petitions were circulated and fired into Washington until they literally piled up by the bushel, and it was years before the building was located where the new town wanted it, on Boonville Street, nearly in the geographical center of the towns. This struggle was followed by another, even more bitterly contested, and which involved the entire county, as to the location of the greatly needed new county court house. Again were years and money spent in the profitless fight, but at last it became evident that, while the South side undoubt­ edly had the vast majority of the cash, the North side had as certainly a strong majority of the votes, and the votes won! The beautiful capitol of Greene county was put on Center Street and Boonville, within half a block of the government building. This was soon followed by the fifty-thousand- dollar Carnegie library, and that by one of the largest and finest High School buildings in Missouri. So at last the two towns, now indeed solidly built together, have for years for­ gotten the old-time rivalry, and have loyally pulled together for mutual benefit. They have brought in scores of great enterprises; have erected skyscrapers; established banks with many millions of capital; paved hundreds of miles of streets; built a score of fine public school buildings; secured the great Teachers College of Southwest Missouri; and the immense THE BUILDING OF A CITY—SPRINGFIELD 403 central shops of the great Frisco system; and built thousands of beautiful homes. In a word, the little battle-scarred town, which went into the census of 1870 with a population of 5,555 people, has grown into the proud "Queen of the Ozarks," with more than 40,000, and growing faster now than ever before in its history. 404 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

NORMAN J. COLMAN, FIRST SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE

BY FLOYD G. SUMMERS Missourians, generally, are familiar with the great phy­ sical and technological progress that has been made in agri­ culture in the west during the last century. If called upon, they could trace the development of farm machinery through its various phases, or explain the tremendous growth of the agricultural industry as a whole, with its modern methods of soil improvement, soil conservation, and seed selection; but it is doubtful if a very large precentage of them could name the great leaders which their state has produced in the field of agriculture, much less give any information as to their lines and work. The history of agricultural development in Missouri is essentially the same as the history of agricultural develop­ ment throughout the west, with variations according to geo­ graphical and soil conditions. It is a part of the great story that has fascinated us all,—the story of how the surging streams of western migration poured through the valleys of the Mississippi and the Missouri, leaving on every hand the imprint of methods and ideas by which the prairies were to be transformed from their uncultivated state into the home­ land of millions of people. Missouri was, in this process, the recipient of many influential elements of population, as well as of ideas, and in turn contributed both men and ideas to the processions that pushed still farther west. It is in this process of common development that Missouri is so closely united with her sister states of the west. Historians have adequately recounted these facts, in the past, but there remains much to be said about that phase of the subject in which Missouri's individual claim is uppermost—the leader­ ship of her eminent agriculturists. As yet, the field of per­ sonalties, of biographical interpretation, is hardly touched. NORMAN J. COLMAN 405

It is of timely interest, in connection with the recent emphasis placed on agricultural problems as they affect poli­ tics, and apropos of a recent appointment made by President Coolidge, to consider, biographically, some of Missouri's agricultural leaders of the past. Of the eight men who have held the secretaryship of agriculture in the United States, two have been Missourians. The names of Norman J. Colman and David F. Houston are familiar to agriculturists throughout the country. Other Missourians who have been prominent, either officially or otherwise, in agricultural work of statewide and national character are numerous. A list of them, however incomplete, must include the names of Henry Shaw, William Henry Hatch, J. Locke Hardeman, and L. M. Monsees, not to mention many others who are active today in their various fields. Norman J. Colman is, from the historical standpoint, the most interesting figure in all this long list of men who might be mentioned. Journalist, farmer, stockman, horticulturist, lawyer, his life was one of varied interests. For nearly fifty years he was editor of the leading farm paper in the Missis­ sippi valley, Colman's Rural World, through the columns of which he exerted a tremendous influence for progress and stable agricultural development in the Middle West. His paper was so widely read, and his influence was so great, that v/hen Colman was recommended for the commis- sionership of agriculture during President Cleveland's first administration, he received enthusiastic indorsement from every section of the country, from the east to the west, and from the north to the south. Rival papers, farmers' organiza­ tions, educators, lawyers,—all joined to press the claims of their favorite for the office. This was before the commission of agriculture was raised to the position of a department, and its head, of course, was not a member of the president's cabinet. Nevertheless, there was strong competition for the office, and for a time it seemed very doubtful if Missouri's candidate would be successful. A Missouri historian has recounted the incident of Col- man's appointment as follows: 406 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"Several days after Mr. Cleveland's first inauguration in 1885, Senator Vest went into the library at the White House. He was in no amiable frame of mind. The Spanish mission had been filled, but not by the selection of ex-Governor Reynolds, of Missouri. The German mission had been dis­ posed of and Sir Charles Gibson, of Missouri, had not been remembered. 3ther big appointments were going to the Senate every day and Missourians were not on the list. The Senator protested. "As the Senator spoke, rapidly and rather vehemently, Mr. Cleveland listened thoughtfully. When Mr. Vest made his closing reference to the commissionership of agriculture, Mr. Cleveland looked down on his desk. There lay the nom­ ination paper of George W. Glick, of Kansas, to be commis­ sioner of agriculture. It awaited only the signature of the President before being sent to the Senate. After pondering on the grievance of the Missouri Senator for a few minutes the President laid aside the intended nomination of Glick and directed that a fresh paper be made out with Norman J. Colman, of Missouri, as the nominee. That was the way Missouri beat Kansas out of a Cabinet place."1 A cabinet place is what it turned out to be, and it is in this connection, particularly, that the appointment of Dr. William M. Jardine, of Kansas, as secretary of agriculture, recently made, lends the interest of timeliness. Kansas now has her retribution, and the story may be told with perfect candor, if indeed, it could not always have been, in spite of the traditional rivalry which exists between the two states. Colman, in his new role as spokesman of the agricultural interests of the United States, was widely acclaimed. It was characteristic of his popularity that politics had as little part in it as sectionalism. The people's approval of his appoint­ ment seems to be expressed in a letter which he received shortly after taking office. It was from D. G. Jones, a Mis­ sourian, to be sure, but also an ardent Republican. "Well, at last we, the people, have the office well filled— no padding needed. We have the leading aggressive and pro-

»W. B. Stevens, Missouri, the Center State, vol., 2,£p. 475. NORMAN J. COLMAN 407 gressive agriculturist of the Union at the head of our agri­ cultural bureau ... No appointment made at Washing­ ton for the last twenty-five years has so reached the masses or been so truly a representative one as the appointment of Gov. Colman of Missouri."2 The new commissioner of agriculture so improved the work of his bureau, and so enlarged its scope of service, that on February 11, 1889, it was elevated in dignity and power to the department of agriculture, with its secretary a member of the president's cabinet. Thus, Norman J. Colman had the distinction of being the last commissioner of agriculture and the first secretary of agriculture of the United States. He was the first man to represent the interests of rural people in a president's cabinet. The life of Norman J. Colman is full of appeal for those who are interested in the pioneer type. Like the lives of most of the outstanding men of his time, it was a mixture of hard­ ship and romance. Born in the state of New York, May 16, 1827, he obtained an academic education, and as a young man came westward to Louisville, Kentucky, where he taught school. While in Louisville he took up the study of law, and received a degree from the Department of Laws at Louisville University. He practiced law in New Albany, Indiana, be­ fore coming to St. Louis. During the Civil War he served in the Union army as a lieutenant-colonel of volunteers. In St. Louis, in 1865, he established Colmarfs Rural World, which he edited until his death. In the same year he was elected to the Missouri legislature, and after serving with distinction in that body, received the Democratic nomination for lieutenant-governor of Missouri, in 1868. He was de­ feated in the election, as was the entire Democratic ticket, but in 1874, running again for the same office, he was elected. Always a friend of popular education, he soon became in­ terested in the welfare of the University of Missouri, and was for sixteen years a member of the board of curators of that institution. He was, at the same time, doing all he could to

«Printed in the St. Louis Republican, April 3, 1885. 408 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW promote the interests of the farmers, serving as the head of many agricultural organizations, some of state, some of middle western, and some of national character.3 An advocate of the rural life, Colman always lived on a farm just outside the city of St. Louis, and there, at Colman Station, near Creve Coeur Lake, he maintained a model farm and experiment station for the benefit of his subscribers and rural constituents. He usually kept some one hundred stand­ ard bred horses on the place, and would travel great dis­ tances to see or buy an animal of some breed which he es­ pecially desired. He is said to have been the author of the Hatch Act, which provided for the establishment of experiment stations, under federal aid, in all states and territories of the Union. Hatch, for whom the act was named, was a prominent Mis­ sourian, and it was owing to his able championship of the bill in Congress that it was successful. Today the results of the Hatch Act are to be observed in the great progress which has been made in many phases of agriculture, from soil improve­ ment to the production of new crops and the increase in yields. Colman was a member of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture from the time of its organization in 1865 until his death in 1911. He was also past president of the National Editorial Association and of the Missouri Press Association. At the close of his administration as secretary of agri­ culture, Colman was awarded the honor of Officier du Merite Agricole by the president of France, in recognition of the manner in which he had built up his department and ex­ tended its services to the people. He died November 3, 1911, on a train near Centralia, Missouri, having been stricken with severe illness while on his way to see some horses in or near Kansas City.

"Biographical material from the Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, edited by Howard L. Conard, pp. 53-4. IN THE LAND OF THE OSAGES—HARMONY MISSION 409

IN THE LAND OF THE OSAGES—HARMONY MISSION* BY MRS. W. W. GRAVES Ethnologists have classified the North American Indian into about sixty families. To one of these, the Siouan, be­ long the Osage Indians. The Siouan family is arranged in ten groups, the second of which is composed of the (a) Omaha, up stream tribes, (b) Kwapa, down stream, and more commonly called the Arkansa, (c) Ponca or prairie dwellers, (d) Kansa or Kaws, and (e) Osages, divided into the Little Osages, campers on the low­ lands, and Big Osages, campers on the mountains. According to tribal tradition they were originally one people and dwelt on the banks of the Wabash and Ohio Rivers. They evidently separated about the year 1500, as the separation preceded De Soto's discovery of the Mississippi River. The Osages, by far the most intelligent and best developed physically of all the Siouan tribes, had their habitat for about three hundred years prior to Missouri's admission to statehood between the Missouri river on the north and the Arkansas on the south, and from the mouth of the Osage river on the west as far as the country was then known to the white man. The Great Osage village or central rendezvous of the tribe was in what is now Bates county, Missouri, just above the con­ fluence of the Marais des Cygnes (river of the swans) and the Marmiton, which forms the Osage river proper. Knowing the typography of the country around this sec­ tion one can understand why this place for some three hundred years or more, in spite of the nomadic character of the tribe, continued to be their capital or rendezvous. Deer, wild turkey and other game abounded in the primeval forest, the beautiful Osage river and its tributaries were full of fish, and in less than a day's journey were the great prairies where large herds

•From The Missouri School Journal, February, 1924. 410 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW of buffalo roamed; fur bearing animals, so necessary to the Indian, were plentiful and wild bees furnished the sweets they so loved. What more could they ask? The Osages were first mentioned on Marquette's map as Ouachages, in 1673, after his visit down the Mississippi river, and though he did not go over their territory he learned somehow that this unexplored country was inhabited by that tribe. In 1719, De Tisne (properly De Tissenet) was sent to explore this domain by M. De Bienville, the then Governor of the Louisiana, and was as far as known, the first white man to go up the Osage river, which he so named and from there up the trail to where Arrow Rock now stands. A short time after, Renault and his band of miners, visited the same terri­ tory, and the much renowned wells or pits along the ledge of Halley's Bluffs are supposed to have been dug by Renault's miners. Then a horde of French Canadian voyageurs, or couriere du bois came to the land of the Osages, and some intermarried with the Indians and remained. After the Louisiana Purchase a few government out-posts were established in the wilderness. Traders and trappers from New Orleans came up the Mississippi, then on up the Missouri to the Osage and on to its headwaters, and were received kindly by the Indians. The Indian agents sent out by the Government told the Osages of the love their white brothers had for them and about the Great White Father who lived in Washington and was kindly disposed toward the red children of the forest. In 1820 the United Foreign Missionary Society of the East had sent missionaries and established a Mission school, called Union Mission, near Ft. Gibson, (Oklahoma) some 150 miles south of the capital of the Osages, and in their visits to their southern neighbors the Osages learned of this mission established there to teach the Arkansas tribes the arts of civil­ ization, and they were jealous of the favor shown them, and after much talk around the Council fires in the Great Osage Village on the Marais des Cygnes, a delegation of Indian braves decided to visit the Great Father at Washington and IN THE LAND OF THE OSAGES—HARMONY MISSION 411 ask that a mission or school might be established in the land of the Osages. These braves set out on the great journey of 2000 miles, or more, and reached Washington and held a conference there with President Monroe and Col. McKenney, superintendent of Indian trade, both of whom were greatly impressed with the delegation of Indian warriors asking for Christian instruc­ tion for their people. They decided to present this appeal of the Osage Indians to the United Foreign Missionary Society which was then holding its conference in New York City. From the "American Missionary Register," printed in New York in 1821, we find that Col. McKenney wrote the society as follows: "I have had this moment a most interesting interview with the Chief Counsellor and principal warriors of the Osages of the Missouri. The object of their deputation is to solicit the introduction of the school system among their people, and to pray for the means of civilization. I wish I might send you the old chief's talk; but to do so I should have to paint as well as write. He is a most eloquent and able man. I find these Osages are jealous of the Arkansa tribe. They claim to have merited, by holding fast their promises to the government, the first care of this generous sort." Col. McKenney suggests that much good might be done by establishing a mission among the Indians of the Missouri. At this time (1820) there was great enthusiasm in the churches of the east in behalf of both home and foreign missions, and the United Foreign Missionary Society decided to carry the Gospel of Christ to the land of the Osages. The Rev. Mille- doler was appointed a commissioner with full power to secure the legal documents at Washington and to form a ' 'covenant" with the Indians who awaited him in Washington. The papers were secured and the covenant, in which the chief promised to treat the "family" in hospitality and friendship upon their arrival, give them many thousands of acres, and protect and defend them from all enemies, was made between the Osages and Family. Rev. Milledoler's report was favorably received, and the Mission Board took steps to secure a Mission Family 412 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

to go to the Missouri wilderness, and, an appeal was made to the churches of the three denominations represented in the United Society for volunteers, money and supplies. I wish I might tell the story of the founding of this mission as it deserves to be told, for to my mind its story rivals the story of Plymouth and the Pilgrims, the tercentenary of which was so recently celebrated. Harmony Mission, as the school was so named, was the great historical religious event of the land of the Osages. I was born and reared within a few miles of the place where it was established, and have heard many of the stories as handed down by the early settlers of Bates county. My grandfather settled there some years after its founding and my father helped in the annual gather­ ing of apples from the old orchard planted by the missionaries, and learned of the traditions and romances which are part of its history. I am indebted, however, for the greater part of my data to Hon. W. O. Atkeson, ex-congressman of the Sixth District of Missouri, who collected the authentic records from the Missouri State Historical Society and from the Congres­ sional Library at Washington, and has written a most inter­ esting story of the Mission in his History of Bates County. In the limited space allotted to this article I can only briefly sketch the story and must necessarily leave out many inter­ esting facts. There were over one hundred applications or volunteers for membership in the Family, most of whom were college graduates and descendants of heroes of the Revolutionary War. The band w^as finally selected and consisted of ten adult males, fifteen adult females and sixteen children. These were chosen, the report says "because of their fit­ ness for the work planned and sought to be accomplished, the sending of the Gospel of Jesus Christ to the heathen of our own land and to civilize and Christianize the Osage Indians." The Family was as follows: Rev. Nathan B. Dodge, superintendent, wife and seven children; Rev. Bently Pixley, assistant superintendent, wife and child, all of Vermont. Rev. Wm. B. Montgomery and wife, of Pennsylvania; Dr. Wm. Belcher and wife, Connecticut; IN THE LAND OF THE OSAGES—HARMONY MISSION 413

Mr. Daniel H. Austin, wife and five children, Vermont; Mr. Samuel Newton, wife and two children, Connecticut; Mr. Samuel B. Bright, wife and child, Pennsylvania; Mr. Otis Sprague and wife, Massachusetts; Mr. Amasa Jones and wife, New Hampshire; Mr. John Seeley and wife, New Jersey; Miss Susan Comstock, Connecticut; Miss Harriett Wooley, New York City; Miss Mary Weller, New Jersey; Miss Mary Etris, Philadelphia; and Miss Eliza Howall, Baltimore, Md. Of the males, there were three ministers, one physician and surgeon, a machinist who could also teach music, a carpenter and millwright, a shoemaker, a wagon maker, and two farmers. The women were jointly to look after the house­ hold and teach. On March 5th, 1821, the Family assembled in New York City and were set apart by very solemn and impressive cere­ monies at one of the Presbyterian churches and the following evening a farewell service was held in the Dutch Reformed Church. March 7th, they went on board the steamboat "Atlanta" and departed for Philadelphia singing hymns of praise with thousands of friends and citizens to bid them God­ speed. They were invited to stop at many towns between those places and were cordially received and showered with contributions of money and supplies. About ten thousand dollars were contributed by the churches and the government advanced them one thousand dollars, and for the support of the school at Harmony and at other stations that they might establish, the sum of nine hundred dollars per annum was allowed—this being considered a princely allowance at that time. ***** On April 19, 1821, they embarked and started on their long and hazardous voyage to the land of the Osages. They preached, sang hymns and prayed along the way in spite of sickness and births and deaths, never losing heart. I wish I had space to print the daily report of the journey as pub­ lished in the Presbyterian Missionary Register, 1821, for it would do our souls good to read of the hardships, Christian fortitude and heroism of this band. Only a few of the entries can be given, and they will convey the pathos, the indomitable 414 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW spirit, the pioneer qualifications of this notable mission. For ten days after their departure their trip was comparatively easy, floating down the Ohio River, stopping along the way to hold services for those who gathered at the banks to greet them. The following are selected from their daily report: "April 29—A fine daughter born to Brother and Sister Newton. (Ten days after starting.) April 30—Ran 70 miles on a swift current and Sister Newton is remarkably comfortable. May 5—John Patterson (boatman) fell overboard and drowned. Sister Newton worse and the babe was dedicated to God in baptism. Babe died and buried at Mt. Vernon, Indiana. May 6—Sister Newton died and was buried at Shawnee- town. May 9—Reached the Mississippi River. We now have, as we calculate, between six and seven hundred miles up stream which will be laborious indeed. June 5—Reached St. Louis. Met Governor Clarke and the elder and younger Chouteaus, who gave us instructions concerning the Osages. June 8—Entered the turbid Missouri. Made five miles today. June 12—Arrived at St. Charles and saw an Indian woman from the Osage Nation. June 20—On sandbar three days. June 29—Arrived at mouth of Osage River and made fourteen miles. July 1—Spent Sabbath in wilderness, conducting divine service under the shadow of a great rock. (This must have been near Painted Rock.) July 8—Spent day on sandbar. July 12—Boatmen strike, their supply of liquor being consumed and demanding some from our medicinal supplies. (Demand was refused and in three days they were prevailed upon to continue journey. This is the first recorded strike in Missouri.) IN THE LAND OF THE OSAGES—HARMONY MISSION 415

August 2—Passed the Little Osage River and opened our eyes upon the most beautiful prairie." It is then recorded that they soon reached Chouteau's establishment and an Indian village, where runners were sent out to inform the Indian chief and warriors that the ex­ pected Mission Family had arrived. The braves assembled and warmly welcomed their white brothers and asked them to select their site and told them they could have all the land they wanted. The missionaries selected the site on the Marais des Cygnes River, about two miles above the confluence of this river and the Marmiton which forms the Osage, near the present town of Papinsville, so named after Melicourt Papin, a fur trader from St. Louis, who had settled there in 1809. Their report continues in interest: "August 25—Finished unloading boats and are now all dwelling in tents. May the God of Israel overshadow us and cause that our tents may be the tents of Zion where the Lord God may delight to dwell. Brothers Chapman and Fuller arrive from Union. August 27—The chastisement of the Lord is upon us. A number of our family attacked by ague, fever and other disorders. September 1—Brothers Fuller and Chapman still with us. Sister Howall about to leave us. September 2—Lord's Day. Communion Service. This evening Brother Fuller and Sister Howall joined in wedlock. (This five day's courtship in the primeval forest caused much interest in the Family and the bride mounted behind her husband and rode pony-back across the treeless prairie to the mission at Union, about 150 miles south of Harmony.) September 25—Four men out of sixteen are able this day to labor. May we rejoice that the Lord gives us as much strength as we still possess. October 11—Heavy rains. Most of our people were drenched, but the Lord is our protection and will guard our health as far as is for His glory. May we be content with that. October 17—The Family are generally shaken with the 416 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

ague and fever. How easy it is for the Lord to bring down the stoutest constitution to the borders of the grave; and it is equally true that He is able to raise it up again. May we trust in Him." The daily reports ceased for a while because no one was left able to write. Mrs. Montgomery and new-born babe, and Mrs. Belcher's infant and Mr. Seeley died. However, by December 5 the remainder of the Family were reported recovered and the work on the cabins and school was hastened and before Christmas the Family (always written with a capital F) were dwelling in the log houses. It would fill a volume to tell all the interesting story. They taught the Indian children and later those of the pioneer settlers who began to pour into the much renowned settlement. Their lives were full of sacrifice but there were also blessings and spiritual compensation. It was a religious and educational center for those living in that and the surrounding territory. There were churches planted and schools established by these ministers throughout the land. The Family were greatly beloved by the Indians and many were converted to the Chris­ tian faith and many received the rudiments of an education. A great romance that created so much interest in the first year of the Mission was that of the marriage at the Mis­ sion of the beautiful Indian maiden, Degninon (pronounced De-ni-no) to the Marquis Auguste Letier of France. This nobleman's father had fled from France during the Reign of Terror, leaving behind his young wife and little babe. He came to New Orleans, becoming a fur trader and never went back to his native land. His deserted son upon reaching manhood sought his father in the New World. He arrived in New Orleans about the time the Mission Family left Pitts­ burg, and he traced his father up the river from New Orleans to St. Louis, and from there by the same laborious journey in a keel-boat to the Great Osage village near Harmony Mission where he visited the people around and found that the Marquis Ignatius Letier had arrived at the home of the Papins only three weeks before and had died there, and was buried by the Missionaries. The young nobleman remained several months IN THE LAND OF THE OSAGES—HARMONY MISSION 417 with thefPapins and while out hunting met at Halley's Bluff thejfbeautiful Indian maiden. His courtship was brief and after his marriage at the Mission he constructed a better boat with the aid of M. Papin and departed with his wife for New Orleans, thence sailed to France. Then there was the story of the Indian maiden No-wa-tah, daughter of the reigning chief, Old No-Horse, and her marriage to He-ta-hah, and how the line of the great chief became ex­ tinct when their son, Little No-Horse, while lying naked on the bank of the river near where No-wa-tah was fishing, was pounced upon by a great eagle and carried in its talons across the river to his eyrie in Halley's Bluff. The frantic mother was helpless to rescue the child and after his cries ceased she jumped into the river and was seen no more. An old settler has handed down the story cf how one of the ministers of the Mission while sleeping in a tent, before the cabins were completed, got his foot outside and was awakened by a tug at his foot and peering out from under the folds of the tent saw a great bear running off with the woolen sock that had covered that* member. Another old-timer tells how one brother and sister went to Westport for supplies and while eating supper at camp their horses wandered, and while the husband was away searching for them, wolves sur­ rounded the covered wagon and his wife fought them off with an axe for several hours before her husband's return. There are handed down many more interesting pioneer tales but we must finish the story of the Mission. By treaty with the Indians in 1825, most of them were moved on farther west and south, though many remained and others for many years made pilgrimages back to the kind missionaries to whom they were greatly attached. The Mission was abandoned in 1835, and a little later the cabins and great mission building were moved to Papinsville. Nothing remains on this spot where this noble band devoted so many years of effort to edu­ cate and carry the gospel to the Osages. Whether the mission itself accomplished that which it set out to do, it at least brought to that community, because of the advertising of the undertaking in all the churches of the 418 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW east, and also those of the south, a fine class of pioneer settlers and many of their descendants are now the leading and sub­ stantial citizens of Bates, Henry and Vernon counties. Ozark Presbytery eventuated from the churches established by the missionaries and those drawn to the settlement later, and we will close this article with Hon. W. O. Atkeson's tribute so beautifully expressed: "It seems too bad that so much of historic worth should be permitted to perish within a century of the sad and heroic events of Harmony Mission, and that a suitable monument has not been erected to the memory of the heroic men and women who sacrificed so much for the Master in the land of the Osages. "They faced the trials of an unexplored and unknown wilderness, inhabited by an uncivilized race, far from the sup­ ports of civilization, with sickness and death meeting them on the way and continuing with them at their point of desti­ nation. They met every obstacle, endured every sorrow and disappointment, suffered untold hardships of every kind in the spirit of the Master whose Gospel they sought to preach and teach to a wild and Godless people. They murmured not and daily praised God for His mercies and care. On the banks of the rivers they followed on their long, tedious and difficult journey, they rested each Sabbath and held Divine service. Thus they toiled from Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, to Harmony Mission, beyond the head of the Osage River in the land of the Big and Little Osages." Should any citizen of the State not be better by pondering over the story so briefly told? Read between the lines, that space forbids filling in, and pay a loving tribute to those sturdy, God-fearing pioneers, and teach the children of today that they may be constrained to honor and revere those who have been such factors in the establishing of those principles which make for the betterment of a great commonwealth like our own Missouri. A GREAT REPORT 419

A GREAT REPORT BY W. O. L. JEWETT In one of Walter Williams' many interesting talks to the Missouri Press Association, he told of being in Denver attend­ ing a meeting of the National Editorial Association, and in­ cidentally he passed two individuals lounging in the shade. One of these caught a glimpse of the badge, "Missouri," pinned to the lapel of Mr. Williams' coat, and said to the other, "That kid is from Missouri." Whereupon the other re­ sponded, "Yes, and he seems darn proud of it." Then Mr. Williams, in his earnest and inimitable voice and manner declared, "And I was proud of it." This was long before he became dean of journalism, when the National Editorial Association was young and Walter was young; but a boy. As this writer read the "Twelfth Biennial Report of the Executive Committee of The State Historical Society of Mis­ souri" Mr. Williams' statement, "And I was proud of it," flashed into his mind as his feelings toward the grand old state and its Historical Society as set forth in the Report impressed him anew with the greatness of both state and society. The Executive Committee is composed of some of the leading men of the state, and among other things the Report says: "The State Historical Society of Missouri possesses the largest library of Missouri history in the United States and ranks with the leading historical societies of the Mississippi valley in the value of its collections and work. Although less than three decades old, its activities and its library have grown beyond even the hopes of its organizers—the Missouri Press Association. The work and purpose of the Society is to collect and preserve the history of Missouri and the Middle West, and to make this history accessible to Missourians. "Compared with historical societies west of the Missis­ sippi river, the State Historical Society of Missouri ranks first in active membership, second in size of library, third in sep- 420 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

arate titles in library, and second in number of pages of historical material published during the last two years. Compared even with all historical societies in the Mississippi valley, this Society ranks first in active membership, and in the United States it ranks second in amount of historical publications issued during 1923 and 1924. Considering the fact that this Society is one of the youngest institutions of the kind in the Mississippi valley, these figures are significant of the new birth of real state pride in Missouri." Then the Report sets forth what has been done in the way of securing and binding many volumes of newspapers, some dating from before Missouri was a state, and continuing down to the present time. The Society has a large collection of historical books and pamphlets, and books written by citizens of the state, amounting to 48,552, and this number is being increased at the rate of about 4,000 a year. It has a total library including pamphlets of 163,029 volumes and all this is accessible to every citizen. The Society publishes The Missouri Historical Review and is also publishing the Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri from the beginning, beside some minor publications. The accomplishments of the Society are thus summed up in the Report: (this is here condensed) "cost to the state to date $196,769.80. Property assets held in trust for the state: Newspaper files $128 ,540 Value of Library at $1.00 per volume 150 ,175 Furniture 4 ,000

Total $282,715 Net profit on investment to state, $85,945.20. (1) A public owned central depository on Missouri history. (2) Encouragement and stimulation of interest in the study of Missouri history. (3) Publication of nineteen volumes of The Missouri Historical Review containing over five hundred scholarly historical mono­ graphs on the annals of the state. (4) Publication of the two volumes of the Journal of the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1875, and of six volumes of The Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Mis­ souri {1820-1885). A GREAT REPORT 421

(5) The pursuance of a policy to exploit, at home and outside the state men and women greatness—to advertise Missouri to the Nation not only as the depository of great natural resources but as the home of such national figures as Benton, Linn, Bates, Blair, Green, Doniphan, Mark Twain, Eugene Field, Eads, Bingham, Wimar, McCullagh, Hyde, DeLisa, Burnett, and scores of others who excelled in statecraft, art, music, literature, sculpture, business and banking, invention, war, oratory, medi­ cine, and education. This policy is to establish firmly Missouri's rightful place in the national history, etc." These are facts which every citizen of the state should know. The Report truly says: "Although less than three decades old its activities and its library have grown beyond even the hopes of its organizers—the Missouri Press Associa­ tion." At that meeting in '98 at Kansas City, if memory is not at fault, in private as well as public discussion, members of the Press were impressed by the thought that our great com­ monwealth should have a statewide historical society to gather and preserve writings and facts about the state includ­ ing the leading actors in every department past, present, and future. They recognized the fact that our civilization was largely built on a knowledge of the past, that correct history had much to do with the growth and stability of human society and institutions, hence the welfare of coming generations could be influenced for good by such a society. Yes, we builded better than we knew. We did not dare dream that the child we were then bringing into being would become so thrifty, develop so rapidly, become a stalwart ere its life was measured by a score of years. This growth is partly accounted for by the Society's good fortune in securing such able men on its board of direc­ tors, and especially in obtaining such a worthy man for its secretary—so competent, able, industrious, untiring in his wrork for the Society—the right man in the right place. May he long continue in the good work. These facts are not generally known. If they were, membership would multiply. The Missouri Historical Review, published by and furnished to all its members, to every Mis- 422 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW sourian is worth many times the cost of membership. It is to be hoped the daily papers will publish the facts contained in this Report. No intelligent citizen of the state can read it without having his pride in the grand commonwealth stirred to fresh vigor. Think of the grand array of great statesmen, commencing with Benton and Bates and leading on down; of the writers, inventors and men of genius in every line of activity; then of the restless wanderers who have so largely peopled and made all the states west and northwest of Mis­ souri even to the Pacific! And no wonder, for it was the active, enterprising men of the old colonies who from 60 to 100 years ago braved the hardships and dangers of this wild land be­ yond the "Father of Waters." The Missouri pioneer as a rule was a brave, rugged, manly man. His descendants have more polish and perhaps less of some other desirable qualities. Yet they as a whole compose an admirable, kind, generous, hospitable people. Grand old Missouri! Tho not to the manor born, he thanks his stars he was led to become an adopted son. RECOLLECTIONS OF DISTINGUISHED MISSOURIANS 423

PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OF DISTIN­ GUISHED MISSOURIANS

BY DANIEL M. GRISSOM SIXTH ARTICLE

B. GRATZ BROWN This man's name is so conspicuously and in such a per­ sonal and intimate way associated with what may be called the restoration to the people of Missouri of the right of self- government, that even if there were nothing else honorable and great in his record, it were enough of itself to entitle him to the enduring gratitude of the people of the state. He came to Missouri in 1849, bringing with him the honors of an en­ viable record as a graduate from a college in his own state and afterwards from Yale College, and—what was not less valuable—trained habits of thinking, and a conscience which recognized a question of right and wrong in everything. When he left his native State, he left behind him all the tradi­ tions that would have bound him to the approval and support of slavery, and, as soon as he became known in Missouri, it was as an emancipationist and freesoiler—two words which were beginning to be the objective points of a great deal of reflection and discussion at that time. It may be that the advice of his kinsman and friend, Frank P. Blair, had something to do with the promptness and decision with which he took his stand on slavery and the kindred ques­ tions—for, Blair had come to Missouri from Kentucky several years before and allied himself with Benton—and it is reason­ able to suppose that he would influence his young friend in the same direction. Brown became editor of the Missouri Democrat, of which Blair was part owner, and soon gained reputation as an accomplished and effective writer, with aspirations for public life. He knew little about the manage­ ment of ward meetings, but his friend Blair knew a great 424 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW deal—more than any other man in St. Louis—and it was mainly through Blair's efforts that he was nominated for and elected to the legislature in 1852, and re-elected for three successive terms. In the debates in the legislature he became distinguished as the author and advocate of doctrines that had never been avowed there before, and which were not welcomed then. He made a speech which attracted attention over the country, providing for emancipation and deportation—that is, that slavery should cease to exist in Missouri after a certain date, and all slaves remaining in the State at that date should be free. It was assumed that the bulk of them would be sold and taken to the Southern States. While he was editor of the Missouri Democrat, Thomas C. Reynolds, afterwards lieutenant-governor, was U. S. district attorney, and as the Democrat was the organ of Benton, and Reynolds one of the recognized leaders of the anti-Benton Democracy, it came to be understood that the newspaper's frequent sharp criticisms of the district attorney must lead to a personal collision of some kind between Brown and Reynolds, as both were men of courage and honor, and each was regarded as champion of his party. In 1857, Reynolds sent a challenge for reflections on him in the columns of the paper, and Brown accepted it and chose rifles as the weapons, and sixty yards as the distance between the combatants. As Reynolds was near-sighted, his second refused the terms and the matter was dropped. But a fight had to come, and it was not long before Reynolds, in a speech, made remarks about Brown which provoked a challenge from the latter. It was accepted and a meeting took place on the Illinois shore of the Mississippi river, thirty miles below St. Louis, with pistols at ten paces. At the first fire, Brown was wounded in the leg below the knee, Reynolds escaping unhurt. Brown de­ manded a second shot, but, as there was no mortal quarrel between the two men, their friends, Col. R. M. Renick and D. D. Mitchell for Brown, and Col. Ferd. Kennett and Capt. T. B. Hudson for Reynolds, after a consultation, decided that the affair should proceed no further. Through their friendly RECOLLECTIONS OF DISTINGUISHED MISSOURIANS 425

offices, a complete reconciliation was effected on the spot, and the two combatants returned to the city, friends. Not long after his duel with Reynolds, Brown became entangled in another affair of honor which, fortunately, he came out of without a scratch. The Evening News, published by Charles G. Ramsey, had ridiculed some professional work or report made by a North Missouri Railroad engineer named Morris, and Morris, being of a waspish temper, sent Ramsey a challenge by his friend Brown. When Brown walked slowly and sternly into Ramsey's office with the deadly missive, the latter, who was somewhat deaf, instantly suspected, from his strained and erect manner, what the note was and refused to receive it from his hands. "What is it?" he asked. "Take it, open it and read it for yourself," Brown replied. "Who is it from?" he asked again. "It is from Mr. Morris." "I won't have anything to do with it," was Ramsey's reply. "If Morris has any business with me, tell him to come and see me." The situation was extremely embarrassing to Brown. The strict rules of the code required that he should shoot Ramsey on the spot, of chastise him in some condign manner for an act which was a gross insult, both to his principal and to himself. But the attempt to do either would have brought on an irreparable discomfiture, for Brown was a small man, while Ramsey was twice as heavy, and strong as an ox. He could have taken his antagonist with his right hand and held him at arm's length, and then, if need be, pitch him out the window. After a moment's hesitation, he did the very best thing that could be done; he left the office and went back to his friend and told the whole story. They had a good laugh, and decided that the refractory publisher could not be brought under the delicate discipline of the code, and must be dealt with on his own terms. Accordingly, Morris went to him, had a talk and a laugh with him, and received all the amends he desired. In 1861, as might have been expected, Brown promptly espoused the Union cause, and was made colonel of one of the first regiments raised and equipped in the Arsenal. He saw 426 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW some service in the Southwest, but he was not suited to mili­ tary life, and, after a time retired from the army. In 1863 he was chosen United States senator, and while a member of that body, made a speech in favor of "impartial suffrage," which caused Wendell Philipps to speak of him as "the De Toque ville of America." When the constitution of 1865 was adopted, he opposed its disfranchising and test oath features, and when the opposition in the Republican party of the State to these provisions became active and irrepres­ sible he was made its representative. In 1870, when the Lib­ eral Republicans bolted from the regular party, he was nom­ inated as their candidate for Governor, and, after an exciting canvass in which he encountered the opposition of the ad­ ministration at Washington, was elected over Joseph W. Mc- Clurg, the regular Republican candidate, by a majority of forty-two thousand, the Democrats making no nomination and casting their full vote for him. At the same election, an amendment to the constitution abolishing the test oath and disfranchisement provisions was adopted by a much greater vote—and, the result was the doom of this odious measure forever, and the return of the government of Missouri to the hands of its people. A peculiar sadness marked the end of his life. He had been appointed referee in an important railroad case before the United States Court at St. Louis, and, after working at it for nearly a year had about completed his report when he was taken ill, and brought to the point of death. Then, he began to recover slowly, and, but for a single act of imprudence, would probably have been completely restored. But he had little or no income except what his practice as a lawyer brought him, and as his whole time for nearly a year had been given to this case, he was anxious to make his report and receive the liberal allowance which he had a right to expect from the court. He rose from his bed, at his home in Kirkwood, went to the city and completed his report and presented it to the court, the effort costing him his last remnant of strength— and returned home to die. He was buried in Oak Ridge burying ground near Kirkwood. THE NEW JOURNALISM IN MISSOURI 427

THE NEW JOURNALISM IN MISSOURI BY WALTER B. STEVENS NINTH ARTICLE THE NEW JOURNALISM IN 1880 An incident of the Presidential campaign of 1880 was a sharp interchange between Senator John Sherman of Ohio and Senator Wade Hampton of South Carolina. The treat­ ment of the affair by the Globe-Democrat turned a serious situation into comedy, entertaining to the whole country. Senator Sherman made a statement in speech or letter which Senator Hampton promptly challenged in an open letter to the newspapers. Senator Hampton wrote: "I have only to say that in using it you uttered what was absolutely false, and what you knew to be false. My address will be Columbia, South Carolina." Now it so happened that when Senator Hampton wrote, thus "calling down" Senator Sherman, he was spending a few days at a well known health resort in Virginia, Dagger Springs, and the letter was so dated. Mr. McCullagh immediately made use of the date line: "Fighters' Retreat, Dagger Springs, Gutrippah County, sah! is where the haughty son of the Solid South goes when he would tame to subjection the insolence of the brutal North." Then followed paragraphs on successive days: "Hampton as Hamlet, Act III, Scene 2: 1 will speak daggers to him but use none'." " 'A hand and dagger shall be the seal,' said Mr. Bob Acres to Sir Lucius O' Trigger as he closed the challenge he was about to send to Beverly. Wade Hampton was even more warlike than Bob. He went to Dagger Springs to write his letter." 428 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"Instead of simply and curtly saying, 'my address will be Columbia, S. C.,' Wade Hampton should have closed his note to Mr. Sherman in this way: 'When asked what state I hail from, My sole reply shall be, I hail from South Carolina Of the late Confederacy'."

