Gulf Research Center Project Proposal

EU-GCC Al Jisr Project Gulf Research Center Project Proposal

“Public Diplomacy and Outreach Devoted to the European Union and EU-GCC Relations” EU-GCC Al Jisr Project Proposal Full Title EU-GCC “Al Jisr” Project Type of Funding Scheme Co-Financed Project “Public Diplomacy and Outreach Devoted to the European Call Addressed Union and the EU-GCC Relations” Name of the Coordinating Person Dr. Christian Koch

Participant Number Organization Name Country 1 (Coordinator) Gulf Research Center (GRC) United Arab Emirates 2 Arab Reform Initiative (ARI) France 3 Bertelsmann Stiftung Germany 4 Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) Belgium 5 European Institute for Asian Studies (EIAS) Belgium Fundacion Para las Relaciones Interncionales 6 Madrid y El Dialogo Exterior (FRIDE) 7 Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Rome 8 Institute of Diplomatic Studies (IoDS) Saudi Arabia Kuwait University (KU) Euro Gulf Research 9 Kuwait Unit National Technical University of Athens School 10 Greece of Electrical and Computer Engineering 11 Sciences-Po (IEP) France EU-GCC Al Jisr Project Table of Contents

1. Concept and Objectives 1.1 Contextualization 10 1.2 Aim of the Project 11 1.3 Alignment with Call’s Objectives 12 2. Methodology 2.1 Overall Strategy 13 2.2 Deliverables 32 2.3 Expected Impacts 34 2.3.1 Expected Impact of the Al Jisr Project 34 2.3.2 Steps to bring about these Impacts 35 2.3.3 Relevance at the European level 36 2.3.4 Dissemination of Project results and Management of Intellectual Property 36 2.4 Risks Management 37 2.4.1 Risk Management 37 2.4.2 Scientific and Technological Risk 37 2.4.3 Management Risk 37 2.4.4 Quality Control 37 3. Project Management 3.1 Project Organization 38 3.1.1 Organizational Structure 38 3.1.2 Responsibilities 39 3.1.3 Staff Effort 40 3.2 Consortium 41 3.2.1 Partner 41 3.2.2 Consortium Agreement 51 4. Project Implementation 4.1 Project Plan 52 4.2 Detailed Work Description 53

5. Budget 5.1 Budget Overview 57 Table 1 57 Table 2 57 Table 3 58 Table 4 59 5.2 Detailed Forward Budget 60 Table 5 60 Table 6 63 Table 7 63 Table 8 64 Table 9 64 Table 10 66 Table 11 66 Table 12 67 Table 13 67 Table 14 67 EU-GCC Al Jisr Project 9

Brief Description The project’s main objective is threefold. Firstly, it aims to enhance public and well as professional knowledge and understanding of the European Union, its policies and institutions, among GCC citizens. Secondly, it strives to strengthen reﬂection and debate about EU-GCC relations and contribute to the future of policy-making between the two regions. Finally, closer links between the EU and the GCC will be ensured through the dissemination of information on the EU.

The project will consist of ﬁve main components which will tackle the question of the promotion of GCC-EU relations to its fullest by addressing all aspects possible from training, debating, translating to dissemination.

Preamble

The Gulf and Europe are close geographical neighbors, yet their relationship has remained vague and not clearly deﬁned. While talks between the two sides on how to formalize their relationship began almost immediately within the formation of the GCC in 1981 and in the wake of the failure of the Euro-Arab Dialogue, the 1989 Cooperation agreement signed by both sides simply stated the objective to be to “help promoting overall cooperation between equal partners on mutually advantageous terms in all spheres between the two regions and further their economic development, taking into consideration the differences in levels of 1 development of the parties.” A Joint Cooperation Council was established of representatives of both sides and this council has met on a yearly basis alternatively within the EU and the GCC.

From the outset, the cooperation agreement rested on three main pillars: political cooperation, undertaking negotiations towards a free trade agreement, and economic and technical cooperation. Even then, cooperation has remained limited and the development of mutually beneﬁcial relations have been thwarted by a combination of the incompatibility of institutional actors, the lack of political will, and the failure to conclude the free trade area negotiations. In this environment, the preference for bilateralism prevailed with individual European states conducting their relations with single states in the region rather than passing the Gulf ﬁle as a whole for consideration at the multi-lateral European level. In addition, even outside the GCC framework, a different set of relations developed with regard to Iran and Iraq, two key protagonist that make up the security condominium in the Gulf. There was in effect very little coordination between the different approaches and poles.

Within this framework, the general notion that a higher degree of engagement is required has gained acceptance also in European political circles. With the EU increasingly taking over a more deﬁned foreign and security policy role so also have the stakes within the Middle East placed themselves with urgency on the top of the agenda which is reﬂected in policy documents such as the European Security Strategy of 2003 and the 2004 Strategic Partnership with the Mediterranean and the Middle East. In the latter, it is clearly stated that: “The Strategic Partnership will focus on the countries of North Africa and the Middle East, including the 2 countries of the GCC, Yemen, Iraq and Iran.” The EU thus underlined its own view that it cannot avoid this region any longer. EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

1. Concept and Objectives

1.1 Contextualization

Institutional relations between the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states and the European Union (EU) have existed for nearly two decades. During this period, the two institutions have engaged at numerous levels, yet despite an already extensive network of strong bilateral ties to support the multilateral framework, interregional understanding and consequently cooperation has remained still quite limited. This is despite the numerous advantages that could be provided by a broadening of institutional ties not only on the economic front but equally in the provision of peace and security to one of the most important and strategic regions of the world today. In this context, the GCC and EU should seek an active expansion of their relations in particular considering that the two regions share historical links, geographic proximity, mutual dependence and strategic importance.

The fact that the current international political scene confronts numerous challenges – from an array of security crises, to the impact of globalization and the liberalization of markets, to international terrorism and environmental degradation - necessitates better global leadership and new kinds of international cooperation. In regard to almost all of these issues the GCC states ﬁnd themselves looking towards Europe. On the one hand, the GCC states’ anxiety about the security and stability of their own region suggests they would welcome more cooperation and support from the EU. This is reinforced by the need for international partners to help in the process of reform and development that these states have embarked on in response to domestic, regional and international pressures. On the other hand, the EU with its vast experience in regional integration and reform enjoys a high degree of credibility to help GCC states in their current development as well as in their own regional integration process. Recent steps such as the establishment of a GCC Customs Union, the decision by the GCC summit meeting in December 2007 to implement a single market as well as considerations about the introduction of a GCC common currency are all strategies that in one way or another mirror the development of the European Union. The EU is not only a possible example to follow but it is an institution from whose experience the GCC states are eager to learn.

