Diptera, Chironomidae) Comme Biomoniteurs De La Biodisponibilité Des Éléments Traces Dans Les Sédiments

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Diptera, Chironomidae) Comme Biomoniteurs De La Biodisponibilité Des Éléments Traces Dans Les Sédiments Université du Québec Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Eau Terre Environnement ÉVALUATION DU POTENTIEL D’UTILISER LES LARVES DE CHIRONOMUS (DIPTERA, CHIRONOMIDAE) COMME BIOMONITEURS DE LA BIODISPONIBILITÉ DES ÉLÉMENTS TRACES DANS LES SÉDIMENTS Par Isabelle Proulx Thèse présentée pour l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae doctor (Ph.D.) en sciences de l’eau Jury d’évaluation Examinatrice externe Dre Karen Kidd University of New Brunswick Examinatrice externe Dre Elisabeth Stur Norwegian University of Science and Technology Examinatrice interne Dre Mélanie Desrosiers MDDELCC Directeur de recherche Dr Landis Hare INRS – Centre Eau Terre Environnement © Droits réservés d’Isabelle Proulx, 2014 i À mes parents et à mes amours iii REMERCIEMENTS Je n’aurais pas pu compléter cette thèse sans l’aide et le soutien de plusieurs personnes. Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier mon directeur de thèse Landis Hare. J’ai eu le privilège d’avoir un directeur de thèse pédagogue et dévoué. Merci Landis pour ta disponibilité, ton respect, ta patience, ta compréhension et ton encouragement durant toutes ces années d’étude. Cette thèse repose en grande partie sur l’identification des larves de Chironomus au niveau de l’espèce. L’identification des espèces de Chironomus s’est avérée beaucoup plus ardue qu’anticipée et a suscité des collaborations. Je tiens à remercier Melissa Carew de l’université de Melbourne (Australie) qui m’a accueillie dans son laboratoire de génétique. Merci aussi à Veronika Golygina de l’Institute of Cytology and Genetics à Novosibirsk (Russie) qui, à l’aide d’analyses de chromosomes, a identifié mes larves de C. entis et C. plumosus. Finalement, je tiens particulièrement à remercier Jon Martin de l’université de Melbourne (Australie) qui a généreusement accepté de m’aider dans l’identification de mes espèces de Chironomus. Ses 40 années d’expérience en taxonomie des Chironomus ont indéniablement contribué à la qualité de nos résultats. Je tiens à remercier les membres du jury d’évaluation d’avoir pris le temps de lire ma thèse. Leurs commentaires ont permis d’améliorer la version définitive de ce document. Durant mes études, j’ai bénéficié du soutien du personnel professionnel et technique de l’INRS- Centre Eau Terre Environnement. Je tiens à souligner leur compétence, leur disponibilité et leur gentillesse. Merci à Anissa Bensadoune, Michelle G. Bordeleau, Sébastien Duval, Pauline Fournier, Sandra Jobidon, Julie Perreault, Stéfane Prémont, Lise Rancourt et René Rodrigue. Je remercie aussi les stagiaires Anaïs Nanou Clercq, Nicolas Fabien-Ouellet, Hugo Lavoie et Victor Thomasson ainsi que mon collègue Julien Lacharité qui ont été d’une très grande aide sur le terrain. Je tiens à saluer mes consoeurs de course, mes collègues de bureau, mon groupe à la maîtrise, mes collègues du groupe de biogéochimie et toutes autres personnes que j’ai côtoyées à l’INRS-Centre Eau Terre Environnement. Je salue aussi mes collègues Dominic Ponton et Maikel Rosabal-Rodriguez avec qui j’ai passé de beaux moments sur le terrain et tout au long de mon doctorat. Je les remercie pour leur aide sur le terrain, en laboratoire et lors d’analyses de données. v Cette recherche a été rendue possible grâce à l'aide financière du réseau de recherche Metals In the Human Environment - Strategic Network et du Conseil de recherches en sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada (CRSNG). Je tiens à remercier mes parents qui tout au long de mon parcours m’ont soutenue, écoutée et encouragée. Merci pour tout ce que vous faites pour moi. Je n’y serais pas arrivée sans votre aide et votre appui. Finalement, je tiens à remercier mon conjoint qui par son soutien inestimable m’a permis d’atteindre mes objectifs et terminer cette thèse. Merci aussi à mon petit rayon de soleil pour toute la joie que tu apportes à ta maman tous les jours. vi AVANT-PROPOS Cette thèse est composée de deux sections distinctes. La première section comprend une synthèse de l’ensemble des travaux effectués lors du doctorat. Tandis que la deuxième section contient les articles scientifiques qui ont été publiés ou écrits suite à ces travaux. Les articles sont : 1. Proulx I & Hare L (2008) Why bother to identify animals used for contaminant monitoring? Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 4(1):124- 132. 2. Proulx I, Martin J, Carew M & Hare L (2013) Using various lines of evidence to identify Chironomus species in eastern Canadian lakes. Zootaxa 3741(4):401- 458. 3. Proulx I & Hare L (2013) Differences in feeding behaviour among Chironomus species revealed by measurements of sulphur stable isotopes and cadmium in larvae. Freshwater Biology 59(1):73-86. 