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Investigation of Kipsigis Worldview Items Towards Understanding the Catholic Doctrine of Salvation Through Inculturation Approach: a Case of Kericho Sub-County

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Investigation of Kipsigis Worldview Items Towards Understanding the Catholic Doctrine of Salvation Through Inculturation Approach: a Case of Kericho Sub-County INVESTIGATION OF KIPSIGIS WORLDVIEW ITEMS TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING THE CATHOLIC DOCTRINE OF SALVATION THROUGH INCULTURATION APPROACH: A CASE OF KERICHO SUB-COUNTY BY ROP NAAMAN A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI NOVEMBER, 2015 DECLARATION I, the undersigned, declare that this is my original thesis and has not been submitted to any other College or University for academic credit. Information from other sources and my main respondents has been duly acknowledged. Signed …………………………. Date: ………………………… ROP NAAMAN - C80/91861/2013 This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as University Supervisors. FR. PROF. P. N. WACHEGE - 1st Supervisor Signed ………………………… Date: ……………………………. DR. P. M. MUMO - 2nd Supervisor Signed …………………………….. Date: ……………………………. i DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my late parents Zachary and Martha Lang‘at, my beloved siblings Nashion, Nathan, Naftali, and Elizeba together with my fiancée Jessica. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I thank God for His grace and good health throughout the study period. A study of this magnitude cannot be undertaken single handedly. Many personalities and institutions have contributed in different ways in helping me complete this work. I may not be able to mention all of them, but only a few in representations of others. I wish to first acknowledge the University of Nairobi for granting me the admission to undertake this study; together with USAID Kenya for the financial support that has seen me this far. I am deeply indebted to Fr. Prof. P. N. Wachege my first supervisor for his tireless efforts and constructive criticisms, guidance, moral support and encouragement throughout the period of the study. I am grateful to him for allowing me to use his well stocked Little Eden Library and the academic/spiritual retreats he kindly engaged me in within his residence; to me he has been not just s supervisor but a true mentor too. I would also wish to thank my second supervisor Dr. P. M. Mumo who helped me to shape this work and the moral support thereby. Special regards also goes to the entire Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies. This is a unique Department that has managed to maintain a friendly learning environment, without compromising quality, integrity, excellence and academic discipline. I cannot forget Kipsigis elders and the members of the Roman Catholic Church in Kericho Sub-County, for their hospitality and availing of the much needed information in the study. They sacrificed a lot of their time engaging in interviews, focus group discussions and filling of questionnaires. Among the outstanding ones are Fr. David Araap Tirop, Fr. Jonah Araap Yegon and Fr. Japheth Araap Tele. Special thanks, to my dear friends and colleagues Fancy Cherono, Mbaabu Kiambati, Florida Rugendo and Mary Njeri Gathukia (our matron while in Little Eden retreat) for their encouragement, prayers and even social support. Finally, many thanks also goes to librarians at the Jomo Kenyatta Memorial Library, Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Tangaza and Hekima libraries for providing scholarly works that saw me through. iii TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION ……………………………… ……………………………………i DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………………...ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………..iii ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………………………………………xiii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………xv DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS …………………………………………………....xvii LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………….xx Figure 1: Map Showing the Locale of the study with neigbouring counties… xx Figure 2: Map Showing the Details of the Locale of the study ………………xxi CHAPTER ONE: A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………1 1.1 Background to the Study …………………………………………………………1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem ………………………………………………2 1.3 Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………………..3 1.4 Justification of the Study …………………………………………………………4 1.5 Scope and Limitation ……………………………………………………………..4 1.6 Literature Review …………………………………………………………………6 1.7 Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………22 1.8 Research Hypotheses ……………………………………………………………...25 1.9 Research Methodology ……………………………………………………………25 iv 1.9.1 Research Design ………………………………………………………………25 1.9.2 Locale of the Study …………………………………………………………...26 1.9.3 Target Population ……………………………………………………………..26 1.9.4 Sample Selection ……………………………………………………………...26 1.9.5 Data Gathering Techniques …………………………………………………...27 1.9.5.1 Questionnaires ………………………………………………………………28 1.9.5.2 In-Depth Interviews ………………………………………………………....28 1.9.5.3 Focus Group Discussion …………………………………………………….28 1.9.6 Data Analysis …….