Coupled with the Gulf region’s rising strategic importance, not only in economic and security-related terms but also as far as political development, cultural exchange and even geographic location is concerned, both regions have thus come to a point where greater cooperation is crucial for their roles as inﬂuential political and economic actors. This is also the case given that the security concept as such is undergoing rapid transformation with the European Union at the forefront of deﬁning how security in the near future is going to be structured and what that means in terms of effective response mechanism (see for example the European Security Strategy of 2003).

For the Gulf region what is important is that Europe today is a continent dense with overlapping institutions that ensure that disputes and disagreements are handled in a constructive and ultimately mutually beneficial manner. In addition, Europe stands for a concept of comprehensive security in which politico-military issues are supplemented by the promotion of human rights, economic development and environmental protection to endure a fundamental maintenance of security and stability. Moreover, emphasis is placed on the notion of security as indivisible, meaning that the security of one state cannot be seen as separate of that of other states. The focus is therefore on promoting confidence-building measures as well as conflict prevention and management.

At this stage, the aspirations for GCC-EU relations have not been fulﬁlled. Multilateral ties remain weak, bilateralism predominates and serious discussion has not sufﬁciently advanced beyond consideration of economic ties and relations. What has not been adequately recognized is the fact that beyond the initial steps that have been taken so far, Europe has something far more valuable to offer to the Gulf in terms of experience and history. Not too long ago, Europe was a continent imbued with strife and national animosity. Today, Europe is a continent growing closer together almost by the minute with now 27 member states sharing governance under the European Union. And the process of integration and cooperation is far from complete. With its decision to open accession negotiations with Turkey, the EU is moving closer and closer 11

to the Gulf region. It is therefore essential for both sides to quicken the pace of their relationship and to implement substantive steps that truly promote understanding and cooperation.

In order to pursue this goal, a thorough mutual understanding and knowledge is indispensable to carry the relationship further. In the end, institutions will not work unless they are supported by a process. Here, the EU can draw on multiple resources in the ﬁelds of development assistance, trade and the conduct of broad- based dialogues to create the necessary political will that can bring about success and achieve results. With the Commission’s decision to launch a project on “Public Diplomacy and Outreach devoted to the European Union and EU-GCC Relations” a signiﬁcant step has been taken in the right direction. With its submission for this project, the Gulf Research Center and its consortium partners intent to use this opportunity and provide EU-GCC relations with the necessary substance and framework that has been missing so far.

1.2 Aim of the Project

The project proposal put forth by the Gulf Research Center and its consortium partners pursues multiple objectives within a comprehensive and synergetic framework. First, it aims at raising the level of awareness and knowledge of the EU, its institutions and policies in the Gulf - where there is still a lack of basic understanding about what the EU is, how it is structured, and what policies it pursues. There is a need to render more accessible a maximum amount of information to diplomats and policy-makers who shape the future of the region and to the GCC citizens as future potential students, visitors or trading partners to the EU. The Al Jisr project seeks to promote a maximum amount of interaction and exchange between individuals on both sides and in this context put the people-to-people contact in the forefront. Secondly, this project strives to support the EU-GCC enterprise which consists in increasingly harmonizing their economic policies and collaborating in the design of social and political initiatives of international impact. The Gulf represents an amalgam of emerging thriving economic opportunities as well as a nest of crisis leading to soaring insecurity in the region with a direct potential impact on world security. Consequently, it is indispensable that the EU as a unified political and economic block of great importance would work towards the future shaping of its policies in cooperation with the GCC. With the GCC countries themselves experiencing a tremendous amount of transition which has repercussions on every aspect of their political, social and economic life, effective EU policies can have a significant impact on shaping and influencing the views and policies from the region. The project seeks to highlight those opportunities and through its broad- based network of individuals and institutions in both regions work towards bringing about a policy-oriented, effective and implementable agenda.

Third, the Al Jisr project attempts to identify new constructive ways of cooperation in addition to reviewing the current status of relations to see whether ties can be improved upon and/or where the main obstacles lie that have prevented cooperation from reaching their potential. In this context, the project takes as its point of departure the Cooperation Agreement that has been in place between the EU and the GCC since 1989 which has always advocated an interdisciplinary and dynamic relationship in a variety of areas. The ambition of this project is to promote and renew the EU-GCC relationship which has become more and more intertwined, and to speciﬁcally identify issues in which constructive and substantive progress can be achieved that will beneﬁt the peoples on both sides.

The intricacy of the issues and challenges faced by both regions justifies a multi-faceted approach to improving the outreach of the EU-GCC relations. Consequently, the Al Jisr project will have recourse to several components to reach its main objectives as outlined above. More precisely, this project consists of training, research, workshop, translation and dissemination components. The use of these tools allows for broad and complete promotion and understanding of the EU-GCC relationship. Part of the strategy is to involve many GCC and European actors that will ensure the quality and the depth of the knowledge on the issues raised. It is believed that the strength of this project lies in the wide cooperation of different organizations which all have specific expertise and which ensure that research outcomes, policy prescriptions and project deliverables are in line with the overall objectives of promoting closer and more effective EU-GCC relations. In addition, the project brings with it a broad network of government officials, business leaders, academics and specialists, media personalities, civil society leaders, students and other engaged individuals in order to, first, allow EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

project results to be disseminated among a wide group of people and, second, to make sure that the debate and the results reaches those individuals in positions of power and a willingness to see recommendations implemented. It is the strong belief of the Gulf Research Center and its consortium partners that this approach allows the delivering of the best-quality work on all components as this project will have recourse to each partner depending on its area of expertise.

1.3 Alignment with Call’s objectives

This project consists of activities that respond directly with the objectives of the Call for Proposal on “Public Diplomacy and Outreach devoted to the European Union and EU-GCC Relations.” This can be outlined as follows:

• First, the project aims at raising awareness among the general public in GCC countries AND among specified target groups thanks to two of its activities (Work Package 1 and 4). The project plans to undertake the translation and publication of six main textbooks stating basic facts and issues related to the European Union. The dissemination of such publications is expected to be wide as they will be circulated in GCC universities and public libraries as well as among government agencies, ensuring impact on a wide population sample. Given the network of the Gulf Research Center in the GCC countries, the activities will reach both the general public and key decision- and policy-makers. A second activity will target a more specialized public as four training programs will be especially designed for GCC diplomats as well as academics and opinion makers. The training programs will be divided into two phases; the first phase over the first twelve months will cover general questions related to the EU whereas the second phase will be designed to tackle more specific themes drafted by the Steering Committee, based on the outcome and discussion of the first round of training sessions. The training programs are conceptualized to be practical and policy-oriented combining a solid academic understanding of EU structures and policies with current issue applications. This arrangement will provide for better and more comprehensive understanding of the EU among a large range of the GCC population. In a context where both actors have an increasing role in the political, economic and security fields, it is indispensable to foster better knowledge of both parties for future cooperation.