The campaign of 1880, between Garfield and Hancock, "The Superb," was characterized by a revival of bitterness between the North and the South. It furnished the setting which gave added interest to this treatment of the Dagger Springs incident by Mr. McCullagh. The Globe-Democrat contributed to the factional spirit by a series of "bloody shirt" paragraphs: "A few more shakes of the good old shirt, and the country will be safe for four years longer." Ohio and Indiana at that time had October elections of state officers. Both states were carried by the Republicans in October. The front page of the Globe-Democrat was en­ livened with many roosters. The editorial paragraphs read: "They still vote as they shot, in both sections." "How does the Solid South like the beautiful black eye she got from the Hoosiers?" Indiana had been Democratic uniformly, previous to that bloody shirt campaign. When Roscoe Conkling, who had been the leader of the Grant third-term movement, came out for Garfield at a critical time in September, just a few days before the October state elections, the entire 20,000 words was telegraphed to the Globe-Democrat "to save two days" as Mr. McCullagh put it. Conkling, in that historic speech, applied to the independents who were better than party the expression "upper air and solar walk" voters. The coinage of something new and striking in political vernacular was hailed with joy in the new journalism and given much cir­ culation. THE NEW JOURNALISM IN MISSOURI 429

"THE UNSPOKE SPEECH" In the summer of 1890, Mr. McCullagh wrote to the Washington correspondent of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat: "I have struck a new way of reporting conventions. You will see it in an article in Sunday's paper on 'Among the Blind.' I sent McAnally to the convention with instructions to listen and talk with others and make this kind of a report." Mr. McCullagh gave a name to his new way of reporting conventions. He christened it "the unspoke speech." His idea was that as most of those who attended conventions were never heard in the proceedings there was a loss from the newspaper point of view. Those silent delegates should have something in mind or memory worth telling and printing. A reporter with the tact to make acquaintances and the faculty of listening might draw from the delegates much that would make interesting reading to the public. The "unspoke speeches" might be or might not be relevant to the business of the convention. They might take wide range through fields of thought and experience, so long as they were of human interest. This was the editor's idea. It was tried on the American Medical Congress at Washington. Mr. McCullagh wrote: "Please do some 'unspoke speech' interviewing." The field turned out to be a rich one. When the results were in, Mr. McCullagh wrote: "The Medical Congress was admirably done. The G.-D. ought to take out a patent on that particular form of reporting." A few trials of the "unspoke speech" prompted Mr. Mc­ Cullagh to adopt it as a feature. He sent his correspondents far and wide, gleaning the "unspoke speeches" at all kinds of national conventions. The name, the home address, and what was said,—from 100 to 400 words,—that was the plan of these talks with delegates. A letter from the chief written in 1893 illustrates how it was done: "It may be that I will ask you to go to Cincinnati to the Hotel Keepers' Convention. I have wired to find out if it will be a big thing. If you go, do it up on the 'unspoke speech' plan. You can get some in­ teresting matter I think. For instance, ask some of the big 430 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

fellows how they like to take care of opera singers; whether they don't give a great deal of trouble. Also how they like to entertain public men, etc. Many ideas will suggest them­ selves to you." The Globe-Democrat covered scores of conventions and ran hundreds of columns of "unspoke speeches." Exchange or news editors throughout the country discovered the new mine. Their shears poised over these columns and cut into them, with credit to the Globe-Democrat. The new journalism in Missouri found some ways of exploitation which were highly original. When Colonel J. West Goodwin, founder and editor of the Bazoo, ran an ex­ cursion train from Sedalia to Nevada on the occasion of a legal execution, in 1833, the Globe-Democrat commented editor­ ially: "The 'Bazoo News Train' evidently reached the Nevada hangin' yesterday on time and heavily loaded. A dispatch from there says there were 10,000 people present and every­ thing passed off 'in an agreeable and satisfactory way.' Another feather in the cap of poor old Missouri." As usual the Globe-Democrat had a correspondent on the spot to handle the Nevada affair. The correspondent re­ quested permission from the sheriff to interview the con­ demned man and was allowed to do so on condition. The result was printed in the Globe-Democrat in this form: Sheriff Fisher: I will let you see Fox provided you promise to tell your paper it has slandered this people and that as an officer of this county representing the sentiment of the people I wanted to say so to the Globe- Democrat through its representative. The reporter: Well, Fox, I represent a paper having the largest circulation in the West, and if you have anything to say I shall be glad to lay it before 100,000 readers for you. Sheriff Fisher: Fox, this fellow represents the meanest paper on earth—the Globe-Democrat. Fox: Then tell your readers that Fox died a Democrat.

"GOING TO MARKET" The financial part of the newspaper business appealed to Mr. McCullagh only in so far as it marked successful man- THE NEW JOURNALISM IN MISSOURI 431 agement and justified greater expenditure to increase the fame of the Globe-Democrat. The chief cared nothing for material profits to his own account. He practically declined increase of his own salary. When pay day came he went to the cashier's window, received his wad, shoved it down in his pocket and went his way like the newest reporter on the staff. One habit in scattering his income he called "going to market." Monday mornings he visited the brokerage office of James Campbell in earlier years and later that of Max Kotany. With these financiers, Mr. McCullagh discussed stocks and crops. He gave orders to buy a hundred shares of this or that and a few thousand bushels of this or that. In this way the editor came to realize a personal interest in the material conditions of the country,—an interest that told in the conduct of the financial and commercial pages of the Globe-Democrat. Before the period when crop reporting was thoroughly covered by national and state organizations, the Globe-Democrat, through it staff of thousands of news corre­ spondents, gathered regularly and made public information on crop conditions. When Congress through some mistaken sense of economy let lapse the appropriations for sending out the weather bureau reports, the Globe-Democrat arranged to have the weather report wired nightly from Washington at the newspaper's expense. For years the best daily review of the New York stock market was telegraphed nightly to the Globe-Democrat. Neither by the editor nor by anyone connected with the Globe- Democrat was advantage taken of this information for personal speculation. The information went to the public as part of the newspaper service offered. "Going to market" was not profitable in a money way, according to the recollections of his brokers, but it served as recreation and it kept the editor personally interested in making two departments of the paper of the greatest possible service to that part of the public vitally concerned in them. When Mr. McCullagh*'s estate was settled it was found to consist of little more than about twenty shares of stock of the Globe-Democrat which had been placed in his name when the 432 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Globe and the Democrat were consolidated and which had been paid for out of the profits of the paper. Dividends on these shares, after they had been paid for, Mr. McCullagh received in checks and deposited to a personal account or applied on his "going to market" transactions. Not infrequently Mr. McCullagh drew on his pocket roll of currency to pay for some news-gathering exploit when a word would have prompted the advance direct from the business office. Much of the editor's income went in unpublished benevolences. Gifts to show appreciation of exceptional newspaper work were num­ berless. When Eugene Field dedicated verses to "Little Mack," a gold watch suitably inscribed told that the tribute had warmed the cockles of the bachelor editor's heart. At Christmas time, during a period of years, it was Mr. Mc- Cullagh's custom to obtain from a bank a considerable sum in gold which he distributed in twenty and ten-dollar coins to members of the local staff and others of the office force.

MAKING THE NEW JOURNALISM PERMANENT The new journalism in Missouri was never "yellow." Good people deplored the space given to criminal news. There was sharp criticism of the new journalism from the pul­ pit occasionally. It is to be remembered that in the fifteen years following the Civil War there was much criminal news to be reported. And if the cardinal principle of the new jour­ nalism, as the Globe-Democrat defined it, was the truthful recording of "current history," the preponderance of criminal news could not be ignored. The Seventies were years of law­ lessness on the border. Eastern newspapers treated the Southwest, beyond the Mississippi, as "wild and woolly." Legal executions were many. One Friday morning in St. Louis three men together were dropped through the trap in the Four Courts jailyard. Double hangings were not un­ common. Horse stealing meant the death penalty. Vigi­ lantes acted expeditiously. Train robbing was invented and pursued as a uniformly safe industry. Missouri was branded by Republican newspapers on the Atlantic seaboard THE NEW JOURNALISM IN MISSOURI 433 as "the robber state." Steamboats conveyed thousands to sandbars in the Mississippi river to witness prize fights with bare fists. But the Eighties brought a new era and the new journalism stressed it. The criminal news was no longer the leading department of the newspaper in Missouri. Post-Dispatch newsboys substituted for the murder "all about the social sensation." The new journalism underwent a refining process but not to the degree of dullness. The alliterative headline disappeared. The essay found prominence in the Sunday pages. Reprint from the London Spectator, the Review and the best magazines appeared on the editorial page weekdays. When Mr. Nelson launched the Kansas City Star in September, 1880, he emphasized this in his announcement: "Selected miscellany will be made a leading feature, rendering the Evening Star especially welcome in the family circle." And the policy was never allowed to lapse. The new journalism made much of musical and dramatic events. Lectures were often reported in full. The new journalism continued to be aggressive but with somewhat of dignity added. It had found its way into popular favor. Now it was making for permanence—and perma­ nence not dependent on the life of a single master-mind was found. Character which was to preserve the standards and traditions was established. When the light of the master individual spirit failed, the great newspaper went on growing greater and proving year by year the enduring character of the new journalism in Missouri. A general-welfare clause had its place in the new journal­ ism in Missouri. It carried the exponents of this new jour­ nalism above undue partisanship in party politics, beyond personal prejudices and outside of bigotry in creed. The panic of 1893 shook the whole country. Mr. Cleveland was Presi­ dent. A special session of Congress to meet the emergency was impending. The Globe-Democrat announced on the 7th of June its position: 434 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The Globe-Demccrat declines to join the ignoble army of partisan pirates who are trying to make political capital for the Republican party out of the present financial stringency because it occurs under a Demo­ cratic administration. We yield to none in our dislike of Democracy and Democratic Presidents, but just at present if we had to choose between two successive Democratic Presidents and one financial panic we would take the Democratic Presidents. We can all recover, in time and by fumiga­ tion, from a Democratic President, but a financial crash would leave behind it such distress from which there would be no recovery. Let us all stand together as good citizens, and by hoping for the best do much to bring the best about.

At a time when the world rocked morally over the ex­ posure of a great scandal in England, the Globe-Democrat printed this:

The suppression by the Globe-Democrat of a cable dispatch of 6,000 words from London, after it had been received and paid for, may be accepted by the many severe censors of modern journalism as some sort of proof that the daily newspaper is not, after all, such a recklessly con­ ducted instrument for evil as they suppose. We do not know of any other business in which such a loss would have been voluntarily borne. If it be said that we ought not to have ordered such matter in the first place, we answer that our only guide on the subject was the amount of excitement created by the publication in London, and the high character of the men who had interested themselves in the matter since its publication. We naturally surmised that what Mr. Spurgeon and Cardinal Manning had taken notice of was worthy of reproduction. Hence the liberal order upon the cable telegraph. But when the matter came and was subjected to editorial revision, it was deemed unfit to lay before our readers, and the costly "copy" was thrown aside as unconcernedly as though it had been a volunteer contribution condemned to the waste basket. And this is only one of many instances which might be quoted to show how often the Globe-Democrat stands, at its own expense, between its readers and any publication tending in the direction of indecency or immorality—all of which should remind the severe censors to whom we have alluded of the familiar couplet from Burns: 'What's done we partly may compute, But know not what's resisted.' Of, as Mr. Beecher once said to his congregation, 'you sometimes blame me for what I say, but oh, if you knew what I often keep back.'

There was speculation as to what were the beliefs or convictions of Mr. McCullagh, religious as well as political. THE NEW JOURNALISM IN MISSOURI 435

At one time a great deal of space was given to Spiritualism, so much that some readers thought the chief had been con­ verted to that faith, or whatever it may be called. Possibly a few of the instructions by telegraph, given by Mr. Mc­ Cullagh to the Washington correspondent of the Globe- Democrat at that time, may be illuminating: Write all you can about Spiritualism in Washington. Spiritual matter published to-day is very fine. You have struck a magnificent lead. If you can get Gould interview through good medium, go ahead. New York mediums are afraid of it. Jennings telegraphs from New York that the paity named is in Hell and won't talk. If you can't find a medium in Washington, Philadelphia is full of them. Gould interview received. Can you get interview with Thomas A. Hendricks on his relations with Cleveland? Can you reach Senator Ben WTade, or President Andy Johnson, Arthur or Garfield? Do you think you could get ten or twelve leading Senators and Repre­ sentatives to submit to short interviews on Spiritualism? If so, go ahead at it. Will hold your last Spiritual article till Sunday 26th, as we have long article from Jennings for 19th. Meantime keep it up as long as there is material. How are you getting along with the Spirits? Think I will hold Spiritualist article for Sunday. It is excellent. Send more. Go ahead on Spiritualism. You cannot send too much.

Whatever may have been his personal convictions on politics or religion, Mr. McCullagh, in the earlier years, en­ listed the Globe-Democrat in many popular and praiseworthy reforms. When he became editor-in-chief of the Globe- Democrat, forty years ago, social customs in St. Louis were unlike what they are now. If a person went into a St. Louis bank to transact business and was an especially popular cus­ tomer, it was quite the thing to invite him into a room, just off the President's office, where a sideboard was the principal article of furniture and where a colored servitor stood ready to manipulate the decanter and the glasses. When Frank P. Biair was given a home-coming banquet, the newspapers em­ phasized the importance of the function by reporting that 436 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

eleven kinds of wine were served. On New Year's day from five to seven columns of the Globe-Democrat were required for the directory of "open houses." And the rule of hospitality called for the cup that inebriates. The homes in which John Barleycorn did not reign that day were the exceptions. One of the earliest reforms conducted by the Globe-Democrat was against this custom. Mr. McCullagh carried on the war with such paragraphs as these:

If the ladies of St. Louis are not willing to be held responsible for nearly every case of intoxication seen upon the streets on Monday next, let them withhold spirituous liquors from their callers on that day. If the parlors of the city are to be turned into barrooms, it is to be expected that the streets will be filled with drunkards. Every preacher in St. Louis and throughout the country should say a few words to his congregation to-morrow on the subject of temperance. He should warn the lady members of his flock against setting a bad example to New Year's callers by furnishing them with intoxicating liquors. In this way he can do more good than by twenty temperance lectures scattered through the year. Heretofore the Globe-Democrat has been the solitarr and unaided apostle of temperance on New Year's day. We have called upon the pulpits, but they have not responded. Let it be remembered that of the ladies who will receive calls on Monday next nine out of ten are members of some church, and it will at once be admitted that the eminent divines of St. Louis can do a vast deal of good by uttering a few pertinent words tomorrow.

The Rev. Dr. William G. Eliot probably espoused more movements for the uplift of the people of St. Louis than any other man in his two generations of activity. He said to his son, Edward C. Eliot: "Whenever the pinch comes, McCullagh is always found on the right side." With each recurring New Years' day, the Globe-Democrat renewed its protest against the social glass, even in opposition to the other newspapers.

The Globe-Democrat is not fanatical on the subject of temperance. We can not, however, forget the fact that rum is responsible for nearly all the crime of the world, and we can not see why the social festivities of a day like this can not be conducted without its assistance. The plea in behalf of a 'single glass of wine,' urged by the Post and Dispatch, is weak THE NEW JOURNALISM IN MISSOURI 437 and vicious. It is the 'single glass' here and there that makes the big debauch. The day, too, is sacred to good resolutions and new departures. Every argument is against the custom, and we hope the ladies of St. Louis will help to abolish it to-day. For a little sound advice to those who propose getting drunk to-day, we would say, 'Don't do it,' and to those who propose to get others drunk we would say, 'Don't do it.' A Happy New Year is easiest spoiled by getting too happy. The Globe-Democrat this year makes its fifth annual appeal to the leaders of St. Louis society not to encourage drunkenness by furnishing wine to New Years caller s. We flatter ourselves that we have done a great deal toward lessening what was once a very great evil in this respect. The preachers can help us next Sunday and we hope they will.

Mr. McCullagh was not a total abstainer but the Globe- Democrat did not restrict its lectures on temperance to its annual appeals for sobriety on New Years. St. Louis was given a bad name by a series of hot summers in the seventies, when macadamized streets and long rows of residences empha­ sized the discomfort and the debilitating effects of the heat. Reports of prostrations filled columns in the newspapers. The board of health issued warnings advising people to stay in the shade and abstain from hard work. Mercantile Library was opened at eight o'clock in the morning as a place of refuge. In the midst of the heated terms Mr. McCullagh told the people of St. Louis in his pointed way that John Barleycorn was chiefly responsible for the sunstrokes. Strawbetries are now selling at five cents a quart, and whiskey, we are reliably informed, at fifteen cents a drink, and yet there is reason to believe that St. Louis consumes more drinks of whiskey that it does quarts of strawberries, even during the absence of the Democratic politicians at Moberly. 438 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO AN UNWRITTEN LEAF OF THE WAR JOHN N. EDWARDS THIRTEENTH ARTICLE CHAPTER XXII It was in these last days of the Empire than Gen. J. A- Early, a noble Southern Tacitus, came over from Havana to Mexico. His journey from the United States had been a romantic one. After Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, Gen. Early, with the keen eye of a thorough sportsman, had selected a horse in Virginia that in every way suited his ideas of a horse. Above all things he wanted one full of action and endurance. The ride before him was from ocean to ocean, as it were, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Having on nothing that would stand in the shape of the uniform of a soldier, and a good enough looking citizen in all except the bronze of his rough campaigning, he rode through Virginia and North Carolina, through Tennessee and Mississippi, into Arkansas, and across it into Texas, and on through out­ lying bands of guerrillas and robbers to the port of Mata- moras. Sometimes he went hungry for bread. For days together he had no shelter. He spoke but two words of Spanish, and those contemptuously, because the words them­ selves expressed so aptly the Mexican's idea of eternal pro­ crastination. He got along somehow, however, and made his appearance to the few who were left among the Mexicans, as full of the fire of war, and as indifferent to either extreme of fortune as when amid the echoes of the long and perilous battle he had seen victory come and go, at one time his hand­ maiden, at another his Delilah. Gen. Early, even then, had written his book reviewing the military campaigns of Sheridan in the Valley of Virginia. Some articles had appeared in the American press not exactly between them, but about them. Each had written freely SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 439 of each. Each was a man who followed up his words, if need be, with blows. He disliked skirmishing very much, that was only skirmishing, so he concluded to go over to Havana and challenge Sheridan. He argued that Sheridan was an Irishman, that he probably would not be averse to the opera­ tions of the code, that he was personally brave, and that a shot or two between them, while it might not settle a single point at issue, would at least clear up the atmosphere of the correspondence a little, and round off some of the angularities of the two antagonistic natures. He was over-persuaded, however, and did not send the challenge. He returned to Canada, published his book, told some very necessary yet unpalatable truths, and has remained on duty ever since, a watchful sentinel over Southern honor as amplified and ex­ emplified by Southern history. Foreigners of all nations now began to put each his house in order. None had faith in the empire—none believed that it could survive the shock of the French withdrawal three months. Maxmilian had no money. He was suspicioned of the Church. The Archbishop was his enemy. His wife, really and truly his better half, his noble, self-sacrificing, heroic Carlota, was dead to him, to his love, to whatever of triumph or despair the future had in store for him. The dark hour was upon Saul. Shrouded in the mental blackness of a great darkness, Maxmilian as he always did when he was hard hunted, fled to Guernavaca. He remained three days, the prey of conflicting emotions, and the one isolated and desolate figure in a land that had in it the birds and the odors of Paradise. When he returned he had taken upon himself a sudden resolution. He would leave the country, too, he had said to some of his nearest followers. The Emperor Napoleon had urged him to retire with the French, the Emperor of Austria had done the same, so had the Queen of England, so had Bazaine, so had everybody, who knew how the scholar, and the gentleman would at last be destroyed in a contact with brute force, ignorance and cupidity. There can be no doubt whatever of the Emperor's intention at this time to abandon 440 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Mexico. The condition of his wife's health, the attitude of the Catholic Church, his empty treasury, the mutiny and dis­ affection among his native regiments, the baseness, corruption and falsehood on every hand, so impressed him at last that a great reaction came and a great disgust for the people whose cause he had espoused and whose country he had endeavored to pacify and redeem. He retired suddenly to Orizava, a city two days' journey towards Vera Cruz. The movement was ominous, and a great fear fell upon those among the Imper­ ialists who had yet the manhood and the decency to thus pre­ serve the semblance of affection. Generals Miramon and Marquez went to him at once. Long consultations followed, and the result arrived at was a decree on the part of the Emperor convoking a national Congress, on the most ample and liberal basis, wherein all political parties might partipate. On the 12th of October, 1866, the Emperor returned to Pueblo, one day's journey toward the capital, one day's journey further from the sea-coast. The Imperialists again took courage. On the 5th of January, 1867, the Emperor returned again to Mexico. During his stay in Orizava, his Majesty had a long and confidential interview with Governor Thomas C. Reynolds. He had been in the habit of consulting him upon various occasions, and had in more than one instance followed the advice given by this remarkable, clearheaded and conscientious man. To Reynolds he unbosomed himself fully and without reserve. He dwelt upon the condition of the country and the apparent hopelessness of the effort he was making to maintain himself. He complained that he had no advisers who under­ stood the nature of the surroundings, and who could give a sensible and patriotic reason for anything. He wanted sympathy really as much as he did advice, and Reynolds gave him both. He urged upon him the necessity of remaining in Mexico and of dying, if needs be, for his kingdom and his crown. Reynolds also recalled briefly the history of his ancestors, the names great among the greatest of his race, and reminded him as delicately as possible, yet very firmly, that Hapsburg as he was he had need but of two things— SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 441 to perish or succeed. There was a sacred duty he owed, first to his name, and then to those other young and dauntless spirits who had followed him across the ocean and who could not be abandoned to be destroyed. Men of the Hapsburg race either conquered destiny or were conquered by it in war harness and in front of the fight. Standing or falling, he should head his armies and trust himself, as his ancestors had done before him, to the God of battles and the sword. Maximilian returned to the City of Mexico, as has been already stated, on the 5th of January, 1866. On the 6th of February, of the same year, the French troops left the capital. The Congress provided for at the Council of Orizava, owing to the deplorable condition of the country, did not meet. War was in the land, and rapine, and the slaughter of those who did not resist, nor yet had any arms in their hands. Bazaine, the night before the evacuation of the city, sought a private interview with the Emperor, and had it granted far into the morning. As a soldier he reasoned with the Emperor simply as a soldier. Treating the whole question at issue as one of men and means entirely, he demonstrated how futile all resistance would be, and how utterly impossible it was to maintain an alien government without an army. Having his mind made up, however, with the fixedness of desperation, Maximilian took no heed of Bazaine's inexorable logic. The two parted coldly, never to meet again, but not as enemies. The Marshal pities the Emperor—the Emperor smiled upon the Marshal. In the presence of death, the man who can smile and forgive upon earth is already forgiven in heaven. If there were any Mexicans now in the empire really devoted to Maximilian, they made no effort to sustain him. As the French lines receded the lines of Jaurez moved up and occupied everything. Regiments deserted in a body, gar­ risoned towns were given up, the native troops would not fight against native troops—all cohesiveness was gone. There was no discipline; it was dark in every quarter, and the time for giants to arise was near at hand. In this condition of the country Maximilian took the field. From the first he led a forlorn hope. The whole Imperial 442 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW fabric, unsupported by French bayonets, literally fell to pieces. Miramon was defeated in Durango; Mendez had to retreat from the South; Marquez lost Pueblo and the outlying towns about the Capital; from a force amounting to fifty thousand men on paper, Maximilian, all told and when every general and every detachment was in at Queretero, could not, if he had tried, have counted nine thousand soldiers who had faith in the destiny of the Empire, and who knew how to die for it. On the 13th of February, 1866, the Emperor, leaving Marquez in command of the City of Mexico, concluded to take command of the army in the field. Accordingly, on that day he marched northward. The force under him numbered barely eighteen hundred, and was composed equally of the three arms, infantry, cavalry and artillery. The first day's march brought slight skirmishing; on the fourth day the skirmishing grew suddenly heavy and hot, the Hungarians of his body guard made a splendid charge, the road was tolerably well cleared, and on the morning of the 19th, amid the ringing of innumerable bells and the noisy demonstrations of a vast multitude, the Emperor entered the city of Queretero. It was an historical city, this of Queretero. Fifty-seven leagues from the Capital, it had been founded about the year 1445, and was a part of the Empire of Montezuma I. A Spaniard, Fernando de Tapia, conquered it in 1531, and con­ ferred upon it the name of Santiago de Queretaro—or, in the Tarasco idiom, a place where ball was played. Ominous christening! The ball now about to be played was with those iron ones men play with death when death must win. The population of Queretaro was fully fifty thousand, and during the war with the United States the Mexican Congress held its sessions there. Afterwards, in 1848, the commissioners of peace assembled there and signed the famous treaty of Hidalgo. The Emperor was no soldier, and yet he believed some fortifications were necessary to protect his inferior force from the greatly superior force he knew was rushing to overwhelm SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 443 him from every portion of the Empire. From the 1st of March to the 16th he worked like a grenadier. He rarely slept. He ate as the men did, fared alike with his soldiers, he appealed to them as a comrade, led them forward as a king, and was beloved beyond all. On the 14th of March Gen. Escobedo, at the head of thirty thousand Mexicans, moved down from the north and invested the city. Here was one who had never known an hour of mercy; who had iron gray hair; who was angular and gaunt; who lived much alone, suspicioned all men, who had been known to have rivals poisoned, who hated the French worse than the Austrians, the Americans worse than the French, and who was a coward. On the 14th of March the city was attacked—thirty thousand against nine thousand. All day long the Emperor was under fire. At night he took no rest. Brave, modest, gentle, no exposure was too great for him—no personal hazard accounted a feather's weight in the scale of the day's doubtful fortunes. Not yet satisfied of his grip upon the town, Escobedo retired worsted. The grim lines of circumvallation, however, grew stronger day by day, and to the siege of the place a tide of soldiers poured constantly in, armed in all fashions, ragged, hungry for food, ravenous. It mattered not for guns. They had strength, and they could dig to keep well at bay those who, sooner or later, had to come out or starve. Succor was needed, and on the 22d of March, at the head of one thousand mounted men, Gen. Marquez, at the command of the Emperor, started to the Capital. He was to procure men, provisions and munitions of war, and he was to return within fifteen days. All his orders were explicit. If he had not men enough to garrison and defend the City of Mexico, and also to increase his force sufficiently for the defense of Queretaro, then was he to abandon Mexico, and return with every soldier and every round of ammunition he could raise, to the headquarters of the Emperor. The Emperor also conferred upon Marquez the title of Lugar Teniente, or what is usually translated as meaning Lieutenant General. It 444 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

does mean this, and much more. Such an officer, in the ab­ sence of the sovereign, takes his place, and is recognized and obeyed accordingly. He has the absolute power of life and death in his hands, can declare war, appropriate money, make treaties, act, in short, as an absolute and unquestioned autocrat, and then in the end explain nothing. Marquez never returned to Queretaro. Was he a traitor? In the peculiarly expressive language of the race to which he belonged, the answer is only a shrug of the shoulders and a quien sabe. In a nation of traitors, what matters one or two more or less? Marquez not only did not report, but such were the infamies of his reign in Mexico, and such the outrages and oppressions he put upon the people, that many, even in the last sad days of the Empire—many, indeed, who were faithful and pure of heart—rose up to curse Maximilian, and to rejoice when the couriers came riding southward, telling of how the work was done. On the 27th of March a passable sortie was made. Two hundred Austrian Hussars, of the household troops, and a squadron or so of Hungarians, dashed across an open field at the charge, capturing two pieces of artillery and two hundred men. No succor came from the Capital. Marquez reached the City of Mexico in safety and increased his force to four thou­ sand soldiers, eight hundred of whom were Europeans. In­ stead of marching immediately northward to Queretero, he marched directly southward to Puebla, then held by an imperial garrison, but closely beseiged by Gen. Porfirio Diaz. As Marquez approached, Diaz stormed the city, enlisted a large proportion of its defenders in his own ranks and turned savagely upon Marquez. He retreated at first, without a battle. Diaz pressed him fiercely, some heavy skirmishing ensued, but in the end all opposition ceased, and the remnant of Maximilian's army cooped itself up within the walls of Mexico and surrendered later at discretion. On the 14th of April, at Queretero, the Emperor's forces made another sortie, taking nineteen guns and six hundred prisoners. It was then his intention to abandon this position SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 445

and reach Mexico by forced and incessant marches. But upon ascertaining fully the results of the victory, and becoming thoroughly acquainted with its magnitude and effect, he coun­ termanded the order of execution and tarried yet awhile longer, hoping to hear something that would reassure him from other quarters. Finally abandoning all idea of succor from the movements of Marquez, he ordered Prince Salm Salm, on the night of the 17th, to go in quest of him, ascertain exactly his intentions, arrest and iron him if the need was, and bring back with him every available soldier possible under his command. Prince Salm Salm, at the head of five hundred cavalry, sallied out precisely at midnight and advanced probably half a league. Suddenly a tremendous fire was opened upon him from artillery and infantry. Severely wounded in the foot himself, and satisfied from the force in position across his only road of exit that he could not get through, he returned within the lines, baffled and demoralized. On the 1st of May still another sortie was attempted. Miramon led this, and led it badly. Two hours of desperate fighting gave him no advantage, and when at last he was forced back, it was with a precipitancy so great as to appear like a rout. The cloud of disaster now became darker and nearer. Maximilian bore up bravely. As long as his private funds lasted, he divided them among the sick and the wounded. Constantly in the front of the fight, and dauntless in the discharge of every duty, he commanded, inspired, toiled and faced the inevitable as became the greatness of his nature and the magnitude of the interests at stake. He commanded scarcely nine thousand men. Foremost in the sorties, forming all the forlorn hopes, looking forward to the future only as those who had no future, his Europeans died and made no moan. Many near and dear to him had fallen. Some who had followed his fortunes in other lands and on seas full of wonder and peril, fell where could come to them neither friendly hand nor sepulchre. Those the enemy gotfthey mutilated— those who dragged themselves back from the battle's wreck, 446 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW slowly and painfully, had the prayer of the priest and the last warm grasp of a kingly hand. These were all—but to these poor, faithful, simple-minded soldiers, these were a great deal. On the morning of the 13th of May Maximilian deter­ mined, when the night came, to abandon the city of Quer­ etaro. Having yet, however, to arm some three thousand citizens, the evacuation was postponed. On the evening of the 14th, Miramon came to the Emperor and suggested to him the importance of calling a council composed of all the Generals of the army. Above all things it was necessary to have unity of action, and this could best be done after a full and free interchange of opinion was indulged in. The Em­ peror consented, and in consenting signed his death warrant. Before the consultation was had, the Emperor turned his honest, clear blue eyes upon the face of Colonel Lopez, com­ mander of the Empress' Regiment, and said to him very gently, as he laid his hand, comrade fashion, upon his shoulder, decorated with the epaulettes the Empress herself had braided: "You need take no concern about the march. Your regiment has been detailed as my especial escort." The Judas smiled as all Judases have done for six thousand years, and went his way to betray him. The Generals met during the day of the 14th and resolved to march out from Querataro at eleven o'clock that night. When the time came the volunteers were still unarmed, and some of the Generals asked the delay of another day. Gen. Mendez, also, a gallant and devoted officer, being quite unwell and unable to ride, sent Col. Redonet to the Emperor with a petition asking for further time that he might conquer his malady and lead his old brigade in person. Maximilian yielded to these urgent solicitations and fixed at last positively upon the night of the 15th. Full fifty thousand men now invested Quaretaro. Corona, a general of more than ordinary Mexican ability, came down from Durango and joined his forces to those of Escobedo. The lines of investment were complete—fifty thousand be­ sieging nine thousand. About the headquarters of Maximilian all was silence SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 447

and expectancy. Gen. Castillo, of the Imperial staff, conveyed to the various officers, secretly and verbally, the orders for the night. Nowhere did the gleaming of camp fires appear. The infantry were to carry their cartridges and blankets, the cannon upon the fortifications were to be spiked and the magazines flooded. Some eight and ten-pounders, dismounted and packed on mules, together with light supplies of grape and cannister, completed the arm of resistance in the way of artillery. On the west and directly in front of the lines held by Corona, the entire garrison was to be concentrated. Thence pouring out through the night—suprising, stabbing, bayonet­ ing, gaining the rugged defiles of the Sierra Gorda—-there was slight work thereafter in laying hands upon succor and safety. Twelve hundred armed citizens of Queretaro were to re­ main behind and protect the people and the property of the city as far as might be. These, after twenty-four hours had passed, were to surrender to General Escobedo. The Em­ peror retired at eight o'clock and slept until one. Prince Salm Salm, until twelve o'clock, was busy in arranging the private papers of Maximilian and in packing them in small canvas sacks that might be strapped to the saddles of the escort company. Many were busy in writing words of tender­ ness and farewell. As there were no lights, the staff officers assisted each other by smoking cigarettes close to the paper that a few words might be scribbled by the fleeting and un­ certain light. The sortie might have won. It was the last and only resort of nine thousand desperate men who had been starving, who in eleven days had only scant allowances of mule or horse meat, and who had been under fire long enough to be accli­ mated. It was not to be, however. Between one and two o'clock the traitor Lopez, having previously communicated with Es­ cobedo, crept silently from his q larters and took his way through the dark and narrow streets of Queretaro. Col. Garza, commanding the advance outposts of the investing army, met him first. Garza was an honorable soldier who despised 448 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

the work he was engaged in, and the man who came to him in the midnight, a coward and a traitor. As he advanced to meet him he did not extend his hand, but said curtly: "You are expected. Such work as this needs to be done quickly." Garza reported with Lopez to Gen. Veliz, a division com­ mander. The three together visited Escobedo and returned almost directly, Garza having been ordered to follow the traitor with his command and do as he was bidden. There was a large church on the south called La Cruz, and near this church a hole in the wall of defense. Thither went Lopez, Veliz and Garza. Here Veliz halted, but Garza and Lopez went on. Be it remembered, also, that Lopez had been the officer of the day, that he was highest just then in authority in the city, and that having the pass word he could arrange the forces at pleasure, and transpose or with­ draw posts and outposts as the exigencies of his terrible treason might demand. When the nearest station of Imperial troops was reached, Garza halted his command. Lopez rode forward and asked of the officer on duty if there was any news. "None," was the reply. 'Then parade your men and call the roll." This was done with military accuracy and speed. After­ wards the detachment was marched to the rear of Garza, leaving him in possession of the fort. The Liberals were in Queretaro. The beginning of the end was at hand. Other Liberal officers were put in possession of other posts, and be­ fore an hour had passed the treachery was complete. As the Liberal forces entered the city, quite a number of the Im­ perial officers were awake. As they saw Col. Rincon's regi­ ment—a Liberal regiment of some celebrity—march by their barracks, they looked out carelessly and took no note. Some of their own troops, they imagined, were going by or getting ready for the sortie. By half-past three o'clock fully two-thirds of the city was in possession of the Liberals. Suddenly and with great SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 449

force all the church bells began to ring. The streets were filled with bodies of armed men. Aides galloped hither and thither. Skirmishing shots broke out in every direction. There were cries, shouts, the blare of multitudinous bugles, and from afar the heavy rumbling and dragging of artillery. Great confusion fell upon the Imperialists. Some thought that Marquez had returned, and had attacked and defeated Escobedo. Others, that it was only a fight at the outposts- - many, that the short, hot work of the sortie had actually begun. And so it had, with the lines reversed. Lopez had an adjutant, a Pole named Yablonski, who was with him in his treasonable plot, but who yet sought to save the Emperor. Feigning sleep, he had not yet closed his eyes in slumber. All his senses were on the qui vive for the ringing of the bells that were to usher in the tragedy. The first echo brought him to his feet—erect, nervous, vigorous. Maximilian occupied the convent of La Cruz, and next to the room of the Emperor was that of his private secretary, Jose Blasio. Yeblonski went close up to Blasio and whispered: "The enemy are in the garden; get up!" Half-dressed and heavy with the deep sleep of exhaustion, Blasio staggered into the apartment of the Emperor. In a few moments Maximilian knew all. He was the coolest man there, and so sad and so gentle that it seemed as if he did not care to live. The convent was surrounded. Castillo, Guz­ man, Salm Salm and Padillo, all officers who were quartered near the Emperor, walked into his presence. Padillo informed him that the enemy were in possession of the convent; that ten pieces of artillery had been taken in its very plaza, and that all defense of the mere building itself was useless. Max­ imilian very quietly took up a brace of revolvers, handed one to Padillo, and went to the door of his room, followed by Padillo, Blasio and Salm Salm. "To go out here or to die is the only way," he said, and they crossed the corridor. A sentinel at the head of the steps halted them. Max­ imilian leveled his revolver. An officer of the Liberal army— a brave, chivalrous and heroic Mexican, supposed to be Col. 450 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Rincon—struck with a strange and generous pity, cried out to the sentinel: "Let them pass; they are citizens." In the plaza a line of leveled muskets again came up in front of them. Capture was imminent—or death unknown and ignominious. Again Rincon spoke to the soldiers: "Let them pass; they are civilians." The lines opened and the Emperor, followed by his little escort, reached the regiment of the Empress. Lopez, its Colonel and its betrayer, was at its head, mounted and ready for orders. A huge hill, El Cerro de las Campanas, was the rallying point now of Maximilian's confused, scattered and demoralized forces. Thither he hurried with what was left of this chosen body of his very household's troops. On the way Castillo was met, who cried out: "All is lost. See, your Majesty, the enemy's force is coming very near." Just then a body of infantry was entering the plaza. Mistaken in their uniforms, and not aware of the extent and nature of the surprise, Maximilian exclaimed: "Thank God, our battalion of Municipal Guards are coming." The error, however, was soon discovered and the little party started again for the hill, El Cerro. Maximilian was on foot. A horse, however, was brought to him which he mounted, reining it in and keeping pace with his companions. Lopez remained close to his side. Passing the house of one Rubio, a rich Mexican, though not an Imperialist, Lopez said to the Emperor: "Your Majesty should enter here. In this way alone can you save yourself." Maximilian refused peremptorily, and issued his orders with singular calmness and clearness. Meeting Capt. Jenero, Gen. Castillo's adjutant, he bade him seek Miramon at once and order him to concentrate every available soldier upon El Cerro de las Campanas. To another officer he cried out: "Go among your men and talk to them. Expose your person and teach them how to die." SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 451