4. Proulx I & Hare L (2014) Using Chironomus larvae to assess the bioavailability of trace elements in sediments (à soumettre). La contribution des auteurs des articles aux projets de recherche s’établit comme suit : Isabelle Proulx : Conception et réalisation des expériences, échantillonnage, analyses de laboratoire, traitement des données et rédaction des articles. Landis Hare : Conceptions des projets, contribution à l’interprétation des données et à la rédaction finale des articles. Jon Martin : Contribution à la création et à l’interprétation de données et à la rédaction finale de l’article 2. Melissa Carew : Contribution à la création de données et à la rédaction finale de l’article 2. vii RÉSUMÉ Au cours des derniers siècles, l’industrie minière a grandement contribué à contaminer les sédiments de nombreuses étendues d’eau par le relargage d’importantes quantités d’éléments traces dans l’environnement. Comme les éléments traces ont le potentiel d’être assimilés par les animaux benthiques et d’être remobilisés dans l’environnement aquatique, il y a intérêt à ce que leur biodisponibilité soit évaluée dans les sédiments. La meilleure façon d’estimer la biodisponibilité de ces contaminants est de mesurer leurs concentrations chez des organismes qui consomment et qui habitent les sédiments. Les larves de chironomidés du genre Chironomus ont le potentiel d’être utilisées comme biomoniteurs, car ils souvent présents dans les sédiments fins d’étendues d’eau propres et contaminées. Cependant, leur utilisation est limitée par le fait qu’il est difficile, voire impossible, de séparer morphologiquement les larves au niveau de l’espèce, car beaucoup d’entre elles sont identiques. En fait, jusqu’à récemment, la séparation des larves de Chironomus en Amérique du Nord au niveau de l’espèce requérait l’examen de leurs chromosomes polytènes, une technique d’identification qui ne compte que quelques experts dans le monde. L’objectif global de la thèse était d’évaluer le potentiel et la faisabilité d’utiliser les larves de Chironomus comme biomoniteur de l’As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se et Zn dans les sédiments. Pour ce faire, nous avons récolté des larves de Chironomus dans les sédiments de lacs situés principalement dans les régions minières de Rouyn-Noranda et Sudbury. Les larves ont été séparées selon leur morphologie, leur ADN et leurs chromosomes polytènes. Nos résultats démontrent qu’il est maintenant possible pour des non-experts en cytologie de séparer et d’identifier correctement des larves de Chironomus au niveau de l’espèce selon leur morphologie et leurs séquences d’ADN (cox1 et gb2β). Nos recherches ont permis de publier des outils morphologiques et moléculaires simples à utiliser qui faciliteront à l’avenir la séparation et l’identification d’espèces de Chironomus en Amérique du Nord. La comparaison entre les concentrations d’éléments traces chez les larves et les concentrations d’éléments traces dans l’eau et les sédiments d’où les larves ont été récoltées suggèrent que Chironomus est un bon biomoniteur de la biodisponibilité de l’As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se et Zn dans les sédiments. Cependant, nos résultats démontrent qu’il n’est pas toujours justifiable de regrouper les espèces de Chironomus lors d’analyses de contaminants, car, selon le comportement alimentaire des larves, les concentrations de certains éléments traces diffèrent entre espèces de Chironomus vivant au même endroit. En fait, nous avons établi que les larves de C. dilutus, C. entis, C. plumosus et C. staegeri assimilent principalement les éléments traces des sédiments oxiques tandis que les larves de C. anthracinus, C. bifurcatus, C. cucini, C. decorus-group sp. 2, C. harpi, C. nr. atroviridis (sp. 2i), C. ochreatus, C. sp. NAI, C. sp. NAII, C. sp. NAIII et C. « tigris » assimilent principalement les éléments traces des sédiments anoxiques. D’un lac à l’autre, les espèces qui se nourrissent de sédiments oxiques avaient des concentrations de Cd et parfois de Zn plus élevées et des concentrations de Se plus basses que celles qui ingèrent des sédiments anoxiques. Pour ce qui est des autres éléments, il n’y avait pas de différences. Les concentrations larvaires indiquent que la biodisponibilité du Cd, du Se et parfois du Zn diffère entre les sédiments oxiques et anoxiques. Bien qu’il n’est pas toujours justifiable de regrouper les larves de Chironomus au niveau du genre, elles peuvent tout de même être utilisées de façon pratico-pratique comme biomoniteurs. Nos résultats démontrent que les larves n’ont pas besoin d’être séparées au niveau de l’espèce, mais seulement en fonction de leur comportement alimentaire; ce qui peut être facilement fait en examinant la morphologie des larves alors qu’elles sont toujours vivantes. Nos ix résultats démontrent que les larves de Chironomus sont de très bons outils pour comparer, à un site donné, la biodisponibilité des éléments traces dans les sédiments oxiques et anoxiques. x ABSTRACT Over the past centuries, mining activities have greatly increased trace element loadings into sediments. Since trace elements in sediments have the potential to be assimilated by benthic animals and thus, remobilized into the aquatic environment, there is a need to assess their bioavailability.
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