• Second, work packages 2 and 3 will ensure that not only a debate is engaged between EU and GCC policymakers but also that excellent qualitative research is conducted as a basis for well-informed discussion on the future cooperative steps to be taken by both parties towards the development of their economic relations. This is directly in line with objectives 2 and 3 of the call in terms of promoting debate about future challenges and directions of GCC-EU Relations and contributing to fostering closer links between the GCC and the EU. As can be seen from the detailed description below, both workshop activities and research programs are designed to “engage EU and GCC policymakers, research analysts, business and other economic stakeholders, and other relevant groups, in considering the scope of expanding EU- GCC co-operation.”

• Third, all of the proposed activities constitute an opportunity for future challenges to be formulated, put forward suggestions to handle current deadlocks, and allowing for an increase awareness of each other’s peculiarities and rendering possible a successful cooperation. To achieve this objective, the activities are designed to be results-oriented.

• Finally, the project will ensure the wide dissemination and easy access in the long term to not only the follow up and results of the project but also to basic facts on the EU which will be regularly updated on a website designed and created for the project. This dissemination tool will ensure a sustainable circulation of information on the EU-GCC relations, allowing for further awareness raising. Given the fact that the Gulf Research Center already has a dedicated web portal for EU-GCC relations and given the usefulness of this tool, it is expected that more targeted and specialized activities can have wide-ranging impact both in the EU but primarily in the GCC countries. 13

2. Methodology

2.1 Overall Strategy

This project is structured to cover ﬁve main areas of activity that meet the requirements of the call and respond to the diversity of the issues needed to be covered. This includes the following:

Work Package 1: A series of four training workshops to be held in GCC member countries to raise awareness among GCC states, diplomats, academics and opinion makers. Approximately 30 participants will be invited to attend each workshop that will be organized in GCC countries by lead institutions on European Union affairs. In addition, a substantial number of outstanding speakers, some of whom will be practitioners, will lead the trainings. The training programs are divided into two phases. The first phase will focus on communicating basic facts about the EU, its history, policies and institutions. There will be two trainings on such issues in two different GCC countries and this will set the foundation for the next phase. The second phase will cover more specific thematic issues and will follow on the outcome and comments of the first set of sessions. As these trainings will be taking place in the second half of the project, that it to say between May 2009 and April 2010, the exact topics of these trainings are to be determined collectively by the Steering Committee depending on the analysis of the results of the first phase and of current affairs. On the GCC sides, the training program in the Gulf will be conducted in conjunction with various national Institutes of Diplomatic Studies. The sessions themselves will involve participation from all GCC member states.

Work Package 2: This involves a series of workshops to be held in Europe and GCC countries devoted to the broad concept of “Considering the Scope for Expanding EU-GCC Co-operation: Suggestions for Taking the Relationship Forward”. The aim of this work package is to give policy-makers and practitioners of both regions the opportunity to discuss future policy outlines and possibly resolve current deadlocks on speciﬁc issues. Open discussions will be preceded by presentations from expert panels that will allow for in-depth analysis of the challenges that face both regions and would constitute a space for the formulation of quality responses. These workshops will be moderated by expert staff from the different partners. They will be thematic in order to focus the discussion on speciﬁc issues of special relevance to current affairs. The composition of the workshops is half from the EU and half from the GCC side.

As part of this proposal and the envisaged activities, seven workshops are planned although the project scope is designed to allow for some degree of ﬂexibility depending on developments and speciﬁc requests from consortium partners. For this, the role of the Steering Committee is important. As a rule of thumb, the entire project proposal is structured along dynamic lines so that short-term adjustments in terms of the scope of each workshop are possible in response to current needs. The basic structure and framework will, however, remain unaffected.

The first workshop will be held in Paris with the Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences-Po) as the lead organisation alongside the support of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The aim will be to create a space for GCC, French and EU officials to discuss the role of the French presidency to the EU, which runs from July to December 2008, in fostering EU-GCC relations and to outline an agenda that will promote greater cooperation. A similar approach has been used by the Gulf Research Center and the Bertelsmann Stiftung in January 2007 during the German EU presidency and was seen as having produced concrete results. The workshop itself will also utilize the policy planning community by focusing on issues such as political developments, Gulf regional security issues, economic and energy topics and relations in the field of education and culture. Although being very policy-related, the workshop will serve as a broad introduction to the project as a whole with more specialized workshops to follow. The session will end with a roundtable discussion to produce policy recommendation. These recommendations will subsequently be circulated among policy officials on both the EU and the GCC side.

A second workshop will be on the role of education in fostering GCC-EU relations and is scheduled to take place in Kuwait with the Euro-Gulf Research Unit of Kuwait University. It will be organised in conjunction and with the support of the Bertelsmann Stiftung, Germany. Education is a generational system and the extent to which EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

certain skills or cultural content are passed on to the next generation depends on the educational level of the previous generation. Demographic shifts make the need for innovation even more urgent fully cognizant of the fact that in order to compete in an international arena a top-notch educational system is needed. The Bertelsmann Stiftung has been and continues to work towards education reform in Germany and Europe. This includes various efforts to encourage lifelong learning: early childhood education, access to individual educational options like libraries, IT-based learning and long distance learning, all as essential component in the information society of today and tomorrow. To invest in education is an investment for the future as well as in the labor market and in healthcare. The target of the workshop is to encourage dialogue and to formulate recommendations for actors involved in educational reform processes: Specifically what can the EU and the GCC do to improve the GCC’s educational systems in the light of the recent demographic pressure in the Gulf, to strengthen exchange of experiences between both regions and how can institutions of both regions set up common initiatives to improve the educational reform in poorer Arab countries. The specific target audience will be education officials on both sides including bringing in the NGO and foundation sector in the Gulf. Recently established foundations in the United Arab Emirates, like the Emirates Foundation of Abu Dhabi and the Mohammad Bin Rashid Foundation in Dubai, have concentrated heavily on promoting education initiatives and there is a strong tendency to look at what is being offered from the European side. The Gulf Research Center itself has taken the initiative in this regard by, for example, entering into a cooperation agreement with the Free University of Berlin to offer a Master’s of Arts in International Relations based on a distance-learning format. The workshop will build on such initiatives.