…………………………………………………………...29 1.10 Chapter‘s Concluding Remarks ……………………………………………….29 CHAPTER TWO: KIPSIGIS WORLDVIEW ITEMS 2.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………30 2.1 Historical and Social Contexts of the Kipsigis Community……………………30 2.1.1 Origin of the Kipsigis ………………………………………………………..30 2.1.2 Social Organization of the Kipsigis Community ……………………………33 2.1.2.1 Kipsigis Organization of a Family ………………………………………...34 2.1.2.2 Clan System ……………………………………………………………….35 2.1.2.3 Totems ………………………………………………………………….…36 2.1.2.4 Age Sets …………………………………………………………………...36 2.2 Socio-cultural Items of Kipsigis Community …………………………………36 2.2.1 Rites of Passage ……………………………………………………………..37 v 2.2.1.1 Pregnancy and Birth …………………………………………………….37 2.2.1.2 Naming and Childhood Ceremonies ……………………………………38 2.2.1.3 Initiation Rites …………………………………………………………..40 2.2.1.4 Kipsigis Marriage ……………………………………………………….44 2.2.1.5 Death ……………………………………………………………………46 2.2.2 Items Related to Day to Day Life …………………………………………47 2.2.2.1 Blood and Water ………………………………………………………..48 2.2.2.2 Direction (East and West) ………………………………………………49 2.2.2.3 Music/ Songs ……………………………………………………………49 2.2.2.4 Oath and Curses …………………………………………………………50 2.2.2.5 Taboos …………………………………………………………………..51 2.3 Religious Aspects of Kipsigis Community …………………………………53 2.3.1 The Worship of Asiis ……………………………………………………...53 2.3.1.1 Asiis ……………………………………………………………………..54 2.3.1.2 Places of Worship ……………………………………………………….56 2.3.1.2.1 Family Place of Worship ……………………………………………...56 2.3.1.2.2 The Crossroads ……………………………………………………..…57 2.3.1.2.3 The Clan Altar ………………………………………………………...60 2.3.2 Sin, Cleansing and Forgiveness ………………………………………..…64 2.3.3 Beliefs Regarding Spirits …………………………………………………65 2.3.4 Other Religious Rites …………………………………………………….70 vi 2.3.4.1 Anointing ………………………………………………………………71 2.3.4.2 Rites to Elderhood ……………………………………………………...72 2.3.4.3 Rooteet ………………………………………………………………….76 2.4 Chapter‘s Concluding Remarks……………………………………………..76 CHAPTER THREE: ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH‘S INSTRUCTIONS AND THEOLOGIANS‘ REFLECTIONS ON INCULTURATION 3.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………78 3.1 Nature and Reflections on Inculturation ……………………………………78 3.1.1 The Meaning of Inculturation ……………………………………………..80 3.1.2 Adaptation ………………………………………………………………...80 3.1.3 Contextualization …………………………………………………………81 3.1.4 Indigenization …………………………………………………………….82 3.1.5 Enculturation ……………………………………………………………..83 3.1.6 Acculturation ……………………………………………………………..83 3.1.7 Incarnation …………………………………………………………….….84 3.1.8 Inculturation ……………………………………………………………....84 3.2 Church Teaching on Inculturation ………………………………………….87 3.2.1 Apostolic Exhortations on Inculturation……………………………....….88 3.2.2 Popes‘ Addresses on Inculturation………………………………………..93 3.2.3 Church‘s Decrees on Inculturation……………………………………….100 3.3 Theologians‘ Reflections on Inculturation…………………………………104 vii 3.3.1 Shorter…………………………………………………………...……105 3.3.2 Magesa………………………………………………………………..108 3.3.3 Bujo……………………………………………………………..…….111 3.3.4 Saldanha……………………………………………………………...113 3.3.5 Kaswiza……………………………………………………………....114 3.3.6 Nyamiti………………………………………………………………116 3.4 Importance of Inculturating the Gospel……………………………….119 3.5 Chapter‘s Concluding Remarks …………………………………….…122 CHAPTER FOUR: RCC‘S TEACHING AND CONTEMPORARY THEOLOGIANS‘ REFLECTIONS ON SALVATION 4.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………124 4.1 RCC‘s Teaching on Salvation…………………………………………..124 4.1.1 Pedagogy from the CCC on Salvation………………………………..124 4.2 Contemporary Theologians‘ Reflections on Salvation………………….127 4.2.1 Rahner‘s Reflections on Salvation …………………………..……….127 4.2.2 Dupuis‘ Reflections on Salvation …………………………………….133 4.2.3 Gutierrez‘s Reflections on Salvation ………………………………....137 4.2.4 Wachege‘s Reflections on Salvation …………………………………140 4.2.5 Küng‘s Reflections on Salvation ……………………………..............145 4.2.6 Pope Paul VI‘s Reflections on Salvation …………………………….148 4.2.7 Pope John Paul II‘s Reflections on Salvation…………………………150 viii 4.2.8 Panikkar‘s Reflections on Salvation…………………………………..155 4.3 Chapter‘s Concluding Remarks…………………………………………158 CHAPTER FIVE: CONFRONTING KIPSIGIS WORLDVIEW ITEMS WITH THE RCC DOCTRINE OF SALVATION 5.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………159 5.1 Life Centrality despite Death ………………………………………….159 5.2 Kipsigis Communal and Relational Items ……………………………..162 5.3 Good Powers, Sin and Evil forces……………………….. …………....164 5.4 Kipsigis Notion of Salvation and Yonder Life ………………………..167 5.5 Kipsigis Concept of an Ancestor ……………………………………....172 5.6 The Kipsigis Family Values ……………………………………………182 5.6.1 The Extended Family System/ Familial Solidarity …………………..185 5.6.2 The Sense of Community Life ……………………………………….188 5.6.3 The Sense of Hospitality ……………………………………………..190 5.7 Salvation values in Kipsigis rite of Passage ……………………………192 5.7.1 Respect for Life ………………………………………………………195 5.7.2
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