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Proceedings of ADVED 2017- 3rd International Conference on Advances in Education and Social Sciences 9-11 October 2017- Istanbul, Turkey EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOURAL FAILURES Venelin Terziev1*, Dimitar Kanev2 1Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural History, Moscow, Professor, Ph.D., D.Sc. (National Security), D.Sc. (Ec.), University of Rousse, Rousse, Bulgaria; National Military University, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria; University of Telecommunications and Post, Sofia, Bulgaria, [email protected] 2Professor, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Ec.), Naval Academy, Varna, Bulgaria, [email protected] *Corresponding author Abstract The work defences the thesis that even ensured equal opportunities to invest in education and to get better life, even if this is the best life alternative for them, young people and their families would hardly take complete advantage of these opportunities. This particularly regards the ones in an unequal position. The reasons are looked for in behavioural failures connected to hyperbolic discounting and to focusing on the present, momentum, stereotypes, herd-instinct behaviour, the paralysis at the availability of numerous options and defects of will. The work also suggests solutions, which to help young people and their families to take adequate advantage of educational opportunities and to develop their potential, getting over or softening behavioural deformations and deviations from reality. Keywords: education, limited rationality, lack of foresight, momentum, herd-instinct behaviour 1. INTRODUCTION Target of the present work is education, and subject – behavioural failures in education decisions. What we make our aim is to study the behavioural deformations impact upon the effectiveness of individual decisions for education. We use the behavioural economy’s theoretical approach and verify the thesis that together with ensuring access to quality education, young people and their families are to be helped to take adequate advantage of that access, particularly those occupying low social-economic status. 2. STATEMENT Education is major channel for accumulation of human capital and could be defined as set of skills, competencies and other characteristics that enhance labour productivity. (World Economic Forum, 2016) This turns it into critical factor for labour realisation and wealth of the particular individuals as well as for the economic progress and labour resources effective use within society. Many studies prove education is the ISBN: 978-605-82433-0-9 733 Proceedings of ADVED 2017- 3rd International Conference on Advances in Education and Social Sciences 9-11 October 2017- Istanbul, Turkey major momentum of economic growth, employment and earnings. (Grant, 2017) Ignoring it would threaten the prosperity of future generations and would have many negative consequences for poverty, social security systems’ sustainability, social exclusion and inequality. (Woessmann, 2015) High education leads to better realization on the labour market. The average unemployment in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries among individuals of age of 25-64 years without secondary education is 12,4%, and among the ones with secondary education is 7,3%, and among the ones having higher education is 4,9%. The ones participating in the labour force without secondary education are 56%, the ones with secondary education – 74%, the ones having bachelor degree – 82%, the ones with master degree – 87%, and the ones occupying doctor’s or equivalent degree – 91%. (OECD, 2016, pp. 90-94) Education is also a significant factor for forming income: the averaged data for the OECD countries shows that the income difference between the people having primary and secondary education is smaller than the one between people having secondary and higher education: individuals with lower than secondary education have 19% lower income than the individuals with secondary education, while individuals with higher education have 55% higher income. More, individuals with master or doctor’s degree have double income compared to the ones having secondary education, and individuals with bachelor degree get 48% more. An additional positive effect for higher education is that their income increases in the course of time, while the income of individuals with lower education are not only lower at the beginning of the labour realization but also decrease in the course of time (OECD, 2016, pp. 114-118) The expenditures for education are high. The average direct private expenditures for getting secondary education in the OECD countries are 2500 dollars, and for getting higher education – 10 500 dollars. The second component of expenditures for higher education has a higher value – the missed benefits that, in the OECD countries, vary from 18 000 dollars in Poland to 90 000 dollars in the Netherlands. (OECD, 2016, pp. 134-136) Despite high expenditures, education is a valuable investment and ensures high private returnability for the learners. The net private returnability from higher education in the course of the entire professional career in the OECD countries average is 258 440 dollars for the males, which is almost twice more than the net private returnability from secondary education, which for the males is 112 400 dollars. Although females with higher education are more, the net private returnability from higher education with them is lower - 167 600 dollars. Males have also higher inside rate of returnability of educational investments – 12% for secondary and 14% for higher education, against only 12% and 8% respectively with the females. Education ensures high returnability also for the public funds invested in it. As far as the ones, who studied more, get higher and safer income, they pay higher taxes. About 40% of the income generated by education in the OECD countries turns into public income in the form of tax and social insurance payments. Because of them as well as of less public expenses for the highly educated, the net public returnability in the OECD countries is about 67 000 dollars from the secondary and 143 000 dollars from the higher education of males. Considering public expenses (direct transfers and missed tax revenues) and benefits (revenues from taxes and insurances, and lower expenses for social aid and unemployment compensations) from the various educational degrees, this means 10% inside rate of returnability of public expenses for higher and 9% for secondary education of males. These values with the females are lower – 8% for higher as well as for secondary education. (OECD, 2016, pp. 136-138). Education and its social-economic consequences are connected by two-way cause-and-effect connections. On one hand, higher levels of qualification are more and more appreciated and the possibilities for the lowly educated are worsening more and more. Low education causes unemployment and poverty, and the differences in education – inequality and social exclusion. On the other hand, material, cultural and social inequalities limit the chances of young people to acquire the necessary education and skills to cope with life. This is realized through two channels. First, it is the direct access to education. Individuals in unequal position suffer hunger and illnesses, are engaged in conflicts, live remotely and do not have convenient transport to schools. This makes education impossible, even if it is desired. Marks show that globally, almost 264,3 million people do not have access to education. 61 of them or 23% are children aged from 6 to 11 years, 62 million, 23% are aged 12 to 14 years, and 141 million, 53% are between 15 and 17 years. (UNESCO, 2017) Second, for those, who anyway get access, social-economic inequality influences the quality of what and how much they can learn. The ones growing in poverty, neglecting family environment and without control are deprived of valuable cultural and social capital. They do not get support from their families, which, even though having the desire to support them, do not occupy the necessary capacity and do not supply them with the necessary cultural tools for constructing appropriate life strategies. (Swidler, 1986) They often have insufficient lingual culture and do not have good command of the official language. It is more likely for them to experience permanent stress from the violence, criminality and poverty they are ISBN: 978-605-82433-0-9 734 Proceedings of ADVED 2017- 3rd International Conference on Advances in Education and Social Sciences 9-11 October 2017- Istanbul, Turkey surrounded by. All that holds back the development of cognitive abilities of schoolchildren and students from poor families and reduces their educational achievements. Breaking such a vicious circle is beyond the power of free markets because of the presence of market failures, caused by the presence of outside effects, the asymmetric information about the individual capabilities, the failure of financial sector in ensuring crediting, the limited mobility. Personal interest in good perspectives for employment and in the high returnability from education is not enough for ensuring satisfying quantity and quality of education. People invest in it less that the optimum because of market failures. This imposes measures that neutralize market failures and thus, first, guarantee equal access to quality education in educational environment, despite of social status, ethnicity and specific needs, and, second, support the educational achievements of young people from vulnerable groups. There is theoretical
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