The Bertelsmann Stiftung will also host and organize a workshop in Berlin which will specifically focus on issues of security and politics in current affairs. The coming years will bear witness to a potentially conflict- prone struggle over a number of resources, including to access essential raw materials and new markets. Regional partnerships and security structures must therefore be given adequate support, since especially a stable Gulf Region can serve as a reliable source of energy for Europe and guarantee prosperity, education and employment for its own citizens and its neighbors in the Gulf. The conflicts in the Middle East and the Gulf region are interwoven with each other and they necessarily attract the attention of Europe. In this context, Europe needs to be aware of the special security needs in the Gulf Region, in particular with an emphasis on sub-regional structures for cooperation and security in the Gulf that are currently under discussion. Europe and the GCC thus have an interest in dealing with the conflicts in the region through the application of cooperation and dialogue, and the recent expansion of the European Union alongside the development of its foreign, security and defense policies can be used as an example for how to promote and initiate greater confidence-building among the GCC and its neighbors Iraq, Iran and Yemen. This is also relevant as the GCC as a regional institution continues to gain in maturity thereby opening the door to better prospects in the field of cooperative security measures. As is the case with the other workshops, recommendations will be formulated on how the security cooperation between the GCC and the EU can be improved and how a sub- regional security and cooperation structure for the Gulf Region can be established.

A fourth workshop will be organized by the Center for European Policy Studies in Brussels with the focus on economic integration and improving the level of economic ties between the EU and the GCC. The EU both as an institution and in light of its historical development has often been identified as having possible model character for the Gulf region, specifically as far as the GCC is concerned. In particular, the process of EU integration is seen as a functional step-by-step development where integration in one area has led to pressures and incentives to integrate elsewhere. As the GCC states embark on a similar process, it is important to better understand the European experience and to see what lessons can be learned to achieve higher degree of regional integration alongside optimizing the results of political decisions being taken. Specifically, the GCC has introduced a customs union in 2003, called out the establishment of a GCC common market at its December 2007 summit meeting to begin in 2008 and even considered the introduction of a common currency. These steps are bound to have an impact on overall EU and GCC economic relations, similarly to the anticipated conclusion of the EU-GCC free trade agreement in the later half of 2008. The implications of the FTA will be analyzed in conjunction with the research project which is also being carried out in conjunction with this project.

A ﬁfth workshop is included with the cooperation of the Fundación para la Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE). This workshop which will be held in Madrid will focus on the question of Political 15

Reform in the Gulf region in relations to governance issues and the changing international position of the GCC countries. What is often not recognized within Europe is that the GCC countries are experiencing change and transition at multiple levels from the domestic arena where they are demographic issues, rising political demands, a changing media environment just to name some items to the regional and international levels that are both forcing changes on the recipient countries as well as encouraging them to participate as active members of an emerging global community. This in turn, confronts the GCC states with a variety of challenges that all need to be accommodated within a framework where change is introduced but in a gradual and peaceful manner. With human rights and democracy issues high on the European agenda, it is important to adequately look at the developments taking place in the Gulf and to see how the European Union can encourage and channel continued evolutionary change. As is the practice with the other workshops, the discussion here will be supported by formal paper presentations resulting in publication that can be later distributed to a wider audience.

One area that is not often seen as an area where the GCC and the EU can cooperate more effectively on is the Mediterranean region. As such, the project includes a workshop with the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) to be held in Rome to focus on the European Union’s Cooperation policies with its Mediterranean neighbors and to look into how GCC countries can also assist the transition process going on in these countries. Alongside the Gulf’s economic boom and growing investment in North Africa, the GCC countries are well positioned to play a more central role. In addition, the Gulf region has close political ties with countries such as Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon and Syria and the countries like Saudi Arabia and Qatar have played an active role diplomatically in the last few years to mitigate potential conﬂict situations. In the framework of the Barcelona Process, the European Union has long recognized the importance of fostering relations and supporting development in its southern neighborhood. In line with Italy’s special position in this regard and the fact that the IAI has undertaken many studies in terms of the EU’s Mediterranean policies, the project sees it as opportune and important to follow up on such issues within the framework of GCC-EU relations. An added value is the fact that the Gulf Research Center and the IAI have in the past conducted 2 workshops on the EU-GCC relationships.

Finally, in collaboration with EPU of the National Technical University of Athens which the project will subcontract for this purpose, the project includes a workshop on issues related to energy and the environment which will be completed by a session on aviation and its implications for the environment. On the one hand, concerns over energy security rank high on the European policy agenda and without a doubt the energy relationship with the Gulf producing countries remains underdeveloped. In times of a rise in demand for energy resources, in particular for Asia, the strategic signiﬁcance of the Gulf region will only increase and thus Europe needs to develop close ties with the energy sector of the Gulf countries. Yet, the overall energy debate is also increasingly being dominated by concerns over environmental issues, for example with regard to climate change and its impact. While there is the view of the Gulf as primarily seen as the world’s gas station with little concern for environmental impact and with little incentive to invest in alternative sources of energy, this is a changing dynamic. Both the UAE and Saudi Arabia have committed large funds to the climate fund from the last UN conference in Bali, and Abu Dhabi in particular has taken the lead in the construction a green city with its Masdar project set to begin construction in 2008. The workshop envisioned here will provide a combination of technical expertise on new technologies as well as discuss the policy implications and opportunities of greater collaboration in what has to be seen as a future industry. This will form an important pillar of the overall dimension of improving EU-GCC relations.

Furthermore, in conjunction with the European Institute for Asian Studies on the topic of Air Transportation the second part of the workshop will address the issue of aviation and its impact on the environment. This event will take place simultaneously with the Dubai Air Show, which will next take place in the fall of 2009. Holding the event together with this major exhibition will allow for a greater degree of industry participation and therefore enhance the quality of the activity. With three major airlines emerging from the Gulf region – Emirates, Etihad and Qatar Airways, the aviation industry in the Gulf is set to show tremendous growth potential over the coming years. To provide just one example, Dubai is currently in the process of building a new airport with a capacity of 140 million passengers annually thus surpassing the capacity of London’s Heathrow and Frankfurt’s Rhein-Main airports combined. At the same time, the role of Airbus and other EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

related aviation activities in the EU member states are a critical component for the continued growth of the industry in Europe and thus it makes sense for the two sides to explore more closely the impact of closer relations and the potentials that present themselves for both sides. This workshop will be more garnered to engage the business community and thus highlight once again an area of cooperation that has so far not been adequately explored.

Each of the above described workshops will be approximately one-and-a-half days in length and feature four to six formal presentations. The emphasis will be on the policy side of the equation with each workshop producing a set of policy recommendations that will be afterwards circulated among key ofﬁcials from both sides as well as the wider expert network and interested individuals.

