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Characterization of the Lung Seven Transmembrane Recptor Protein

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Characterization of the Lung Seven Transmembrane Recptor Protein Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2012 Characterization of the Lung Seven Transmembrane (LUSTR) Protein Family Jennifer Ivey Middlebrooks Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LUNG SEVEN TRANSMEMBRANE (LUSTR) PROTEIN FAMILY By JENNIFER IVEY MIDDLEBROOKS A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Biological Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2012 Jennifer Ivey Middlebrooks defended this dissertation on June 1, 2012. The members of the supervisory committee were: Laura R. Keller Professor Directing Dissertation Cathy Levenson University Representative Tom Keller Committee Member Karen McGinnis Committee Member Wumin Deng Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii This work is dedicated to my loving, supportive family. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Dr. Kenneth Roux and Leanna Willison (FSU Biological Science Dept.) for technical advice and reagents for completion of the immunoblot analysis, Dr. Tim MeGraw (FSU College of Medicine) for the use of his reagents and equipment for the immunofluorescent imaging, Dr. Gavin J.P. Naylor (College of Charleston) and Dr. Steven M. Thompson (South Georgia College) for their instruction and advice on the bioinformatic and phylogenetic analysis, and we acknowledge the Florida State University shared High-Performance Computing facility for facilitating the bioinformatic analyses. Additionally, we thank Dr. Joan Hare for her direction with human cell culture, Cody DeBrabaunt for his assistance in cell staining and microscopy, and Dr. Tom Keller for his helpful ideas and comments during this course of study. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter One - Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 Cilia, Basal Bodies, and Centrioles ..............................................................................................1 A Literature Review of LUSTR ...................................................................................................3 LUSTR genomic location ..........................................................................................................3 LUSTR-A gene expression ........................................................................................................4 LUSTR-B gene expression ........................................................................................................7 LUSTR interaction partners .....................................................................................................8 Summary ...................................................................................................................................8 Chapter Two - A Novel Evolutionarily Conserved Transmembrane in Chlamydomonas ............10 Introduction ................................................................................................................................10 Results ........................................................................................................................................12 Cr7TM Expression Pattern Mimics Flagellar Protein Expression ........................................12 Cr7TM Localization on the Flagellar Membrane ..................................................................13 Knockdown Analysis of Cr7TM Does Not Implicate Function in Flagellar Mechanics ........14 LUSTRs Have Unique Primary Sequence and Lack Characterized Interaction Sites ...........15 Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Analysis of LUSTR ...............................................................16 LUSTR Proteins are Ubiquitously Expressed Across Phyla ..................................................17 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................18 Cr7TM is not necessary for excision/regrowth ......................................................................18 LUSTRs are a unique, conserved protein family ....................................................................19 Experimental Procedures ............................................................................................................21 v Cell culture .............................................................................................................................21 Stress treatments .....................................................................................................................21 RNA isolation and Northern blotting .....................................................................................21 Preperation of probe ..............................................................................................................22 Protein sample preparation, SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting ............................................23 Antibodies and dyes ................................................................................................................23 Immunoflurescence, staining and imaging .............................................................................24 Plasmid construction ..............................................................................................................24 Transformation and screening ...............................................................................................25 Phenotypic screen of mutants .................................................................................................25 Database searching ................................................................................................................26 Phylogenetic Analysis .............................................................................................................26 Chapter Three – LUSTRs May Be Involved In Cell Cycle Regulation ........................................36 Introduction ................................................................................................................................36 Results and Discussion ...............................................................................................................36 Knockdown phenotype indicates a regulatory role in the cell cycle for Cr7TM....................37 GPR107 demonstrates localization near the centrosome in dividing HEK293 cells .............38 GPR107 demonstrates localization at the base of primary cilia expressed in HEK293 ........39 GPR107 demonstrates localization consistent with membrane protein trafficking ...............39 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................40 Chapter Four - Conclusions ...........................................................................................................44 References ......................................................................................................................................46 Biographical Sketch .......................................................................................................................52 vi LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Profile and Pattern Searching Results for LUSTR Subfamily A ..........................................28 2.2 Sizes of LUSTR Homolog Protein Sequences ......................................................................29 2.3 Oligonucleotides Used in Plasmid Construction ...................................................................29 vii LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Cr7TM Expression Following Deflagellation and Oxidative Stress .....................................30 2.2 Co-localization of acetylated tubulin and Cr7TM in Chlamydomonas .................................31 2.3 Cr7TM RNAi Induction ........................................................................................................32 2.4 Multiple Sequence Alignment of Selected LUSTR Proteins ................................................33 2.5 Maximum Likelihood Tree of LUSTR Subfamily A ............................................................34 2.6 LUSTR Protein Expression in Selected Metazoans ..............................................................35 3.1 Population Growth Rates of Cr7TM Knockdown Line in Chlamydomonas ........................41 3.2 Distribution of Cell Size in Cr7TM Knockdown Induced Chlamydomonas Cell Line ........41 3.3 LUSTR Localization in HEK293 Cells During Cell Division ..............................................42 3.4 LUSTR Localization in HEK293 Cells with Primary Cilia ..................................................43 viii ABSTRACT Cilia are recognized as an important sensory structure for the cell. However, much about the signaling involved in ciliary outgrowth
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