On the summit of the hill there were only about one hun­ dred and fifty men gathered. These, belonging principally to the infantry regiments, had strayed there more because of the observation the elevation afforded than of a knowledge that it was the rallying point. Not all of them had ammunition. Some, aroused suddenly from sleep, had snatched up only their guns and rushed out alarmed into the night. Soon the cavalry of the Empress arrived, and, recognizing the Emperor, cheered for him bravely. This devotion touched him, and under the light of the stars he was seen to lift up his hat and bow his head. Was he thinking of Carlota? Miramon did not come. The firing grew heavier in every direction. Mejia rallying a few men in the plaza del Ayuntamiento followed the regiment of the Empress. As they approached Maximilian spoke to Salm Salm. "Ride forward and see if Miramon can not be distin­ guished among those who are coming up." General Mendez, a lion in combat, and so weak from illness as to be put with difficulty upon his horse, was surprised in the Alemeda and surrounded. Would he surrender? Never; and the battle began. It was a carnage—a massacre. His men fell fearfully fast—shot down, helpless, by an unseen and protected foe. A ball broke his left arm. He swayed in the saddle, but he held fast. "Bring here a strap!" he shouted, "and strap me fast. I want to die in the harness." He tried to cut through to El Cerro. Met half way, and caught in a dreadful ambuscade, the slaughter was renewed. Another ball carried away the point of his chin, and yet a third disabled his right shoulder, and yet a fourth killed his horse. Scarcely alive, he was dragged out insensible. Re­ viving a little towards daylight, at six in the morning a fusillade finished him. Among all the soldiers of Maximilian, he was the noblest, the bravest and the best. How fared it with Miramon, sound asleep when the traitor Lopez stole in through the battered wall at the head of an 452 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

insatiable tide swallowing up the tottering and dissolving fabric of Imperialism? Awakened by the ringing of bells, the broken rattle of irregular musketry, and now and then a cannon shot, Miramon half arose in his bed, cleared his eyes from the heaviness of sleep, and spoke calmly to his aid-de-camp: "I fear that we are lost. Inside the walls a traitor has surely been at work." He dressed himself speedily and descended into the street. It was full of soldiers. He imagined that they were his own. He spoke to them and announced his name and rank. An officer on horseback rushed upon him, put a carbine to his cheek and fired. Miramon, his jaw-bone shattered and his flesh blackened and powder burnt, swayed backward nearly from his feet, caught himself, lifted himself upright, and killed the officer dead in his saddle who had shot him. Miramon had a devoted body-guard, and it rallied around him. In the darkness the fight became furious. Striving in vain to reach the hill where he supposed the Emperor was making a desperate stand, and weak from loss of blood, Miramon staggered upon an open door and entered a house. It was the house of Dr. Samaniegos, who hid him, and kissed him, and, Mexican like, went out into the streets to give his life away. He proclaimed aloud to the Liberals that Miramon was alone in his house, and that the time was opportune to lay hands upon him. A band rushed in and bound and gagged him, and dragged him away, suffering excruciating torture, to the convent of Terrecitas. The Emperor, therefore, waited in vain for Miramon— waited in agony and uncertainty until two batteries of San Gregorio and Celaya opened a tremendous fire upon his posi­ tion. Turning to Prince Salm Salm, he was heard to exclaim from the depths of his despair: "Oh, my friend, would that one of these shells would end it all now and speedily." Alas! he was reserved for Mexican bullets. Directly, Col. Gonzales galloped up with a portion of a regiment, saluted, and reported the condition of Miramon. SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 453

Maximilian sighed heavily, rested his head upon his hands for a few moments, and then demanded suddenly of Castillo and Mejia if it were possible to break through the lines of the enemy. Old Mejia, the small, cool, devoted Indian fatalist and fighter, turned his glass towards the enemy and surveyed them accurately through the night. When he had finished, he merely shrugged his shoulders and replied: "Sire, it is impossible. If you order it we will try it. For my part, I am ready to die. For fifty years I have waited for this." Maximilian then took Padillo by the arm and spoke to him briefly. "It is necessary to make a quick determination in order to avoid greater misfortune. Is it surrender?" "Yes, sire," said Castillo, Padillo, Gonzales, and "Yes, sire," said Mejia, in a sad whisper, his head drooping upon his breast. Immediately a white flag was lifted up from the top of the hill, and messengers were sent at once to Escobedo asking an interview upon the following basis: "First—To make Maximilian alone the victim of the war. "Second—The men of the army to be treated with the soldierly consideration merited by their valor and devotion. "Third—The lives and liberty of those who were imme­ diately in the Emperor's personal service." Before an answer was returned, Maximilian saw in the distance a small squadron of soldiers, dressed in scarlet, and riding at a rapid .speed towards the Campanas. He mistook them for his own Huzzars, and cried out, his voice heavy with emotion: "It is too late—they come too late, but see what fearful risk they run to reach me. Look how they endure the fire of the batteries. Who would not be proud of such soldiers?" Alas! they were not even a portion of his own decimated yet devoted foreign followers. They were the advance of Trevina's robber cavalry, coming to hunt the Emperor. 454 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

As they drew near, the fire slackened, and suddenly ceased altogether. An officer, a captain, rode forward, and with a vulgar and cowardly epithet, demanded Maximilian. His Majesty, calm as a grenadier on guard, stepped outside the fortification, and replied with much sweetness and dignity: "I am he." "Mendez has been shot," this officer continued brutally, "and Miramon, and by and by it will come Maximilian's and Mejia's turn." The Emperor did not answer. He pitied the coward who did not know how to treat misfortune. Sternly bidding his subordinate to go to the rear, General Echegarry, a Liberal officer of some humanity, rode to the front and demanded courteously the surrender of Maximilian and his officers. This was at once accorded, the Emperor again exclaiming, "If you should require anybody's life, take mine, but do not harm my officers. I am willing to die if you require it, but intercede with General Escobedo for the life of my officers." Presently General Corona rode up, and again the Emperor interceded for his personal adherents: "If you want another victim, I am prepared to go. Do not harm those whose only crime in your eyes is their devotion to me." Corona replied coldly: "It does not belong to me to make promises. Until you are delivered to the General-in-chief in person, your own life and that of your officers will be safe." Horses were furnished, and the Imperialist Generals, Costello, Mejia, and Salm Salm, together with the Emperor, and the Liberal Generals, Corona and Echegarry, mounted and rode down the hill towards the city. It was not long before Gen. Escobedo was met, when a countermarch was had, and they all returned to the hill again, and into the fort, where they dismounted. After dismounting, Maximilian extended his hand to Escobedo. His own safety never, for a single instant, seemed to have entered his mind. His talk was ever of his followers. "If you wish more blood," he remarked to Escobedo, SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 455

"take mine. I ask at your hands good treatment for the officers who have been true to me. Do not let them be in­ sulted or maltreated." "All shall be treated as prisoners of war, even your Majesty," was the significant reply of the Mexican butcher. In an hour, with a heavy guard over him—homeless, crownless, sceptreless—Maximilian was a close prisoner in the Convent of La Cruz. At his special request the officers of his household, Prince Salm Salm, Col. Guzman, Minister Aguirre, Col. Padillo, Dr. Basch, and Don Jose Blasio, his secretary, were permitted to be imprisoned in the same build­ ing. They remained four days there—three of which the Emperor remained in bed, seriously sick of a dysentery. On the fifth day they were removed to the Convent of Terrecitas. After enduring seven days of rigorous captivity in this gloomy abode, they were taken to the Convent of Capuchinas, where were also imprisoned all the Generals of the Imperial army. For four days they all remained together on the first floor. On the fifth, Maximilian, Mejia and Miramon were separated from the rest and imprisoned in the second story. The work of winnowing had already commenced—so soon and yet so ominous. Here the Emperor had leisure to review the past, and answer to his own heart the question: Had he done his duty? In his conscience* perhaps, there was little of upbraiding. True, he had committed mistakes here and grievous errors of judgment yonder; but who is infallible. He had tried to do right, and he had nothing to reproach himself with. No form of speech could express his astonishment at the betrayal of Lopez. He had trusted him in all things, confided in him, leaned upon him, lifted him up and promoted him, brought to him the flattery and friendship of his beautiful Empress— and in the one supreme moment of his destiny, in the very hour of the desperate crisis of his life and his reign, this Lopez, this tawny, fawning, creeping, cowardly thing, surrendered him without so much as a quickened pulse-beat, or a guilty and accusing blush. He had been the god-father to Lopez's child. He had laid bare to Lopez the inmost recesses of his 456 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW heart, and in his last and most terrible hour to be betrayed when the struggle he was making was not even for himself, was too bad. Nor did Lopez lay himself down on a bed of roses when the black treachery was done. His beautiful wife deserted him, and published to all Mexico the story of his infamy and ingratitude. His children abandoned his household and sought shelter and protection with the mother. On dress parade one day, when an army was on review, a Juarista Colonel smote him upon either cheek, the lazzaroni hooted at him and cried "el triador! el triador!1' as he passed along, the very beggars turned away their eyes from him without asking for alms, and nowhere could he find pity and charity except in the bosom of that church which, no matter how dark are the stains of blood upon the hands of the sinners, prays always that they may be made white as snow. The captivity of Maximilian continued. It was rigid, gloomy, foreboding—a little darker than Spanish captivity generally, because to the cruelty of the original Spaniard, there had been added the cunning and selfish craftiness of the Indian. He was denied all intercourse with his fellows ex­ cept that which the officials had. His food was coarse, his water not plenty, his sunlight barred out, and his pure air made pestilential because of the filth with which they delighted to surround him. Physical deprivations, however, made no way to subdue the lofty pride and the christian heroism and fortitude of his kingly character. His head was yet borne splendidly erect, and in the day or the night-time, in a room that was like a dungeon, or in the vestibule where the naked and unwashed animals of sentinels slept, he was the same patient, kindly, courteous gentleman—true to his name, his lineage, and his manhood. The half-breed butchers, however, who were soon to try him, and to sit with sandalled feet about a table where military justice was to declare itself, tried first, in Indian fashion, to de­ grade the victim they meant to torture alive. A proclamation, purporting to have been written by Maximilian, was printed SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 457 in every newspaper in the Empire. It bore no date. It was abject, cowardly, plausible if a Mexican had written it, a paltry forgery when ascribed to a Hapsburg, and it was as follows: "The Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, of Hapsburg, ex- Emperor of Mexico, to all of its inhabitants: "COMPATRIOTS: "After the valor and the patriotism of the Republican armies have brought about the end of my reign in this city, the obstinate defense of which was indispensable to save the honor of my cause and of my race; after this bloody siege, in which have rivalled in abnegation and bravery the soldiers of the Empire with those of the Republic, I am going to ex­ plain myself to you. "Compatriots: I came to Mexico animated not only with a firm hope of making you, and every one of you, in­ dividually happy, but also protected and called to the throne of Montezuma and Iturbide by the Emperor of France, Na­ poleon III. He has abandoned us cowardly and infamously, through the fear of the United States, placing in ridicule France itself, and making it spend uselessly its treasures, and shedding the blood of its sons and your own. When the news of my fall and death will reach Europe, all its monarchs, and the land of Charlemagne, will ask an account of my blood, and that of the Germans, Belgians, and French shed in Mexico, from the Napoleon dynasty. Then will be the end. "The whole world will soon see Napoleon covered with shame from head to foot. "Now the world sees His Majesty, the Emperor of Aus­ tria, my august brother, supplicating for my life before the United States, and me a prisoner of war at the disposition of the Republican government, with my crown and heart torn to pieces. "Compatriots: My last words to you are these: I ardently desire that my blood may regenerate Mexico; and that as a warning to all ambitious and incautious persons, you may know how, with prudence and true patriotism, to take ad- 458 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW vantage of your triumph, and through your virtues ennoble the political cause, the banner of which you sustain. May Providence save you, and make me worthy of myself. "Maximilian."

The vile forgery went everywhere. The soldiers on guard that could read, read it aloud and laughed long and derisively in the hearing of the Emperor. A copy was brought to him. He wrote upon the back, in pencil, this: "I authorize Colonel and Aid-de-Camp Prince Salm Salm to deny in my name this last effort to disgrace me before posterity. This proclamation is not mine, its sentiments are not mine, its declarations are not true, and these, therefore, certainly cannot be mine. Should Colonel and Aid-de-Camp Prince Salm Salm escape the fate certainly in store for me, he will publish in Europe this my earnest declaration." Salm Salm did survive him, and history has given the lie fully to the black plot worthy of the nation that concocted it. The trial was a farce. Since the work of the traitor Lopez, there had been no hope for Maximilian. On Tuesday morning, May 28, 1867, the friends of the Emperor began to bestir themselves in his behalf. Mr. Bansen, the Hamburg Consul resident at San Luis Potosi, the wife of Prince Salm Salm, Baron Magnus, the Prussian Minister, and Frederick Hall an American lawyer, concentrated themselves at Queretaro and laid plans for the acquittal of his Majesty. Maximilian talked much before his trial—the broken and unconnected talk of one who felt without seeing it the shadow of approaching death. He declared that he came to Mexico with the sincere belief that he was called to the government by the great masses of the people. After his reception at Vera Cruz he had remarked to the Empress: "Surely the deputation were right when they said a majority of the Mexi­ cans were in favor of our coming to be their ruler. I never in all Europe saw a sovereign received with such enthusiasm as greeted us." SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 459

He put upon Bazaine the responsibility of the decree of October 3, 1865—that decree which required the execution of all Liberals caught with arms in their hands. Bazaine, he said, appeared before the Council of State and declared that decree to be a military necessity. Jaurez was in Texas, although Jaurez had always denied having been driven out of the country. On this point he was exceedingly sensitive, and because of the statement made by the Emperor that Jaurez was no longer in the territory he professed to rule over as President, he, the Emperor, was clearly of the opinion that Jaurez most heartily despised him. Maximilian might have gone further and said that to this hatred there had been added ferocity. The Emperor held the Americans in high estimation. He said: "The Americans are a great people for improvements, and are great lovers of justice. They pay such respect to the laws that I admire them. And if God should spare my life, I intend to visit the United States and travel through them. You can always rely on the word of an American gentleman." Efforts were made to bring the trial before the Mexican Congress, but it failed. The cruel Indian Jaurez dared not trust any tribunal other than the court martial—one organ­ ized to convict, and one that would therefore be deaf, blind, and unsparing. On the morning of June 4th, Maximilian remarked gaily to one of his counsellors: "We must hurry with business. I have been talking with Miramon. He has counted up the time and says that he thinks they will shoot us on Friday morning." This was on Tuesday that he spoke so, and while under the impression that the lawyers he had sent for to the City of Mexico would not be permitted to come through the lines and defend him. Still the lawyers did not come, and the Princess Salm Salm determined to go alone to look for them. She had a carriage but no horses, and an application was made to a Liberal General to furnish just two animals to take her to the nearest stage station. The General replied that if he had 460 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW a thousand to spare, he would not let one go for any such purpose. This kind of spirit pervaded, with here and there an exception, the entire army. In such spirit was the court martial selected, and in such spirit did Escobedo declare to Jaurez that unless Maximilian was shot he could not hold his troops together. In these early days of June some thoughts of escape pre­ sented themselves to the Emperor's mind, and a plan to save him had been agreed upon. A slippery Italian rascal, one Henry B. del Borgo, a captain in the Liberal army, had re­ ceived two thousand dollars from Maximilian to purchase six horses, saddles, equipments and pistols. Of this amount the Italian spent six hundred dollars in horses and accoutrements, which were to be ready at a designated spot on a certain night. The three prisoners were furthermore to be let out at the proper time, when a quick rush was to take place, and a desperate gallop for the mountains. Mejia knew all the country, the plan was a most feasible one, but to the surprise of every one, the Italian, after divulging all the particulars of the plot, including his own actions, was permitted to retire upon the balance of the money and take with him the compli­ ments of Escobedo for the patriotism and ability he had manifested in thus finding out and exposing the schemes of the traitors. After this betrayal on the part of the miserable little Italian, all the foreigners were ordered to leave Queretaro. Escobedo would make no exceptions. Maximilian's American counsel had to go with the rest, and all of the Austrian and Belgian officers and soldiers who were not to be tried for their lives immediately. The Government of Mexico recognized Maximilian only as the Archduke of Austria, and his Generals, Miramon and Mejia, only as so-called Generals. As such the court martial proceeded to try them—a court composed as follows: Lieu­ tenant-Colonel Platon Sanchez, President; Captains Jose Vincente Ramirez, Emilio Lojero, Ignacio Jurado, Juan Rueday Auza, Jose Verastigui, and Lucas Villagran. It held its first session on the 27th day of May, 1867, and on the 14th SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 461

of June, of the same year, at midnight, the three prisoners, Maximilian, Mejia, and Miramon, were sentenced to death. On the 16th, Escobedo telegraphed to Jaurez as follows: "CITIZEN PRESIDENT: "The sentence which the Council of War pronounced on the 14th instant, has been confirmed at these headquarters, and to-day, at ten o'clock of the morning the prisoners were notified thereof, and at three o'clock this afternoon they will be shot. Escobedo." A petition, asking Maximilian's life, signed by his Mexican lawyers, Messrs. Mariane Riva Palacio and Rafael Martinez de la Torre, was peremptorily denied. Again they sought the President, and begged at his hands a brief respite. Five days were granted, and an order sent by telegraph to Escobedo to stay the execution until the 19th. Jaurez had his headquarters during the trial at San Luis Potosi. Hither came Baron Von A. V. Magnus, the Prussian Minister near the Imperial Government of Mexico. He came to intercede in behalf of Maximilian, and to do all that was possible to be done in his behalf. He, too, visited Jaurez, represented to him the uselessness of the sacrifice, pointed out the impossibility of any further foreign intervention in the future, and in the name of mercy, and for the sake of Christian charity and forgiveness, asked the life of Maximilian at the hands of the President of the Republic. It was of no avail. As cold as the snow upon the summit of Popocatapetl was the heart of Jaurez. Baron Magnus abandoned the effort and went from San Luis to Queretaro. On the 15th news came that the Empress Carlota was dead. Gen. Mejia was chosen to convey this information to the Emporer, which he did gently and deli­ cately. Maximilian wept a little, went away alone for a few brief moments, and came back a king again. In his last hours he meant to be strong to every fate. In the afternoon he wrote to Baron Largo, a member of his personal staff, and one who had been banished by Gen. Escobedo on the 14th of March: 462 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"I have just learned that my poor wife has died, and though the news affects my heart, yet, on the other hand and under the present circumstances, it is a consolation. I have but one wish on earth, and that is that my body may be buried next to that of my poor wife. I entrust with you this, as the representative of Austria. I ask you that my legal heirs will take the same care of those who surrounded me, and my servants, as though the Empress and I had lived." On the 18th Baron Magnus arrived in Queretaro, and immediately visited the Emperor. Still hoping against hope, he again put himself in communication with Jaurez. Max­ imilian was to be shot on the 19th, and at midnight on the 18th Baron Magnus sent the following message: "His Ex­ cellency Senor Don Lerdo de Tejada: "Having reached Queretaro to-day, I am sure that the three persons, condemned on the 14th, died morally last Sunday; and that the world so estimates it, as they had made every disposition to die, and expected every instant, for an hour, to be carried to the place where they were to receive death, before it was possible to communicate to them the order suspending the act. "The humane customs of our epoch do not permit that, after having suffered that horrible punishment, they should be made to die the second time to-morrow. "In the name, then, of humanity and heaven, I conjure you to order their lives not to be taken; and I repeat to you again that I am sure that my sovereign, His Majesty the King of Prussia, and all the monarchs of Europe united by the ties of blood with the imprisoned Prince, namely, his brother, the Emperor of Austria, his cousin, the Queen of the British Empire, his brother-in-law, the King of the Belgians, and his cousins, also, the Queen of Spain and the Kings of Italy and Sweden, will easily understand how to give His Excellency Senor Don Benito Jaurez all the requisite securities that none of the three prisoners will ever return to walk on the Mexican Territory. "A. V. MAGNUS." SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 463

To this appeal the present President of Republic, then Jaurez's Secretary of State, sent the following reply: "Senor Baron A. V. Magnus: "I am pained to tell you, in answer to the telegram which you have been pleased to send to me to-night, that, as I declared to you day before yesterday, in this city, the Presi­ dent of the Republic does not believe it possible to grant the pardon of the Archduke Maximilian, through the gravest considerations of justice, and of the necessity of assuring peace to the Republic. "SEBASTIAN LERDO DE TEJADA."

No hope. Maximilian knew and felt it from the first, and so he had long ago made up his mind to die. He made one more effort, however, to save the lives of his companions. On the 18th, the day before his execution, he sent the follow­ ing dispatch to the President: "Senor Benito Jaurez: "I desire that you may preserve the lives of Don Miguel Miramon and Don Tomas Mejia, who day before yesterday suffered all the tortures and bitterness of death; and, as I manifested on being taken prisoner, I should be the only victim. "MAXIMILIAN." To this touching appeal there never came an answer. The sullen and savage Indian was losing caste in this contrast with the chivalrous and christian European, and to escape further humiliation, he added to his cruelty the natural na­ tional characteristic of stoicism. At about half past eleven o'clock, on the night of the 18th, Escobedo visited Maximilian. The interview was very brief. He asked the Emperor for his photograph, which was given him, shook hands with him at parting, and strode away a guilty, swarthy, conscienceless murderer, not daring to look back upon the young|dauntless face, so fair and so fresh in its nobleness and beauty. ' 464 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The Emperor next prepared himself for death. He took from his finger his marriage ring, and gave it to his physician, Dr. Samuel Basch, requesting him to carry it to the Arch­ duchess his mother. He still supposed his wife to be dead, and God in his mercy let him die so. There were yet some letters to write. The first was to Baron Largo: "I have nothing to look for in this world; and my last wishes are limited to my mortal remains, which soon will be free from suffering and under the favor of those who outlive me. My physician, Dr. Basch, will have my body transported to Vera Cruz. Two servants, Gull and Tudas, will be the only ones who will accompany him. I have given orders that my body be carried to Vera Cruz without any pomp and that no extraordinary ceremony be made on board. I await death calmly, and I equally wish to enjoy calmness in the coffin. So arrange it, dear Baron, that Dr. Basch and my two servants be transported to Europe in one of the two war vessels. "I wish to be buried by the side of my poor wife. If the report of the death of my poor wife has no foundation, my body should be deposited in some place until the Empress may meet me through death. "Have the goodness to transmit the necessary orders to captain of the ship de Groeller. Have likewise the goodness to do all you can to have the widow of my faithful companion in arms, Miramon, go to Europe in one of the two war vessels. I rely the more upon this wish being complied with, inasmuch as I have recommended her to place herself under my mother at Vienna. Yours, "MAXIMILIAN." Queretaro, in the Prison of the Capuchinas, 18th of June, 1867.

The second letter was again to Jaurez: "Queretaro, June 19, 1867. "Senor Benito Jaurez: "About to receive death in consequence of having wished to prove whether new political institutions could succeed in SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 465 putting an end to the bloody civil war which has devastated for so many years this unfortunate country, I shall lose my life with pleasure if its sacrifice can contribute to the peace and prosperity of my new country. Fully persuaded that nothing solid can be founded on a soil drenched in blood and agitated by violent commotions, I conjure you, in the most solemn manner and with the true sincerity of the moments in which I find myself, that my blood may be the last to be spilt; that the same perseverance which I was pleased to recognize and esteem in the midst of prosperity—that with which you have defended the cause which has just triumphed—may conse­ crate that blood to the most noble task of reconciling the minds of the people, and in founding in a stable and dur­ able manner the peace and tranquility of this unfortunate country. "MAXIMILAN."

This was all. The morning broke fair and white in the sky, and at half past six three carriages drew up in front of the main gate of the Convent of the Capuchinas. The bells rang in all the steeples, there were soldiers everywhere, and long lines of glittering steel that rose and fell in yet the soft, sweet hush of the morning. Into the first carriage got Maximilian and Father Soria, a priest. The Emperor's dress was very plain. He wore a single-breasted black frock coat, with all the buttons buttoned except the last one, a black vest, neck-tie, and pantaloons, plain cavalry boots, and a wide-brimmed hat or sombrero. In the second carriage there came Miramon and his priest, in the third Mejia and his. Then the solemn cortege started. In the extreme advance five cavalry rode, the one behind the other, with an interval between of twenty paces, and yet further in front of the five, there rode a solitary corporal. A company of infantry, eighty rank and file, came after the cavalry. Then followed the carriages, escorted by a battalion of sharpshooters, one-half of whom flanked each side of the road, marching parallel with the vehicles. A rear guard of 466 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

two hundred and fifty mounted men closed the mournful procession. The sun arose and poured its unclouded rays over the city. All the people were in the streets. On the faces of the multi­ tude there were evidences of genuine and unaffected sorrow. Some among the crowd lifted their hats as the victims passed along, some turned away their heads and wept, and some, even amid the soldiers and amid the hostile ranks of the Liberals, fell upon their knees and wept. The place of surrender was to be the place of execution. Northwest of the city a mile or more, the Hill of the Bells El Cerro de las Campanas, upreared itself. It was enclosed on three sides by six thousand soldiers of all arms, leaving the rear or uncovered side resting upon a wall. It was half past seven o'clock when the carriages halted at the place of execution. Maximilian was the first to alight. He stepped proudly down, took a handkerchief from his pocket and his hat from his head, and beckoned for one of his Mexi­ can servants to approach. The man came. "Take these," the Emperor said, "They are all I have to give." The faithful Indian took them, kissed them, cried over them, fell upon his knees a few moments in prayer to the good God for the good master, and arose a hero. In front of the dead wall three crosses had been firmly imbedded in the ground. On each side was a placard bearing the name of the victims to be immolated there. That upon the right was where the Emperor was to be shot, that in the centre was Miramon, that upon the left for the grim old stoic and fighter, Mejia. Maximilian stroked down the luxuriant growth of his long yellow beard, as it was his constant habit to do, and walked firmly to his place. The three men embraced each other three times. To Mejia he said: "We will meet in heaven." Mejia bowed, smiled, and laid his hand upon his heart. SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 467

To Miramon he said: "Brave men are respected by sovereigns—permit me to give you the place of honor." As he said this he took Miramon gently by the arm and led him to the centre cross, embracing him as he left him for the last time. Escobedo was not on the ground. An aide-de-camp, however, brought permission for each of the victims to deliver a farewell address. The Emperor spoke briefly: "Persons of my rank and birth are brought into the world either to insure the welfare of the people, or to die as martyrs. I did not come to Mexico from motives of ambition. I came at the earnest entreaty of those who desired the welfare of our country. Mexicans, I pray that my blood may be the last to be shed for our unhappy country, and may it insure the happiness of the nation. Mexicans! Long live Mexico!" Mejia drew himself up as a soldier on duty, looked up once at the unclouded sky, and around upon all the fragrant and green growing things, and bowed his head without speak­ ing. Miramon drew from his pocket a small piece of paper and read as follows: "Mexicans! behold me, condemned by a Council of War, and condemned to death as a traitor. In these moments which do not belong to me, in which my life is already that of the Supreme Being, before the entire world I proclaim that I have never been a traitor to my country. I have defended my opinions, but my children will never be ashamed of their father. I have not the stain of treason, neither will it pass to my children. Mexicans! Long live Mexico! Long live the Emperor!" When Miramon ceased reading, Maximilian placed his hand on his breast, threw up his head, and cried out in a singularly calm and penetrating voice: "Fire!" Eighteen muskets were discharged as one musket. Mejia and Miramon died instantly. Four bullets struck the 468 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEWr

Emperor, three in the left and one in the right breast. Three of these bullets passed entirely through his body, coming out high up on the left shoulder, the other remained imbedded in the right lung. The Emperor fell a little sideways and upon his right side, exclaiming almost gently and sadly: "Oh! Hombrel Hombrel Oh! man! Oh! man!" He was not yet dead. A soldier went close up to him and fired into his stomach. The Emperor moved slightly, as if still sensible to pain. Another came out from the firing party, and, putting the muzzle of his musket close up to his breast, shot him fairly through the heart. The tragedy was ended; Mexican vengeance was satis­ fied; the soul of the unfortunate Prince was with its God, and until the Judgment day the blood of one who was too young and too gentle to die, will cry out from the ground, even as the blood of Abel. Too generous to desert his com­ rades, too pure in heart to rule as he should have ruled, too confiding to keep a crown bestowed by a race bred to revolu­ tion, and too merciful in all the ways and walks of life to maintain fast hold upon a throne carved out from conquest and military power, he died as he had lived,—imperial in manhood and heroic in the discharge of every duty.

"POOR CARLOTA."

(From the Kansas City Times, May 29, 1S70.) Dispatches from Europe say that the malady is at its worst, and that the young widow of Maximilian is near her death hour. Ah! when the grim king does come, he will bring to her a blessing and a benediction. The beautiful brown eyes have been lustreless these many months; the tresses of her sunny hair have long ago been scorched with fever pain; the beautiful and brave young Spartan, rich in energy, in love, in passionate devotion, knows no more the roses and lawns of Miramar; the Mediterranean brings no more from ever perilous seas the silken pennon of her fairhaired, royal SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 469 sailor lover; it is quiet about Lacken, where the Empress lays a-dying; but Time will never see such another woman die until the whole world dies. It is not much to die in one's own bed, peaceful of con­ science and weary of child-bearing. The naked age is crowded thick with little loves, and rose-water lines, and the pink and the white of the bridal toilettes. Here is a queen now in extremity, who reigned in the tropics and whose fate has over it the lurid grandeur of a volcano. A sweet Catholic school­ girl she was when the Austrian came a-wooing, with a ship of the line for chariot. She played musical instruments; she had painted rare pictures of Helen, and Omphale in the arms of Hercules, and Jeanne d'Arc with the yellow hair and the pensive Roland—her of the Norman face—over whose black doom there still flits a ruddy fervor, streaks of bright southern tint, not wholly swallowed up of death. Yes! it was a love-match, rare in king-craft and court cunning. Old Leopold's daughter married with the flags of three nations waving over her, amid the roar of artillery and the broad­ sides of battleships. The sea gave its sapphire bloom and the skies their benison. Afar off French eagles were seen, alas! to shadow all the life of the bride with the blood of the husband. The Nineteenth Century witnessed the heroic epic which darkened to such a tragedy. She came to Mexico, bringing in her gentle hands two milk-white doves, as it were, Charity and Religion. Pure as all women; stainless as an angel-guarded child; proud as Edith of the swan's neck; beautiful; a queen of all hearts where honor dwelt; mistress of the realms of music; rare in the embroidery she wove; having time for literature and letters; sensuous only in the melody of her voice; never a mother—it were as though God had sent an angel of light to redeem a barbaric race and sanctify a degraded people. How she tried and how she suffered, let the fever which is burning her up alive give answer. It is not often that the world looks upon such a death-bed. Yet in the rosy and radiant toils of the honeymoon, a bride came to govern an empire where 470 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW armies did her bidding, and French Marshals, scarred at Inkermann and Solferino, kissed with loyal lips her jeweled hand and murmured through their gray moustaches words of soldierly truth and valor. She sate herself down in the palace of the Montezumas and looked out amid the old elms where Cortez's swart cavaliers had made love in the moonlight, their blades not dry with blood of the morning's battle; upon Chepultepec, that had seen the cold glitter of American steel and the gleam of defiant battleflags; upon the Alameda where Alvarado took the Indian maiden to kiss, who drove the steel straight for his heart, and missed, and found a surer lodgment in her own. All these were bridal gifts to the Austrian's bride—the brown eyed, beautiful Carlota. Noble white vision in a land of red harlots, with soft, pitying, queenly face; hair flowing down to the girdle, and as true a heart as ever beat in woman's bosom. As a Grecian statue, serenely complete, she shines out in that black wreck of things a star. It came suddenly, that death of her lover and her husband. It dared not draw near when the French eagles flew, but after­ ward what a fate for one so royal and so brave. God shielded the tried heart from the blow of his last words, for they were so tender as to carry a sorrow they could not heal. "Poor Carlota!" Youth, health, reason, crown, throne, empire, armies, husband, all gone. Why should the fates be so pitiless and so unsparing? Somewhere in eternity—within some golden palace walls, where old, imperial banners float, and Launcelots keep guard, and Arthurs reign, and all the patriot heroes dwell, her Max­ imilian is waiting for his bride. Long ago that spotless soul has been there. Let death come quickly and take the body, and end its misery and subdue its pain. All that is immortal of Carlota is with her husband. The tragedy is nearly over. In an age of iron, and steam, and armies, and a world at peace, it remained for a woman to teach nations how an Empress loves and dies. Who shall dare to say hereafter there is nothing in blood or birth? What gentle sister, in the struggle SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO 471

and turmoil of life, will look away from that death-bed in Lacken Castle, and not bless God for being a woman and of the sex of her who is dying for her king and her empire? Sleep! the angels have no need of sleep. Nothing suffices love. Having happiness, one wishes for Paradise; having Paradise, one wishes for Heaven. There is a starry trans­ figuration mingled with her crucifixion. The crown is almost hers, and in the beautiful garden of souls she will find once more the Monarch of her youth. 472 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS "Little Visits With Literary Missourians" reveals some interesting Missourians who have won fame in New York. Miss Cranmer interviews Fannie Hurst in this number. In the next issue she will take up Sara Teasdale. Later these will be treated, Rupert Hughes, Augustus Thomas, Orrick Johns, and Zoe Akins. The interviews are intimate sketches of Missourian-New Yorkers who have national standing in fiction, poetry, and drama.

If any thinks history devoid of life, he has not read A. M. Haswell's article on "The Founding of a City—Springfield." General Holland with his Missouri defiance of corporate wealth and Andrew Pierce with his shrewd New England confidence in that wealth, might have stepped from the pages of a living novel. The railroad won first, the people later, and both in the end.

To be first in any worthwhile work is commendable. In his sketch of Hon. Norman J. Colman, Mr. Floyd G. Summers has presented a man who cast credit on Missouri. This man has the envious honor of being the first United States secre­ tary of agriculture. He deserves remembrance. When an agricultural history of Missouri is written, Norman J. Colman will share a place with such leaders as Hardeman, Riley, Shaw, Stark, Waters, and Mumford.

The West is full of history. Every Missouri county has its "county town" and pioneer trail, many have forts and battle sites, others are the birthplaces of eminent men. I wonder why the West with such wealth of material thinks that its sole field of exploitation lies in scenery? The East has pro- HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 473 fited in many ways from its traditions. The West may well follow the example. Mrs. W. W. Graves and Honorable W. O. Atkeson have performed a great work in pointing out old Harmony Mission, the second Protestant mission west of the Mississippi.

The sentiments expressed by Hon. W. O. L. Jewett on the work of this Society come from the heart. This man was a leader in the vanguard of those who founded this institution. For over a quarter of a century he has aided and co-operated in every way. How few men of such character would it take to give highest standing to any state!

Governor B. Gratz Brown was an exceptional statesman. He was one of three cousins who left their impress on Missouri —Frank P. Blair and Joseph O. Shelby. Mr. Grissom reveals Brown's courage and determination. These were also char­ acteristic of Blair and Shelby. Only the latter is fairly ac­ cessible in print. Some one should write a life of Blair, one of the most beloved and most bitterly hated men Missouri has produced.

I find each later article of Dr. Walter B. Stevens' "The New Journalism in Missouri" as interesting as the first. New material is given, there is no rehash. And what a man was this mentor of the Globe-Democrat, Joseph B. McCullagh! The new journalism of the '80s deserved success. It would succeed even today, despite half a century of progress. The best or highest in any period is so far in advance that the lapse of decades fails to make it common.

"One lesson, and only one, history may be said to repeat with distinctness: that the world is built somehow on moral foundations; that, in the long run, it is well with the good; in the long run, it is ill with the wicked." 474 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

APPRECIATION

I have received the January number of The Missouri Historical Review. It is exceedingly good, getting better and better all the time. This Review should be read by every Missourian each month whether living in or out of the state.—George A. Mahan, Hannibal, Missouri, February 5, 1925. As a former Missourian, I get much pleasure and profit from reading The Missouri Historical Review.—Lewis F. Crawford, Bismarck, North Dakota, November 25, 1924. Mr. George and I very much enjoy reading The Missouri Historical Review.—Mrs. Thos. J. George, Harrisonville, Missouri, December 27, 1924. The Missouri Historical Review is a wonderful portrayal of Missouri history.—J. H. Schaedler, Clayton, Missouri, December 23, 1924. I have read the three volumes of The Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri, 1864-1885, with great interest and have re-read parts of them, for as a native Missourian, nearing my 83d year, they are very interesting to me, and I think that these volumes should be in all libraries in the state, especially in public school library, for the series is certainly a great addition to Missouri history and biog­ raphy.—T. H. B. Dunnegan, Bolivar, Missouri, January 17, 1925. I am just in receipt of the current number of The Missouri Historical Review. I want to congratulate you on the splendid edition.—M. L. Fiancis, Slater, Missouri, February 5, 1925. I find your magazine interesting and suggestive.—Louise Phelps Kellogg, Madison, Wisconsin, February 5, 1925. I want to thank you heartily for "The Missouri Chronicle" in the January issue of The Missouri Historical Review. It will be a great help to me.—I. Walter Basye, Bowling Green, Missouri, February 6, 1925. Please send me The Missouri Historical Review for the year 1925, beginning with current number. Have read my neighbor's copy and found it intensely interesting.—Mrs. R. L. Howard, Unionville, Missouri February 9, 1925. I received the copies of The Missouri Historical Review and wish to thank you for them. It makes a fine appearance and has created an impression among folks here in Urbana. I am glad to have my article appear in it. I am especially interested in the tabulation of significant, dates in Missouri history, which appears in the January number of the Review under the title of "The Missouri Chronicle."—Mr. N. D. Houghton, Urbana, Illinois, February 11, 1925. I am certainly pleased with The Missouri Historical Review.—C. W. Bowen, Brunswick, Missouri, February 11, 1925. I am a member of several historical societies and take all the leading magazines. I am very frank to say that no historical magazine, or other HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 475 magazine, reaches me that I prize quite so highly or look for so longingly as for our Missouri Historical Review. like wine it grows better, more sparkling, has a better boquet and a finer mellowness with each edition. It seems to me our membership should run into the hundreds of thousands—the publication merits the fostering care, enthusiastic support and deepest appreciation of every Missourian who is in love with our great state and its great history.— Charles A. R. Woods, Louisiana, Missouri, February 18, 1925. So attached have I become to The Missouri Historical Review that it has become somewhat like a member of the family.—E. D. Phillips, Kansas City, Missouri, February 22, 1925. Since becomming a member of The State Historical Society of Mis­ souri, I have learned more about my native state than I did during all my school days.—Don O. Vernon, Lebanon, Missouri, February 18, 1925. LOUIS HOUCK In the death of Louis Houck Missouri has lost one of her most distinguished citizens. As an historian and a pioneer railroad builder his achievements lie in fields so definitely con­ structive that his memory will suffer no loss of respect as time goes on. Time cannot efface, nor progress destroy monu­ ments of words and steel such as he erected during his active and energetic lifetime. Louis Houck represented the type of the intellectual pioneer. Not a native of this state, but a citizen by choice, he chose to devote himself in those uncertain days following the Civil War, and later during the expansive eighties, to progress, first as a lawyer and then as a railroad builder. In 1869, when he went from St. Louis to Cape Girardeau to live, there were millions of acres of land in the southeast part of the state which were without other outlet for their products than the Mississippi river. Louis Houck recognized the need of southeast Missouri, and set about to work out its future. It was through his vision of an extensive transportation sys­ tem, and through the devotion of his own time and money to that vision, that some five hundred miles of steel rails were finally laid, and that great section of Missouri opened to trade. In the field of history, in which he had long been inter­ ested, Louis Houck achieved a well-deserved recognition. 476 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

His History of Missouri, dealing with the period prior to statehood, is considered the most authoritative and exhaustive work of its kind, and remains the best interpretation of early Missouri. In addition, he wrote The Spanish Regime in Missouri, a work which is based upon documentary material secured from Spain. Besides these noteworthy achievements, Mr. Houck wrote two volumes on law, and edited, with annotations, the first fifteen volumes of the Missouri Reports. Not the least of his services in the interest of progress, by any means, was his work with the Southeast Missouri State Teachers' College, which he was instrumental in securing for Cape Girardeau. For thirty years he served the cause of education in a signal way as a member of the board of regents of that institution. Thus the life of Louis Houck was long and complete, and having combined the vicissitudes of action and service with the scholarly pleasures of the mind, leaves little to be desired and much to be praised.