Work Package 3: As part of the overall dissemination and public diplomacy aspect of the project, the project will translate six key introductory textbooks of an average of 300 pages on the European Union into Arabic. The ﬁnished products will be circulated in the Gulf through the cooperation of the Gulf Research Center with the Gulf universities, specialized institutes and governmental agencies. There is a particular need for such textbooks at the university level in both undergraduate and graduate levels, in the view of establishing in the near future specialized European Studies program at local Gulf universities. The aim of this work package is to ensure the widest reach when spreading knowledge of the EU among the GCC citizens. The decision on which books are to be translated will be taken by the Steering Committee whose common expertise would be useful for this task.

Work Package 4: A research project on the challenge and potential of economic growth and diversiﬁcation in the GCC, including an analysis of how the beneﬁts of the expected Free Trade Agreement (FTA) can best be reaped makes up the fourth work package. A team of specialized researchers from both regions will be constituted and given access to all resources in the hands of the project’s partners. Once again, the strategy to establish such partnerships will prove to be precious as the resources and expertise of each partner will be fully used.

After two decades of stagnation, the GCC has entered a new phase of high-level growth and is trying to establish itself as a new global economic hub. Although Gulf economic development has drawn much attention from international banks and consultancies, there is very little integrated research into the region’s long-term institutional and sectoral development and hence its long term geo-economic signiﬁcance.

GCC economic growth since 2000 (IIF data)

Drawing on decades of experience in the analysis of development issues in the GCC and other regions, and the consortium’s wide-reaching institutional and personal networks in the GCC countries, the project aims at evaluating the potential of the region to enter a period of sustained growth, based on the strength of the private sector, higher oil prices, and the evident complementarity with other Asian economies. The cross- 17

cutting themes to be researched are the GCC’s new status and future potential as driver of development within the MENA region, its aspirations to become global economic hub in a variety of sectors, the new and much enhanced role of GCC private business in local and regional development, and the implications this has for the EU in terms of threats and opportunities. Building on in-depth expertise about the political, institutional and economic environment in the Gulf, the project aims at an integrated understanding of long-term development in the region that goes beyond the sectoral and “snapshot” reports that have been produced in increasing numbers in recent years. Can the local factor endowment in terms of capital and natural resources be converted into long-term competitive advantage? The specific topics to be addressed to answer the above cross-cutting questions include: • the GCC economies’ comparative strengths and weaknesses related to the labor market, unemployment and migration; female participation in the economy; and education and economic development. • changes in the Gulf business environment with respect to privatisation and government ownership, business regulation, and the strengths and weaknesses of the private sector, as measured by global indicators. • the potential for economic diversification (downstream integration into refining, petrochemicals and other energy-intensive industries and its implications for EU industry and the global environment; the competitiveness of Gulf industry outside of the above-mentioned sectors; and the potential for specialisation in other services, including tourism). • domestic energy consumption in the GCC countries including domestic pricing of various hydrocarbon and the recent trends towards acquiring a nuclear power generation component. • the Gulf financial sector, focusing on trends of regulatory change, financial diversification, regional and international consolidation of banking intermediaries, the Gulf’s potential as regional and global hub, and the behaviour and future of the GCC’s Sovereign Wealth Funds. • GCC monetary unification, discussing future scenarios of exchange rate policy, currency pegs and monetary policy. • the Gulf region’s future position in the global economic context, with special reference to relations with the other Asian countries, with the European Union, the Mediterranean Arab countries, Iraq and Yemen. On the basis of these sectoral and institutional lines of research, the project will arrive at a number of integrated future scenarios to judge the region’s regional and international economic role as well as the shifting functions of state and business in it. The project will be able to draw on extensive documentation on economic and institutional developments that have been collated by the Gulf Research Centre, targeted interviews with decision-makers in the region, data collected by consortium members in the course of past research projects, and additional data to be collected from national statistical agencies, line ministries and regulators, consultancies, and international organizations. It will result in the most comprehensive data base of economic information on the GCC yet available.

Economic diversiﬁcation and industrial growth

The literature on resource-rich countries has tended to emphasise the difficulties that these countries face on the path of development, and to predict their eventual failure. Do the Gulf countries provide us with examples of resource rich economies that have successfully taken the development path? The failures of many other oil exporting countries are only too clear, while positive examples are scarce, albeit not insignificant (Malaysia, Indonesia). To what extent have Gulf economies actually diversified? We can measure diversification in several different ways, and the conclusion is likely to be different depending on the period of time under scrutiny; depending on whether we look at composition of GDP or exports; depending how we consider government services; depending on how we categorize industrial activities downstream of resources extraction (oil refining, petrochemicals) or closely related to their availability (aluminium, phosphates, iron and steel, glass, and EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

may other energy and resource-intensive industries). In the end, one could argue that in an oil economy everything is tied to the availability of oil or of the income it generates – but is this a good reason to conclude that diversification is not real and the emerging economic activities are not sustainable in the long term? The focus of our proposed research will therefore be on the following points: � How have Gulf economic policies differed from those of other oil producing countries and from the so-called Washington consensus? Our research hypothesis here is that indeed the Gulf countries have adopted a unique combination of policies which has led to apparently positive outcomes, although with significant differences between the cases. � What difference does the composition of government expenditure make on the “resource curse” or “Dutch disease” dynamics? Are there categories of expenditure (investment in infrastructure, in education and health, in industry etc.) which may set development in motion – as opposed to private and public consumption, military expenditure etc.? � Which are the main trends in the expansion of “productive sectors” in the economies of the Gulf? Here we shall note and analyse the different implications of a development focus on industry as opposed to a focus on services – a distinction that may to some extent be fading away as countries imitate each other’s successes. � Are examples of diversification entirely linked to oil? To what extent can new activities survive whenever oil production in the region will decline? (It has already been declining in some of the GCC countries, notably Bahrain, Oman and, within the UAE, Dubai. The assumption that oil production will disappear is surely so remote in time as to be irrelevant for research at present). In what sense and under what conditions may these be said to be sustainable or the contrary? � Linked to this last set of questions is the problem of rapidly growing domestic demand for hydrocarbons in the GCC countries. This is partly the result of pricing policies that discourage the rational use of energy and may encourage investment in projects that would not be viable at “international” prices. To what extent is the diversification of exports and the surge of non-oil merchandise and services export purely a reflection of pricing practices that diverge from international market realities and may constitute hidden (or not so hidden) subsidies? What would happen if these practices were abandoned or substantially modified under international pressure, bilaterally as well as in the context of the WTO? � Non-availability of natural gas or electricity may become a serious limiting factor for some industries, and it is in this context that the GCC countries have recently expressed the will to acquire a nuclear component to their primary energy balances. As evidenced by France’s recent cooperation agreement with the UAE, this may be an important area for cooperation with the EU and certainly deserves a closer look. To address these questions, the project will produce several sectoral papers and a number of cross-cutting papers. Cross-cutting papers will include: � Comparative analysis of Gulf economic policies vs. the experience of other oil countries and the Washington consensus � Comparative analysis of Gulf government expenditure and its impact on economic diversification � Conceptual problems of measuring economic diversification, as applied to the GCC economies � Comparative analysis of sectoral trends in economic diversification � Domestic pricing of energy and industrial competitiveness (a long standing issue in relations with the EU) � Performing an econometric analysis of EU-GCC trade by constructing a gravity model � An analysis of the efficacy of the EU-GCC cooperation agreement � Barriers to EU-GCC trade: the likely effects of an EU-GCC FTA and how it could improve economic integration � Patterns of EU-GCC direct investment and joint venture formation 19

