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Contribution of Bushmeat to Household Food and Income and Factors Influencing Household Dependence on Bushmeat in Western Serengeti

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Contribution of Bushmeat to Household Food and Income and Factors Influencing Household Dependence on Bushmeat in Western Serengeti The University of Dodoma University of Dodoma Institutional Repository http://repository.udom.ac.tz Business Doctoral Theses 2020 Contribution of Bushmeat to household food and income and factors influencing household dependence on Bushmeat in western Serengeti Manyama, Flora Felix The University of Dodoma Manyama, F. F. (2020). Contribution of Bushmeat to household food and income and factors influencing household dependence on Bushmeat in western Serengeti (Doctoral thesis). The University of Dodoma, Dodoma. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12661/2416 Downloaded from UDOM Institutional Repository at The University of Dodoma, an open access institutional repository. CONTRIBUTION OF BUSHMEAT TO HOUSEHOLD FOOD AND INCOME AND FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSEHOLD DEPENDENCE ON BUSHMEAT IN WESTERN SERENGETI FLORA FELIX MANYAMA DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA OCTOBER, 2020 CONTRIBUTION OF BUSHMEAT TO HOUSEHOLD FOOD AND INCOME AND FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSEHOLD DEPENDENCE ON BUSHMEAT IN WESTERN SERENGETI BY FLORA FELIX MANYAMA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA OCTOBER, 2020 DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, Flora Felix Manyama, declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other university for a similar or any other degree award. All the sources of materials used to accomplish this work are duly acknowledged. Signature: No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author or the University of Dodoma. If transformed for publication in any other format shall be acknowledged that, this work has been submitted for degree award at the University of Dodoma. i CERTIFICATION The undersigned certifies that they have read and hereby recommends for acceptance by the University of Dodoma, a dissertation entitled “Contribution of Bushmeat to Household Food and Income and Factors influencing household dependence on bushmeat in Western Serengeti” in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science and Conservation of the University of Dodoma. Professor Julius W. Nyahongo Signature Date (FIRST SUPERVISOR) Professor Eivin Røskaft Signature Date 12/06/2020 (SECOND SUPERVISOR) ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my beloved parents Felix Manyama and Loyce Kasika for their guidance and support in my life. Many thanks for your encouragement throughout my life and academic journey. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful for the number of people who made this work accomplished. Special thanks go to the almighty God for his blessings throughout my PhD study which made the work successfully. I express my special thanks and appreciation for the learning opportunity provided by my Employer the University of Dodoma (UDOM). Thanks are also extended to AfricanBioServices Project and UDOM for financial support in this study. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Professor Julius W. Nyahongo from UDOM, Professor Eivin Røskaft from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway and Professor Martin R. Nielsen from the University of Copenhagen, Denmark for their guidance and support during the entire period of my study. My heartfelt appreciation is also extended to Professor Jonathan Kabigumila, Professor Abiud Kaswamila and Dr. Chrispinus Rubanza for their support to make this work accomplished. Moreover, I would like to express my deepest thanks to government institutions; TAWIRI, COSTECH and NIMR for granting me research permit to undertake this study. I would like to acknowledge with gratitude the support of district officers in Serengeti, Rorya and Butiama districts for technical support and field assistance. I am also thankful to village leaders of Robanda, Rwamkoma and Kowak for their cooperation during research work. Special thanks go to research assistants; Patrick Semwenda, Havijawa Bilali, Baraka Majugwa, Kimani Magori, Deogratius Makuru, George Nyahongo, and primary school teachers for their support during field work in their areas. I also thank all the respondents in the villages where this study was conducted. Thanks are also extended to the Department of Biology at UDOM for hosting me during the entire period of my study. I also appreciate the support from UDOM staff and my fellow PhD students; Moses T. Kyando, Agnes Kisanga, Doreen Mrimi and Sr. Edtruda Mbegu for their cooperation during our studies. iv I acknowledge the support from AfricanBioServices research team and TAWIRI staff for their cooperation and technical support. Thanks to Dr. Peter S. Ranke from NTNU for R-tutorials which has contributed a lot in data analysis for this work. Thanks to Dr. Kwaslema Malle Hariohay from TAWIRI for his support in drawing maps for this study and all the people from the project for their contribution to make the work successful. I am extremely grateful to my parents for their love, prayers, caring and sacrifices for educating and preparing me for my future. I am very much thankful to my family and my daughter Careen for their love, understanding, prayers and continuing support to complete my studies. Finally, I would like to thank all the people who have supported me in one way or another and contributed to the success of this study, thank you so much may God bless you. v ABSTRACT Bushmeat is an important source of household (HH) food and income in western Serengeti although information on the frequency of consumption and income earned is unknown due to the illegal nature of the activity. This study was intended to determine the contribution of bushmeat to HHs and factors influencing bushmeat dependence. The study was conducted in three villages (Robanda, Rwamkoma and Kowak) selected purposely based on distances from the western boundary of Serengeti National Park (SNP). Data were obtained through HH questionnaire surveys, dietary recall surveys and observations and recording of bushmeat packages conducted in both the dry (September-October 2017) and wet (April-May 2018) seasons. Data on bushmeat consumption frequencies were collected from 127 schoolchildren and compared that to 150 adults from regular HHs selected randomly. Also snowballing was used to locate hunters and bushmeat traders where, 96 respondents were identified. Overall, bushmeat contribute by 15.8% of all meat sources reported but its contribution was more in the closest village (96.3%), declining with distance from SNP (Kruskal-Wallis test; H=454.2; P<0.001). Bushmeat was consumed more frequently during the dry season (66%) compared to the wet season (34%). Adults on average reported significantly lower bushmeat consumption frequencies than schoolchildren (Wilcoxon test; W=33,526; P=0.003) which imply that children can provide reliable information about the importance of bushmeat in HH consumption than adults. The generalised linear model revealed that, bushmeat consumption in HH was significantly influenced by season, distance and consumption of other meat sources (Table 4.3). The contribution of bushmeat to HH income was significantly higher in the closest village than in the intermediate and distant villages (Kruskal-Wallis test; H=24.025; P<0.001). HH reliance on bushmeat income was negatively associated with age and gender of the HH head and distance to the protected area (PA) boundary. Hence, efforts to reduce illegal hunting should target male-headed HHs close to PA boundary through promoting alternative meat and income sources. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT ......................................................................... i CERTIFICATION ....................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... xii LIST OF PLATES .................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................ xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................. xvi CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the study ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem ....................................................................... 4 1.3 Objectives of the Study .......................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Specific Objectives.............................................................................................
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