MISSOURIANS HONORED Missouri again has reason to be proud of two of her native sons for the honors they have received abroad. The French Legion of Honor has recently conferred the title of chevalier upon Dr. Alexander N. De Menil, and Mr. Augustus Thomas, both of whom have performed valuable services in their re­ spective fields. This is a distinction and a signal honor. Comparatively few Americans have gained such recognition. For two Missourians to have received this honor so recently is a source of much gratification. Dr. DeMenil will be remembered as a surgeon, attorney, author, and editor of note; he was born in St. Louis, and has spent the greater part of his life there. He has received hon­ orary degrees from several American institutions, and in 1922 was decorated by King Albert of Belgium for his fervent en­ deavors as first vice president of the Commission for Relief in Belgium. Mr. Thomas has achieved success as a playwright, and many of his works have been successfully produced both at HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 477

home and abroad. Mr. Thomas also was born in St. Louis, but for some time past has lived in New York. He has also received honorary degrees from American colleges, and has been elected to membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters; in addition, he has been awarded the gold medal of the National Institute.

A RAILROAD DEMOCRAT Mr. Walter B. Stevens writes, under date of February 21, 1925, this interesting letter: "As I was leaving St. Louis I saw a notice of the death of Timothy J. Hennessy somewhere else than in Missouri. If I remember rightly the notice said his funeral would be in Missouri. Hennessy was quite a man in the state thirty odd years ago. You may have a mention of him in the necrol­ ogy of the next Review. If so you may care to have the en­ closed from Governor Francis' unpublished "Recollections" in connection with the mention of Hennessy. Hennessy served on the State Board of Railroad Commissioners and was quite a leader among railroad organizations." Timothy J. Hennessy was on the ticket for railroad com­ missioner with David R. Francis for governor in 1888. In his "Recollections," as yet unpublished, Mr. Francis pays this tribute to Mr. Hennessy with whom he traveled in the cam­ paign. We were going from Springfield to Peirce City. There were eight cars in the train, and Tim and I were in the fifth car from the engine. It was in the night and I had fallen into a doze, when suddenly I was awakened by the wheels of the coach in which I was riding going bump, bump, bump over the ties. We were off the track. Tim and I were about the only men in the car. The other passengers were women and children. Of course, they were terribly frightened, and as the car began to turn over on its side, their shrieks and cries for help were heart-rending. Above the noise made by the women and children though, I heard the voice of Tim in the far end of the coach shouting, 'Pull the rope.' Well, I couldn't find any rope to pull. So I held fast to my seat expecting every moment to receive my final summons. I looked over at Tim and saw he had two little girls who had run to him, holding them in one arm, while he reached up and pulled the bell cord with the other hand. The car was then at an 478 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW angle of about forty-five degrees, and ten seconds later would have been thrown down an embankment into a ditch with all of those human beings. There is no telling how many would have been killed or injured. When the engineer got the signal from Tim he put on the brakes and stopped the train. I told the incident in my speech at Peirce City the next night. I said that some of the people on that train owed their lives to Tim Hen­ nessy and to the Democratic party for having put a practical railroad man on the ticket for railroad commissioner. After my speech a young lady who had been on that train came up to the stand and pledged three Repub­ lican votes for the Democratic ticket. She said her father, brother and sweetheart were Republicans, but if they did not vote the Democratic ticket that year she would disown them.

CHARLES BAIRD STARK Charles Baird Stark of St. Louis, Missouri, lawyer and author, died at Pasadena, California, Sunday, Decem­ ber 28, 1924. He was born June 13, 1854, at Springfield, Tennessee, eldest child of Judge Joseph Carter Stark and Lamiza Ann Baird Stark, his wife. He was descended from the Colonial and Revolutionary families of Stark, Carter, Primm and Baird of Virginia. Mr. Stark was educated at Cumberland University, Tennessee, later read law with his father, was admitted to the bar before he was twenty-one years of age and engaged in the practice of law at Springfield, Tennessee, until he removed to St. Louis in 1880. There he associated himself with Col. Henry S. Lipscomb, previously of Palmyra, Mo., under the style of Lipscomb & Stark, and continued the practice in St. Louis until he retired in 1920. His last years were spent in travel. He was the author of Stark's Digest of Missouri Reports, in three volumes, published first in 1887 and again in 1895. He sought the Democratic nomination for Judge of the Missouri Supreme Court in 1912 and again in 1916, each time having the support of a number of leading jurists and attor­ neys, but he was unsuccessful. For a period of seven years, 1890 to 1897, he was attorney for the Board of Education of the City of St. Louis. Through his efforts, the Merchants' HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 479

School Tax levy was increased from about 3J^c to 40c on the hundred dollars, the increased income of the Board for the year 1893 and thereafter resulting in the inauguration of its now splendid system of school buildings. Mr. Stark early identified himself with the Masonic Fraternity, joining Western Star Lodge No. 9 of Springfield, Tennessee, in 1875 and being its Worshipful Master for the year 1880. He dimitted in December 1880, and January 1881 he affiliated with Tuscan Lodge No. 360, A. F. & A. M. at St. Louis; served as its Worshipful Master for the year 1906 and was the author of the by-law creating its Benevolent Endowment Fund. In 1876, he had become a member of Springfield (Tenn.) Chapter No. 47, Royal Arch Masons; in 1881, transferring his membership to St. Louis Chapter No. 8 Royal Arch Masons of St. Louis, Mo., which he served as High Priest during the year 1886, in which last named year he also became a member of St. Louis Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar.—WM. CLARK BRECKENRIDGE.

SANTA FE TRAIL SURVEY Mr. Lionel Davis of Fayette, Missouri writes, under date of February 11, 1925, this interesting letter: I have read with a great deal of interest the Missouri Chronicle in the last number of the Review. I notice that you show there the starting of the survey of the Santa Fe Trail from Ft. Osage on July 17th, 1825, but you do not show the date of the return of this party to Ft. Osage. My Grandfather, Joseph Davis, was a member of that party and kept a diary of his trip. The diary was in two small volumes and one of them has been lost, but I have the second volume. I notice from the second volume that he says the party arrived at Ft. Osage on Tuesday, October 25th, 1825, and he also says that they started from that point on July 17th of that year. I thought that this date might be of interest to you and the Society.

MORE ABOUT SNI-A-BAR Dr. Louise Phelps Kellogg, senior research associate in The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, writes this inter­ esting letter: 480 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"In looking over your magazine for January, I noted the discussion on the meaning of the word Sniabar. I remembered to have noted that strange word when working with Dr. Thwaites on the Early Western Travels series. If you will look in volume VI, page 54 you will find a note on this creek. My own impression is that the first part of the word is a cor­ ruption of the French word chenal or chenail, an old form for channel, pronounced almost like Sni, with a long i. The rest of the word may be from Hubert, as suggested in the reference given above, making Sniabar a corruption of Hubert's channel; or it may be from the word bar, the channel one side of the bar. This is only my guess, but I have had a good deal of exper­ ience with words twisted by American tongues from the original French, and I give this as a possible solution." The footnote reference in volume VI, page 54, of Thwaite's Early Western Travels reads: "Lewis and Clark, in their original manuscripts, designate the channel which Brackenridge calls Ibar's' as Eue-bert, probably a form of the French name Hubert. Biddle, in his edition of Lewis and Clark, makes this Eau-beau or Clear­ water. James (edition of Long's expedition) has chney au barre. This is now curiously contracted into Sniabar, which is applied to two creeks in Lafayette county. Wizard's Island is mentioned only by Brackenridge, and has been swept away in the changes of the river bed.—ED.

HADLEY URGES GOOD BOOKS From Kansas City Times, December 25, 1924. Urging the importance of reading books as part of a liberal education, Herbert S. Hadley, chancellor of Washington University, St. Louis, had this to say in his address to students at the opening of the academic year: "If you could get but one result out of your university course I would rather you would get a love for and a habit of reading good books than any other. With such a feeling and habit you will become educated and cultured men and women, and without them there is little if any chance of your doing so." HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 481

MESSAGES AND PROCLAMATIONS OF THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society has just completed the pub­ lication of volumes IV, V and VI (550 pages each) of the Mes­ sages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri, covering the years 1864-1885. The work includes an illus­ tration insert and a biographical sketch of Governors Hall, Fletcher, McClurg, Brown, Woodson, Hardin, Phelps, and Crittenden. All official documentary material of a public nature issued from the governor's office is set forth and classi­ fied. The volumes give a summary view of Missouri's official history. The editors are Mrs. Grace Gilmore Avery, an employee of the Society until July 1, 1924, and Floyd C. Shoemaker. The edition is limited to 500 copies. The price for the six volumes (1820-1885) is $7.50 postpaid in Missouri, $8.50 postpaid outside of Missouri. The Society will receive orders only for the complete set. It is the Society's purpose to con­ tinue this documentary series during 1925 and 1926, until all the messages and proclamations of Missouri governors have been published.

ANOTHER MISSOURIAN WINS FAME

From The Megaphone, Canton, Mo., January 10, 1924.

That The Beggar's Opera, Its Content, History, and Influence by Dr. W. E. Schultz is attracting significantly favorable attention both in the United States and abroad will be a source of pride and satisfaction for friends of the author and of Culver-Stockton College, of which he is an alumnus and where he has been head of the Department of English since 1916. His book was published simultaneously by the Yale University Press in America and by the Oxford University Press in England. The New York Times Book Review of September 16, 1923, in an extended article of twelve columns, makes a statement which summarizes the whole meaning and importance of the contribution which Dr. Schultz has made to dramatic and literary criticism: To two centuries' comments and scattered memoirs ***** it is most striking that an American should have added what may be the completest presentation of all facts of the gem ***** 482 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

This scholar's research, indeed, in its own province and degree, bears comparison with that of Professor and Mrs. Wallace of Ne­ braska University, who for two years in London, dug a gold mine of legal and parish records bearing on the Globe Theatre of William Shakespeare. * * * *

Readers of the Megaphone should be interested to learn that Dr. Schultz's book, "Gay's Beggar's Opera," which was published in this country by the Yale Press, and abroad by the Oxford Press, has recently been selected by the Institute of Graphic Arts as one of the fifty best-made books of the year in the United States. Many American publishers entered the competition, but the Yale Press placed four of its volumes among the fifty awarded distinction, one of them being "Gay's Beggar's Opera."—The Megaphone, December 16, 1924.

PAXSON IN A NEW VOLUME ON THE EMERGENCE AND DISAP­ PEARANCE OF THE FRONTIER

History of the American Frontier, 1763-1893. By Frederick L. Paxson. Houghton-Mifflin Company, Boston. $6.00.1924. pp. 598. Reviewed by Guy Vaughn Price College of Emporia Ever since Professor Turner pointed out the significance of the frontier in our history, in an address in 1893, novelists, showmen and historians have been busy interpreting the great epic of the westward movement of the United States. The story begins with the Indian and the hunter of colonial times and it goes on to tell of the disintegration of savagery, the cow-country and its closing with the coming of the railroad, the ex­ ploitation of the soil, and, finally the manufacturing regime of to-day. American history down to the close of the century has been profoundly influenced by the vast area of free land that has lain on our western border. In the future, the destiny of our country may be shaped by the pressures of Europe and Asia but nothing can alter the dominating fact of the frontier in the first century of national independence. Professor Paxson has devoted twenty years of study to this theme. He has told the story with fidelity, with judicious discrimination of sources and with a full appreciation of its human interest in the national growth of America. Missouri and Kansas loom large as half-way stations from the East and West. He repeats the story of the excitement on the Mis­ souri border created by a French trapper named Robidoux. Robidoux had been West, and described California as "a perfect paradise, a per­ petual spring." He made it appear like the Garden of Eden, when he declared that there was freedom from chills and fever. "There never was but one man in California who had the ague," he asserted. "He was HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 483

from Missouri, and carried the disease in his system. It was such a curiosity to see a man shake with the chills that the people of Monterey went eighteen miles into the country to watch him.'* Turner's conception of the frontier has been modified. For, accord­ ing to Turner, idealism rather than materialism characterized the frontier. Turner urged his students to look, "Behind institutions, behind constitu­ tional forms and modifications to the vital forces that call these organs into life." He declared that America had been the goal of idealists from the days of the Pilgrim Fathers. This rich free gift, spread out from the Atlantic to the Pacific, offered not only to the American, but to the op­ pressed of all lands, a vision of hope and a chance to write something new in individual and social history. Unmistakable was this conception of the vacant lands as an opportunity for a new order of things. Religion had an important place. James Bryce, who witnessed the laying of the corner stone of the prairie capitol at Bismarck, wrote, "The confidence of these westerns is superb. Men seem to live in the future rather than in the present; not that they fail to work while it is called to-day, but that they see the country not merely as it is, but as it will be twenty, fifty, or a hundred years hence." But the triumphs of our morning have shrunk into the sober docu­ ments of economic history. Paxson emphasizes the economic side, the land problem, the political theories of the frontier, the Louisiana purchase, the cotton kingdom, frontier finance, internal improvements, the "State" of Deseret, the railroad age, the panic of 1873, frontier panaceas, the cow- country, the disappearance of the frontier. The last phase sees the dis­ tinctive frontier influences undergoing change and becoming an agrarian influence, and a struggle henceforth to be waged between the agricultural and industrial elements in our society. There are, to be sure, dramatic incidents in this industrial develop­ ment that cannot be subdued. The completion of the first transconti­ nental railroad made a deep impression. On May 10, 1869, "track ends," met at Promontory Point, Utah. When Leland Stanford, president of the Western Pacific, drove the golden spike furnished by the state of California into the last tie of laurel wood, men felt that at last the East and West had joined hands. And the historian has suggested that as the multitudes lifted their shouts in celebration of the occasion, "It was as though they were chanting the last, triumphant words in a long epic of human endeavor. If those future times should seek a day on which the country at last became a nation, and for an event by virtue of which its inhabitants become one people, it may be that they will not select the verdict of some political campaign or battlefield but choose, instead, the hour when the two engines—one from the East and the other from the West—met at Promontory." It proclaimed the end of the Indian empire. "Never again could the wild Indian range the plains from the Rio Grande to the Assiniboin. The Pacific railroad split the northern and southern 4 484 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

plains forever. It destroyed the possibility of wild life as a permanent condition." It is perhaps inevitable that as this generation acquires more of the refinements of civilization it will look with contempt on the hardships and isolation of the frontier. Or perhaps this degenerate age will not suffer by comparison. One of the statements made in the days of the Dakota frontier should be recalled, "After you reach this point there is no Sunday; a hundred miles further West and there is no God." The value, however of Paxson's book does not depend on the validity of any particular point of view. He has supplied us in detail with one indispensable chapter in our history. We have to accept our history. Perhaps it is better to accept it in the spirit of Calhoun's toast to the Mississippi: "The Valley of the Mississippi: The greatest in the world, take it all in all."

MISSOURI MATERIAL WANTED

The State Historical Society desires to enlist the help of readers of the Review. It is hoped that by printing here a list of the material which the Society needs to complete its files, that some member will be able to supply the desired material, or will be able to give information which will lead to securing it. The Society endeavors to maintain a file of the proceed­ ings of the annual meetings of the important organizations in the state. These are carefully filed and preserved. Some of the files are incomplete, and those listed below, except when otherwise noted, are missing:

A. F. # A. M. Grand Lodge of Missouri. Proceedings published between 1841 and 1853, inclusive, 37th, 1857; 39th, 1859; 41st, 1861; 44th, 1864. A. O. U. W. Grand Lodge of Missouri. 1st, 1872; 2d, 1874; 3d, 1876; 14th, 1894; 17th, 1900. Building and Loan (State League) Old Association. The Society has only the 5th, 1896, and the 6th, 1897. Building and Loan (State League) New Association. The Society has only the 15th, 1924. Circuit Clerks' and Recorders' Association. The Society has only a publication issued in 1892, and the 2d annual meeting in 1908. Civil Service Reform Association of Missouri. 1st, 1882; 4th, 1885; 12th, 1893, and all others to date. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 485

County Assessors (State Association). The Society has only the following: Proceedings of the Convention in 1894; 7th, 1907; 11th, 1911, and the Conference in 1917. County Clerks Association (the old association). 2d, 1900; 10th, 1908, and all others to date. County Clerks Association (the new association). 1st, 1907 to 8th, 1914, inclusive; 12th, 1918; 15th, 1921. County Judges Association of Missouri. 3d, 1913 to 10th, 1920. Dairymen's Association of Missouri. 1st, 1891; 2d, 1892; 4th, 1894, and all others published. Daughters of the American Revolution (Missouri Division). 1st, 1899 to 7th, 1906; 10th, 1909. Drummers' Association. 1st, 1905 to 9th, 1914; 11th, 1916; 13th, 1918, and all others published. Farmer's Mutual Insurance Companies' The Society has only the 1892 report. Farmers' County Mutual Insurance Companies of Missouri. 1st, 1897 to 9th, 1906. Farmers' Educational and Co-Operative Union of Missouri. The Society has only 1909. Fire Insurance Agents (Local). 1st, 1897; 3d, 1899, and all others published. Fireman's Association (Missouri State). The Society has only the 6th, 1894, and the 7th, 1895. Fire Underwriters (Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska Association). 1st, 1879; 14th, 1891; and the semi-annual meetings from the 11th in 1893 to the date when the association went out of existence. Frisco Travelers (Year Book). 1st, 1911 to 6th, 1917, inclusive. German Agricultural Society of Missouri (proceedings printed in German). All published between 1871 and 1874, inclusive, also 15th, 1880; 16th, 1881; 17th, 1882; and from the 21st, 1888 to the date when the association went out of existence. Humane Society of Missouri. The Society has the following: 1884, 1885, 1887, 1890, 1897, 1900 to 1917, inclusive, and also 1922. Immigration (Missouri Society of). The Society has only the proceedings for 1880, and the Secretary's report for 1881. Improved Order of Red Men (Grand Council of Missouri). The Society has only the following: 45th, 1904; 46th, 1905; 47th, 1906; 60th, 1919; 61st, 1920; 62d, 1921; 63d, 1922, and 65th, 1924. Industrial Associations (State). 486 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW7

The Society has only the following: 3d, 1899; 4th, 1900; 5th, 1901. Inter-State Sheriffs' Association. The Society has only the 13th, 1904. Independent Order of Good Templars (Grand Lodge). 1st, 1854 to 10th, 1864; 42d, 1896; 43d, 1897.

PERSONALS Joseph M. Adams: Born in Chariton county, Missouri; died at St. Louis, Missouri, December 28, 1924, at the age of 48. He was educated in Chariton and Howard counties, attending Central College at Fayette. In 1899 he joined the reportorial staff of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. At the time of his death he was assistant managing editor of this paper, a position which he had held for twelve years. B. V. Alton: Born in Indiana; died at Corder, Missouri, April 23, 1924, at the age of 84. Since 1887 he had been a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. He was editor of the Corder Journal for a time, and served one term as circuit judge of the Eighteenth judicial district. Wilbur Firk Arnold: Born at Liberty ville, Missouri, October 8, 1848; died at Desloge, Missouri, March 14, 1924. He was educated in the schools of Irondale, Missouri. In the late '90s he served as representative from St. Francois county to the state legislature. He was Justice of the Peace at Desloge for six years previous to his death, and for a time served on the Board of Education. David Bagby, jr.: Born near Fayette, Missouri, in Howard county; died in Howard county, December 19, 1924, at the age of 38. He was educated in the public schools of Fayette, in Central College, and in the University of Paris. During the World War he served in the ambulance corps. For four years he was prosecuting attorney of Howard county, having been elected to that office in 1913. He was elected to the House of Representatives of the state legislature in 1920, and in 1922 to the State Senate. James Lindley Baker: Born at Lancaster, Missouri, August 29,1854; died there April 19,1924. He was prominent HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 487 in Republican political circles, having served as chairman of the Schuyler county organization, and as judicial and congres­ sional committeeman. In 1898, in partnership with Charles Bartlett, he founded the Avalanche, which subsequently be­ came the Schuyler County Republican. He retired from its ownership in 1906. Charles R. Berry: Born in Collins county, Texas, Feb­ ruary 27, 1864; died at St. Joseph, Missouri, September 3, 1924. He came to Missouri in 1866, and was educated in the schools of St. Joseph. Early connected with railroad work, he attained a long record of service in western transportation. At the time of his death he was assistant general freight agent of the Chicago Great Western Railroad, and that company's oldest representative in point of service. He was a member of the State Historical Society of Missouri. H. W. Chalfant: Born at St. Louis, Missouri, April 28, 1855; died at Linn Creek, Missouri, February 2, 1925. He was educated in the public and high schools of Richmond, and took up the practice of law. He had served as sheriff, circuit clerk, prosecuting attorney, and probate judge of Camden county. He was also a member of the Thirty- seventh, Fiftieth, and Fifty-first general assemblies. He was a member of the State Historical Society of Missouri. James Knox Davis: Born in Washington county, Vir­ ginia, February 12, 1844; died at Raymondville, Missouri, March 31, 1924. He came to Texas county, Missouri, in 1865, after having served in the Confederate army. He held the office of county surveyor for several terms between 1872 and 1892, and in 1898 he was elected to represent Texas county in the state legislature. Perry Canby Ellis: Born in Boone county, Kentucky, August 21, 1867; died at Quincy, Illinois, February 14, 1925. He was graduated from Plattsburg College at Plattsburg, Missouri, in 1885, and the next year entered newspaper work. In the course of his career he served on the staff of the Kansas City Times, Kansas City Journal, Kansas City World, and 488 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

St. Louis Post-Dispatch. He edited the Quincy Daily Whig from 1899 to 1911. In Illinois he was prominent in Repub­ lican politics. He was the author of a political handbook, and the founder of the Mississippi Valley Magazine. At the time of his death he was representative of the Federal govern­ ment for labor, having taken that office in 1921. He was a member of the State Historical Society of Missouri.

Theodore Graf: Born at Hermann, Missouri, March 22, 1860; died there April 10, 1924. He entered the newspaper business as a boy in the office of the Hermanner Volksblatt, of which his father was the editor and publisher. At his father's death he became co-editor with his brother. The brothers later acquired the Hermann Courier-Journal. At the time of his death Theodore Graf was probate judge of Gas­ conade county.

Joseph Gummersbach: Born near Bonn, Germany; died at West Palm Beach, Florida, December 25, 1924, at the age of 80. He came to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1873, and was one of the organizers of the B. Herder Book and Publish­ ing Company, of which he later became president. Through­ out his life in St. Louis he was officially connected with the Amerika, and held the presidency of that publication until 1922. In 1901 he was created Knight of the Order of St. Gregory, and in 1923 was made a member of the order "Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice."

Louis Houck: Born in St. Clair county, Illinois, in April, 1841; died near Cape Girardeau, Missouri, February 17, 1925. He spent his youth in Belleville, Illinois, receiving his early education in his father's printing office. From 1858 to 1859 he attended the University of Wisconsin, and in 1860 began the publication of a German paper in Belleville. He dropped newspaper work in 1865, having been admitted to the bar in 1862. Soon after his coming to St. Louis, in 1868, he was appointed assistant United States district attorney. He moved to Cape Girardeau in 1869. In 1880 he gave up the practice of law to enter upon his career as a railroad HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 489 builder. He was instrumental in securing the Southeast Missouri State Teachers' College for Cape Girardeau. He was an officer of the State Historical Society of Missouri, and the author of several works on Missouri history. Timothy J. Henessey: Died at Nashville, Tennessee, February 8, 1925. He was a prominent figure in Missouri politics some twenty years ago. In 1888 he was appointed railroad and warehouse commissioner of Missouri for a term of six years. He was reappointed in 1894. H. L. Isherwood: Born at Mt. Vernon, Iowa, August 1, 1850; died near Waco, Missouri, March 17, 1924. He was educated in the public schools of Mt. Vernon, and was grad­ uated from Cornell College 1876. He was graduated from Rush Medical College in 1878, and took up the practice of medicine. He came to Jasper county, Missouri, in the '80s. In 1892 he was elected to the state legislature. He was twice mayor of Carl Junction, and a member of the board of educa­ tion. Matthias Kenaga: Born in Tuscarawas county, Ohio, in 1842; died near Mountain View, Missouri, May 30, 1924. He received a common school education, and in 1861 joined a company of Indiana voluntary infantry. In 1870 he moved to West Plains, Missouri. He was elected judge of the county court in 1886, and later state senator from the Twenty-second District. D. V. McClelland: Born at Princeton, Missouri; died at Kirksville, Missouri, December 24, 1924. He was educated in the public schools of Adair county, and in the Kirksville State Normal School. Mr. McClelland had been active in farm club organization in Adair county, and in 1922 was elected to the state legislature.

Peter Clark McFarlane: Born in St. Clair county, Missouri, March 8, 1871; died at San Francisco, California, June 9, 1924. He was educated in the public schools of St. Clair county, in the Florida Agricultural College, and in Berke- 490 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW ley Seminary, Berkeley, California. From 1908 to 1909 he was engaged in religious work in Kansas City, Missouri. After the World War he went to Europe as a correspondent for the Saturday Evening Post. He was the author of a number of novels.

Alexander Maitland, sr.: Born at Toronto, Canada, June 13, 1839; died at Kansas City, Missouri, April 22, 1924. He came to St. Louis in 1851. He was educated in Knox College at Toronto. For a time after 1860 he drove wagons on the Santa Fe trail. He served as a member of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture for sixteen years, and was for a time its president; also as a member of the state fair board for seven years. He completed the first definite plat of Ray county in 1866.

August Meyer: Born near Hermann, Missouri, July 5, 1850; died at Warrenton, Missouri, March 10, 1924. He was educated in the public schools and in Central Wesleyan College. For a time after his completion of college work he taught school, and at the age of 24 was elected circuit clerk of Gasconade county. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar. He served Gasconade county for eight years as probate judge, for four years as prosecuting attorney, and for two terms as state representative.

Joseph Wright Miller: Born at Appleton City, Missouri, November 6,1885; died there May 22,1924. He was educated in the public schools of Appleton City, Appleton City Academy, and the University of Missouri. He was for several years president of the school board of Appleton City, and served as city treasurer. At the Constitutional Convention of 1922 he represented the Sixteenth Senatorial District.

Miss Mary Perry: Died at San Diego, California, October 3, 1924. She was largely responsible for the enact­ ment in Missouri of the law which created the State Board of Charities and Corrections in 1897. For some thirty years, during the administrations of Governors Stephens, Dockery, HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 491

Folk, Hadley, Major, and Gardner, she served as vice-presi­ dent and acting president of this board. She resigned this office in 1921. Abra C. Pettijohn: Born in Indiana; died in California, April 5, 1924, at the age of 75. His early life was spent in Indiana, where he learned the printer's trade. He worked in Chicago for a time, later studying medicine. In 1881 he moved to Brookfield, Missouri, where he became active in politics. He was mayor of Brookfield, and representative of Linn county in the state legislature, serving in the latter capacity for two terms. For a time he was superintendent of State Hospital Number Two at St. Joseph. Robert Beverly Price, Sr.: Born in Charlotte county, Virginia, October 17, 1832; died at Columbia, Missouri, November 30, 1924. He came to Missouri with his parents at an early age, living at Fayette and Brunswick until he was eighteen. In 1850 he came to Columbia, as a student in the University of Missouri. He was the founder of the first national bank in Missouri, and for fifty years was treasurer of the University of Missouri. Mr. Price was formerly treas­ urer of the State Historical Society of Missouri. Thomas N. Rigney: Born at Albany, Missouri, March 29, 1860; died there April 10, 1924. He was educated in the public schools at Albany, and in the Albany High School. In 1906 he was elected to the Gentry county court, later being re-elected and in 1914 made presiding judge. He was also a member of the Fifty-second General Assembly. George H. Shields: Born at Bardstown, Kentucky, June 19, 1842; died April 27,1924. He received his education at private schools and at Westminster College, Fulton, Mis­ souri. He came to Hannibal with his parents at the age of two years. He was city attorney of Hannibal, 1865-9; member of the Twenty-sixth General Assembly, 1871-2; member of the Constitutional Convention of Missouri, 1875; member and president of the board of freeholders which formed the scheme and charter of the city of St. Louis in 1876; chair­ man of the Republican State committee, 1876-80; master in 492 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

chancery, United States Circuit Court, 1875-1906; Assistant Attorney-General of the United States, 1889-93; elected judge of St. Louis circuit in 1906, and again in 1914. L. J. Talbott: Died at Kansas City, Missouri, July 23, 1924, at the age of 74. He was a pioneer real estate dealer of Kansas City, and in 1884 was elected mayor of that city. John Lilburn Thomas: Born in Iron county, Missouri, September 16, 1833; died at Waco, Texas, June 11, 1924. He was educated in the common schools and in 1852 took an academic degree. He taught school and studied law for a time, and in 1853 was licensed to practice. He served as circuit judge for twelve years, and later as judge of the Su­ preme Court of Missouri. Under Cleveland he served for four years as assistant attorney-general for the Postoffice Department. In 1870 he was a member of the Missouri General Assembly. Judge Thomas was the author of a num­ ber of legal treatises. John M. Williams: Born in Guernsey county, Ohio, October 6, 1843; died at California, Missouri, November 22, 1924. He was a veteran of the Civil War, having served in the Union army. He came to California, Missouri, in 1866, was elected prosecuting attorney of Moniteau county, was elected to the state senate in 1894, and was appointed judge of the circuit court by Governor Hadley in 1911. He had served for several years on the Republican State Committee. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 493

MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXT­ BOOKS THE DEATH OF "BILL" ANDERSON From the Richmond Missourian, May 22, 1924. The information that "Bill" Anderson, famed far and wide as one of the most notorious of those who waged the "guerrilla warfare," preying first on the southern sympathizers and then on those of the north, is still alive is surely startling to Ray county folks who admit that he "is dead and buried" in Richmond. * * * * ***** According to Ray county history, and the recollections of a number of the older residents of the county, including Thomas Hankins of Ray ville, who was present at the fight in which Anderson was killed, Anderson is dead and buried in the old cemetery on North Thornton street. ***** Another interesting sidelight on the facts relative to "Bill" Anderson was given several days ago by Col. James S. Hackley, a former Ray county resident, who now makes his home at Moberly, Mo. Colonel Hackley, whose mother was a cousin of Anderson, tells how the famous guerrilla leader was killed: "We lived on a farm which cornered on a state road leading one way to Knoxville and the other to Millville," says Colonel Hackley. "One day about six months before Anderson was killed, my father and I were in the field plowing corn. I heard pistol shots. "In my excitement I climbed on the fence to find out what was going on. I saw 'Bill' Anderson, Frank and Jesse James, Arch Clemens and Hedge Reynolds on horseback. In pursuit was Captain Tiff en, leading probably one hundred men. A moment later Anderson turned his horse and plunged across the toad into what we called our sugar-tree woods. "Captain Tiff en ordered my father to take his horses from the plow hitch them to a wagon and take one of his wounded men to Richmond, When we returned home that night the house was brilliant with lights We found five strange horses that had been fed. In the house were their owners—Bill Anderson and the men we had seen with him that morning. "Seven chickens were killed; supper was served at midnight. About three o'clock in the morning, the men got their horses and rode away. That was the last time I saw 'Bill' Anderson alive. "About six months later we drove to Richmond. My mother's brother, Tom Bay less, kept a hardware store there. As Mr. Bay les came out to greet my mother a boy ran up and said 'Bill' Anderson had been killed and his body was at Kice's gallery. 494 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"We went to Kice's gallery. When my mother saw the blood on Anderson's face and his clotted hair, she pleaded that the picture might not be taken until she had washed his face and combed his hair. Her plea was refused by Captain Cox, who was present and claimed to have killed Anderson. "Anderson was buried in Richmond. The bullet that ended his life struck him in the back of the head and came out through his forehead. "We stayed that night with Uncle Tom. About midnight there was a rap on the door. On opening the door we found Jim Anderson, Bill's brother, who remained there until eleven o'clock the next morning. That was the last time I saw him." Colonel Hackley says in later years he talked with Frank James concerning the encounter in which "Bill" Anderson met his death. James said they were eating a lunch. Their horses were picketed nearby. With­ out warning they were surrounded by Captain Cox and his soldiers. The little band of guerrillas jumped on their horses and dashed through the enemy lines. According to James, Anderson shot six men. Anderson was brought down by a shot through the back of his head when apparently he was making good his escape.

A STORY OF THE INDIAN PAINTINGS IN RALLS COUNTY By Joe Burnett, writing in the Ralls County Record, January 4, 1924. Chief Pakawa, of the tribe of Winnebagos that lived on Turkey Creek, west of New London, had two sons, Tuwa and Toposa, aged re­ spectively 16 and 17 years. They were tall, slender and handsome; had brilliant black eyes; long, glossy, black hair; and white, even teeth. They looked like young Apollos. Both were popular with the whites whose children they played with. The door of every cabin was open to them. The father kept them clothed in fancy buckskin suits and beaded moccasins. The boys were his idols. One morning they went to old Nuchok, the arrow-maker, and told him to restring their bows and make them two quivers full of arrows; that they were going up the Ohaha (Salt River) to hunt. Fitted out in their new suits, they called to see Mrs. Polly Grant, to tell her good-bye. She saw them coming and ran out of the house, ex­ claiming, "Well, I declare boys, you do look fine. And are you going hunting? Well, you must have some cookies!" Aunt Polly always had a jar of cookies. Ever since we can remember cookies were kept in a stone jar. The boys started on their hunt, their heads decorated with eagle feathers tipped in red, quivers full of arrows and hearts elated with the spirit of adventure. After the sun had set and the shades of night had gathered around them they made a fire, ate their supper and lay down to sleep. The MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 495 wolves howled around them, and off among the tall trees on the river a panther screamed, but they were used to such noises and paid no heed. They arose with the sun, took a bath in the warm water of the river and resumed their journey. They reached the bluffs where the Indian pictures are and stood gazing at them, when arrows began to fall around them. With fiendish yells a band of Fox Indians rushed upon them. The boys fought for their lives, but in vain. They fell, pierced with many arrows. Their bodies were stripped of their bright new clothes and left for the wolves. Absence of the boys worried Pakawa. He could not sleep. Days passed. He gathered several warriors and went up the river. Instead of his boys he found two skeletons, side by side, licked clean by the wolves. He gathered the remains, wrapped them in a blanket and placed them in a tree. Returning, he summoned two hundred warriors. Silently he went to work. No tom-toms, no war drums. Like silent spectres two hundred veterans glided through the forest toward Florida. On top of the hill where the paintings are they came upon the camp of the Foxes. Sur­ rounding the camp on all sides they poured a shower of arrows into it. The surprise was so effective that not a live Fox remained. After scalping them they piled their bodies together and burned them. This was a terrible defy to the Foxes, because the Indian believes that when the body is burned the spirit cannot enter the happy hunting ground. After this the Winnebagos inaugurated a guerrilla warfare, sniping Foxes wherever found. They waged this warfare so relentlessly that the Foxes moved further west, leaving this county never to return.

WHY GEORGE VEST CAME TO MISSOURI From the Palmyra Spectator, May 15, 1924. A boyhood friend of Senator Vest, one of Missouri's greatest states­ men, told this story: "Vest was a real devil in his neighborhood, no pranks or jokes being too much for him. He lived in Owensboro, Kentucky, where he was a printer, setting type on a local paper. A reform wave struck the town and an effort was made to stop all the gambling, which was quite a hardship to the Kentuckians. Some of the leading citizens, among them the mayor, went to the Ohio river, which flows past the town, rented a small house­ boat, and started up their game. Young Vest learned of the plan, and late at night when the game got to going good, he slipped down and un­ tied the houseboat, and it floated off down the river. The poker players did not learn of the trick until nearly morning, and then found themselves down the river, a dozen miles from home. M ffiH?|3j "The players on their return were so worked up that they swore they would kill the man who untied the boat. The owner of the ^newspaper 496 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

which employed Vest, believing the angry men would carry out their threat, advised Vest to leave until the storm blew over. Vest came to Missouri and became one of our great men. Little things change the course of a man's life."

MISSOURI'S FAMOUS OLD MILLS

From the Palmyra Spectator, March 13, 1924.

A recent issue of the National Miller contained a write-up of some of the old water mills of Missouri, and among them was the old Bay Mill south of this city. The article, in part, is as follows: Perhaps one of the most noted of the early day grinding outfits was the Bay Mills, north of Hannibal, Mo. It had a tremendous overshot wheel, and the machinery was wonderfully powerful for its day. It did grinding for Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois farmers, and the quality of its product had almost a national leputation. Later Capt. A. S. RoBards, a "forty-niner," established a large flour mill at Hannibal, and its flour took premiums at the World's Fair, New York, in 1853. A barrel of RoBard's Premium flour was sent in gilded hoops to the Queen of England. There were interesting features connected with the "water mill period" of the West, when most large streams had waterwheels to do various kinds of work. The late W. E. McCully, at one time chairman of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission of Missouri, remembered the popular water mill operated by his father on the Chariton river, and what a social event "going to mill" was foi the early settlers. Mr. McCully, speaking from his remembrance as a boy, described it this way: "It was the event of the year when a farmer went to mill those days. Some of father's patrons drove down from Iowa, 100 miles or more. At times the offerings were so heavy that a farmer would have to wait two or thiee weeks for his turn. As soon as a new load airived its turn would be indicated by a red keel mark put on the sacks by the miller or his helpers. Any dispute about whose turn came next was settled by the miller. His word was the law of the river. "It was also a part of his duty to referee bouts at fisticuffs and wrest­ ling. The customers as a rule did not get impatient. They came perpared to make a long stay. They would bring with them plenty of provisions and fishing lines. I've seen 'em strung out for three miles up and down the river fishing, and they caught some big ones too, for the river was full of fish then. As the old buhrs would only grind two or three bushels of shelled corn an hour, it was necessary to keep the mill going all day and all night to come anywhere near handling the trade. There was a night miller, who worked by the light of tallow candles. "At midnight Saturday the water gate was shut until early Monday morning. The closing of the gate formed a trap for the fish, and during hours when work was suspended the catch this way was sometimes large. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 497

The Sunday catch was auctioned off the Saturday before to the highest bidder. If no fish happened to go into the trap the successful bidder had to "take his medicine," but generally the catch was worth the price. "Nothing but shelled corn was handled by the water mill man. He exacted one-sixth of the grain for grinding. The price was fixed by law. It would have amazed him had somebody offered him cash. The miller fed his corn to hogs. That's where he got his money. "Going to mill then was like going to a circus or a big political rally now. It was the place to swap news and jack-knives, engage in horseshoe throwing, cock-fighting, and all the sports of the period. You see, people didn't take sightseeing tours across the country then, and going to mill took the place of that diversion. The patrons were a great brawny set of American planters and woodsmen, full of grit and energy, and withal the kindest folk I have ever seen. "With all their cutting-up and yelling, they were never guilty of stealing or imposing on each other. Their fights were fair, and they carried no bad blood back home with them. It would be hard to get together now a more truly representative American gathering than those that assembled on the river banks during the water mill epoch of Missouri."