Sectoral papers will include notably: � A paper on reﬁning and petrochemicals – current trends and issues for the EU � A paper on aluminium – current trends and issues (also for the EU) � A paper on building materials � A paper on power generation and the rationale for acquiring a nuclear component (including opportunities for cooperation with Europe) � A paper on other major manufacturing industries (mechanical, electro-mechanical, automotive components, plastic products…) The above list is indicative, and the breakdown of papers may be modiﬁed as work on the project progresses.

The role, development and competitiveness of the ﬁnancial sector

The financial sector is an area in which the capital-rich Gulf countries have already proved their regional edge more clearly than in most other sectors, profiting from the local factor endowment in the form of abundant capital. Nonetheless, it has not yet lived up to its potential. Although the quality of regulation, both nationally and in the new capital market enclaves, has been improving since the 2005/06 stock market crash, the standards of monitoring and of financial information still trail international best practices, and financial intermediation does not reach all types and sectors of business. New financial instruments and players have appeared much faster in some markets (Bahrain, UAE) than in others (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia) – some might say too fast. The project will compare the respective regulatory frameworks and analyze national trends towards diversification of financial instruments and actors, market deepening, and their impact on business diversification and consolidation in the region. Qatar and Dubai have recently been trying to establish themselves as regional capital market hubs, putting pressure on Bahrain’s status as offshore haven and prodding Saudi Arabia towards a gradual opening of its own capital market. Our research will evaluate the viability of rival financial centers and the role of product specialization in it, with special focus on Islamic finance. The UAE has recently seen first significant steps of banking consolidation. The project will gauge the potential for the emergence of cross-border mergers and of regional and, possibly, global banking players – which considering the size of regional wealth are a distinct possibility. The impact of increasing foreign competition on local consolidation and competitiveness will be assessed. In parallel with integration of financial markets, the GCC countries are aiming at monetary integration and the establishment of a common currency. The main benefit of a common currency would be to support the integration of financial markets. It is also inextricably tied to the dilemmas of monetary policy, and specifically exchange rate policy. A debate is currently raging in the Gulf whether it is rational to maintain a dollar peg, and whether the Gulf countries should not adopt a monetary policy that is not subordinate to that of the Federal Reserve. Do monetary integration and a common currency make sense in Gulf conditions? Could the Gulf countries conduct an independent monetary policy? Would a different exchange regime (free float? basket peg? Euro peg?) make better sense? Exchange rate policy is linked to the management of reserves, and to the accumulation of vast foreign currency balances in the hands of the GCC governments, out of which originate the so-called Sovereign Wealth Funds. GCC-based Sovereign Wealth Funds have drawn much attention in the recent year, but little is understood about their economic and political rationales. A comparison of overseas asset allocation during the last and the current boom will help to detect secular trends, while interviews with local bankers and decision-makers will help clarify GCC perceptions of the EU as a long-term investment destination and the Euro as a medium of capital storage. Papers to be produced will cover: � Regulatory trends and institutional weaknesses of GCC capital markets � The viability, regionally and globally, of rival financial centers EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

� Banking consolidation and cross-border activities � Dilemmas of monetary policy in the GCC � Monetary integration: rationale and obstacles – potential for cooperation with the EU � “GCC exchange rate policy alternatives: role of the euro and the effects of a re-peg on domestic inﬂationary pressures” � GCC Sovereign Wealth Funds’ global and European strategies

The potential for specialisation in other services, including tourism

The most spectacular recent diversification successes arguably have occurred in a number of non-tradables sectors which do not have a long tradition in the GCC, notably tourism and transport services. Dubai in particular has used its location as international hub to pursue non-oil development. Emirates is a very successful airline; tourism projects are fully underwritten years in advance, and the same is true with Dubai’s special zones – Internet City, Media City, Knowledge Village, various international universities etc. The emirate has set another new standard by exporting its logistics service expertise regionally and globally, managing ports and airports in other countries. The rest of the GCC has attempted to follow Dubai’s lead in one fashion or the other. Oman has diversified into tourism, while Qatar has been rapidly enlarging its national airline and has attracted several first-rate international universities through its Foundation for Education. Bahrain also has developed educational services alongside its traditionally internationalized financial services sector. Even Saudi Arabia has licensed private universities and harbours ambitious plans to become at least a regional holiday destination, in addition to the annual hosting of pilgrims to Mecca and Medina. Saudi Arabia is also a significant regional exporter of quality medical services. Recently, several countries have initiated large, publicly funded research projects in environmental, information and energy technology. Our project will offer a comparative evaluation of these service diversification trends: to what extent is the “Dubai model” of new service sectors sustainable, can it be generalised to the other countries in the region, is there danger of an unproductive parallelism of projects or will different countries develop their own non- oil niches (as Bahrain has done in the case of some financial services)? What are the conditions for further service diversification, especially in the context of a changing human resources environment? How have the legal conditions changed for international investors in new services, do new regulatory commissions prove their value? Comparisons will be undertaken with services developments in East Asia (i.a. Singapore, Hong Kong, and Malaysia). The project will also evaluate, with the help of econometric methods, how high the residual indirect dependence on oil income is for the more diversified sectors. Special attention will be devoted to the fledgling national airlines of the Gulf, which are among the most ambitious diversification ventures in the region, with special focus on competition and complementarity with European carriers, and demand for European technology. A shorter section will address maritime transport as a new growth sector with global reach. Papers to be produced will cover: � The general conditions for local and international service investment in different GCC countries � Gulf airlines in the international context � The regional and global potential of tourism services � The Gulf as possible hub of medical services � The Gulf as possible hub of private higher education and research and development � The export of various logistical and transport-related services In all of the above the perspective of potential cooperation/conflict will the EU will be discussed. 21

Business environment and the role of the private sector

Looking only at factors and structures of production as such is not sufﬁcient to evaluate developmental potential: social, institutional and political forces are of supreme importance in determining development. A distinctive feature of the Gulf development experience has been the breeding of a vital and competent private sector. The emerging Gulf bourgeoisie is taking shape as a crucial economic and political actor, whose inﬂuence on regional affairs may become paramount. The private sector faces challenges in its required transformation from predominance of family businesses to the emergence of proper public corporate structures. We believe this is an especially important part of our inquiry and one deserving special attention.

