Depends on Particle Movement!

• All matter is made up of atoms Temperature and Heat that are moving…even solid objects have atoms that are vibrating. Heat is a flow of due to temperature • The motion from the atoms differences gives the object energy.

The Kinetic Theory of Matter • All of the particles that make up matter Temperature are constantly in motion •The Measure of • Solid= vibrating atoms the average • Liquid= flowing atoms of • Gas= move freely all the particles • = in the object move incredibly •The atoms mass fast and freely and speed determine the temperature of the object cse.ssl.berkeley.edu

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Temperature How does a • Temperature is measured in units ? called degrees (oC,F,K) • The thermometer can measure temperature because the substance of the liquid inside • Fahrenheit: Water freezes 32 oF and always expands (increases) or boils at 212 oF contracts (decreases) by a certain amount due to a change in temperature. • Celsius: Water freezes at 0 oC and o boils at 100 C www.germes-online.com

1 Flows from Warmer Expansion to Cooler Objects • All gases, liquids, and most solids • Heat: the flow of energy from an expand when their object at a higher temperature temperature Joints such as this one are to an object at a lower increases. used in temperature. bridges to • This is why bridges accommodate thermal • Thermal Energy: total random are built with short expansion. kinetic energy of particles in an segments with small (Reproduced by object. breaks to allow for permission of expansion JLM Visuals)

Some substances change Measuring Heat temperature more easily than others. • Heat is measured by the units of • Specific Heat: and (J). the amount of energy required • calorie: The amount of energy to raise the needed to raise the temperature temperature of 1 of 1 gram of water by 1 oC gram of a substance by 1oC • 1 calorie= 4.18 J

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The Transfer of Energy Conduction as Heat.

• Energy moves heat in three • The process that moves energy from one object to another when they are touching ways physically.

• Conductors: materials that transfer energy • Conduction easily. • • Insulators: materials that do not transfer • energy easily.

• Examples: hot cup of cocoa transfers heat energy to cold hands

2 Convection Convection • The process in Nature that transfers 1. Cooler denser air sinks energy by the and flows under the movement of warmer air (less large numbers of dense) to push the particles in the warmer air upward same direction within a liquid or 1. As the warmer air gas. rises it cools and becomes more dense npg2.com

• Cycle in Nature 2. This cooling and movement of warmer • Boiling water air upward creates the cycle of convection and heating a www.physics.arizona.edu room

Conduction Convection Radiation Radiation •Energy •Occurs in •Energy • The energy transferred by gases and transferred by that travels by direct contact liquids electromagnetic electromagnetic waves (visible waves (visible •Energy flows •Movement of light, light, directly from large number microwaves, microwaves, warmer to of particles in ) and infrared cooler objects same direction light) •All objects •Continues •Cycle occurs radiate energy • Radiation from until object while the strikes the atoms in temperature •Can transfer your body and are equal differences energy through transfers exist empty space energy www.chemheritage.org

Vocabulary List • Kinetic theory of matter • Temperature • Degree • Thermometer • Heat • Thermal energy • Calorie • Joule • Specific heat • Conduction • Convection • Radiation

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