MISSOURI'S GREAT DROUGHT By Edgar White, writing in the Brookfield Daily Argus, March 5, 1924. Joel H. Wright, who died Monday at the age of 89, wras one of the best known of Macon county's early day citizens. He contributed a remarkable chapter to the history of Macon county in his story of the great drought of 1854. But for that the record of one of the most unusual scenes the West ever experienced might never have been preserved. In that terrible year Mr. Wright was a young man of 19. Crops in all North Missouri had been a failure. The settlers from Kentucky, Tennessee and other places were dissatisfied and casting longing eyes toward lands where such conditions did not exist. Stories of the drought reaching other states stemmed the tide of immigration that had been pouring into Mis­ souri. "During that dismal year stories came to us concerning the extent and fertility of Texas," Mr. Wright said. "These inspired a large party to journey there for the purpose of taking up claims. The wagon train for Texas left Macon county in April. On June 16 or 17, while in camp on Red river, near Preston, there was a heavy rainfall. The rainfall was general throughout the country, extending through Missouri as well as the other states to the north. I remember this distinctly, because it was the last rain that fell that year. "As the summer went on without rain, the exiles from Missouri began to get disheartened. We started on the homeward trail. There were seven families, each with a wagon to itself. As we plodded along, day 498 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

after day through the drought striken country the problem of water supply became grave. We traveled one day through the Indian territory with only five gallons, which was less than a gallon to the family, to say nothing of the horses. "The heat and the dust 'became fearful, and as the afternoon wore on our thirst became intolerable. Instead of camping with nightfall, as had been our custom, we pressed on to a place where a splendid spring was said to exist. Some of the teamsters were in an angry mood; others were becoming delirious. I don't know what the consequences would have been had that spring been dried up. We reached it at ten at night, and there was a mighty yell from the thirsty pilgrims as they rushed frantically toward the water. Strong men, women, and children struggled for places near the little stream, and it was necessary to form a guard of the cooler headed ones to keep the travelers from drinking themselves to death. Until that time I never knew how sweet a thing a dipper of cold water was. "All along our homeward route we read desolating stories of the ter­ rible drought. There were fields of stubble on every side. Trees without leaves, and dust-white roads. There were no birds singing, and scarcely a sign of animal life in sky, tree or earth."

"THE ROCK OF THE CROSS"

From the Troy Free Press, January 4, 1924.

On the Missouri side of the Mississippi river, just below the village of Wittenberg, is a picturesque rock. It is an object of interest to all who see it, but only to those who know does this rock tell of unsung romance. The rock is said to be the smallest national reservation in the United States, it having been declared a government reservation several years ago to prevent its destruction for commercial purposes, when quarrymen threatened its historical value. To early adventurers traversing the river, the couriers des bois of the earliest French, the Spanish explorers, and the English speaking pioneers it was known as "The Rock of the Cross." In December, 1699, three missionaries of the Sulpican Order, Father St. Cosme, Davon, and Montigny, descended the Father of Waters on the sixth day of the month, reaching the Indian village of Tamarouah, the place being within the present limits of Perry county, Missouri. In his report of his voyage, Father St. Cosme tells of climbing to the top of this rock, upon which he planted a cross with religious ceremonies. In nearly two and a quarter centuries since Father St. Cosme placed the cross upon that rock, it has been one of the picture places along the Mississippi. It was one of the marks by which river pilots guided their boats and for many years was one of the distinguishing points by which directions were given strangers penetrating into the wilderness that lay MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 499 on the west bank. Tourists were always attracted by the rock's beauty and the picturesque surroundings. It has been called "Tower Rock" by many, because of its size and shape, standing as it does, majestically, like a place of worship in its grandeur. Just across the river are a number of towerlike bluffs and rocks, and nearby is the Illinois town of Grand Tower.

WHY THE "KANSAS RED LEGS" WERE SO CALLED From the Odessa Democrat, March 14, 1924. We have all heard of the "Kansas Red Legs," but how many people are aware as to how the name originated? During the war between the states a raid by the Red Legs was as much feared as a cyclone by the Southern people who resided in Jackson county and the western border of Missouri. John P. Duke, of Kansas City, related the following which explains why the Kansas iaiders were called Red Legs: "In 1862," said Mr. Duke, "I was running a boot and shoe manu­ factory at Independence, Missouri. The war was going on, but so far it had not greatly interfered with my business, and I was doing a good trade, particularly in boots, which I made for the rich young Missourians, and other stock, which was shipped west—much of it to the Mormons in Utah, who had moved a short time before from Independence to their desert Zion. We made them a fine boot for the trade called French kip, which was lined and faced about the top of the legs with red sheepskin. These boots were just the thing then, and sold for from $7 to $10 a pair. On the day in question I had just received a consignment of ten dozen of these red sheep skins from John Howe, a wholesale dealer in St. Louis, when a party of soldiers rode up to the door. They were about as ragged, hungry and villainous looking a set of rascals as I have ever seen. I recognized them at once as some of Jennison's cavalry from Kansas, for Jennison had been at my place a few days before and had some of these men with him. Col. Burris and, I think, Major Ransom, as I heard later, were in command of this squad. After a short parley in which they demanded money and I told them I had none to give, they began to ransack the store for valuables. They found nothing that they wanted until they came to the red sheep skins. "Let's take these," said Colonel Burris. The red sheep skins seemed to strike their fancy. Their clothing and particularly their trousers about the calves of the legs were torn by briars and twigs from riding thiough the brush and thickets, and they needed leggins very badly. This seemed to strike them also for with one accord they began to cut the legs and heads from the large sheep skins, cut them in two pieces and then bind them with thongs about their legs, Italian bandit fashion, for leggins. The sheep skins were large and each one made a pair of their improvised leg gear. They cut long strips from pieces of 500 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

calfskin to use as thongs 01 cords to wrap with. When they went out and rode around in Jackson county on their forays, the country people began to designate them as "red legs," a name which clung to them during the war and by which they are known to this day." Mr. Duke had frequent other visits from the "red legs" and what they could not carry awav they either cut up or destroyed so that he has a claim for several thousand dollars against the government pending now for property destroyed during the war.

LAFAYETTE COUNTY'S FIRST HIGHWAY

From the Odessa Democrat, February 8, 1924. The first mention of a road in the county occurs under the date of April 24, 1821. That was before the name of the county had been changed from Lillard to Lafayette; as nearly as it has been ascertained the change in name took place immediately after* the visit to St. Louis of General Lafayette which occurred in 1825. Abner Graham was the first overseer appointed by the county. He was given charge of the road leading from Fort Osage through Sni-a-bar township, and was required to keep it twenty feet wide "clear and smooth." Overseers were also appointed on several roads leading from Tabo Creek. At the same time, Gilead Rupe, Markham Fristoe, William Robertson, and William Riggs were appointed by the county court to view the best and nearest route for a road leading from Tommy Jack's Ferry to intersect the road leading from Fort Osage to Mt. Vernon. Fort Osage was near where the town of Sibley now stands, in Jackson county, and was the nearest point of United States soldiers, in case of an attack upon the settlements by the Indians. The "Jack's Ferry" mentioned above, was at the original steamboat landing, which later came to be the foot of Commercial street, of the City of Lexington. These were the first attempts at roads in Lafayette county. From this time on more and better roads gradually came into existence, a history which is incomplete and tiresome. What is perhaps the first attempt to rock a road in Lafayette county occurred in 1860f when what was known as the Wellington and Lexington macadamized road was incorporated. James Crump, John Reid, and Thomas Hinkle were the corporators of the company. The company was empowered to "locate, construct and finally complete a macadamized road with a single or double track commencing at the town of Lexington, Missouri, on the Missouri river, and running thence up the bottom of said river to the town of Wellington, on the best and most practicable route."

•Lillard county was changed to Lafayette on February 16, 1825. Lafayette visited St. Louis later in the year, but his proposed visit was known at that time. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 501

The capital stock of the company was $30,000 in shares of $20 each. The three men named above were to constitute the board of directors, and were to raise $5,000 before any work could be done. Toll gates in not less than two miles of each town were to be erected, and toll was to be exacted according to the following rates: For every horse and rider or led horse, one and a half cents per mile; for every sleigh, carriage, or vehicle drawn by one animal, two cents per mile; and one and a half cent in addition for each additional animal; for every twenty sheep or hogs, three cents per mile; and for every twenty head of neat cattle, mules or asses, seven cents per mile; and in that proportion for any less number. Actual work on the road was never begun. From the best authorities it appears that some of the stock was sold, but the breaking out of the Civil War in the next year seems to have caused the project to be a failure.

THE INDIAN TRIBES OF MISSOURI From the Howell County Gazette, June 12, 1924. Missouri, unlike many other states never had a large number of Indians, Indian tribes, or warlike chiefs of ability. The Osage Indians were the only tribe peculiar to and historically native in Missouri. The "Missouris" who take their name from the river,* were living there when Marquette and Joliet made their famous trip in 1673, but they had original­ ly come there from the vicinity of Green Bay, Wisconsin. They were never a strong tribe. Other Indian tribes in Missouri came late, as the Sauks, Foxes and Delawares. These originated east of the Mississippi and settled in Mis­ souri during the Spanish period. The Osages were the distinctive Indians of Missouri, and well might the state be proud of them. The great artist, Catlin, states that the Osages were "the tallest race of men in North America, either of red or white skins." Few Osage braves were under six feet in height, many were six feet and six inches, and some were seven feet tall. They were well pro­ portioned and good looking and in movement they were quick and grace­ ful. In war and the chase they equalled any. Although living close to the white man for decades they late retained their own primitive customs and dress. On November 10,1808, by a treaty with the United States government at Fort Clark, near Kansas City, Missouri, the Osages ceded all their lands east of a line running due south from Fort Clark to the Arkansas River. They later ceded their Missouri land lying west of this line. They are today the richest single class of people in the world, their wealth averaging over one thousand dollars per person.

•The river took its name from the Indians. 502 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

THE NEW MADRID EARTHQUAKE

From a letter published in the Dunklin County News, January 4, 1924, by courtesy of T. M. Cisel. New Madrid, Territory of Missouri, March 22, 1816. My Dear Friend: In compliance with your request I will now give you a history as full in detail as the limits of a letter will permit, of the awful visitation of Providence in this place and vicinity. On the 16th day of December, 1811, about two o'clock, A. M., we had a violent shock of an earthquake, accompanied by a noise resembling loud but distant thunder, but more hoarse and vibrating, which was followed in a few minutes by the complete saturation of the air with sulphurous vapor, causing total darkness. The screams of the affrighted inhabitants running to and fro, not knowing where to go or what to do, the cries of the fowls and beasts of every species, the cracking of trees and the roaring of the Mississippi, the current of which was retrograde for a few minutes owing, as is supposed, to an erup­ tion in its bed, formed a scene truly horrible. From that time until about sunrise a number of lighter shocks occurred at which time one still more violent than the first took place, with the same accompaniments as the first, and the terror which had been excited in everyone, and indeed in all animal nature, was now, if possible, doubled. The inhabitants fled in every direction to the country, supposing that there was less danger at a distance from, than near to the river. In one person, a female, the alarm was so great that she fainted and could not be recovered. There were several shocks each day, but lighter than those mentioned; until on the 23rd of January, 1812, when one occurred as violent as the severest of the former ones, accompanied by the same phenomena as the former. From this date until the 4th of February the earth was in continual agita­ tion visibly waving as a gentle sea. On that day there was another shock nearly as hard as the preceding ones. Next day four such and one the 7th about four o'clock, A. M., a concussion took place so much more violent than those which had preceded it that it was denominated the hard shock. The awful darkness of the atmosphere which was saturated with sulphurous vapors, and the violence of the thundering noise, together with other phenomena mentioned as attending the former shock formed a scene the description of which would require the most sublimely fanciful imagination. At first the Mississippi seemed to recede from its banks, its waters gathering up like a mountain, leaving stranded on the sands many boats here on their way to New Orleans. Then rising fifteen or twenty feet and expanding as it were at the same moment, the banks were overflowed with a rapid torrent, tearing the boats from their mooring, MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 503 driving them inland where they were left grounded. The river, falling as rapidly as it had risen, receded within its banks with such violence that it carried with it whole groves of trees which lodged its borders. They were broken off with such regularity that had you not witnessed the fact it would be difficult to believe. A great many fish were left on the banks, being unable to keep pace with the water. In all the hard shocks men­ tioned the earth was horribly torn to pieces, and the surface of thousands of acres was from time to time covered over with various depths of sand that issued from the fissures, which were made in great numbers, some closing immediately after vomiting forth the sands, while others dis­ charged the coal and sand. It is impossible to estimate the depth of the fissures. We have reason to believe them very deep. The site of this town (New Madrid) has settled down more than fifteen feet, while a short distance away lakes have been elevated and drained. On the opposite side of the Mississippi in the Indian country a lake has been formed more than a hundred miles in length and from one to six miles wide and of a depth of from ten to fifty feet. It has communication with the river at both ends, and will within a few years be the principal bed of the river. We were twelve or eighteen months after the first shock in little camps made of boards, but have become callous and returned to our homes again. Most of those who fled have returned. Slight shocks are still felt this date, March 22, 1816, seldom a week passing without (our) feeling one or more shocks. I have now finished my promised description of the earthquake, imperfect it is true, yet just as it occurred to my memory of that awful scene when our homes were destroyed. In the full confidence that I have given a friend, and wishing you all good, I must bid you adieu. ELIZA BRYAN.

THE FOUNDING OF KANSAS CITY

From The Kansas City Journal-Post, February 1, 1925.

Three-quarters of a century ago next Wednesday, Kansas City came into being as a few stores on the river near where the foot of Main street now is. This little settlement, first known as Kaw's Mouth and then as the City of Kansas, was born because of the activity of its elder sister city, Westport. Years later the settlement attained proportions of a real town and was called Kansas City. Westport, an inland settlement several miles from the river, was a chief outfitting place for travelers on the Santa Fe trail. Stores for the Westport merchants were shipped on the Missouri river and landed near where the Kaw entered that stream. This landing place became known as Westport Landing, but no stores or dwellings were there. It was not long after Westport Landing came into use until a few small houses were built on the Missouri river bank near where the steamers 504 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW left goods for the WTestport merchants. Soon two or three stores opened to furnish supplies for nearby settlers and for travelers who passed that way. In a short time there was a village with merchants, mechanics and tradesmen. Then the citizens began to talk of a name. Westport Landing was not to their liking. Since the settlement was near where the Kaw entered the Missouri river, some suggested it be known as Kaw's Mouth. But that did not meet with the approval of others. At last, after much discussion, it was agreed that the little settlement should be known as the Town of Kansas. This was February 4, 1850. The little town at once applied to the legislature of the state for a charter, which it obtained three years later. At that time, in 1853, the city extended from the river on the north to Ninth street on the south, and from Summit street on the west to the alley between Holmes and Charlotte streets on the east. It then became known as the City of Kan­ sas.

SOME EARLY POLISH NEWSPAPERS IN MISSOURI

By Herman G. Kiel, writing in the Franklin County Observer, February 15, 1924.

Almost every reader over 60 years of age and some of the younger readers will be pleased to read a brief statement concerning local Polish newspapers of over 50 years ago. Orzel Polski, which means The Polish Eagle was founded in Washing­ ton on February 22, 1870—54 years ago. The "1" in Orzel has a slanting bar we are unable to show, but readers knowing Polish will readily recognize the name. This newspaper appeared every two weeks for about two months and it is believed that at least one edition was printed by Die Washingtoner Post whose editor, Otto Brix, aided by his son, William Brix, despite German and English scholarship, found difficulty in handling Polish type mechanically. The region about St. Gertrude Catholic Church was almost a little Polish colony, and under this Polish influence, or possibly in deference to it, the name of the local postoffice, Henrietta, probably about the Four or Four and a Half Mile House, was changed to Krakow, in November, 1869, and was a reminder of Cracow, the old capital of Poland from 1815 to 1846 The Polish Eagle moved to this colony and No. 10, Vol. 1 was issued there, and from No. 11 it became a weekly. From No. 12 it had an assistant editor One story "important if true" has per­ sistently been told: that this was the first and then the only Polish news­ paper in America. In 1871 this newspaper was moved to Union and was for a while issued twice a week, and in May, 1872, it was discontinued. The editor apparently was connected at this time with a newspaper pub­ lished in English, and said to have been The Franklin County Progress. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 505

It is probable that the establishment of a second Polish newspaper in Union on March 29, 1872, had much to do with the discontinuance of The Polish Eagle less than two months later. Aleksander Szczepankiewicz was the editor of The Polish Eagle from about 1871. His surname is one of the most difficult ever found in Frank­ lin County, especially for people ignorant of the Slav(onic) languages, and this may have led him to use the adopted name Dr. Sacconi, by which he is usually known locally, though he is also found as Ambrose Sacconi or Sicconi. He was born about 1834 and had property to the value of only $300. One record says that he was a native of Missouri but this has not been verified Ignacy Wendzinski was the assistant editor of The Polish Eagle from about 1871. Almost nothing is known about him. It appears that a nephew lives near Brenham, Texas, who says that this uncle was a native of Poland, was scholarly, and died wealthy. Pielgrzym, meaning The Pilgrim, was a Polish weekly newspaper established in Union on March 2, 1872, .... and was published there until 1874, when it was moved to Detroit, Michigan, where it appeared September 15, 1874 as Gazeta Polska Katholicka, meaning The Polish Catholic Gazette. ****** The Pilgrim has been reported locally as a changed name for The Polish Eagle, but this is probably only a . . . guess, since both newspapers appeared simultaneously for about two months, the management was different, and apparently The Polish Eagle was inclined to be secular while The Pilgrim wras inclined to be ecclesiastical. Jan Barzynski was the editor of The Pilgrim and remained with this publication until 1880, when his partner, W. Smulski, took charge and in 1884 became owner. ***** He was apparently connected with a news­ paper published in English and known as The Union Clarion.

A MISSOURI EXPEDITION TO MEXICO From The Kansas City Star, January 15, 1925. In 1810 the movement for the independence of Mexico from the Spanish yoke began. It was crushed by Augustin Iturbide, a brilliant military leader in command of the royal armies. In 1820, however, the fight for a constitution was won and Iturbide, by that time arisen to great power, espoused the cause of Mexican freedom and national independence. In 1822 he was proclaimed emperor by the army, dissolved the congress and began to plan the foundations of a new empire. His reign was brief— within ten months he was an exile, and in 1824 he was executed in an attempt to stage a "return from Elba." But while he was on the imperial throne, his policy toward colonization was a liberal one, and it was at this time that Dr. John G. Heath, a citizen of Missouri, secured from the officers of Iturbide's government a grant of land in one of the richest valleys of what is now New Mexico. It comprised 130,000 acres along 506 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW the Rio Grande river, about thirty miles northwest of El Paso in the district where today is the town of Las Cruces, surrounded by some of the most valuable fruit farms in New Mexico The Heath grant was obtained in conformity with Iturbide's "Coloni­ zation Act" passed by the emperor's "Constituent Council" in 1823, which offered liberal inducements to prospective colonists "who must be of the Catholic faith, the established religion of the Empire." At the time this act was promulgated, Dr. Heath was in El Paso, and being of the prescribed faith, he made application for a grant under its provisions. The name Heath being an impossible one in Spanish, it was translated into its Spanish equivalent, and John Heath became "Juan Gid," in which name all the documents relating to the grant were drawn It recited that "Juan Gid, citizen of North America," petitioned the "illus­ trious ayuntamiento" for a grant of land on the Bracito river under the colonization law in return for which he agreed as follows: "I propose to bring to the settlement of the lands of the Bracito, which I ask to be granted to me, thirty families, and among them mechan­ ics, blacksmiths, armourers, silversmiths, carpenters, tailors, shoemakers, saddlers, architects, mathematicians, chemists, mineralogists, surgeons, doctors, and to establish a hospital with the corresponding drug store, the same to be adequately stocked, together with the necessary instru­ ments for any operation, and also to establish a warehouse stocked with all kinds of goods to sell at wholesale, and to introduce the necessary machinery for the manufacture of powder, proposing until the expense of transportation is covered to furnish the supply of this article that the whole of this jurisdiction may require at the very low price of $1 per pound, the same being of the first class for the use of arms, with the understanding that in all the professions cited those youths whose parents shall desire to have them learn the profession shall be admitted, the preference being allowed to the native youths of this country."

Everything up to this time was going along smoothly for Juan Gid and his grant. The secretary of the "ayuntamiento," whose name was an historic one, no less than Ponce de Leon, had all the papers drawn up in formal shape, the assessed fee was paid, and Heath made ready to assemble his "armourers, silversmiths, surgeons, blacksmiths and powder manufacturers." On the surface there wasn't a hitch in the proceedings. But one must reckon on revolutions in Mexico now and then. Before the ink was dry on the documents that placed Juan Gid in possession of one hundred and thirty thousand acres in one of the richest valleys of the empire, Iturbide's occupation as emperor was gone, and before Heath reached Missouri, Iturbide had met the usual fate of unsuccessful emperors in Mexico—the stone wall and the firing squad. But of all this Heath was ignorant. El Paso was fifteen hundred miles from the seat of the MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 507

Mexican government and news traveled by horseback in those days. So it was still with dreams of a Monte Cristo that Heath arrived in Mis­ souri and began recruiting his colony.

It was said that he invested $80,000 in his big deal. The colony was recruited at the town of Franklin, which was located on the river opposite the present site of Boonville Franklin was then a flourishing and important town. One hundred and fifty colonists were asssembled Six boats were purchased to transport the colonists...... They drifted down the Missouri river from the port of Franklin with high hopes of future fortune and on down the Mississippi to the Gulf, landing on the coast and making their arduous way overland to the Bracito lands only to find that the republic of Santa Anna had succeeded the Empire of Iturbide and that all the acts of the emperor had been declared by the new government null and void. Heath's colony was ordered out of the country under penalty of imprisonment or death, and their goods were for the most part confiscated. A few of the colonists remained in Mexico—one was killed in an Indian massacre—the rest, with Heath, broken and dispirited, trekked back to Missouri. 508 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS JANUARY-JUNE, 1924 ADAIR COUNTY. BRASHEAR, NEWS. June 27. Notice of the death of J. M. McCall, Civil War veteran and former mayor of Kirksville. See also Kirksville Express and News, June 22. KIRKSVILLE, EXPRESS AND NEWS. Jan. 8. Review of the work of the Kirksville city commission during 1923. Jan. 16. Violette-Robinson historical collection installed in Kirk Audi­ torium at the Kirksville State Teachers college. Jan. 25. Historical data on Fayette Advertiser, Boon's Lick Times, and The Pilot. Jan. 28. Baldwin and Library Halls at Kirksville State Teachers college destroyed by fire. See also Graphic and Journal. Notice of the death of John R. Cary, a Missouri pioneer. Mar. 20. Notice of the death of Samuel Taylor, Civil War veteran. Mar. 26. Sketch of the life of Thomas Davidson, Adair county pioneer. Mar. 27. Notice of the death of V. O. Chapman, Adair county pioneer. Apr. 27. Twenty-fifth anniversary of Kirksville's destructive cyclone— incidents recalled. May 1. Notice of the death of D. S. Howerton, prominent Adair county citizen. May 11. Notice of the death of Emmett B. Potee, World War veteran. May 12. Life sketch of J. M. Swallow, Civil War veteran and Milan attorney. May 25. Memorial service held in honor of Dr. Andrew Taylor Still, founder of osteopathy. American Osteopathic association holds annual convention at Kirksville. May 29. Notice of the death of Philip Joseph Rieger, former Adair county ofacial. June 10. Notice of the death of George Hall, Union veteran. See Graphic. KIRKSVILLE, GRAPHIC. Jan. 25. Life sketch of George Hisley Sohn, Adair county pioneer. Feb. 8. Notice of the death of John L. Porter, Kirksville pioneer. See following issue for life sketch. Mar. 14. Life sketch of Jeremiah Leavitt, Union veteran. Life sketch of George F. Williams, Union veteran, former Apr. 18. county official, and United States marshal. See Journal. Life sketch of Charles B. Oldham, veteran Jefferson City June 6. correspondent for Missouri papers. Notice of the death of Edgar S. Bronson, president of the June 13. National Editorial association, former Kirksville citizen. Life sketch of John W. Tinsman, Union veteran, artist, and former state official. See also Journal. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 509

KIRKSVILLE, JOURNAL. Jan. 31. John W. Tinsman, artist, prominent citizen of Adair county, presents large collection of his paintings to the Adair County Historical society. May 22. Historical sketch of Adair county. ANDREW COUNTY. SAVANNAH, ANDREW COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Mar. 14. Notice of the death of Francis Marion Clayton, Union veteran. Mar. 28. Public record of Emily Newell Blair, prominent Missouri Democrat. SAVANNAH, REPORTER. Feb. 8. W. D. Munshaw was first rural mail carrier out of Savannah under Rural Free Delivery law of 1903. Feb. 15. Life sketch of Henry H. Reynolds, Union veteran. May 2. Notice of the death of Joseph Ramsey, Union veteran. May 23. Notice of the death of William Stanton, Andrew county pioneer, Confederate veteran. May 30. List of soldiers, of all wars, who are buried in Andrew county, also place and date r f death. Fillmore Post, G. A. R., organized 50 years ago. Reprinted from an old file. June 6. Historical sketch of the Nichols Cancer Sanitarium at Savannah. ATCHISON COUNTY. FAIRFAX, FORUM. Jan. 4. Historical sketch of Fairfax, with special mention of early business firms. Mar. 7. Notice of the death of L. P. Coe, Atchison county judge. See issue of March 14. Apr. 18. Life sketch of John M. Anderson, former Atchison county official. See other Atchison county papers. ROCKPORT, ATCHISON COUNTY JOURNAL. Jan. 3. Life sketch of Miles Sickler, Union veteran. See Mail. Feb. 7. Story of Pemiscot county murder case of two decades ago, in which John Williams was charged with killing Charles Clark. ROCKPORT, ATCHISON COUNTY MAIL. Jan. 4. Summary of important Atchison county events during 1923. Jan. 11. Life sketch of James Pace, Confederate and Union veteran. Farmers' Bank of Fairfax celebrates fortieth anniversary. Jan. 18. Old document—a subpoena from Atchison county circuit court, dated 1846, its first year—is in possession of Elmer Knierim. Feb. 29. William A. Bischof has catalog of old Rockport fair, 1871. Mar. 28. Life sketch of Napoleon B. Merritt, Atchison county pioneer. See other Atchison county papers. TARKIO, AVALANCHE. June 27. Tarkio Presbyterian church celebrates fiftieth anniversary. AUDRAIN COUNTY. LADDONIA, HERALD. Jan. 9. Christian church at Laddonia celebrates fortieth anniversary. See Mexico Evening Ledger, January 5. Feb. 20. Letter written by F. M. Brashear, of near Perry, Mo., in 1863, tells of politics, markets, etc., in Missouri just before the Civil War. Reprinted from the Perry Enterprise. 510 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Apr. 16. Glasgow, Mo., had "first steel bridge to be built in the world," of which W. Sooy Smith cf Chicago was the engineer. Article ccntains some early Glasgow history. May 7. Life sketch cf Henry Toungate, Civil War veteran. June 4. Notice of the death of "Pate" Morris, first white child born in Mexico, Mo. MEXICO, WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER. Mar. 6. Pierre Quinn, of Cclumbia, made survey of famous Teapot Dome area in Wyoming in 1880-2. Apr. 10. Life sketch cf Hugh A. Towson, Ci\il War veteran. May 22. Herman F. Faris, of Clinton, Prohibition candidate for the presidency in 1924, uses former Governor C. Hardin's "Prayer Proclamation" of 1875 in speech. May 29. Life sketch of Payton Shumate Morris, "forty-niner." See Laddonia Herald, June 4. MEXICO, EVENING LEDGER. Jan. 19. Notice of the death of Charles Grasty, native of Mexico, Mo., noted journalist. See also Feb. 26. Jan. 26. Life sketch of William Bafford, Union veteran. Jan. 28. Notice of the death of W. K. McCall, Callaway county pioneer. Feb. 1. Life sketch of Edgar D. Lee, president of Christian college. Feb. 2. Life sketch of Henry Clark, World War veteran. See Vandalia Mail, Feb. 7. Feb. 4. Life sketch of Jay Hambridge, international art authority and lecturer, once a Mexico citizen. Feb. 11. Notice cf the death of Chal Blum, Audrain county official. See also Laddonia Herald, Feb. 13. Apr. 9. Notice of the death of Hugh Towson, Civil War veteran. Apr. 11. Last hanging in Mexico was in 1879—history of legal executions there. Apr. 25. Tamaroa was first white settlement in Missouri. May 21. Photographs of four old government patents, giving land to veterans of the War cf 1812, filed in Audrain county re­ corder's cflfice. May 22. "When I was a boy"—anonymous reminiscences of an old resident of Mexico. June 5. George W. Adams, of Mexico, had exciting time on way to his wedding in 1869. June 11. Facts about Mexico, its industries, schools, civic improvements, etc. MEXICO, WEEKLY LEDGER. Mar. 20. History of Cedar Grove farm club. Apr. 3. Rev. Franc Mitchell, of Montgomery City, has served the Missouri Presbytery for fifty years. May 22. Life sketch of J. J. Brown, member of boards of directors of Missouri Baptist Sanitarium and of Stephens College. See Evening Ledger. VANDALIA, LEADER. Feb. 14. C. G. Daniels, sr., Vandalia's first city attorney, tells of the town's incorporation as a village in 1874. Feb. 28. Aimer Pennewell writes of the founders of Vandalia, early-day citizens and officers. W. O. Shannon writes regarding early history of the Vandalia Baptist church. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 511

Apr. 24. Reminiscences of J. W. Daniels, Audrain county pioneer. Reminiscences of A. S. Carroll, containing description of a slave auction. June 26. Life sketch of C. A. Laylin, Vandalia's oldest citizen, former Audrain county official. Also, see Mail of same date. VANDALIA, MAIL. Jan. 10. M. J. Jones writes of weather conditions in Vandalia in 1864. BARRY COUNTY. CASSVILLE, DEMOCRAT. Feb. 26. Notice of the death of Thomas D. Steele, former Barry county of­ ficial, Cassville postmaster. See also Republican; Monett Times. Life sketch of William C. Black, Union veteran. Life sketch of Rev. B. F. Haddock, Union veteran. Mar. 15. Life sketch of Josiah A. Smalley, Civil War veteran. See also Republican. Apr. 12. Life sketch of George Gurley, Union veteran. See Monett Times, Apr. 11. May 3. Life sketch of M. E. Benton, Confederate veteran, former county, state, and federal official. May 10. Life sketch of Marshall Edgar Newman, former Barry county official. CASSVILLE, REPUBLICAN. Apr. 3. James Shewmake, Union veteran, writes of early days in Barry county. Apr. 10. Life sketch of John Warren, Civil War veteran, "oldest native of Barry county." May 22. Life sketch of Hervey Elson Willard, World War veteran. MONETT, TIMES. Jan. 11. Life sketch of Charles Roddin Iddings, Civil War veteran. Jan. 25. When the "Frisco" was in the making—story of building rail­ road from Monett to Fort Smith, Ark. Mar. 14. Life sketch of M. M. Duke, Civil War veteran. Mar. 21. Life sketch of James 3. Watson, Civil War veteran. Apr. 11. Life sketch of W. T. Tyler, former general manager of the "Frisco," director of railroads during government adminis­ tration. Apr. 25. Notice of the death of Z. B. Johnson, World War veteran. May 9. Notice of the death of Edgar E. Ellis, World War veteran. May 30. List of the charter members of Eagle Post No. 492, G. A. R., at Monett, and of Civil War veterans buried in Monett cemeteries. BARTON COUNTY. LAMAR, DEMOCRAT. Feb. 21. Brief sketch of Lamar's first daily paper—The Rustler. Apr. 3. Life sketch of Lyman B. Perry, former Lamar city official. Apr. 17. Life sketch of John Trulock, Union veteran. Apr. 24. Life sketch of A. W. Baker, editor, educator, and county official. See also Republican. LAMAR, REPUBLICAN. Jan. 10. Life sketch of Wayne Condict, former Barton county official. BATES COUNTY. ADRIAN, JOURNAL. Jan. 3. Life sketch of John Deerwester, Civil War veteran. See also Butler Democrat. Jan. 10. Notice of the death of Charles E. Pratt, Civil War veteran. Jan. 24. Life sketch of Wiley P. Hall, Union veteran. June 5. Life sketch of William B. Switzer, Union veteran and pioneer Adrian citizen. 512 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

BUTLER, BATES COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Apr. 3. Life sketch of Zachariah Johnson, Confederate veteran. Apr. 24. Life sketch of Jesse Goodenough, Union veteran. June 12. Life sketch of James Hardin, Union veteran. BUTLER, REPUBLICAN PRESS. Apr. 25. Life sketch of J. F. Kern, promoter cf Bates County Drainage District No. 1. May 23. Life sketch of John Deerwester, Civil War veteran. BUTLER, WEEKLY TIMES. Jan. 17. Early history of Butler. Mar. 6. Early Bates county township history. See following issues. Mar. 20. J. S. Pierce writes letter regarding the execution of Dr. Samuel Nottingham in 1853 or 1854, near Papinsville, Bates county's first county seat. Apr. 17. History of the Missouri Pacific Railroad in Bates county. May 8. Life sketch of William Thaddeus Cole, former Bates county official. June 12. Life sketch of James Hardin, Union veteran. HUME, BORDER TELEPHONE. Mar. 27. Life sketch of George W. Shaffer, sr., Union veteran. RICH HILL, BATES COUNTY REPUBLICAN. Apr. 11. Some history of Kansas City to Joplin division of the Missouri Pacific Railroad. Reprinted from the Missouri Pacific Magazine. BENTON COUNTY. COLE CAMP, COURIER. Mar. 13. Extracts from Vest's "Eulogy on the Dog." Mar. 20. Life sketch of Hinrich Brunjes, Union veteran. WARSAW, BENTON COUNTY ENTERPRISE. Feb. 1. Life sketch of Samuel McLerran, Civil War veteran. Feb. 8. Life sketch of Thomas Bristow, Confederate veteran. Feb. 15. Life sketch of Horatio N. Gregory, U. S. navy during Civil War. Mar. 7. Life sketch of John Turner Eoff, Confederate veteran. May 23. Life sketch of James M. Rice, Union veteran. WARSAW, TIMES. Jan. 10. Life sketch cf Edward W. Colbert, Union veteran. Feb. 21. Life sketch of G. W. Crudginton, Confederate veteran. June 26. Photograph of the Captain N. B. Petts land office in Warsaw in 1894.