Regulation and legal framework

The Gulf has seen numerous regulatory reforms since the late 1990s, often occurring in parallel. Several important markets have been opened – most notably telecoms, education and health – and new regulatory institutions have been established. All countries have witnessed changes in the FDI regulations and in taxation rules. This has helped to keep the edge of the GCC as a substantially more liberal region than the rest of MENA. The substantive quality of regulation, however, varies considerably between GCC states. The project will establish comparative standards for regulatory performance in GCC countries, and will explain the political factors inﬂuencing them. Comparative levels of transparency and accountability as well as intrusiveness of regulation will be surveyed, drawing on both local ﬁeld research and more aggregate international data sources (Transparency International, Bertelsmann Transformation Index, the Word Bank’s “Doing Business” series etc.). To understand chances of economic development in various sectors, it will be imperative to gauge the quality of institutions. On this basis, the project will assess the potential for EU-GCC cooperation on institution-building and regulatory benchmarking.

Strengths and weaknesses of private sector and the respective roles of private and public sectors

The quality of corporate governance in the Gulf will be another focus of analysis. Deficits in management structures, transparency and accounting practices will be addressed, giving special attention to the increasingly important issue of generational transition in Gulf family businesses, drawing on a number of case studies, including recent IPOs organized by large family conglomerates. In addition to looking at individual corporate structures and responsiveness to regulation, attention will be given to the important role of Gulf business and its individual sectors as collective actors in the policy- making process, both as “veto players” and as drivers of reform: � Private sector representation in state institutions. Private entrepreneurs or members of business families are represented in government, in parliaments or consultative councils, and in boards of major public agencies. We will investigate the extent to which these business leaders or members of business families have initiated and/or supported economic or political reform in their statements, vote or through other action, including the fulfilment of their mandate as managers of public agencies. � Private sector representative institutions notably CCIs. Institutions representing the private sector are among the best-organized civil society groups in the Gulf. They include the Chambers of Commerce and Industry as well as specific sectoral associations and more or less informal associations of business leaders at the national or regional level. The project will analyze their role in the policy making and implementation process. � Private sector and policy research. The establishment and support to policy research is another frequent tool for the private sector to influence the policy debate. Whether policy research is carried out indigenously, through the establishment of research centres and think tanks independent of the government; or through such institutions existing abroad; the study will aim at summarizing and evaluating the message that is generated from private actors and directed to holders of political power. EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

� Private sector and education. The private sector has been playing a growing role in the provision of education. In view of the central role of education in the political system, the characteristics of private sector initiatives in education, their profile, curricula, teaching methods etc. acquire considerable significance as tools for promoting economic and political reform, and will be analyzed in this light. In addition to looking at the private sector as an actor of reform, we also believe that it is important to investigate contests within the private sector. The importance of contests derives from the fact that, while the private business community may be quite conservative in its ideas and timid when it comes to advocating reform, nevertheless the progressive development of private enterprise in a competitive environment will inevitably generate conflicts of interest – contests – that the government will find increasingly difficult to mediate on the basis of traditional patron/client approaches. The natural dynamics of private sector development will necessitate the adoption of more formal rules of engagement and market regulations, which will limit the government’s room for arbitrary decision making.

We identify three main areas for research: � Major government tenders/transparency. As competition heats up, and the number of potential bidders is increased, major government tenders, including new utilities concessions or ﬂoating of government- owned assets, will have to be conducted in a more transparent and reliable fashion. We propose to survey the introduction of more advanced procurement methods, such as e-procurement; and review the more important cases of privatizations and issuance of concessions (e.g. mobile telephones) to discuss the extent to which more formal and transparent rules are being adopted and adhered to. � Other major market contests notably stock market. Government procurement and tenders are not the only relevant market for contest. Other markets also should be considered, notably the stock market and implications of boom (bubbles) and bust on income distribution and economic development. � Inter-GCC competition for investment – at the broad governance level as well as speciﬁc initiatives GCC governments are ever more actively competing for attracting investment from other GCC countries as well as from the rest of the world, through improved governance, streamlined rules, more sophisticated judiciary and effective contract enforcement, and friendly investment environment. How does the private sector take advantage of this competition to promote reform?

Papers to be written in the Business Environment section of the research project will cover: � The quality and political economy of GCC regulatory institutions � The evolution of private corporate structures � The private sector as actor of reform: various case studies � Contests and the evolution of regulation/transparency � The politics and economic of GCC-style privatization � Inter-GCC competition for investment and effects on governance

Labor market, unemployment, migration

Economic diversiﬁcation in the Gulf will crucially depend on more market-oriented human resource policies which can mobilize national workforces. The capital-surplus, historically under-populated GCC rentiers have traditionally been large-scale labor importers. The number of “expatriates” in the Gulf has been estimated at around a third of the estimated GCC population total of 35 million. The de facto international liberalization of GCC labor markets has led to a segmentation of wages and employment, with nationals predominantly employed in the – relatively high-wage – public sector and expatriates dominating the private sector, which often pays very low wages for labor that is often unskilled or semi-skilled at most. 23