BOONE COUNTY. ASHLAND, BUGLE. Jan. 10. The Fielding Nichols homestead, erected in 1844, near Ashland, is destroyed by fire. See Columbia Herald-Statesman, Jan­ uary 7. Jan. 24. Life sketch of John O. Lingenfelter, Union veteran, and veteran of Indian wars. CENTRALIA, COURIER. Apr. 4. Life sketch of J. L. Henry, Confederate veteran. See Fireside Guard, same date. CENTRALIA, FIRESIDE GUARD. Jan. 4. The Fireside Guard is fifty-five years old—historical sketch. COLUMBIA, HERALD-STATESMAN. Jan. 24. Columbia's first settler is said to have come here in 1813; early settlers came from the south. Earliest settlers' names are disputed. Mar. 3. Historic artillery pieces are stationed at the capitol. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 513

Mar. 13. Obscure cemetery near Columbia is burial place of the Snells and the Stones, early settlers of Boone county. Apr. 3. Life sketch of M. L. Edwards, Columbia official. J. M. Creber, of Columbia, buys old desk used by former Gov­ ernor John E. Marmaduke. Apr. 10. Col. W. D. Vandiver, of Columbia, is said to have coined phrase, "I'm from Missouri; you've got to show me." Apr. 17. Mrs. E. T. Wilks, mayor of Huntsdale, is the first woman to head a muncipal government in Boone county. Apr. 21. Life sketch of John DeWilton Robinson, Confederate veteran. Apr. 24. Jacob Sellinger, Union veteran, recalls Columbia as it appeared in the '60s. Life sketch of Marcellus Dimmitt, formerly of the Columbia Herald. May 1. Life sketch of H. D. Murry, former Boone county official. May 8. University of Missouri held first classes eighty-three years ago—historical sketch. May 26. Anderson Woods was organizer of the first settlement in Boone county; he founded Bethel church and the Bonne Femme Baptist church. June 23. Columbia's steady growth shown by improvements; review of city's advance. History of Fourth of July celebrations in Columbia. Life sketch of Blind Boone, negro musician of Columbia, who has completed his forty-fourth concert season. COLUMBIA, MISSOURIAN. Jan. 4. George Virgil Johnson, jr., Columbia baby, is a descendant of Carlos Dehault DeLassus, former governor of upper Louisiana (before Missouri became a state.) Jan. 9. Life sketch of Frank Dearing, World War veteran. Jan. 10. Biographical sketch of Basil D. Gauntlett, member of the fac­ ulty at Stephens college. Jan. 17. First radio message to be sent from central United States to Japan was broadcast from Columbia. Jan. 18. History of the Missouri Corn Growers' Association. Jan. 19. Life sketch cf Charles H. Grasty, former Missourian, distin­ guished journalist. Life sketch of W. S. St. Clair, former Columbia official. Jan. 21. Biographical sketch of E. W. Stephens, editor and publisher, on his seventy-fifth birthday. Jan. 28. Columbia claims the first woman postmaster in the United States—Mrs. Ann Gentry. Olivet church at Harg was built fifty years ago. Early Indians of Missouri were of Siouan and Algonquian stock. Jan. 29. Life sketch of George W. Trimble, former Boone county official. Feb. 5. Boone county has had three courthouses in the last century— historical sketch. Feb. 9. Where Missourians come from—a review of the federal census statistics. Feb. 16. McKendree Chapel, near Cape Girardeau, is said to be oldest meeting house in Missouri—historical sketch. Life sketch of D. W. B. Kurtz, Confederate veteran, former state official. Feb. 19. Biographical sketch cf Henry Ormal Severance, librarian of the University of Missouri. Feb. 20. Biographical sketch of F. W. Niedermeyer, county and state official. 514 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Feb. 23. History of the E. W. Stephens Publishing company, at Co­ lumbia. Mar. 1. History of the Columbia Christian church. Mar. 4. Biographical sketch of John R. Scott, Union veteran, former member of the faculty at the University of Missouri. Mar. 12. Biographical sketch of Jay William Hudson, author and educator. Biographical sketch of E. C. Olinkscales, former Columbia official. Mar. 18. Biographical sketch of J. A. Stewart, former Boone county official. Mar. 22. Biographical sketch of W. H. Pommer, former member of the faculty at the University of Missouri. Mar. 26. Biographical sketch of Henry A. Collier, county official. Mar. 31. Biographical sketch of W. D. Vandiver, former congressman, prominent Missouri Democrat. Apr. 1. Life sketch of Martin Luther Edwards, county and city official. See also Tribune. Apr. 5. History of the Catholic church in Columbia. Apr. 7. Life sketch of William Benjamin Hale, Missourian, author of legal works. Apr. 12. Episcopal Mission held first services in Columbia sixty-eight years ago. Apr. 1?. Biographical sketch of Glenn J. Glascock, World War veteran. The life story of Stratton D. Brooks, president of the University of Missouri. The College of Arts and Science at the University of Missouri was opened in 1840. History of the Missouri School of Law. Apr. 18. Missouri, more than a century old, has no universal state song. History of the University of Missouri. See also Apr. 22, May 16, June 28. Apr. 22. Seventy-eighth annual meeting of the Missouri Grand Chapter (Masonic) held in Columbia. Jacob Sellinger, Union veteran, tells of Columbia in early days. Apr. 23. Events of the Democratic National Convention of 1912 re­ counted; Champ Clark was central figure. Antecedent of the Missouri Intelligencer, published at old Franklin, was first paper west of St. Louis—Historical sketch. Apr. 24. The Republican National Convention of 1912 a parallel with Democratic Convention of that year, in that a Missourian, Herbert Hadley, was considered a possible candidate for the presidency. Apr. 25. Biographical sketch of F. G. Harris, former Boone county and state official. Apr. 26. Missouri in literature, from Eugene Field to Homer Croy— information regarding George W. Warder, L. A. Martin, Eugene Field, Thyra Samter Winslow, Harry Merton Lyon, Shirley Seibert, Marcus Eli Ravage, John Moore, Homer Croy, Orrick Johns, Lula Belle Wooldridge, and others. History of the Nelson C. Field Poetry prize at the University of Missouri. Apr. 28. Biographical sketch of Walter Ridgway, publisher, editor. Apr. 29. The Francis Memorial Fountain at the University of Missouri is the gift of former Governor David R. Francis. See June 2. May 6. Biographical sketch of Walter Miller, dean of the Graduate School, University of Missouri. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 515

May 12. Famous taverns in Missouri history. May 15. Columbia cemetery is 103 years old—historical sketch. May 23. First Baptist church of Columbia was built thirty-three years age. June 2. History of William Jewell College at Liberty. June 20. Gardiner Lathrop, son of the first president of the University of Missouri, saved the historic columns fifty years ago. COLUMBIA, SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY. January History of education in Missouri, by W. T. Carrington. Con­ tinued in following Issues. COLUMBIA, TRIBUNE. Jan. 24. Life sketch of Cyrus McLean, Confederate veteran. Jan. 29. Life sketch of G. W. Trimble, former Boone county official. Mar. 19. Roy T. Davis, U. S. Minister to Costa Rica, tells of his exper­ iences there. May 12. J. D. Fay, of Columbia, tells of interview with Texas man who claims to be "Bill" Anderson. May 19. Life story of Quantrell, the noted guerrilla. Story of "Bill" Anderson's death as told to Dr. Ernest Lowrey May 30. by Frank James. Portrait of E. W. Stephens, by Gertrude Heinrici, presented to June 2. Stephens college. Boone County Historical Society organized. See also July 16. June 12. Log Providence church, near Columbia, is the scene of one of July 16. Missouri's most famous annual negro gatherings. STURGEON, LEADER. Jan. 31. Life sketch of E. W. Stephens, of Columbia, editor and pub­ lisher. BUCHANAN COUNTY. ST. JOSEPH, CATHOLIC TRIBUNE. Jan. 12. Life sketch of Rev. C. L. Kearful, pioneer priest. Mar. 1. Life sketch of Joseph W. Lawlor, editor and publisher of the Catholic Tribune. Mar. 15. Life sketch of John W. Crawford, Buchanan county official. Life sketch of Joseph A. Nestlebush, pioneer railroad builder. Apr. 26. See also Gazette, Apr. 24. Life sketch of Patrick Sheridan, pioneer railroad builder. June 28. ST. JOSEPH, GAZETTE. Life sketch of James M. Sampson, former county official. Jan. 2. Notice of the death of William Warren, Union veteran. Jan. 11. Biographical sketch of Lawrence A. Vories, county and state official. Jan. 19. Life sketch of Ross G. Wheaton, member of the editorial staff cf the Gazette. Jan. 29. Lincoln's birthday recalls visit of famous man to St. Joseph in 1859. Feb. 10. Life sketch of W. L. Visscher, Union veteran, former St. Joseph newspaperman, poet, actor, and lecturer. Feb. 13. E. T. Ellis, old resident of St. Joseph, tells of the conflict be­ tween the North and the South. Feb. 24. Life sketch of A. E. Ingraham, Civil War veteran. W. D. Munshaw, first rural mail carrier out of St. Joseph, Mar. 4. started on route in 1902. Mar. 9. Life story of John H. Parker, former Missourian, once editor of a paper in Calhoun, veteran of the Spanish-American War, and organizer of the first machine gun company in the army. Mar. 10. Life sketch of John M. Crawford, Buchanan county official. 516 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Mar. 16. Life sketch cf Mrs. Philip North Moore, of St. Louis, chairman of the American National Council, International Council of Women. Mar. 26. How St. Joseph is governed. By W. K. Seitz. Continued in later issues. Mar. 29. Life sketch of W. T. Wood, Union veteran, Doniphan county pioneer. Mar. 30. Life sketch of Charles Young, World War veteran. Apr. 2. Life sketch of George Schrenk, Union veteran and DeKalb county pioneer. Apr. 6. Old residents of St. Joseph knew Jesse James as Captain Howard. Apr. 21. Notice of the death of H. W. Gilbert, pioneer Maitland citizen. Apr. 25. Albert Johnston, congressman from the state of Washington, was once a reporter on the Gazette staff. Apr. 27. Nathaniel Sisson, of Maryville, blew the bugle call that ended the Civil War. Apr. 30. Life sketch of Julius Meyer, former Buchanan county official. May 1. Life sketch of J. W. Guider, Union veteran. See also News- Press of same date. Holt County Sentinel celebrates sixtieth anniversary. Louisiana Purchase Historical association, of St. Louis, observes twentieth anniversary of the opening of the World's Fair at St. Louis. May 6. Activity of the Union and Confederate forces about St. Joseph during the Civil War. May 8. Sketches of prominent officers and delegates of the Missouri encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic, held at St. Joseph in May, 1924. See also News-Press. May 18. New highway system brings back into prominence some famous old Missouri towns: Florida, Danville, New burg, Bethel, and College Mound. May 21. Notice of the death of William Stanton, Andrew county pioneer. May 26. Lieut. Russell L. Maughan, first airman to attempt crossing the North American continent In a dawn-to-dusk flight, inspects the St. Joseph aviation field prepatory to flight. See also June 24, other St. Joseph papers. June 6. Life sketch of O. M. Spencer, general counselor for the Burling­ ton railway system, former Buchanan county official and circuit judge. See News-Press of June 5. June 8. Life sketch of Edgar Bronson, president of the National Editorial association, formerly of the St. Louis Republic and the Kansas City Times, and once owner of the Trenton Tribune. An appreciation of Oliver Martin Spencer, by Gardiner Lathrop. Notice of the death of Columbus Sires, Civil War veteran, Grundy county pioneer. June 15. Life sketch of Jacob Beverly, Union veteran. The will of Samuel Ensworth established the old Ensworth hospital in St. Joseph. Lake Contrary in 1898—recollections of favorite resort at 8t. Joseph. June 29. First woman's club in the United States was founded at New Harmony, Indiana, by Mrs. Constance Faunt le Roy Runcie, who later resided in St. Joseph. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 517

ST. JOSEPH, MISSOURI VALLEY INDEPENDENT. Apr. 10. A description of St. Joseph, telling of its business, homes, and industry. ST. JOSEPH, NEWS-PRESS. Jan. 1. Looking back over a period of forty years: a review of St. Joseph's political and industrial development since the '70s. Jan. 8. Life sketch of T. J. Whitehead, city and state official. See also Gazette. Mar. 17. Life sketch of Fred John Reitinger, pioneer and veteran of Indian wars. Mar. 21. Life sketch of David R. Moore, veteran of the Mexican cam­ paign of 1918. Life sketch of George W. Young, Confederate veteran. Mar. 24. Life sketch of W. B. Rogers, former publisher of the Grand River Republican, Civil War veteran and state official. Mar. 25. Notice of the death of John E. Dutton, editor of the Seneca News-Dispatch. Apr. 11. Notice of the death of Thomas N. Rlgney, Gentry county, and state official. Apr. 14. Life sketch of Arthur F. Sisson, mayor of Maysville. Apr. 21. Life sketch of John Michael Fahey, former St. Joseph official and pioneer citizen. Apr. 29. Life sketch of David Patterson Dyer, county, state, and federal official. See other papers of the state. Life sketch of John Michel, Union veteran. See also Gazette of same date. May 31. St. Joseph's first high school was built in 1864—historical sketch. June 10. Notice of the death of Peter Clark McFarlane, writer, native of St. Clair county. See Washington Citizen, June 13. June 21. Life sketch of John West Chapman, World War veteran, whose fate was not learned until years after the war. June 23. Lieut. Russell L. Maughan, transcontinental flyer, reaches St. Joseph on flight from coast to coast between dawn and dusk. (This was his successful attempt.) June 26. Notice of the death of Ben Stafford, Civil War veteran. ST. JOSEPH, OBSERVER. Jan. 5. Notice of the death of Charles B. Edgar, St. Joseph newspaper­ man. Jan. 12. Notice of the death of Thomas J. Whitehead, St. Joseph city official. Jan. 26. Old letter tells of battle between Generals Curtis and Price which led to the Battle of Westport. Feb. 23. Robert Stricklen tells of old pony express, of which he was a rider. May 2. History of the Holt County Sentinel. BUTLER COUNTY. POPLAR BLUFF, INTERSTATE AMERICAN. Apr. 23. Steamer Cape Girardeau, a new Mississippi river boat, chris­ tened on maiden voyage. Apr. 28. Life sketch of John C. Roberts, owner of the St. Louis Star. Apr. 29. Notice of the death of J. K. P. Chewning, Civil War veteran, and early day mail carrier between Cape Girardeau and New Madrid. June 16. Notice of the death of George W. Dowdy, World War veteran. June 30. Notice of the death of Nicholas Robinson, Civil War veteran. POPLAR BLUFF, WEEKLY REPUBLICAN. May 22. Life sketch of M. S. Roberts, Civil War veteran. 518 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

CALDWELL COUNTY. BRECKENRIDGE, BULLETIN. Mar. 7. Breckenridge honors Dr. Joseph Halstead, oldest citizen. May 9. Life sketch of Joseph Osborn Connor, pioneer. Life sketch of Humphrey D. Hudgins, Civil War veteran. COWGILL, NEWS. Feb. 15. Life sketch of Robert C. Wild, Ray county pioneer. HAMILTON, ADVOCATE-HAMILTONIAN. Jan. 24. Life sketch of Joseph W. Harper, Union veteran, county and state official. Jan. 31. Life sketch of Frank Lewis Toole, former mayor of Hamilton. Apr. 17. J. C. Penney, native Missourian, opens 500th store in Hamilton, his birthplace.

CALLAWAY COUNTY. AUXVASSE, REVIEW. Jan. 16. "Jim Wolf and the Cats," a Mark Twain story. May 21. Life sketch of James W. Fox, Union veteran. See Gazette. FULTON, GAZETTE. Jan. 3. Life sketch of W. B. Moss, Confederate veteran. Jan. 10. Life sketch of Perry S. Holt, Confederate veteran. See New Bloomfield News, same date. Feb. 7. Life sketch of Joseph W. Baker, World War veteran. Feb. 14. Life sketch of James William Lynes, Callaway county pioneer. See also New Bloomfield News, same date. Mar. 20. Life sketch of James H. Bell, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of William Hyten, benefactor of the Callaway county hospital, pioneer citizen. Mar. 27. Sam R. Yantis, veteran Fulton miller, tells of old days. May 22. Life sketch of John Jefferson Brown, veteran railroad builder. May 29. Life sketch of William T. Sims, Callaway county pioneer. June 12. Life sketch of C. C. Hersman, former president of Westminster college, Fulton. June 26. Biographical sketch of E. R. Cockrell, president of William Woods college. FULTON, MISSOURI TELEGRAPH. Jan. 3. Life sketch of Virgil M. Harris, lawyer, author. Jan. 10. Notice of the death of LaFayette Hull, Madison county, state official. Jan. 31. Ccle, Miller, Osage, Callaway, and Moniteau counties—how they were organized and named. Feb. 21. Notice of the death of Harold E. Overstreet, World War veteran. Mar. 27. Life sketch of Orvil W. Doub, World War veteran. May 29. Life sketch of James Martin Turley, Confederate veteran. MOKANE, MISSOURIAN. Feb. 29. Life sketch of Edward M. Sitton, Confederate veteran. See also Fulton Missouri Telegraph, February 28. NEW BLOOMFIELD, NEWS. Apr. 24. Cyclone near New Bloomfield in 1880 recalled. See also issue of May 1. CAMDEN COUNTY. LINN CREEK, REVEILLE. Feb. 29. Camden county history—names of some early settlers.

CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY. CAPE GIRARDEAU, SOUTHEAST MISSOURIAN. Jan. 15. Life sketch of William F. Mars, Union veteran. Jan. 21. Life sketch of Isaac Austin Smith, Union veteran. Biographical sketch of Jacob Doyle, pioneer citizen. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 519

Jan. 22. R. L. White, editor of the Maiden Merit, says he was founder of the Cape Girardeau Republican, which later became the Southeast Missourian. Ice gcrge on the Mississippi river reminds old citizens of Cape Girardeau of ice on river in 1898. Feb. 18. Life sketch of John M. Mabrey, Civil War veteran. Feb. 26. Life sketch of C. Phillip Cooter, Union veteran. Mar. 14. Life sketch of Captain Harry Leyhe, superintendent of con­ struction for the Eagle Packet company. Apr. 19. History of the Mississippi river steamer Bald Eagle. Apr. 23. New Mississippi river steamer Cape Girardeau, Captain W. H. Leyhe, is christened at Cape Girardeau. June 5. Life sketch of Richard W. Frissell, Spanish-American War veteran. June 10. Life sketch of Richard Carroll, Union veteran. First moving picture theater in Cape Girardeau was opened in 1910. Life sketch of Ben H. Adams, founder of the Cape Girardeau Republican. June 21. Cape Girardeau women write family sketches telling of early pioneers. See also later issues. JACKSON, MISSOURI CASH BOOK. Jan. 17. Old "Hoffman House," landmark of old Jackson, which was barracks for troops during Civil War, is to be razed. Mar. 20. Life sketch of C. P. Medley, Confederate veteran. May 22. Life sketch of Christian Stein, Cape Girardeau county pioneer. One hundred and third anniversary of Apple Creek church, Presbyterian, near Pocahontas. June 5. Brief historical sketch of the Missouri Cash Book.

CARROLL COUNTY. CARROLLTON, DEMOCRAT. Jan. 4. Life sketch of A. J. Burner, Confederate veteran. Jan. 18. Biographical sketch of George Corning, pioneer citizen of Carroll county. Jan. 25. Mrs. Victoria Standley, native of Carroll county, tells of life during Civil War. Life sketch of W. A. Hatcher, Civil War veteran, county official. See also Republican-Record, Norborne Democrat. * Feb. 1. Life sketch of W. R. Adkins, Civil War veteran. See also Republican-Record. Feb. 8. Reminiscences of Lawrence Stemple, Civil War veteran. Feb. 22. Life sketch of J. R. Standley, pioneer Carroll county citizen. Feb. 29. Biographical sketch of Alexander Dean, Civil War veteran. The old tavern at Arrow Rock—the story of a Missouri land­ mark, by Mrs. W. W. Graves. Reprinted from the Missouri School Journal. Mar. 14. Thomas A. Orr, former county official and pioneer citizen, tells of life in '60s. Apr. 25. B. H. Hatcher, pioneer, tells of early days in Carrollton. May 2. Life sketch of Matthew G. Garner, Union veteran, former county official. May 9. Life sketch of James Goodson, Civil War veteran, former fed­ eral judge. May 23. History of Carroll county and Carrollton; also historical sketch of Carroll Record, Wakenda Record, Carroll Journal, and Carroll Democrat. 520 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

May 30. Biographical sketch of John G. Houston, former Carrollton official. June 6. Life sketch of A. W. Allen, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of Thomas A. Berryhill, U. S. Navy. E. A. Clark, pioneer Carrollton citizen, tells of his early ex­ periences. CARROLLTON, REPUBLICAN-RECORD. Jan. 4. Life sketch of Andrew J. Burner, Confederate veteran. See also Norborne Democrat, same date. Biographical sketch of Robert W. Brown, Spanish-American War veteran, Missouri Farm Bureau official. Jan. 11. Biographical sketch of W. D. Pinney, former county official. Feb. 1. History of the Carre Uton postoffice. Feb. 22. Biographical sketch of J. B. Bargold, county official. Life sketch of P. P. Ellis, Union veteran. Mar. 7. Life sketch of Hugh M. McClelland, Union veteran. See also De Witt Herald. Mar. 21. History of Carrollton First Baptist church. Apr. 4. History of the Christian church at Carrollton. June 6. Biographical sketch of Smith B. Atwood, Carroll county official. DBWITT, HERALD. Mar. 13. Life sketch of David L. Harper, Union veteran. NORBORNE, DEMOCRAT. Jan. 25. Life sketch of John A. Coffman, Union veteran. Feb. 29. Life sketch of P. P. Ellis, Union veteran. Apr. 11. Life sketch of William R. Knowles, Union veteran. May 23. Life sketch of John H. Keller, Union veteran. CASS COUNTY. DREXEL, STAR. Jan. 31. J. B. Brown recalls Drexel of seventy-five years ago. HARRISONVILLE, CASS COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Jan. 10. Chronology of important happenings in Cass county during 1923. Feb. 14. Life sketch of Leroy Shield, Y. M. C. A. worker during World War. Apr. 17. Life sketch of Bernard Zick, Union veteran. See also Pleasant Hill Times, April 11. HARRISONVILLE, CASS COUNTY LEADER. June 5. Notice of the death of William L. Jarrott, former state official. See also Cass County Democrat. PLEASANT HILL, CASS COUNTY REPUBLICAN. Mar. 28. "Bloody bonds" of Cass county—old railroad bonds that led to the Gunn City massacre. PLEASANT HILL, TIMES. Apr. 4. Life sketch of J. M. Campbell, Confederate veteran. Apr. 11. Life sketch of D. H. Rosanbalro, Confederate veteran. Apr. 25. Life sketch of Joseph Armstrong, Cass county pioneer. Life sketch of Granville Martin, Confederate veteran. May 16. Biographical sketch of W. L. Nelson, former state official, congressman.

CEDAR COUNTY. JERICHO SPRINGS, OPTIC. Feb. 22. Life sketch of Elmer McQuillen, Union veteran. Feb. 29. Life sketch of Rudolph M. Petty, Spanish-American War veteran. STOCKTON, CEDAR COUNTY REPUBLICAN. May 8. Life sketch of Henry Ranbarger, Union veteran. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 521

CHARITON COUNTY. SALISBURY, PRESS-SPECTATOR. June 6. Life sketch of Benjamin R. Bufflngton, Union veteran. CLARK COUNTY. KAHOKA, CLARK COUNTY COURIER. Jan. 11. Life sketch of Lewis Lynn, former Clark county official. J. G. Matlick tells how Fairmont, Clark county, was named. Feb. 1. Life sketch of Charles Pressley Mason, former St. Louis city official. Feb. 8. Life sketch of W. H. Dowell, Civil War veteran. Feb. 15. Life sketch of Joseph T. Farris, Civil War veteran. Feb. 22. Life sketch of William R. Biggs, Union veteran. Feb. 29. Life sketch of William Ezra Johnston, Union veteran. Biographical sketch of Samuel Brown, pioneer. Mar. 28. Life sketch of Jesse Butler, Union veteran. Apr. 11. Athens, Mo., was once a lively Clark county port on the Des Moines river. Apr. 18. Peakesville, once a thriving Clark county town. Apr. 25. Life sketch of Thomas W. Furlong, Union veteran. May 2. Life sketch of James Spurgeon, former state official. Life sketch of William Hill, Union veteran. June 13. Life sketch of Merritt Allen Warne, Union veteran. June 27. Life sketch of Jacob Trump, former city official. KAHOKA, GAZETTE-HERALD. Jan. 4. The Gazette-Herald is fifty-two years old. Sketches of Old Churchville and of Delta City, Clark county towns, by Jasper Blines. Jan. 18. Life sketch of Salathiel P. KIger, Union veteran. See also Clark County Courier. Feb. 22. Early settlers of Washington township, Clark county, by Jasper Blines. Feb. 29. L. Alexander, of Kahoka, has old copy of Northeast Missourian of 1893. I. O. Billings tells of conditions In Clark county fifty years ago. Biographical history of the Matlick family of Clark county. Biographical history of the Jake Brown family of Peakesville vicinity, Clark county, by Jasper Blines. Mar. 28. Dickens' visit to America, and to Missouri. Apr. 4. Life sketch of Jesse Butler, Union veteran. When the Des Moines river flooded parts of Clark county in 1885. See next issue. Apr. 25. The Alexandria Delta was an early day Clark county paper. Historical data on the Alexandria Conservative Missourian, discontinued in 1866. Freighting on the Des Moines river in the '60s. May 9. The Des Moines and Mississippi rivers flood of 1905 in Clark county, by Jasper Blines. See next issue. May 23. Life sketch of William A. Haines, Union veteran. See Courier, May 13. May 30. Life sketch of William Owen, Union veteran. See Courier, May 23. Personal recollections of the Civil War, by Jasper Blines. June 6. Sketch of St. Louis from city directory of 1836-7, which is In the possession of Charles H. Geisberg. The Indians who lived near the confluence of the Mississippi and Des Moines'rivers, by Jasper Blines. June* [20. Life sketch ofMerrltt^Allen Warne, Union veteran. 522 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

June 27. Labor strikes among river improvement workmen on the Mis­ sissippi river near Clark county in early days. History of the Egyptian Levee company, later the Des Moines and Mississippi District No. 1. WYACONDA, CLARK COUNTY NEWS. Mar. 20. Life sketch of Felix Scott, Union veteran. CLAY COUNTY. LIBERTY, ADVANCE. Jan. 21. Death of Rebecca Gaines recalls pioneer days. Apr. 21. Life sketch of James G. Clark, Confederate veteran. LIBERTY, TRIBUNE. Apr. 4. The Liberty Tribune is seventy-nine years old. May 30. Seventy-fifth anniversary of the founding of William Jewell college celebrated; brief historical sketch. June 27. Notice of the death of Frank Brandenburg King, U. S. Navy. CLINTON COUNTY. CAMERON, SUN. Feb. 14. Life sketch of H. S. Beery, Union veteran. Apr. 10. Life sketch of Charles Nathaniel Burnham, Union veteran, former editor of the Cameron Observer. PLATTSBURG, CLINTON COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Jan. 18. Life sketch of Charles Luther Porter, prominent politician. Apr. 25. Life sketch of E. C. Avery, Civil War veteran. See also Lathrop Optimist. PLATTSBURG, LEADER. May 23. Life sketch of George W. Best, Confederate veteran. See also Liberty Advance, May 19. COLE COUNTY. JEFFERSON CITY, DAILY CAPITAL NEWS. May 3. Life sketch of John Rohn, Civil War veteran. May 21. Notice of the death of Colfax B. Wildman, general superin­ tendent of the Missouri Pacific railroad. JEFFERSON CITY, COLE COUNTY WEEKLY RUSTLER. Jan. 18. Life sketch of W. W. Goodall, Confederate veteran and former Jefferson City official. See also Democrat-Tribune, January 14. Feb. 15. Life sketch of George Elston, former Cole county official. Apr. 25. The name "Missouri" means "Log Boat," says A. C. Burrill, curator of Missouri Resources Museum. June 6. Life sketch of C. B. Oldham, veteran state house reporter. See also Daily Capital News, June 4; other papers of the state. JEFFERSON CITY, DAILY DEMOCRAT-TRIBUNE. Jan. 11. Life sketch of Dr. William Dawson Morris, Union veteran. Jan. 15. Life sketch of Milton Lindley, Union veteran. Feb. 14. Notice of the death of Jesse G. Rutherford, "forty-niner." June 19. Life sketch of William Abbott, Confederate veteran. June 27. Life sketch of Frank Coleman Haley, Union veteran. COOPER COUNTYCO . BOONVILLE, WEEKLY ADVERTISER. Jan. 4. Review of the most important events in Boonville and Cooper county during 1923. Feb. 15. Life sketch of Cryus Wilson, Civil War veteran. Feb. 29. Life sketch of Philip Zuzak, pioneer Boonville merchant. Mar. 7. Life sketch of George T. Pendleton, Cooper county official. Mar. 21. Biographical sketch of R. E. Howlett, Confederate veteran. E. S. Monroe tells of Cooper county in the days of the "forty- niners." HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 523

Apr. 11. Life sketch of John E. Thro, Union veteran, Cooper county official. Life sketch of James C. Davis, Union veteran, former Cooper county official. Life sketch of George C. Odneal. Apr. 18. Nameplate on ambulance donated by the Bunceton Red Cross during World War is recovered from battlefield. May 2. Boonville sketches and reminiscences, by Emile R. Paillou. See succeeding Issues. An appreciation of Louis M. Monsees, of Pettis county, prom­ inent breeder of horses, jacks, and jennets, by DeWitt C. Wing. Reprinted from the Breeder's Gazette. May 23. Life sketch of Robert E. Waller, pioneer Boonville teacher. Charles C. Bell tells of days before the Civil War. June 13. Reminiscences of the Battle of Boonville, by H. T. Barnes, who was a participant. June 20. Mrs. T. A. Nelson, sr., recalls incidents of the Battle of Boon­ ville. June 27. History of Boonville, by Pauline S. Sloan. Other articles telling of various phases of Boonville's development, written by Mrs. T. A. Nelson, sr., Hermann T. Zuzak, Emile R. Paillou, W. L. Nelson, C. G. Miller, and others. How the bridge was built, by T. A. Johnston. The story of the new Missouri river bridge at Boonville. Extracts from Governor Lon V. Stephens' Missouri Day speech at the Tennessee Centennial Exposition in 1897. Senator George C. Vest and the Boonville Bar. "The Missouri River"—a poem by George W. Ferrel. "W. W. Trigg—pioneer Boonville business man," by W. L. Nelson. "Riverscene, an old-time Missouri mansion." The story of home across the river from Boonville, built by Captain Joseph Kinney. Reuben Wyatt Whitlow recounts history of Boonville. Biographical sketch of John Cosgrove, former congressman, and pioneer Boonville citizen. "D. S. Koontz—Boonville's oldest business man." "W. M. Williams and Walter Williams, two illustrious sons of Cooper county." Biographical sketch of Andrew Clark, ri verm an. Biographical sketch of Captain S. W. Ravenel. Historical data on the National Old Trails road. Historical sketch on the Kemper Military School, by Lieut. E. W. Tucker. Life sketch of Samuel Cole, pioneer. When Syracuse was a railroad terminal point. BOONVILLE, CENTRAL MISSOURI REPUBLICAN. Jan. 31. Manuscript copy of John Sappington's "Theory and Prevent- ment of Fevers," written in Saline county eighty years ago, is in possession of the D. A. R., and is deposited in the Arrow Rock Tavern Museum. Mar. 20. Boonville in 1868. Sketches reprinted from old city directory. The passing of the old Garthoffner Cigar store and its wooden Indian. Apr. 10. Life sketch of James C. Davis, Union veteran. See also Bunceton Eagle, April 11. Apr. 17. Description of Boonville in 1874. 524 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Apr. 24. D. S. Koontz, Civil War veteran, "oldest merchant in Boon­ ville," recounts days when the city's wharves were crowded with steamboats. June 5. First steamboat landed at Franklin 105 years ago—The Inde­ pendence. June 15. Life sketch of George T. Steinmetz, former Boonville official. June 26. Some Boonville history. Account of the explosion which wrecked the Missouri river steamer Saluda in 1852. Reprinted from book by Phil E. Chappell. BUNCETON, WEEKLY EAGLE. Feb. 29. Life sketch of Father Theodore Kussman, Boonville priest. Apr. 25. D. S. Koontz, Civil War veteran, Boonville merchant, tells Boonville family history. CRAWFORD COUNTY. STEELVILLE, CRAWFORD MIRROR. Feb. 7. Life sketch of W. E. Mathews, Missourian, who joined the "Klondike Rush" to Alaska. STEELVILLE, LEDGER. Feb. 7. Life sketch of George Lehman, Union veteran. DADE COUNTY. GREENFIELD, DADE COUNTY ADVOCATE. Mar. 27. Life sketch of George S. Wilson, Union veteran. See also Vedette. May 8. Life sketch of John F. Gregory, Union veteran. GREENFIELD, VEDETTE. Jan. 24. Life sketch of W. T. Maxwell, Civil War veteran. DALLAS COUNTY. BUFFALO, REFLEX. Jan. 24. Life sketch of John H. Howe, Confederate veteran. Apr. 24. Life sketch of John T. Dugan, Civil War veteran. DAVIESS COUNTY. GALLATIN, DEMOCRAT. Jan. 3. Governor Dockery's reminiscences. See also issue of Feb. 7. Jan. 24. Life sketch of Woodruff H. Hamilton, Gallatin city official. Jan. 31. Life sketch of Frederick Kneck, Union veteran. See also North Missourian. Life sketch of John Roney, Union veteran. Mar. 20. The Farmers' Exchange Bank of Gallatin celebrates fiftieth anniversary. See also North Missourian. Apr. 3. Life sketch of Cornelius Yost, Civil War veteran. See Pattons- burg Call, March 13. Apr. 24. Life sketch of George Crozier, former Daviess county official. See also North Missourian, same date. May 1. Life sketch of William G. Welden, Civil War veteran. See also North Missourian, April 24; Pattonsburg Call, May 8. Life sketch of John Culver, Civil War veteran. See also North Missourian, April 24. GALLATIN, NORTH MISSOURIAN. Feb. 21. Life sketch of Pittman Cloudas, Civil War veteran and pioneer Daviess county citizen. May 1. Life sketch of William A. Johnson, Daviess county pioneer. JAMESPORT. GAZETTE. Jan. 3. Life sketch of William Nelson Nickell, Confederate veteran, pioneer Presbyterian minister. See also Montrose Tidings, Jan. 10. Feb. 28. Life sketch of Patrick Cochlin, Union veteran. Mar. 6. Life sketch of Isaac Moore, Union veteran. June 26. Life sketch of Norton B. Anderson, state official. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 525

DEKALB COUNTY. CLARKSDALE, JOURNAL. Apr. 10. Life sketch of George Schrenk, Union veteran. UNION STAR, HERALD. Mar. 13. Life sketch of Samuel Taff, Union veteran.

DOUGLAS COUNTY. AVA, DOUGLAS COUNTY HERALD. Jan. 17. Life sketch of Hiram Barnes, former Douglas county official. Jan. 31. Life sketch of Henry Blair, Union veteran. Feb. 14. Life sketch of Edward H. Ridenour, Union veteran. May 22. Life sketch of R. M. Roper, former Douglas county official. May 29. Life sketch of Andy P. Miller, former Douglas county official. Life sketch of Levi Hunt, Civil War veteran. June 19. Roster of Douglas county's Civil War veterans.

DUNKLIN COUNTY. CAMPBELL, CITIZEN. Jan. 25. Life sketch of J. J. Delisle, banker, former mayor of Portage- ville. Feb. 22. Brief sketch of the life of Thomas Benton Bradley, Confederate veteran. See also Kennett Democrat, Feb. 29. May 9. Life sketch of Charles H. McCutchen, Confederate veteran. KENNETT, DEMOCRAT. June 27. Life sketch of William Spence, Confederate veteran. KENNETT, DUNKLIN COUNTY NEWS. Jan. 4. Letter written by Eliza Bryan in 1816 tells of New Madrid earthquake. Jan. 25. Life sketch of Syrus Devers, World War veteran.

FRANKLIN COUNTY. PACIFIC, TRANSCRIPT. Jan. 18. Life sketch of Isaiah W. Hill, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of J. Wilson Dean, World War veteran. SULLIVAN, NEWS. Mar. 20. Notice of the death of Edward Dunlap, World War veteran. May 1. Notice of the death of Frank S. Wilkinson, Union veteran. May 15. Notice of the death of Stephen D. McGready, former Washing­ ton county official. See also Globe-Democrat, May 11. WASHINGTON, CITIZEN. Feb. 15. Washington was once called Owensville; interesting facts con­ tained in an old letter. Feb. 22. History of the Franklin County Democrat, Franklin County Observer, Die Washingtoner Post, Der Courier, and Die Deutsche Welt. Mar. 28. Life sketch of Charles Bunge, Union veteran. See also Bland Courier, March 21. May 30. Historical data on Company G, Thirty-first Missouri regiment, by Charles Kopp, sr. WASHINGTON, FRANKLIN COUNTY OBSERVER. Feb. 15. The Observer is the oldest existing Franklin county newspaper— historical sketch. The Orzel Polski (Polish Eagle), edited by Aleksander Szcze- pankiewicz, said to be the first Polish paper to be established in the United States, was founded at Washington, Mo., in 1870; the Pielgrzym (Pilgrim), edited by Jan Barzynski, was established at Union in 1872. Fob. 22. Washington and Franklin county history. Letter sent from Point Labaddie, Franklin county, by Ely Haigler, in 1835, to his father in Virginia tells of social and industrial conditions of that time. 526 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Life sketch of John A. Collins, former Washington and Franklin county official. May 16. History of the Bank of Washington, the oldest in Franklin county. GASCONADE COUNTY. BLAND, COURIER. Jan. 4. Life sketch of Peter I. P. Skouby, Civil War veteran. Notice of the death of C. A. Bunge, Gasconade county official. Apr. 18. Life sketch of Jackson Stockton, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of George Lacy, World War veteran. May 2. First issue of the Courier was printed in 1904—some city and newspaper history. HERMANN, GASCONADE COUNTY ADVERTISER- COURIER. Feb. 22. Life sketch of G. A. Freund. Union veteran. Mar. 14. Life sketch of August Meyer, county and state officer. See also Owensville Republican, same date. Apr. 11. Life sketch of Theodore Graf, county official, publisher, jour­ nalist. See also other Gasconade county papers. May 2. Life sketch of Frank Joseph Birkel, Civil War veteran. June 6. Life sketch of Fritz Leuenberger, Union veteran. GENTRY COUNTY. ALBANY, CAPITAL. Mar. 13. Life sketch of Samuel Taff, Civil War veteran. Apr. 17. Life sketch of Thomas Rigney, formery Gentry county official and state officer. See also Ledger, Springfield Leader, April 11. June 12. Life sketch of James Warren Stephens, World War veteran. ALBANY, LEDGER. Jan. 24. Life sketch of James B. Williams, World War veteran. Apr. 3. Life sketch of James F. Hall, World War veteran. GREENE COUNTY. SPRINGFIELD, LEADER. Jan. 8. The Battle of Springfield was fought sixty-one years ago. Feb. 10. Springfield has been a market center in southwest Missouri for forty years—a review of trade conditions. Mar. 19. Life sketch of Mr. and Mrs. William Monks, pioneer citizens, the former a Union veteran. Mar. 28. Life sketch of Roderick E. Rombauer, Union veteran, county and state official. Apr. 4. Notice of the death of Katherine Margaret Baxter, editor of the Kansas City Independent. Major E. T. Ellis, Union veteran, of St. Joseph, recalls incident when he escorted President Lincoln on an inspection tour of the Confederate trenches in the Civil War. Apr. 16. Nichclas M. Bell and David A. Ball tell of Democratic Conven­ tions of the '70s. Apr. 29. Life sketch of Theodore Bradway, Union veteran. Life sketch of John E. W. Steece, Union veteran. May 9. Job Newton, of Springfield, recalls St. Louis as it was in 1838. May 15. Life sketch of Allan H. Hinchey, of Cape Girardeau, railroad builder, lecturer, editor, author, and collector of Ozark Indian lore. May 17. Harold Bell Wright was once the pastor of the Christian church of Monett. June 27. Life sketch of George W. Humphrey, Confederate veteran and county official. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 527

SPRINGFIELD, MISSOURI REPUBLICAN. Feb. 17. Life sketch of J. H. Banks, Y. M. C. A. worker during the Spanish-American War. Mar. 6. Life sketch of Jeremiah Mumford, Union veteran. Mar. 9. Life sketch of A. R. McDonald, Union veteran. Life sketch of Franklin Groves, Union veteran. Many changes have taken place in Springfield during the last fifty years—a description of the city in the '70s. Mar. 28. Life sketch of Daniel Walters, Union veteran. Apr. 29. Life sketch of M. E. Benton, Confederate veteran, county, state, and federal official. Apr. 30. Life sketch of Charles L. Curtice, Union veteran. May 6. Notice of the death of Joseph C. Goodrich, Union veteran.

GRUNDY COUNTY. SPICKARD, GRUNDY COUNTY GAZETTE. Jan. 10. Life sketch of Jesse Samuel Arney, Union veteran. TRENTON, WEEKLY REPUBLICAN AND TRIBUNE. Jan. 10. Life sketch of J. W. Root, Union veteran, former Grundy county official. See also Times. Jan. 24. Roster of the older Grundy county citizens. Feb. 7. Life sketch of James Wesley Hendrick, Missourian, who went to California and became prominent jurist. Mar. 6 Life sketch of George Gilmore, Union veteran, banker. See also Times. Mar. 13. Biographical sketch of George Hall, Union veteran. See June 16, also Gallatin North Missourian, June 12. Mar. 20. Notice of the death of William P. Thomas, Trenton official. Life sketch of Hugh S. Carnes, former county official. Mar. 27. Life sketch of William B. Rogers, Union veteran, editor and publisher of the Trenton Republican and Tribune. History of the Republican and Tribune. The war record of Col. William B. Rogers, compiled by the Soldiers' and Sailors' Benevolent Society; his letters to Joel Rogers, his father, telling of the Civil War. See also Prince­ ton Telegraph. Apr. 10. Life sketch of J. C. Gibson, Union veteran. See also Times. Apr. 17. Life sketch of O. G. Bain, former Grundy county official. Life sketch of R. H. Hume, pioneer Trenton resident, Confed­ erate veteran. May 15. Life sketch of G. G. McFarland, Union veteran. See Times. June 16. Life sketch of Edgar S. Bronson, former editor of the Trenton Republican, president of the National Editorial association. June 19. Life sketch of W. O. Garnand, Confederate veteran, Grundy county pioneer. See also Times, same date. June 26. Life sketch of George Wolz, Union veteran. TRENTON, TIMES. Jan. 17. Life sketch of James T. Boatman, Union veteran. HARRISON COUNTY. BETHANY, CLIPPER. Jan. 16. Did Mark Twain believe in immortality?—a discussion by E. E. Violette. Feb. 13. Historical sketch of Harrison county courthouse at Bethany. Feb. 27. Garland N. White writes in defense of "West of the Water Tower.*' Mar. 19. First Bethany rural mail routes in 1903. See also Republican, same date. May 14. Ed. S. Hubbard recounts history of the Bethany High School. 528 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

May 28. Life sketch of George W. Barlow, Harrison county official. Albany Ledger is fifty-six years old—brief historical sketch. June 11. Reminiscences of A. J. Dodd, Civil War veteran, who cast his first ballot for Lincoln. BETHANY, REPUBLICAN. Feb. 7. Notice of the death of Samuel Nelson Glaze, Civil War veteran. Reprinted from the Cainesville News. Feb. 20. Biographical sketch of Mark Twain. Reprinted from Apropos. Apr. 16. Notice of the death of W. E. Bell, one of the first rural mail carriers out of Bethany. RIDGEWAY. JOURNAL. Feb. 7. Life sketch of John L. Cook, Union veteran. Apr. 24. The history of Ridgeway, by Helen E. Linthacum. May 22. Life sketch of Eli Cox, Union veteran.

HENRY COUNTY. CLINTON, HENRY COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Feb. 21. Life sketch cf Joshua S. Howerton, Confederate veteran. See Clinton Eye, February 29. Mar. 6. Life sketch of John Slack, Confederate veteran. June 19. Life sketch of D. R. Clark, Confederate veteran. June 26. Notice of the death of Frank King, U. S. Navy. CLINTON, EYE. Jan. 11. Life sketch of Thomas Louis Des Combes, Confederate veteran. Feb. 15. Personal reminiscences of a Missourian, by T. J. B.—Recollec­ tions of Civil War days, and of the political figures of that time. Mar. 28. Some Leesville history; the business firms of a Henry county town in 1873. Apr. 18. Life sketch of Nelson Harless Tillman, Union veteran. MONTROSE, TIDINGS. Jan. 10. Life sketch of William Harrison Hunt, Civil War veteran. May 22. Life sketch of Harry Stephens, formerly of the United States army. WINDSOR, REVIEW. Feb. 21. Prairie Queen Lodge, Knights of Pythias, Windsor, celebrates seventy-fifth anniversary. Death notice of H. E. Overstreet, World War veteran. Mar. 6. Life sketch cf J. J. Lee, founder cf Leeton, Johnson county, Union veteran. Mar. 13. Life sketch of G. W. Colbert, Civil War veteran. HOLT COUNTY. CRAIG, LEADER. May 23. Life sketch of John Fox, Union veteran. MOUND CITY, JOURNAL. Jan. 3. Life sketch of Hiram King, Union veteran. See also News- Jeffersonian. Jan. 24. Life sketch of William H. Patterson, Civil War veteran. See also News-Jeffersonian. June 12. Life sketch of O. H. Graves. Union veteran. MOUND CITY. NEWS-JEFFERSONIAN. Feb. 8. Life sketch of James L. Balllnger. Union veteran. Feb. 15. Life sketch of John Calvin Ray. Confederate veteran. OREGON. HOLT COUNTY SENTINEL. Feb. 15. History of Forest City. Holt county's second oldest town. June 20. Life sketch of William H. Keeble. Union veteran. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 529

HICKORY COUNTY. HERMITAGE, INDEX. Jan. 17. Wilson's History, published in 1907, tells where minerals have been found in Hickory county. Jan. 31. "Hermitage"—an historical poem by L. J. Slavens, former editor of the Index. Life sketch of David Romsburg, Union veteran. Life sketch of Thomas A. McCracken, Civil War veteran. Feb. 28. Life sketch of Edmond Wheeler, Civil War veteran.

HOWARD COUNTY. ARMSTRONG, HERALD. June 12. Notice of the death of James White, World War veteran. FAYETTE, ADVERTISER. Feb. 7. Life sketch of Paul H. Linn, president of Central-Howard- Payne college. Mar. 20. Life sketch of Merrill N. Smith, World War veteran. Life sketch of John A. Rich, World War veteran. See also Democrat-Leader, March 28. June 5. Life sketch of Henry C. Beeler, Union veteran. See also Democrat-Leader, same date. June 19. Life sketch of William Henry Collins, Confederate veteran. See also Democrat-Leader, June 12. FAYETTE, DEMOCRAT-LEADER. Jan. 10. Life sketch of Abraham S. Sims, Confederate veteran. Feb. 14. An account of the Abiel Leonard-Taylor Berry duel, which wai fought on an island in the Mississippi river near New Madrid; in 1826. Reprinted from the Kansas City Star. May 29. Historical sketch of the Thorp family, written on^the occasion of Henry Clay Thorp's death. June 26. James H. Kelly, In a letter, says "Bill" Anderson still lives, making his home near Brownwood, Texas. GLASGOW. MISSOURIAN. Feb. 7. In the golden days of steamboatlng. C. P. Deatherage tells of trip from Kansas City to St. Louis in 1864. Reprinted from Kansas City Journal-Post. May 29. Life sketch of Henry W. Hagedorn, Union veteran. NEW FRANKLIN, NEWS. Jan. 25. Some Howard county history, written on the 108th anniversary of the county's organization.

HOWELL COUNTY. WEST PLAINS, HOWELL COUNTY GAZETTE. Jan. 17. Life sketch of William Whitney Cone, Union veteran, genealo­ gist, historian, and journalist. Feb. 7. Life sketch of Jerry Burgess, Civil War veteran. Feb. 21. Life sketch of T. J. Gordon, Union veteran. See Journal. Apr. 3. Life sketch of Rev. J. A. Carlock, Union veteran. Apr. 24. Life sketch of Rev. Obed Nathaniel Barnett, pioneer Baptist preacher of Howell county. See also Journal, May 8. May 8. Life sketch of Wiley Henderson, Union veteran. Life sketch of George F. Clark, Union veteran. See Journal. May 15. Burning of barn on the Olden fruit farm removes historic land­ mark of Howell county. June 5. Life sketch of Matthias Kenaga, Union veteran, former Howell county official. Life sketch of James Madison Hanner, Confederate veteran and former Howell county official. 530 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

June 12. Rev. Daniel O. McMurtry, former Douglas county official, was the first school teacher in that county. Indian tribes of Missouri. June 26. Life sketch of George M. Humphrey, Confederate veteran, Oregon county official. WEST PLAINS, WEEKLY QUILL. Jan. 10. Life sketch of Daniel Boone Little, former Howell county official. Jan. 17. Life sketch of Jasper Hard, Civil War veteran. Mar. 13. Notice of the death of Roy Jackson, World War veteran. Apr. 17. Life sketch of George W. Tabor, Union veteran. WILLOW SPRINGS, REPUBLICAN. June 12. Life sketch of C. W. Wilton, Union veteran. IRON COUNTY. IRONTON, IRON COUNTY REGISTER. Jan. 10. Life sketch of David Cureton, Union veteran. Feb. 28. Life sketch of A. P. Terry, Civil War veteran. Apr. 3. Life sketch of George William Scoggin, Confederate veteran.

JACKSON COUNTY. BLUE SPRINGS, HERALD. Apr. 18. History of Kansas City and Blue Springs business firms. INDEPENDENCE, JACKSON EXAMINER. Jan. 4. How New Year's was celebrated in Independence forty years ago. Jan. 11. Life sketch of James B. Ward, Union veteran. Jan. 25. Life sketch of James F. Buchanan, Independence and Jackson county official. Feb. 1. Life sketch of George W. Clinton, former editor of the Inde­ pendence Progress. Feb. 8. Life sketch of Samuel T. Pendleton, former Jackson county official. See also Kansas City Times, February 5. Feb. 15. Life sketch of John C. P. Zismer, Union veteran. Feb. 22. In the days of 1884—political conditions recalled by an old primary ballot preserved by Abe Koger. Apr. 25. Life sketch of James G. Clark, educator. May 23. Life sketch of R. W. McCurdy, former mayor of Independence. June 6. U. D. C. monument, in memory of Confederate veterans, un­ veiled at Independence. KANSAS CITY, JOURNAL. Feb. 8. Notice of the death of Burchell J. Wiand, World War veteran. May 2. Notice of the death of Conrad Grupe, Civil War veteran. KANSAS CITY, JOURNAL-POST. Feb. 10. When "Abe" Lincoln visited Missouri. Mar. 16. Story of Kansas City's official seal. Historic flags that have waved over Missouri, from the time of Columbus to the present. Apr. 6. Old Sibley, a lost town of Missouri, was situated in Jackson county; sketches of some early citizens. June 1. Some of Missouri's famous monuments: Shields at Carrollton; Price at Keytesville; Benton at St. Louis; Doniphan at Richmond. The mystery of Missouri's lost lead mine—accounts given by Monroe Shockley and Steve Atkins, Civil War veterans of Maries county, where the mine was discovered by Daniel Boone. June 22. The work of Dr. J. A. L. Waddell, Kansas City engineer, who has been decorated by five countries. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 531

KANSAS CITY, POST. Feb. 14. What becomes of Missourians—former Missourians, and where they live. Apr. 14. Life sketch of Joseph A. McLaughlin, Confederate veteran. May 8. Life sketch of I. V. Barker, Civil War veteran. Hall of Fame to honor Mark Twain. May 14. Editors of the state see change in Missouri journalism, owing to the work of the School of Journalism, at the University of Missouri. May 17. Life sketch of William Winn Davis, pioneer newspaper editor and publisher, co-founder of Kansas City Peal Estate Index. May 22. Life sketch of George W. Barlow, county official and prominent Republican. June 2. Richard Jordan Gatling, inventor—his part in the Civil War. June 7. Life sketch of Edgar S. Bronson, former Missourian, president of the National Editorial association. KANSAS CITY, STAR. Jan. 27. Life sketch of Albert Phenis, former city editor of the Times. At the throttle thirty-nine years—story of man who fired first engine to draw a Santa Fe train into Kansas City. Jan. 28. Life sketch of John Thomas House, Confederate veteran. See also other Kansas City papers. Jan. 31. Life sketch of J. J. Owens, pioneer Kansas City merchant. Feb. 4. Life sketch of William H. Rhus, pioneer, author of "The Second William Penn." Feb. 6. Life sketch of Frederick W. Miller, a pioneer Kansas City busi­ ness man. Feb. 24. Life sketch of William Robison, Civil War veteran. Mar. 2. The meaning of Missouri's seal. Mar. 9. When Mark Twain tarried in the "Loveliest Islands"—the fa­ mous Missourian in Hawaii. Mar. 10. Life sketch of William H. Bull, Union veteran. Mar. 20. Life sketch of Watt Webb, Union veteran. Mar. 30. Life sketch of Carroll Johnson, Union veteran. Apr. 5. Life sketch of Joseph W. Downing, Civil War veteran. Apr. 25. Life sketch of Herman Brumback, former circuit judge. See also Post, same date. Apr. 28. Life sketch of George H. Shields, former state and federal official, Civil War veteran. See also St. Louis papers. May 1. Life sketch of Mrs. Emma Lard Longan, author, pioneer citizen, Kansas City official. May 2. Life sketch of Roscoe D. Gregory, World War veteran. May 4. Anecdotes connected with Col. M. E. Benton. Political feud between Senator William J. Stone and Colonel "Bill" Phelps. S. C. Gold, Union veteran, was member of the guard of honor at Lincoln's funeral. May 11. Is "Bill" Anderson still alive?—some controversial evidence concerning the daring member of Quantrell's band. See also May 25. May 18. Mystery still inspires Ozark treasure hunts—the story of pros­ pecting for precious metal in south Missouri. May 25. The graves of three veterans of the War of 1812—George Quest, James Heaslip, and Jacob Regans-are found. When the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad was colonizing Missouri. 532 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

May 28. The seventy-fifth anniversary of the founding of William Jewell College recalls early struggle for the establishment of the college. June 1. Notice of the death of Duran William White, World War veteran. Notice of the death of J. O. Bradenough, former president of the Kansas City board of trade. June 15. Life sketch of Casper Widmer, Union veteran. June 18. Life sketch of John Robert Morrison, Civil War veteran. See also Kansas City Post, same date. June 24. Missouri was invaded by Iowans during the Civil War. KANSAS CITY, TIMES. Mar. 10. Life sketch of George Lawson, jr., World War veteran. Mar. 25. Life sketch of James M. Campbell, guerrilla, Confederate veteran. Mar. 27. "The Denver Castle Wherein Once Dwelt a Good Knight and His Lady"—description of Eugene Field's little home in Colorado. Reprinted from the Christian Science Monitor. Apr. 23. Life sketch of Alexander Maitland, sr., pioneer, who served for sixteen years as a member of the state board of agricul­ ture. Apr. 28. Life sketch of Ed Ripley, Union veteran. June 21. Life sketch of Oren H. Guffin, Union veteran. See also the Star. Names of Spanish-American War veterans who attended con­ vention of the Missouri department, Spanish-American War veterans, at Jefferson City in 1924. June 25. Life sketch of Louis A. Curtiss, prominent Kansas City archi­ tect. LEES SUMMIT, JOURNAL. May 1. Life sketch of William E. Boyer, Union veteran. OAK GROVE, BANNER. Feb. 22. Life sketch of Peter Wesley Douglas, Spanish-American War veteran. Feb. 29. Life sketch of James Tolebar Faulkenberry, Confederate veteran. JASPER COl TNTY. CARL JUNCTION, STANDARD. Mar. 21. Life sketch of H. L. Isherwood, former city and state official. May 23. A brief history of Carl Junction. See also May 30, June 6. June 13. Life sketch of Allen Dixon, former Jasper county official. See also Jasper County Democrat, same date. CARTHAGE, JASPER COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Mar. 28. Life sketch of Charles C. Warner, Union veteran, Jasper county pioneer. See Joplin Globe, March 21. Apr. 4. Life sketch of Thomas N. Davey, pioneer, employee of federal government during Civil War. Apr. 15. Life sketch of James L. Osborn, Union veteran, Jasper county pioneer. See also Sarcoxie Record, April 3. June 24. History of the First National Bank of Carthage. JOPLIN, GLOBE. Jan. 1. Notice of the death of Lester McDonald, World War veteran. Jan. 11. Life sketch of Albert Rich, former Jasper county official. Jan. 19. Life sketch of Samuel W. Shockley, Union veteran. Jan. 20. Notice of the death of A. A. Leseuer, former secretary of state of Missouri. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 533

Jan. 31. Life sketch of I. F. Russum, Union veteran, former county official. Feb. 5. Old Santa Fe trail coach driver dead—sketch of the life of W. H. Ryus. Feb. 9. Life sketch of Rex Eaton, World War veteran. Feb. 20. Life sketch of Samuel O. McHenry, World War veteran. Feb. 27. Life sketch of William F. Everett, Union veteran. Mar. 15. Life sketch of I. C. Hodson, pioneer banker of Carthage, and former Jasper county official. Mar. 25. Life sketch of John E. Dutton, editor of the Seneca News Dispatch. Apr. 22. Life sketch of Ernest Mahan, World War veteran. May 20. Life sketch of Eleven Jenkins, pioneer Joplin citizen. May 21. Life sketch of C. M. Cox, son of one of Joplin's founders, pioneer citizen. JOPLIN, NEWS-HERALD. Feb. 5. Life sketch of W. Boswell, World War veteran. Feb. 27. Life sketch of John H. Bailey, Spanish-American War veteran. Mar. 3. Life sketch of Mrs. Mildred Millisa Taylor, wife of the first mayor of Joplin. Mar. 12. Life sketch of Ernest C. Draeger, Union veteran. Mar. 17. Life sketch of Thomas Cummings, early day stage-coach driver on the Rolla to Springfield road. Mar. 24. Life sketch of J. E. Cobb, veteran newspaperman. Apr. 2. Memorial tablet in honor of Nelson Kneass, who wrote the song "Ben Bolt," erected at Chillicothe, where he died. June 13. Notice of the death of Ted Carlyle Ragan, U. S. Navy. SARCOXIE, RECORD. Apr. 17. L. H. Stephens, Union veteran, gives park to Sarcoxie. May 8. Notice of the death of Edgar Newman, former Barry county official. JEFFERSON COUNTY. DESOTO, JEFFERSON COUNTY REPUB­ LICAN. June 26. Life sketch of John Lilburn Thomas, former county and state official. JOHNSON COUNTY. HOLDEN, PROGRESS. Feb. 14. Life sketch of John William Greenwood, Civil War veteran. Life sketch of Felix William Bond, Civil War veteran. Mar. 6. Life sketch of John S. Hinkle, Union veteran. See also Warrensburg Standard-Herald, March 7. Apr. 10. Life sketch of George Mullen, Union veteran. Apr. 17. Life sketch of John Gray Ganson, Union veteran. Life sketch of Jacob Hichens, Civil War veteran. KNOBNOSTER. GEM. Apr. 24. Life sketch of B. V. Alton, preacher, former state official, former editor of the Corder Journal. WARRENSBURG, STANDARD-HERALD. Jan. 11. Life sketch of Thomas L. Des Combes, Confederate veteran. See also Star-Journal, January 8. Feb. 1. Life sketch of John A. Doak, Confederate veteran. Mar. 7. Life sketch of J. J. Lee. Union veteran. See Star-Journal, February 26. Apr. 4. Life sketch of William E. Crissey, Union veteran. See also Star-Journal, same date. Life sketch of William J. Orutchfleld, Civil War veteran. See Star-Journal, April 1. 534 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

WARRENSBURG, STAR-JOURNAL. Jan. 8. The city of Warrensburg—an historical sketch, by William E. Crissey. See succeeding issues. Mar. 14. Life sketch of Lee Katherman, former Johnson county official. Apr. 8. Life sketch of John W. Gossett, Union veteran. June 6. Warrensburg and Holden figure in history of the first green­ back, made in 1862. KNOX COUNTY. EDINA, KNOX COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Mar. 6. Life sketch of Michael Coffey, Union veteran. See also Sentinel, same date. Mar. 20. Life sketch of John M. Steidley, Union veteran. See also Sentinel. Apr. 17. Life sketch of Emanuel B. Shafer, Union veteran. May 8. Life sketch of John A. Wilson, Union veteran. EDINA, SENTINEL. Dec. 27, 1923. Early history of Brashear. Jan. 24. Brief historical sketch of Rutledge. Feb. 28. Life sketch of E. H. Johnson, Civil War veteran. June 19. Life sketch of James P. Gibson, Civil War veteran. LACLEDE COUNTY. LEBANON, LACLEDE COUNTY REPUBLICAN. Jan. 11. Life sketch of James Jeffery, Union veteran. LEBANON, RUSTIC. Jan. 10. The E. P. Stebbins home, an old landmark of Lebanon, de­ stroyed by fire. Mar. 27. Life sketch of W. H. Pearcy, Laclede county official.

LAFAYETTE COUNTY. CORDER, JOURNAL. May 30. Historical sketch of Lafayette county. HIGGINSVILLE, JEFFERSONIAN. Jan. 3. Life sketch of Charles Blont, Spanish-American, Philippine and World War veteran. Jan. 21. Life sketch of A. A. Leseuer, former state official and editor of the Lexington Intelligencer. See Intelligencer, January 25. May 15. Life sketch of James Polk Rice, Confederate veteran. June 2. "Lafayette County"—an historical essay, by Mary C. Van Meter. See succeeding issues; also Odessa Ledger, June 13. LEXINGTON, INTELLIGENCER. Jan. 4. Life sketch of William Edward Tarlton, Civil War veteran. Feb. 1. Life sketch of Henry C. Wallace, former Lexington city official. Feb. 8. Life sketch of Daniel G. Wade, former Lafayette county official. See Odessa Democrat. Feb. 22. Life sketch of William Henry Hackler, former member U. S. Marines. Mar. 7. Life sketch of Peter Hackler, Confederate veteran. May 30. Life sketch of William Henry Chiles, Lafayette county attorney, former state official in Montana. ODESSA, DEMOCRAT. Jan. 4. Life sketch of Francis Marion Webb, Confederate veteran. Feb. 1. When the State was young—an historical sketch. Feb. 8. Lafayette county's first highway had been surveyed before the county's name was changed from Lillard to Lafayette, 1825. Feb. 15. Some facts regarding the organization of Cole, Callaway, Miller, Osage, and Moniteau counties. The Odessa Democrat has been under the management of A. J. Adair for fifteen years. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 535

Mar. 7. In the old stagecoach days in Lafayette county. Why it was called Knob Noster. Mar. 14. Origin of name "Kansas Red Legs." Apr. 4. Life sketch of Carroll Johnson, Confederate veteran. The origin of certain old tunes, including the Ozark "Houn' dawg" song, as told by C. D. Allen. Apr. 18. Life sketch of C. Y. Ford, Confederate veteran. Apr. 25. Some early information concerning Kit Carson. May 2. Lafayette county in 1869—its population, wealth, etc. Pioneer days in Lafayette county; the names of some early settlers. June 20. The Missouri river is the "longest river in the world"—argu­ ments to support the claim. ODESSA, LEDGER. May 23. History of Lafayette county. See also June 6.

LAWRENCE COUNTY. AURORA, ADVERTISER. Feb. 14. Life sketch of John J. Holt, Lawrence county official. Feb. 21. Notice of the death of James M. Morgan, Civil War veteran. There were six Missouri postoffices in 1831. MARIONVILLE, FREE PRESS. Mar. 30. Life sketch of Joseph E. Marshall, Civil War veteran. May 29. Life sketch of G. R. Grubaugh, Civil War veteran. MILLER, NEWS-HERALD. Mar. 27. Life sketch of Lewis Franklin Selvy, former Lawrence county official. May 8. W. W. Boyd recalls incidents of his boyhood, which was during the Civil War. PEIRCE CITY, LEADER-JOURNAL. Feb. 1. Life sketch of Andrew J. Wormington/World War veteran. Mar. 7. Life sketch of M. M. Duke, Civil War veteran. Mar. 21. Life sketch of James F. Watson, Union veteran. See also March 28. Life sketch of John Van Buren, Union veteran.

LEWIS COUNTY. CANTON, PRESS. Feb. 15. Life sketch of Aaron Dabney Lewis, former mayor of Canton. Notice of the death of Gary R. Primrose, former Lewis county official. Feb. 22. Life sketch of William Ezra Johnson, Union veteran. Apr. 11. Life sketch of Newton J. White, Union veteran. See also Monticello Journal, April 18. Notice of the death of Uriah Helms, Confederate veteran. Apr. 26. Life sketch of Thomas Willis Furlong, stagecoach mail carrier in the '60s. June 20. Life sketch of Peter T. Hedges, Civil War veteran. LA BELLE, STAR. Jan. 18. Historical facts about Rutledge. Reprinted from the Rutledge Flashlight. Feb. 29. Bits of Buford family history. Mar. 28. The reminiscences of Felix Scott, Union veteran. LA GRANGE, INDICATOR. Jan. 31. Notice of the death of Roy L. Busby, World War veteran. Feb. 7. In the days of the "old fashioned winter;"—history of ice pro­ duction from the Mississippi river at La Grange. Feb. 21. Life sketch of W. H. Boyer, Union veteran. June 12. The Indicator is thirty-one years old—review of the first issue. 536 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

MONTICELLO, LEWIS COUNTY JOURNAL. Jan. 25. The Journal has been published by R. B. and R. S. Caldwell for eighteen years. Apr. 18. Brief history of La Grange college.

LINCOLN COUNTY. ELSBERRY, DEMOCRAT. Jan. 4. Lincoln county rice crop sets new production record—story of Alvin C. Rowe's success with experimental crop. Jan. 25. Grave of Captain James Callaway, the man "who saved Mis­ souri in the War of 1812" by preventing Indians from attack­ ing St. Louis, is in Montgomery county. TROY, FREE PRESS. Jan. 4. Historic rock near Wittenberg—"The Rock of the Cross"— where missionaries planted cross in 1699. Jan. 25. Life sketch of William T. Heaton, "gold rush pioneer" to California. June 20. Reminiscences of Sidney Greene Bowen, pioneer citizen. LINN COUNTY. BROOKFIELD, DAILY ARGUS. Jan. 26. Macon county was organized in 1837, according to county records. Feb. 6. Robbery of the Bank of Brookfield, which took place forty-two years ago, recalled. Mar. 5. Joel H. Wright, Macon county historian, tells of Missouri's drouth in 1854. Apr. 5. Life sketch of A. C. Pettijohn, former city, county, and state official. Apr. 15. Linn county fair was first organized in 1878—other early-day information. Apr. 17. Life sketch of Seymour Oszni, Union veteran. BROOKFIELD, GAZETTE. Feb. 1. Transportation facilities of one hundred years ago recalled by George Coming's 100th birthday. Feb. 22. Life sketch of Lester Miller, Civil War veteran. BROWNING, LEADER-RECORD. Jan. 31. Life sketch of Clay C. Bigger, former Linn county official. See Laclede Blade, February 1. BUCKLIN, HERALD. Jan. 18. Life sketch of Hamilton Glenn Stevens, Civil War veteran. Feb. 22. Life sketch of James W. Duncan, Union veteran. LACLEDE, BLADE. Feb. 8. Notice of the death of Mrs. Susan Hewitt, aged Laclede woman who gave General John J. Pershing pie when he was a boy. Mar. 7. Life of W. A. Balcom, Union veteran. LINNEUS, BULLETIN. Jan. 24. Life sketch of Charles S. Grasty, former Missourian, noted journalist. Mar. 27. Life sketch of David A. Robinson, Linn county pioneer, veteran railroad builder in Texas. May 29. Life sketch of Albert Harold Branson, World War veteran. LINNEUS, LINN COUNTY NEWS. May 30. Brief life sketches of Thomas M. McClanahan, George W. Westgate, Lee C. Turner, Fred W. Powers, W. D. Phillips, surviving Civil War veterans of Linn county. Historical sketches of Linneus church organizations. MARCELINE, HERALD. June 13. Notice of the death of J. C. White. World War veteran. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 537

LIVINGSTON COUNTY. CHILLICOTHE, CONSTITUTION. Mar. 6. Reminiscences of Dr. J. S. Halstead, said to be the "world's oldest Mason," who had a personal acquaintance with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and Mary Todd. Mar. 13. Life sketch of Alphonso Johnson, prominent Missouri journal­ ist, formerly of Chillicothe. MCDONALD COUNTY, PINEVILLE, DEMOCRAT. May 2. Life sketch of M. E. Benton, Confederate veteran, Newton county official, state and federal officer. Reprinted from Neosho Times. PINEVILLE, HERALD. Jan. 11. Life sketch of George W. Coomber, former McDonald county official. Mar. 7. Sketch of McDonald county, telling of its size, wealth, indus­ tries, etc.

MACON COUNTY. ATLANTA. EXPRESS. Jan. 4. Life sketch of A. M. Attebery, Union veteran. Feb. 8. Life sketch James Walter Wallace, World War veteran. "Thirty years ago, we remember—" Some of the customs of other days. Mar. 14. Life sketch of James H. Vaught, Civil War veteran. LA PLATA, HOME PRESS. Jan. 31. Brief life sketch of J. L. Oliver, Union veteran. Feb. 14. Reminiscences of Frank M. Miles, Confederate veteran, in which he tells of the death of his brother Cardwell G. Miles, Confederate veteran. Feb. 21. Life sketch of Alonzo S. Ray, former mayor of La Plata. Feb. 28. Life in the '50s recalled by Mrs. Marsetta Nunn Turner, pioneer citizen. Apr. 24. Life sketch of Hugh Gil breath, La Plata pioneer. June 19. History of the La PlataJ* Presbyterian church. Mrs. Mary Coggeshall, of Macon, deceased, was J. W. Riley's aunt, and the inspiration of the poem, "Old Aunt Mary." MACON, REPUBLICAN. May 20. A. C. Buffington, former Macon man, recalls how Lincoln beat Douglas at his own game in a debate at Ottawa, 111. MACON, DAILY CHRONICLE-HERALD. Jan. 16. Account book of Robert George, Macon merchant in 1836, tells of liquor prices at that time. Jan. 25. The "stock mark record" was one of the most important books placed in the hands of the county clerk when Macon county was organized in 1837; it contained record of the branding marks used by cattlemen. Jan. 26. Life sketch of Andrew Stokes Cox, former Macon county official. Jan. 29. "Lamb's Book of Life," a record of the attorneys who have practiced before the Macon county court, contains many well known names. Feb. 2. State Exchange Bank celebrates thirtieth anniversary of its organization—a review of Its work. Feb. 18. Life sketch of J. West Johnston, of Paris, veteran abstract maker, said to be oldest in Missouri. Mar. 8. Extracts from J. B. Spencer's journal of a trip through western Missouri and eastern Kansas, in 1876. Mar. 14. Life sketch of J. Martin Bledsoe, World War veteran. 538 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Apr. 3. John F. Fletcher, said to be "last of the forty niners," lives at Callao—reminiscences. See also May 26. May 29. Life sketch of Dr. A. G. Hildreth, of Macon, head of the Still- Hildreth Osteopathic sanitarium; also a brief history of oste­ opathy, by Dr. Hildreth. MADISON COUNTY. FREDERICKTOWN, DEMOCRAT-NEWS. Jan. 24. Life sketch of Salathiel A. Harris, pioneer citizen. Feb. 7. Life sketch of John Nenninger, Bollinger county official. May 22. History of the Fredericktown Methodist church. Life sketch of Theodore D. Fisher, former editor of the Farmington Times, Confederate veteran. MARIES COUNTY. VIENNA, HOME ADVISER. Feb. 28. Some facts about the Gasconade river hydraulic-power project. See also June 19. COUNTY. HANNIBAL, COURIER-POST. Jan. 7. Life sketch of James M. Nickell, Confederate veteran, city and county official. Jan. 14. Life sketch of Robert Gooch, contractor for the old Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad. Jan. 15. Life sketch of John L. Oliver, Civil War veteran, pioneer Shelby county citizen. Feb. 18. Life sketch of C. M. Alger, former Hannibal postmaster. See also February 22. Feb. 27. Missourian once was president of the United States. The story of David B. Atchison, president for one day. Mar. 20. Life sketch of John J. Cruikshank, pioneer banker and city official. Apr. 5. History of the Mississippi River commission, a body created by the federal government. Apr. 7. Rice culture being introduced in Mississippi river lowlands of north Missouri. Apr. 12. Historic flour mill at Orrick, Ray county, is destroyed by fire. Apr. 28. Life sketch of George Shields, former assistant attorney-general of the United States, and state official. Apr. 29. Life sketch of David Patterson Dyer, former federal official and Union veteran. May 9. Life sketch of J. P. Patton, former postmaster of Monroe City. May 10. Life sketch of E. Sims O'Connor, former Marion county official. May 14. History of the Palmyra Christian church. May 17. J. F. DeJarnette, of Rich Hill, recalls time when the first Wabash train crossed the bridge at Hannibal. May 21. Life sketch of Colfax B. Wildman, of Kansas City, general superintendent of the western division of the Missouri Pacific railroad. May 26. Life sketch of Charles B. Davis, judge of U. S. court for the eastern district. June 3. Life sketch of Joseph Schultz, Civil War veteran. See also Palmyra News, same date. June 4. Evidence recently found indicates that Jesse James hid in the Mark Twain cave near Hannibal in 1879. June 5. Life sketch of Oscar W. Cox, World War veteran. June 17. Life sketch of Roy A. Brown, World War veteran. June 26. Life sketch of Ben Stafford, Civil War veteran. Life sketch of James Brady, first mayor of Hannibal, "forty- niner." HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 539

PALMYRA, MARION COUNTY HERALD. May 16. Palmyra and its vicinity—a sketch of the industrial life and development of the community. PALMYRA, MARION COUNTY NEWS. Apr. 15. The razing of the First National Bank building removes a pre­ war landmark. May 20. History of the Palmyra Christian church. See also Spectator, May 22. PALMYRA, SPECTATOR. Jan. 10. Palmyra's old citizens—a list of pioneers. Jan. 17. Early days in Marion county. Jan. 24. Life sketch of J. B. White, pioneer Marion county doctor and member of the commission that located the capital at Jefferson City. The naming of Palmyra. Jan. 31. Notice of the death of Rev. Eugene Lamp ton, friend and rela­ tive of Mark Twain. Reprinted from Paris Mercury. Feb. 7. A Tale of Palmyra and Marion County of Many Years Ago— a story written by Elisha Winchell in honor of Mrs. Fanny Anderson. Feb. 28. Life sketch of Alexander S. Kelley, Confederate veteran. When cholera swept away one-fourth of Palmyra's population in 1833. Reprinted from an old account by Burr Joyce. Mar. 6. The story of the small projection of land on the southeast corner of Iowa—once disputed territory between Missouri and Iowa. Mar. 13. Notice of the death of William Elijah Rice, Palmyra pioneer. Frank James tells of the Centralia massacre. Reprinted from old account reported by Walter Williams. The story of the old Bay Mill, near Palmyra, flour from which was awarded national and international commendation in the '50s. Mar. 21. Slavery days recalled by old document found in Palmyra. Mar. 28. The story of the first Missouri Compromise which marked high tide of slavery in Missouri, and which was adopted 100 years ago. By E. M. Violette. Apr. 10. More evidence in the "Bill" Anderson controversy: Major Edwards' history quoted to prove death of noted guerrilla. The account of a skirmish between the Federal and Confederate forces at West Ely, and other war news, are contained in an 1861 issue of the Palmyra Courier. Apr. 24. How Frank Koch, of Palmyra, died in the World War. May 1. A Palmyra mansion of early days: a description of the Heze- kiah Ellis home. May 15. Why George G. Vest came to Missouri. June 5. Interesting letter—Winifred Bates to her father in Virginia— written in 1812, is in the possession of Moses D. Bates, of Palmyra. MERCER COUNTY, PRINCETON, POST. Feb. 13. Life sketch of Miller (Millard) S. McDonald, Civil War veteran. Feb. 27. Life sketch of Zachariah Rogers, Civil War veteran. Mar 19. Notice of the death of W. P. Thomas, Trenton city official. Notice of the death of John Gear hart, Civil War veteran. See also Princeton Telegraph, March 26. May 21. Life sketch of William Harmon, Union veteran. See Tele­ graph. 540 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

May 28. Notice of the death of Cecil Sparks, formerly of the U. S. army. June 4. Life sketch of W. J. Sparks, Union veteran, Indian fighter. June 18. Life sketch of Nicholas Shaw, Civil War veteran. June 25. Reminiscences of Mr. and Mrs. Richard Brantley, on their sixty-fifth wedding anniversary. PRINCETON, TELEGRAPH. Feb. 6. The Mormons in Iowa and Missouri. Feb. 20. Reminiscences of J. H. Gate, Civil War veteran. Mar. 12. Brief life sketch of G. M. Stewart, Civil War veteran. Mar. 26. Brief life sketch of Abe Trent, Union veteran. Apr. 9. Brief life sketch of S. W. Coon, Civil War veteran. Apr. 30. Life sketch of W. W. Holmes, Union veteran. MILLER CO Jan. 10. History of Barnett High school. Jan. 17. Weather records for Missouri for past thirty-six years. Jan. 24. Life sketch of John C. Driver, Union veteran. May 22. Life sketch of Harry M. Stephens, veteran of the Mexican campaign of 1918. TUSCUMBIA, MILLER COUNTY AUTOGRAM. Feb. 28. Cole county is the oldest in central Missouri. Mar. 6. Life sketch of George W. Robertson, Union veteran. Apr. 24. The Clark tiff mine, one of the most productive in the state, to be re-opened. May 15. Life sketch of Charles Walker, Civil War veteran. MISSISSIPPI COUNTY. CHARLESTON, ENTERPRISE-COURIER. Mar. 27. The late Thomas Beckwith, formerly of Charleston, was one of America's leading archaeologists, according to some author­ ities. May 1. Wolf Island, near New Madrid, and Bloody Island, near St. Louis, were famous duelling places. MONITEAU COUNTY. CALIFORNIA, DEMOCRAT. Jan. 10. Life sketch of William J. Vaughan, Civil War veteran. Apr. 17. Life sketch of William Hardin Welsh, Union \eteran. See also Moniteau County Herald, same date. CALIFORNIA, MONITEAU COUNTY HERALD. Feb. 14. Life sketch of Theodrick Brosius, Confederate veteran. TIPTON, TIMES. Feb. 8. Life sketch of Adolph Koechner, Union veteran. MONROE COUNTY. MADISON, TIMES. Jan. 31. Life sketch of Pleasant Henry Nise, Confederate veteran. June 12. Life sketch of William Benjamin Callis, Confederate veteran. MONROE CITY, SEMI-WEEKLY NEWS. Jan. 1. Life sketch of A. G. Dooley, Monroe county official. See also Paris Appeal, January 4. Jan. 4. The Monroe County News is fifty years old—historical. Jan. 22. Destruction of the old Catholic church at Indian Creek, Monroe county, recalled. Feb. 22. Notice of the death of William King, World War veteran. Feb. 29. Life sketch of Patrick Cochlin, Union veteran. Mar. 25. Some interesting eld documents: a Monroe county land patent signed by President J. Q. Adams in 1826, tax receipts, etc., In the possession of Charles Bush, of Shelbina. Mar. 28. Life sketch of Willard Borden, Confederate veteran. Apr. 4. Reminiscences of S. B. Upton, Confederate veteran. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 541

Apr. 11. J. W. Rouse recalls early days in Monroe county. Apr. 22. How the Mark Twain park idea originated. May 2. Dr. George L. Turner recalls experiences of forty-four years of medical practice in Monroe City. May 16. Reminiscences of Monroe City High school, on completion of new building. By Robert O. Cranston. June 3. Life sketch of T. L. Courtney, Union veteran. PARIS, MERCURY. Mar. 21. Life sketch of Thomas Benton Dry, Confederate veteran. PARIS. MONROE COUNTY APPEAL. Jan. 4. Ezra Fox was Monroe county's first settler. Feb. 29. Life sketch of Willis Edward Flanders, former Paris official. June 27. Recollections of a pioneer citizen, by Mrs. Belle McConnel. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. MONTGOMERY CITY, STANDARD. Jan. 25. Life sketch of Thomas Willis Robertson, Confederate veteran. NEW FLORENCE, MONTGOMERY COUNTY LEADER. Jan. 4. Life sketch of Nehemiah Bower, Civil War veteran. Mar. 21. The Leader is thirty-seven years old. MORGAN COUNTY. VERSAILLES, LEADER. Feb. 1. Life sketch of Asa Lovin Ross, former Morgan county official. See also Statesman, January 31. May 30. Life sketch of Charles W. Hart, World War veteran. Recollections of pioneer days, by John A. Hannay. VERSAILLES, STATESMAN. Feb. 21. Stories of "Jap" and "Tex," notorious Morgan county char­ acters of the '60s, recalled. Mar. 27. Life sketch of R. E. Howlett, Confederate veteran. May 22. Life sketch of P. H. Padgett, Confederate veteran. NEW MADRID COUNTY. NEW MADRID, RECORD. May 9. Life sketch of Jasper Hatcher, World War veteran. NEWTON COUNTY. NEOSHO, MINER AND MECHANIC. Jan. 4. Life sketch of J. J. Bass, former Newton county official. NEOSHO, TIMES. Jan. 3. Frank J. Price, managing editor of the New York Morning Telegraph, started his career as a compositor in the office of the Neosho Times. NODAWAY COUNTY. BURLINGTON JUNCTION, POST. May 15. Life sketch of John Fox, Union veteran. HOPKINS, JOURNAL. Jan. 10. George Lawler writes cf Hopkins In former days. May 29. Life sketch of John J. Clark, editor of the Bedford Times- Republican. MARYVILLE, WEEKLY DEMOCRAT-FORUM. Jan. 3. Photograph of land patent issued by President James Buchanan to Strother Covington for land in Plattsburg is filed in Noda­ way county recorder's office. Jan. 17. History of the farm-club movement in Missouri, by Howard A. Cowden, secretary of Missouri Farmers Association. Mar. 6. First flour mill erected in Nodaway county, 1868, destroyed by fire. Mar. 13. Life sketch of N. B. Lamar, Civil War veteran. Life sketch of John M. Dawson, county and state official. June 5. Article on Nodaway county reproduced from Missouri Ruralist. 542 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

June 19. Life sketch of Reuben E. Alvis, World War veteran. June 26. Maryville once threatened by secessionists. Reprinted from the Kansas City Star. MARYVILLE, DAILY DEMOCRAT-FORUM. May 16. The Maryville Daily Review of Nov. 26, 1895, was printed on bleached muslin, celebrating the dedication of St. Francis Hospital. MARYVILLE, TRIBUNE. May 12. Missouri's state flower now blcoms along the roadsides—story of the movement to adopt flower. May 28. Twentieth Century club of Maryville plans to film Nodaway county history.

OSAGE COUNTY. LINN, UNTERRIFIED DEMOCRAT. Mar. 20. Life sketch of N. L. Hancks, U. S. Navy. See Apr. 17. May 22. Life sketch of Peter Menefee, Union veteran. June 26. Life sketch of Warren M. Barr, former Maries county official, former editor of the Vienna Courier. META, HERALD. Feb. 8. Life sketch of W. Z. Burton, Civil War veteran, former Miller county official. May 4. Life sketch of Richard Thomas Crafton, Union veteran. OREGON COUNTY. ALTON, SOUTH MISSOURIAN-DEMOCRAT. Jan. 3. Oregon county is rich in Indian lore. May 1. Life sketch of Rev. Obed Nathaniel Barnett, Confederate veteran, pioneer Baptist minister. May 22. Life sketch of William A. Smith, Union \eteran. KOSHKONONG, OREGON COUNTY TIMES-LEADER. Jan. 17. Life sketch of W. W. Cone, Union veteran. THAYER, NEWS. Mar. 14. Notice of the death of J. Ducas, Union veteran. PEMISCOT COUNTY. CARUTHERSVILLE, DEMOCRAT-ARGUS. Jan. 22. Life sketch of Jesse J. DeLisle, former mayor of Portage ville. May 6. Caruthersville Daily Press, issue published in 1900, tells of river traffic when it was at its height.

PERRY COUNTY. PERRYVILLE, REPUBLICAN. Mar. 6. Life sketch of Thomas Robinson, Civil War veteran. Mar. 13. Life sketch of Romanus I. Brewer, Union veteran. Life sketch of James William Hudson, World War veteran. June 19. Life sketch of John W. Taylor, Union veteran.

PETTIS COl NTY. LA MONTE, RECORD. Jan. 25. Life sketch of John Cashman, former Pettis county official. Feb. 1. Life sketch of George W. Kemp, Confederate veteran. See also Sedalia Democrat, January 30. Feb. 15. Life sketch of J. A. Fleming, Confederate veteran. Feb. 29. Life sketch of Wiley Weathers, World War veteran. Apr. 25. Life sketch of Charles P. Brewer, Methodist missionary in Mis­ souri, and to Oklahoma Indians. SEDALIA, DEMOCRAT. Jan. 5. Notice of the death of J. W. Roll, Civil War veteran, former Grundy county official. Jan. 15. Notice of the death of W. W. Goodall, Confederate veteran, Jefferson City official. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 543

Feb. 14. Life sketch of John A. Collins, Confederate veteran, former mayor of Sedalia. Apr. 10. Life sketch of Andrew Jackson Patton, Union veteran. Mar. 4. Notice of the death of John Rohn, Civil War veteran. May 4. Life sketch of Alexander Dow, Union veteran. June 1. Life sketch of Abel Edson Campbell, Union veteran. June 9. Life sketch of Daniel Andrew Howard, Union veteran. Life sketch of Robert J. Shy, former Sedalia and Pettis county official. June 10. Life sketch of Ulysses F. Short, Confederate veteran. June 22. Life sketch of L. B. Hamilton, Union veteran. June 27. Notice of the death of Charles D. Brown, former Pettis County official. PHELPS CO May 22. Life sketch of M. C. Melone, Confederate veteran. June 5. Brief life sketch of W. W. Turner, Union veteran. June 26. Life sketch of Samuel G. Hale, Confederate veteran. See also New Era, June 27. ROLLA, TIMES. May 22. History of the First Presbyterian church of Rolla. PIKE COUNTY. BOWLING GREEN, TIMES. Jan. 4. "Grandma" Penn, who lived in Paris, Mo., was present at Mark Twain's birth. Feb. 8. Life sketch of John W. Williams, World War veteran. Feb. 15. Life sketch of Robert Bunyan Sanderson, former Pike county official. May 2. Life sketch of Joseph W. Saunders, Civil War veteran. June 19. Life sketch of Levi James, Union veteran. LOUISIANA, PRESS-JOURNAL. Jan. 15. Life sketch of James Wesley Painter, Civil War veteran. Mar. 4. Life sketch of John Henry Baxter, Union veteran. Mar. 7. Brief life sketch of J. M. Foreman, Confederate veteran. Apr. 1. Life sketch of Walker A. Henry, Union veteran. May 20. City and school history of Louisiana, related by J. W. Matson and Isaac H. Orr. See Times, same date. June 10. Description of Louisiana, its industries, business firms, trans­ portation, population, etc. See Times, Apr. 14. June 27. Life sketch of Frank C. Haley, Union veteran. See also Times, same date. LOUISIANA, TWICE-A-WEEK TIMES. Feb. 1. Banking history of Louisiana, recounted on opening of Mercan­ tile Bank building. Apr. 14. The Bates Smith house, Louisiana landmark, destroyed. PLATTE COUNTY. EDGERTON, JOURNAL. Feb. 8. Life sketch of Edward J. Dick, World War \eteran. See also February 15. PARKVILLE, PLATTE COUNTY GAZETTE. Mar. 20. Life sketch of B. F. Ward, sr., Union veteran. POLK COUNTY. BOLIVAR, FREE PRESS. Jan. 24. Life sketch of Abel Jones, Union veteran. Feb. 14. Life sketch of William C. Martin, World War veteran. See March 13. Life sketch of G. W. Watson, Union veteran. See Herald, same date. 544 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Mar. 6. The Farmer house in Bolivar, an old landmark, to be razed. Apr. 3. Biographical sketch of T. H. Dunnegan, Civil War veteran, founder of the Free Press, former Polk county official. May 29. Life sketch of J. A. Mosbarger, Union veteran. See also June 12. BOLIVAR, HERALD. Mar. 20. Vest's "Eulogy on the Dog." Apr. 3. Life sketch of Benjamin F. Robertson, Union veteran. See also Morrisville Polk County Advocate, April 3. Life sketch of William Porter, Confederate veteran. Apr. 17. Life sketch of William R. Box, Union veteran. June 12. F. L. Stufflebaum has been editor of the Herald tor twenty years —some newspaper history. FAIRPLAY, ADVOCATE. Jan. 31. Life sketch of Neal Davison Taylor, Union veteran. Feb. 21. Life sketch of George Francis Barrett, Union veteran. Mar. 6. Life sketch of Henry C. Wester, Union veteran. Mar. 13. Life sketch of John T. Morgan, Confederate veteran. Mar. 27. Notice of the death of James A. Williams, Union veteran. June 19. Life sketch of William Edwards, Union veteran. HUMANSVILLE, STAR-LEADER. May 22. Life sketch of Henry Or ville Mullin, World War veteran. PUTNAM COUNTY. UNIONVILLE, PUTNAM COUNTY JOURNAL. Mar. 19. Life sketch of John Fletcher Guffey, Union veteran. See also Republican, March 12. Mar. 28. Life sketch of John C. Schnelle, Union veteran. Apr. 4. Life sketch of David Franklin McKay, Civil War veteran. Life sketch of Jasper Newton Swiger, Civil War veteran. May 9. Life sketch of Thomas A. Carter, Union veteran. UNIONVILLE, REPUBLICAN. Mar. 5. Life sketch of Robert Franklin Little, Civil War veteran. Mar. 26. Life sketch of Dave McGee, World War veteran. Life sketch of John Martin, Civil War veteran. Apr. 30. Life sketch of Robert Kelly Payne, Union veteran. RALLS COUNTY. CENTER, HERALD. Jan. 3. Life sketch of A. G. Dooley, Monroe county official. See also Perry Enterprise, Jan. 10; Paris Mercury. Jan. 17. Clipping from Hannibal paper of twenty-five years ago tells of shipping logs from Hunnewell, Mo., to Germany. Feb. 14. Life sketch of Samuel Clayton Evans, former Ralls county official. NEW LONDON, RALLS COUNTY RECORD. Jan. 4. Indian paintings on the bluffs of Salt river, near Cincinnati, in Ralls county, and their story. By Joe Burnett. Other stories of Indians, and of local history, by the same author, are found as follows: "Old Zip," a story of the William Bruce family, Jan. 11; The battle of Spencer creek, Feb. 1; Wenona —a story of Ralls county Indians, Feb. 15; Yellow Moccasin —a story of the Indians at Turkey creek, Ralls county, Feb. 29; Juanita—an Indian story, Mar. 14; Two boys—the story of the John Gooch family of Turkey creek and the Indians, Mar. 21; The Indian—bis ways. May 2; The Avenger—a story of Turkey creek and the Pottawatomie Indians, June 13; Kopah's Curse, or the legend of the old mill at Spencer creek, in Ralls county, June 29. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 545

Mar. 28. The Confederate seal believed to have been discovered; is in the possession of Mrs. H. B. Newton, of Springfield. Apr. 4. ''Uncle Ham" Allison, of near New London, tells of life sixty- three years ago. See also Apr. 11, for Thomas J. Glascock's reply to Allison's reminiscences. Apr. 25. The McPherson family came to Ralls county in 1832; life sketch of James Henry McPherson, son of Steven McPherson. June 20. Oliver Perry Robison of New London tells of early days in the Spencerburg and Elk Lick neighborhoods of Ralls county. PERRY, ENTERPRISE. Mar. 20. Historical and industrial sketch of Ralls county, by Mrs. M. L. Smith. Reprinted from the Missouri Ruralist. Apr. 17. R. LeFever writes of early days in Perry.

RANDOLPH COUNTY. CLARK, CHRONICLE. Jan. 3. Life sketch of Henry Kimbrough, former Randolph county official. Jan. 17. Life sketch of William McDonald, Confederate veteran. HUNTSVILLE, HERALD. Jan. 4. The Huntsville Herald begins its fifty-sixth year; brief historical sketch. Jan. 25. Leighton Shields, of St. Louis, presents Huntsville with park as a memorial to his father, George H. Shields. For life sketch of George H. Shields, see issue of May 2. MOBERLY, WEEKLY MONITOR. Jan. 24. Life sketch of Henry Nise, Confederate veteran. Feb. 14. Historical sketch of the Fourth Street Methodist church at Moberly. Apr. 17. Life sketch of W. H. Broaddus, Confederate veteran. May 22. Life sketch of Milton M. Marshall, Randolph county official. Life sketch of Dick B. Foster, World War veteran. Historical sketch of Jacksonville Christian church. June 26. The White livery barn, one of Moberly's first places of business, to be removed.

RAY COUNTY. HARDIN, NEWS. June 20. Morton Store, a Ray county landmark, is destroyed. June 27. James Freeman was one of the first rural mail carriers out of Hardin. RICHMOND, CONSERVATOR. Jan. 10. Life sketch of W. H. Kirkham, former Ray county official. Jan. 31. Life sketch of John C. Toner, World War veteran. Feb. 21. Life sketch of Joseph Duvall, Confederate veteran. Apr. 3. Life sketch of T. R. Gant, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of William E. Bingo, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of Peter C. Page, Union veteran. See also Con­ servator, same date. Apr. 10. Life sketch of William A. Byers, Confederate veteran. Apr. 17. Life sketch of George W. Johnson, Confederate veteran. May 8. The Conservator begins its fourteenth year under Robert S. Lyon's management. May 15. Eugene Field—a character sketch, by Jerry Burke; contains some of the stories told of Field's youth. June 26. Albany in 1867—some Ray county history. RICHMOND, MISSOURIAN. Mar. 6. Life sketch of W. R. Riggs, veteran Primitive Baptist minister of Ray county. 18 546 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Apr. 3. Life sketch of Jacob Hicks, Richmond photographer, whose photograph of David Whitmer, "witness to the Mormon bible," is said to be the only original portrait of Whitmer in existence. May 22. "Bill" Anderson, the guerrilla, still lives, says Texas paper, although Richmond people claim he lies buried in their ceme­ tery. June 5. Public wells on the main streets once gave Richmond its water supply. RICHMOND, NEWS. Jan. 30. Life sketch of John C. Toner, World War veteran. Feb. 11. Life sketch of Robert C. Wild, pioneer Ray county citizen, centenarian. See also Missourian or Conservator, Feb. 14. Feb. 20. History of the Missouri Farmers association. Mar. 28. The New Garden Primitive Baptist church of Ray county is 100 years old—historical sketch. Apr. 7. Life sketch of W. A. Byers, Civil War veteran. The "spring cleanup" message of D. P. Whitmer, mayor of Richmond in 1886. Apr. 16. Life sketch of George W. Johnson, Confederate veteran. Apr. 23. Life sketch of Alexander Maitland, sr., former state official; he rode on the first train running west of St. Louis. See also Missourian or Conservator, Apr. 24. June 4. New Baptist church of Richmond to be built on site of old build­ ing, erected in 1842. See also Conservator, June 5. June 6. Life sketch of Mrs. O. A. Barron, together with some Barron family history. June 9. Life sketch of George W. Miller, Confederate veteran. REYNOLDS COUNTY. ELLINGTON, PRESS. June 26. Family history of the Nelsons of Bunceton and Cooper county. RIPLEY COUNTY. DONIPHAN, PROSPECT NEWS. Mar. 13. Life sketch of W. H. Merrell, former Ripley county official. See also Republican, same date. Mar. 27. Life sketch of Francis Joseph Lacy, Union veteran. See also Republican, same date. Apr. 3. Life sketch of Thomas Eli Hopkins, Confederate veteran. Notice of the death of J. Allan Presson, assistant superin­ tendent of schools of the State of Arkansas, former Mis­ sourian. ST. CHARLES COUNTY. ST. CHARLES, BANNER-NEWS. Jan. 3. Life sketch of Phillip Klippel, Union veteran. See also Cosmos- Monitor, Jan. 9. Apr. 10. Life sketch of Herman Kansteiner, former St. Charles county official. May 29. Life sketch of August Huning, Union veteran. See also Cosmos-Monitor, same date. June 5. Phillip Hodapp, who came to St. Charles from Minnesota in 1851, tells of his early life. Sketch of the Daniel Boone home in St. Charles county. See also Cosmos-Monitor, June 5. June 12. Historical facts about Daniel Boone. Reprinted from the Woman's Magazine, of October, 1909. ST. CHARLES, COSMOS-MONITOR. Mar. 26. Life sketch of Herman D. Bruns, former St. Charles county official, pioneer citizen. Apr. 16. Life sketch of Roy Robertson, World War veteran. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 547

WENTZVILLE, UNION. Apr. The Sarah Bryan Chinn chapter, D. A. R. of Wentzville, cele- brates its sixteenth anniversary. ST. CLAIR COUNTY. APPLETON CITY, JOURNAL. Jan. 24. Life sketch of Hiram Allton, Lowry City pioneer. See also Lowry City Independent, Jan. 24; St. Clair County Republican, Jan. 17. Jan. 31. Life sketch of William R. Owens, Union veteran. Mar. 6. Life sketch of William H. Ditty, Confederate veteran. Apr. 3. Life sketch of W. I. Marriott, Union veteran. May 29. Life sketch of Joseph Wright Miller, member of the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1922-3. June 12. Peter Clark McFarlane was born near Appleton City—life sketch of the writer. See St. Clair County Democrat, June 19. June 26. Life sketch of J. W. Hines, Confederate veteran. , LOWRY CITY. INDEPENDENT. Jan. 3. Life sketch of Madison L. Cooper, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of Michael Stephen, pioneer citizen. Jan. 17. Life sketch of James R. Lucas, former publisher of the Osceola Sun, former St. Clair county official. See also St. Clair County Republican, Jan. 10. Feb. 14. Life sketch of James H. Chapman, Confederate veteran. Feb. 28. Life sketch of Louis P. Duvall, pioneer St. Clair county citizen. Mar. 13. Life sketch of Barry Anderson, Spanish-American War veteran. Apr. 3. "Seventy-Eight Years Ago,"—incidents of the Civil War, told by B. F. Lawler. Apr. 24. The last of the toll gates of Missouri. Reprinted from the St. Louis Globe-Democrat. OSCEOLA, Sr. CLAIR COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Feb. 21. Reminiscences of Frank P. Daniel, veteran Osceola harness- maker. Feb. 28. M. Tandy Chastain writes of early days in Osceola. Reminiscences of Osceola, by B. F. Lawler. Mar. 6. J. N. Everett recalls Osceola as it was in the '80s. May 29. History of the Collins Christian church, Collins, Mo. Life sketch of Lewis C. Cleveland, Union veteran. See also St. Clair County Republican, same date. June 19. History of St. Clair county, 1830 to 1840. OSCEOLA, ST. CLAIR COUNTY REPUBLICAN. Jan. 10. Life sketch of Leonard Calvird, World War veteran. Feb. 28. Life sketch of Aaron S. Masterson, Confederate veteran. Apr. 17. Life sketch of Thomas R. Wyatt, Civil War veteran.

ST. FRANCOIS COUNTY. FARMINGTON, NEWS. Jan. 4. Life sketch of William Alfred, Union veteran. Life sketch of A. C. Boyd, former Farmington official. Feb. 22. Life sketch of Richard Adams, Union veteran. Mar. 14. Life sketch of Henry Hunt, Confederate veteran. FARMINGTON, TIMES. Jan. 4. Life sketch of Joseph C. Williams, former St. Francois county official. See also Flat River Lead Belt News, Jan. 4. Life sketch of W. A. Kennedy, Union veteran. See Lead Belt News, same date. May 16. Life sketch of Theodore D. Fisher, Confederate veteran, former publisher of the Troy Herald and the Farmington Times. 6 548 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

FLAT RIVER, LEAD BELT NEWS. Jan. 4. Life sketch of Gus Boyd, former Farmington official. Jan. 25. Life sketch of Z. Maurer, Union veteran. Mar. 7. Industrial review of St. Francois county. History of Carleton college, Farmington. History of the Presbyterian Orphanage of Missouri, Farmington. On the reopening of Iron Mountain, by L. W. Baldwin, president of the Missouri Pacific railroad. History of the Desloge public schools. History of the lead belt of St. Francois county, by A. J. Nor- wine. Mar. 21. Life sketch of C. A. Holley, World War veteran. Life sketch of W. F. Arnold, former state official. Apr. 18. Life sketch of William Bell, Civil War veteran. June 13. Life sketch of Dennis Hugon, Union veteran. Life sketch of A. J. Norwine, pioneer St. Francois and Iron county merchant.

ST. LOUIS CITY. GLOBE-DEMOCRAT. Jan. 27. Life sketch of Thomas K. Skinker, pioneer citizen, lawyer. Jan. 29. Life sketch of Charles Pressley Mason, sr., St. Louis official. Feb. 1. Life sketch of E. W. Ziegler, of the Globe-Democrat, one of the oldest printers in St. Louis. Feb. 3. St. Louis as an industrial center—some historical material on the production of steel, iron, coke, etc., in the St. Louis dis­ trict. See also succeeding issues. Mar. 4. Ancient mule-car with its driver—photograph and story of old- time street car of St. Louis. Recollections of more than fifty years ago, by J. H. Mount. Mar. 19. Life sketch of Leo B. Smith, World War veteran. Mar. 21. Life sketch of Mrs. David R. Francis, wife of the former gov­ ernor. See also Post-Dispatch, Mar. 22. Mar. 22. Life sketch of Joseph B. Thomas, former St. Louis county official. See also other papers. Mar. 23. Life sketch of Enos Clark, noted Civil War figure, a former radical Unionist, state official. Life sketch of John A. Ocherson, engineer, member of the Mis­ sissippi River commission. Civil War veteran, former president American Society of Civil Engineers. See also Post-Dispatch, same date. Mar. 25. Life sketch of A. E. Deitsch, veteran of the Spanish-American War, the Philippine and Cuban campaigns, and the World War. Apr. 8. Life sketch of Egmont Froehlich, pioneer leader in the musical life of St. Louis immediately following the Civil War. Apr. 18. Life sketch of Mathew Schaum, Union veteran. Apr. 22. History of the Missouri Society of New York, founded in 1891. Apr. 10. Life sketch of Gerit Ten Broek, attorney, consul at St. Louis for the Netherlands, philanthropist. May 5. Brothers once with Jesse James reunited after many years; life sketch of Rev. Alexander Adair, and Rockey Moore, Confederate veteran. May 7. Masonic relic exhibit throws light on pioneer days in the Middle West; it includes certificates of William Clark, William C. Carr, and Gabriel Paul. May 9. Life sketch of Thomas M. Power, Confederate veteran. May 11. Life sketch of George Steel, preacher and state official. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 549

May 14. Notice of the death of Pressley W. Pitts, Carroll County pioneer. May 14. Life sketch of John E. Massengale, veteran Mississippi river pilot and captain. See also other St. Louis papers. May 15. Life sketch of C. W. Jurden, pioneer St. Louis lumberman. May 17. Life sketch of F; W. Brown, veteran railroad man of St. Louis. May 24. History of St. Paul's Lutheran church at Des Peres. May 27. Life sketch of Anthony Buhlinger, pioneer St. Louis builder. May 28. Notice of the death of Aaron Hoffman, author, native of St. Louis. May 30. Life sketch of Patrick H. Walker, World War veteran. Life sketch of William Dings, Confederate veteran, pioneer St. Louis lumberman. June 1. Life sketch of Henry Lloyd, former St. Louis county official. History of consolidated schools in Missouri. June 3. Life sketch of Louis Fusz, pioneer St. Louis miller. See also Post-Dispatch, same date. June 6. Notice of the death of William Turner, ex-slave, Confederate veteran. June 7. Life sketch of George Hall, pioneer citizen, who was a member of the "306" who backed Grant for a third term. June 11. Life sketch of B. P. Taaffe, former city official of St. Louis. June 12. Life sketch of John L. Thomas, former state and federal official. June 24. Life sketch of Robert C. Rutledge, jr., former lieutenant- colonel in the 128th Artillery. POST-DISPATCH. Jan. 6. The descendants of Thomas Jefferson in Missouri, by Mrs. Champ Clark. Jan. 27. Southern Hotel sale is said to have netted $82.00—showing the shift in St. Louis' social and business center. Feb. 21. Life sketch of Charles W. Mansur, former St. Louis official. Feb. 24. Fox-hunting in Missouri. Mar. 15. Life sketch of James Hardy, Civil War veteran. Mar. 21. Life sketch of Alexander Young, former county official. Mar. 28. Life sketch of R. E. Rombauer, Civil War veteran, former state official. See also Globe-Democrat, same date. Apr. 3. Life sketch of Patrick H. Clarke, Union veteran, former city official. See also Globe-Democrat, same date. Apr. 10. Life sketch of C. K. Reifsnider, Union veteran, president of the Midland Publishing company. Apr. 11. H. T. Gerdemann, pioneer St. Charles county citizen, tells of the hamlet of Cappeln in Civil War times and before. Apr. 14. Life sketch of Vladimir Boris Sheremetyeff, founder and editor of The Nucleus. Life sketch of David L. Stone, veteran of the Spanish-American and World Wars. Apr. 17. Life sketch of Samuel L. Woodward, Union veteran. Apr. 18. Life sketch of James G. Clark, Confederate veteran, educator. See also Kansas City Star, same date. Apr. 24. Life sketch of John A. Tatty, former state official. Life sketch of Frank Wyman, former postmaster of St. Louis. See also other St. Louis papers. Rev. Gilbert J. Garraghan gives evidence to prove that a white settlement was made near the site of St. Louis in 1700. See also Globe-Democrat, same date. Apr. 29. Life sketch of David Patterson Dyer, state and federal official. See also other St. Louis papers. 550 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

May 8. Life sketch of Charles Fangenroth, "grand old man" of Ed­ wards ville, pioneer church elder. May 11. Life sketch of Henry Lohmann, St. Clair, county pioneer. Excitement reigned in St. Louis schools in the early days of the Civil War—reminiscences of "school kids of '61" at reunion. May 14. Busts of Mark Twain and of Eads placed in the Hall of Fame. Life sketch of John Duffy, Mexican War veteran, pioneer St. Louis business man. See also other papers. May 15. Life sketch of T. J. Kinkead, Confederate veteran. See also Globe-Democrat. May 23. life sketch of Simon P. Callihan, Union veteran. May 25. Life sketch of John Fowler, president of the St. Louis Symphony. Notice of the death of C. L. Schurz, former part owner of the St. Louis Times. June 2. History of the St. Louis Art Museum. June 4. Life sketch of Mrs. Sarah E. Dillon, St. Louis educator. June 12. Life sketch of John J. Howard, supervisor of Eads bridge, veteran railroad man. June 28. Life sketch of Rev. J. W. Worsnop, former presiding elder in the Methodist Episcopal church. STAR. Feb. 15. Life sketch of C. W. Bovard, former telegraph editor of the Post-Dispatch. Apr. 12. Life sketch of G. P. Knox, former St. Louis official and educator. See also other papers of the city. May 5. Life sketch of Benjamin R. Dysart, Confederate veteran, mem­ ber of the Constitutional Ccnvention of 1875. May 8. Job Newton recalls St. Louis of 1838, when robbers hid in bushes from 12th to Grand. Reminiscences of Springfield man who was a pioneer St. Louis merchant. May 14. Story of the Civil War, as told by Charles E. Smith, Confederate veteran. May 22. Notice of the death of Joseph W. Miller, member of the Con­ stitutional Convention of 1922-23. June 24. Life sketch of, J. J. Handlan, Civil War veteran. See also Post-Dispatch, and St. Louis County Leader, June 27. June 30. Historical sketch of Eads bridge.

ST. LOUIS COUNTY. CARONDELET, NEWS. Jan. 4. Concerning old Carondelet—extensive historical material from the records of the St. Louis county court. Continued in suc­ ceeding issues. Feb. 15. William Marion Reedy began his career on the Carondelet Mis­ souri Republican. Feb. 22. SS. Mary and Joseph church at Carondelet was established in 1767—historical sketch. Feb. 29. Life sketch of Edward P. Weston, World War veteran. May 9. Carondelet Germania Turner Hall to be converted into theatre —history of the Turner organization. June 27. First instruction in journalism given at the University of Mis­ souri was under Prof. David R. McAnally, native of Caron­ delet. CLAYTON, WATCHMAN-ADVOCATE. Jan. 18. History of the Evangelical church at Manchester, Mo. Mar. 25. Life sketch of Enos Clarke, state official. See also Kirkwood Monitor, March 28; and the St. Louis papers. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 551

Mar. 28. Life sketch of Henry W. Belding, Union veteran, former city official. See Webster Groves News-Times, same date. May 16. History of Kirkwood Concordia Lutheran church. June 6. Life sketch of John Deuser, Civil War veteran. WEBSTER GROVES, NEWS-TIMES. Jan. 11. History of the First Congregational church of Webster Groves. SALINE COUNTY. MARSHALL, WEEKLY DEMOCRAT-NEWS. Feb. 7. Saline county court is 103 years old. Feb. 14. Historical sketch of the Wood and Huston Bank, Marshall, on the fiftieth anniversary of its establishment. Mar. 6. Life sketch of Leverett Leonard, Saline county pioneer. See also Slater Rustler, Feb. 29. May 1. Life sketch of Lewis T. Phillips, Saline county pioneer. June 5. Early history of Lafayette county: the courthouse at Lexington was built in 1847; the Lexington Express, published by Charles Patterson, was an early newspaper. Roster of the World War dead whose homes were in Saline county. SLATER, NEWS. Jan. 22. Slater today and forty years ago: George J. Dyer tells of changes. Feb. 12. Life sketch of J. P. Tomlinson, World War veteran. SLATER, RUSTLER. Jan. 4. Life sketch of William H. Collins, Saline county pioneer. Feb. 15. Slater was laid out as a town in 1878—other facts of its history. Feb. 29. Life sketch of John A. Rich, World War veteran. SWEET SPRINGS, HERALD. Apr. 18. The railroad station at Sweet Springs was built in 1874. June 20. Life sketch of A. P. Harris, Union veteran. Life sketch of Luther Barnes, World War veteran. SCHUYLER COUNTY. LANCASTER, EXCELSIOR. Jan. 31. A contract between Reuben T. Boi(e)s and James Chambers, dated 1846, is an interesting document. Reprinted from the Gorin Argus. Feb. 14, Life sketch of Christian Figge, Union veteran. See also Republican, same date. Feb. 28. Captain Smith Bradshaw, of Lewis county, was a pioneer Indian fighter. Reprinted from the Edina Sentinel of forty years ago. Mar. 13. The Battle of Athens—the story of the famous north Missouri conflict of the Civil War. Mar. 27. Old residence in Lancaster, built in 1850 by Y. W. Payton, to be removed. May 22. Life sketch of Clarence Wilbur Wiggins, World War veteran. May 29. Life sketch of Robert Moore, former "scout with General Custer." June 26. Life sketch of Charles Caleb Dean, son of Henry Clay Dean, prominent Schuyler county citizen. LANCASTER, SCHUYLER COUNTY REPUBLICAN. Apr. 24. Life sketch of James Lindley Baker, founder of the Schuyler County Republican. SCOTLAND COUNTY. MEMPHIS, DEMOCRAT. Jan. 24. Brief history of Rutledge, Mo. See Reveille, Jan. 24. George T. Collins writes on Missouri constitutions; tells of the time in 1865, when the Drake constitution was adopted. 552 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Feb. 7. Life sketch of John W. Bence, former mayor of Memphis, former Scotland county official. See also Democrat, Feb. 14; Reveille, Feb. 7, 14. Feb. 14. Life sketch of Benjamin F. Mudd, Union veteran, Scotland county pioneer. See Reveille, same date. Mar. 6. Life sketch of Bent Harle, Civil War veteran. Apr. 3. Old copies of the Memphis Conservative, and Democratic Stand­ ard, discovered by Mrs. P. H. Bennett, Memphis. May 15. Life sketch of Calvin H. Hilbert, former Scotland county official. See Reveille, May 22. May 29. Notice of the death of Pete Stine, World War veteran. The Gorin Argus is thirty-four years old. June 16. As Memphis appeared in 1884—a descriptive sketch, and roster of public officials. June 26. Life sketch of W. Frank Barker, former Scotland county official. — MEMPHIS, REVEILLE. Feb. 7. Genealogical data on the Mudd family, descendants of the Lincolns, members of which live in Scotland and Clark counties. Reprinted from the Kahoka Courier. See also Feb. 21. Feb. 14. Old Fairmont—the story of an eld Clark county town. From the Kahoka Courier. Feb. 28. "Private" James M. Dalzell, famous Civil War veteran, was friend of Scotland county soldiers—incidents of his life re­ called. Reminiscences of B. R. Grinstead, Union veteran. Lincoln's relatives in Scotland county—the Mudd family. Mar. 6. Life sketch of Thomas Harle, Union veteran. Apr. 3. War was expected in north Missouri in 1861—story of threat­ ening developments. Reprinted from the Ottumwa Courier. "Burning of the Mackley Block" in Memphis in 1884 is recalled. See also Apr. 24, May 15. Life sketch of James Rose, World War veteran. Apr. 17. Life sketch of George Summers, pioneer citizen of Scotland county. May 29. Life sketch of George W. Cox, Confederate veteran. Reminiscences of old times, by G. A. Rigger. June 5. Mart Steffan writes of early days in Scotland county.

SCOTT COUNTY. BENTON, SCOTT COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Feb. 7. Reminiscences of Commerce, Mo. ILLMO, JIMPLICUTE. May 22. Life sketch of C. E. Mattocks, editor of the Chaffee Signal. June 12. N. H. Bissell, of DeSoto recalls experiences on old Iron Moun­ tain railroad. June 26. History of the Missouri state flag. SIKESTON, HERALD. Feb. 21. A letter written in 1816 tells of the southeast Missouri earth­ quake of 1812. SIKESTON, STANDARD. May 20. The story of Price's raid in Missouri. SHANNON COUNTY. EMINENCE, CURRENT WAVE. Jan. 10. Life sketch of Fred S. Turner, former Shannon county official. Feb. 21. Life sketch of Anvil E. Akers, former Shannon county official. June 19, Life sketch of Warren M, Barr, former Shannon county official. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 553

SHELBY COUNTY. CLARENCE, COURIER. June 11. Life sketch of G. W. Clark, Union veteran. SHELBINA, DEMOCRAT. Jan. 16. Life sketch of R. W. Gooch, Union veteran. Mar. 19. Charles C. Bush, of Shelby county, has interesting old docu­ ments including a Monroe county land patent dated 1826. STODDARD COUNTY. BERNIE, NEWSBOY. Jan. 24. Brief summary of Bernie's early history. BLOOMFIELD, VINDICATOR. Jan. 11. Early history of Stoddard county. See succeeding issues. Feb. 22. Early history of Bloomfield. May 23. Life sketch of Samuel Seism, Union veteran. June 13. Life sketch of Elisha H. Launius, Confederate veteran. DEXTER, STATESMAN. Jan. 4. Life sketch of Collin Morgan, former Stoddard and Dunklin county sheriff. Jan. 11. Life sketch of Robert Vowels, Civil War veteran. Apr. 25. History of Dexter, and its schools. SULLIVAN COUNTY. GREEN CITY, PRESS. May 15. Life sketch of J. M. Swallow, Civil War veteran. MILAN, REPUBLICAN. June 19. History of Sullivan county. MILAN, STANDARD. May 29. Life sketch of Isaac M. Seals, Civil War veteran. See also June 5. June 19. The first courthouse in Sullivan county was built by William Putnam, in 1847. TANEY COUNTY. FORSYTH, TANEY COUNTY REPUBLICAN. May 29. Civil War activities in southwest Missouri. TEXAS COUNTY. HOUSTON, HERALD. Jan. 17. Life sketch of William Thomas Mitchell, Union veteran. See also Republican, same date. Feb. 14. Life sketch of Harve Lane, former Houston official. Life sketch of Arthur Sutton, World War veteran. Mar. 20. History of the Christian church at Licking. See also succeed­ ing issues. Apr. 3. Life sketch of Robert C. McBride, former Texas county official and mayor of Houston. Life sketch of James K. Davis, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of Jesse Pearman Williams, Confederate veteran. See also Apr. 10. Apr. 10. Life sketch of James M. Denney, former Texas county official. Apr. 17. Notice of the death of William DeVall, former Texas county official. See also Apr. 24. HOUSTON. REPUBLICAN. June 12. life sketch of George D. Miller, Civil War veteran. VERNON COUNTY. 8HELDON, ENTERPRISE. Jan. 18. The naming of Sheldon. WARREN COUNTY. WARRENTON, BANNER. Feb. 1. Life sketch of Larkin Davis, former Warren county official. Feb. 8. Life sketch of Rev. John L. Meffert, Union veteran. Mar. 14. Life sketch of August Meyer, former Gasconade county and state official. 554 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Mar. 28. Life sketch of Thomas J. Fariss, pioneer Warren county banker. Apr. 4. Life sketch of Charles J. Bunge, Union veteran. WASHINGTON COUNTY. POTOSI, JOURNAL. May 14. Life sketch of S. D. McGready, former Washington county and federal official. WAYNE COUNTY. GREENVILLE, SUN. Jan. 17. Life sketch of Salathiel A. Harris, Union veteran. See also Piedmont Journal, same date. Feb. 7. Life sketch of James P. Hughes, Civil War veteran. Feb. 21. Life sketch of Daniel Securest, Union veteran. Life sketch of Franklin Berry, Union veteran. Mar. 6. Life sketch of Eli Clark, World War veteran. See also Pied­ mont Journal, same date. PIEDMONT, WAYNE COUNTY JOURNAL. Jan. 10. Life sketch of J. R. A. Vaughn, veteran South Methodist preacher. May 8. Life sketch of Carroll P. Bennett, former editor of the Greenville Sun. June 19. Life sketch of John L. Thomas, former state official. WEBSTER COUNTY. MARSHFIELD, MAIL. Feb. 7. Life sketch of George W. Elmore, former Webster county official. SEYMOUR, CITIZEN. Jan. 3. Life sketch of John H. Thomas, Civil War veteran. Mar. 20. Life sketch of Andrew Ross, Union veteran. WORTH COUNTY. GRANT CITY, WORTH COUNTY TIMES. Feb. 14. Life sketch of Robert Stricklen, pony express rider—also his reminiscensces. WRIGHT COUNTY. MANSFIELD, MIRROR. Apr. 17. Life sketch of Walter Jackson Akers, World War veteran. MOUNTAIN GROVE, JOURNAL. Feb. 14. Life sketch of Rezin M. Smith, Union veteran. May 22. Old school days in the Academy at Mountain Grove, by W. S Candler.