The segmented labor markets in the Gulf face great challenges of transition. Gulf populations are still growing at rates of around 2% and more p.a. Public employment guarantees have reached their limits, and all Gulf countries suffer from various degrees of underemployment and over-dependence of large families on one wage earner, with participation ratios of the working age population below 40%. The large expatriate community has a crucial role in shaping the economic future of the region. On the one hand, it is an element of weakness (high turnover, volatility); on the other it is an element of strength, allowing the region to “borrow” the required skills from the rest of the world and establishing closer economic ties with key economies in the region through remittance and investment. These linkages constitute an opportunity for Gulf business enterprises – and not just for the banking and financial sectors – which the project will investigate by tracing investment and remittance patterns. The project will moreover engage in a comparative study of various policy attempts in all GCC countries to integrate labor markets, steer immigration and create a level playing field between expatriate and national as well as public and private employment. It will analyze issues of labor market patronage, uneven access and trade in labor as well as recent efforts to combat black markets in expatriate labor allowances which have been established over the years. It will develop different scenarios of future labor market development, gauging their impact on growth, productivity and socio-economic stability. A unified labor market data base will be established, and GCC labor markets compared to global benchmarks of productivity, public/private employment ratios and salary levels. The current non-participation of females on the labor market constitutes a waste of educational inputs. Even in Saudi Arabia, the problem has been clearly recognized, and increasing the participation ratio is a declared aim of GCC governments. The question for our research project is how quickly this policy is implemented, and whether it takes place through further measures of workplace segregation or through increasing integration. The answer will vary according to the cultural policies of the various countries, but in all cases solutions are likely to involve the use of ICT and innovative infrastructure solutions. Papers to be written will cover: � Investment and remittance trends related to foreign labor � A comparative assessment of labor market nationalization policies � Women’s role in education and the labor markets � Long-term labor market scenarios and their impact on regional development � Lessons in EU migration: What can the GCC learn from the European Experience � An Analysis of EU-GCC human capital transfer and its effects of growth and diversification in both regions

The Gulf region in the global economic context It has already been indicated that in many ways, the international economic outreach of the Gulf is considerably wider than that of most other Middle Eastern states. Overall GCC exports in 2006 amounted to more than 420 billion dollars, 10 percent of which went to Europe. Imports amounted to almost 240 billion dollars, of which Europe provided a full 75 billion dollars, making it it’s the Gulf’s biggest trading partner. In 2007, Dubai alone exported 45 billion dollars worth of non-oil goods, more than any other Arab state. The UAE have emerged as a regional and – increasingly – global transport hub. Private capital held by GCC citizens in international investments has been estimated at in excess of 1 trillion Euros. It is a test of the Gulf private sector’s competitiveness how much of the capital held abroad can be converted into productive regional investment. Especially after September 11, Gulf businesses have been increasingly active as investors in other MENA countries. The Arabian Peninsula is located strategically between several markets. A general shift of investments towards Gulf and the Middle East and Asia has been discernible, with more than 10% of Gulf overseas capital between 2002 and 2006 going to each region. Conversely, Asian governments and businesses have displayed increasing interest in manufacturing and upstream energy investments in the Gulf. As the demand for oil from the rest of Asia will grow more rapidly than in the rest of the world, a promising EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

complementarity is emerging between the Gulf and major Asian players, with the former specialising in energy and capital intensive projects, and the latter in labor-intensive exports, with substantial cross-investment. The project will explore the long-term potential and limits of this emerging linkage. With the EU, the relationship has been and remains more problematic. The EU has tended to limit its dependence on the Gulf and protect its existing energy-intensive industries. The project will explore the possible implications of a continuation of this model as well as of a shift to a more complementary posture. In the broader context of increasing interdependence with industrialized countries, the susceptibility of the GCC to international shocks will be assessed, based on past experiences, but taking into account increasing factors of integration. The recent subprime crisis will be used as a case study. With respect to inter-Arab economic relations, the project will address the shifting balance of power in terms of opportunities and capabilities within MENA, away from the older established but oil-poor states and in favour of the newly consolidated oil-rich ones. The GCC states, historically fragile, have bred a wealthy, sophisticated private sector, which is reasonably well integrated in the currents of globalisation. Their activities in the less integrated non-Gulf Middle East will be surveyed in detail, with special focus on their potential role in rebuilding Iraq. It seems that only by engaging the Gulf bourgeoisie in the process of economic liberalisation of the Mediterranean Arab countries we can create a more competitive and dynamic environment in the latter. The project will discuss and analyse the potential impact of rapid economic growth in the Gulf on the Mediterranean Arab countries and the implications this might have on the design of the Euro Mediterranean Partnership and the European Neighbourhood Policy. The GCC’s “benevolent hegemony” will have to be well-managed, and in the process, the EU might provide institutional frameworks or at least paradigms of cooperation. Papers to be written will cover: � The emerging GCC-Asia feedstock and manufacturing axis � GCC-EU competition and complementarity on world manufacturing markets � The GCC’s role as trade and investment hub of the MENA region � The EU’s potential in assisting the GCC in becoming a hub of good economic governance and stability in the MENA region

Summary of project objectives

The project will engage in a comprehensive analysis of GCC economic and social development trajectories, giving special attention to issues of sustainability and competitiveness, broadly defined.Against the background of development challenges induced by historical oil dependency, it will conduct a thorough analysis of local factors of production, discussing both conventional, “hard” factor endowments (capital, natural resources) and softer, institutional and social factors (institutions, human capital, business capabilities). Underlying themes of the project are the role of a diversifying GCC as new economic hub in the MENA region and in the global context, as well as – closely related – the new developmental role of its private sector. The findings will be evaluated in relation to EU interests and options in the region and, by virtue of the GCC’s increasing significance, in neighbouring regions. A summary paper will investigate how the results of the various sectoral studies feed into this global picture. The objective will be to deliver comprehensive scenarios in a number of crucial areas of development, combined with actionable policy knowledge on a little understood region which the EU can ill afford to ignore.

Project implementation The research project component of the Al Jisr project will be implemented by a group of senior and junior researchers from GRC, CEPS and FRIDE. The overall direction of the project will be the responsibility of Prof. Giacomo Luciani. Professor Luciani has twenty years of experience in advising some GCC governments on issues related to economic development 25

policies. His early work on the rentier state is widely quoted and reference reading in course syllabuses on the region. His more recent work on the emerging Gulf national bourgeoisies has also been received with considerable interest. Prof. Luciani is a long-time contributor to GRC’s research and publications, and is the Director of the Gulf Research Center Foundation in Geneva. Prof. Luciani will be flanked by Dr Steffen Hertog of Durham University. Dr. Hertog has more than five years of experience in monitoring the GCC economic and regulatory environment, and advising the region’s governments. His work has focused specifically on differences in effectiveness between different agencies in Saudi Arabia. He has worked extensively on issues related to labor markets and the role of the private sector. He has also done work on regional economic integration. Dr. Hertog is also a long-time contributor to GRC’s research and publications The GRC team will further include Dr. Eckart Woertz, GRC’s chief economist. Dr. Woertz is an expert on Gulf monetary affairs and financial markets, and has done work on monetary integration, the GCC stock markets and the geo-economics of the Gulf. Dr. Woertz is very frequently interviewed in the Gulf newspapers and media on current economic developments in the region. The GRC team will further include another senior researcher with a predominant focus on industrial economics, and two junior researchers. The CEPS team will be led by Daniel Gros, Director of CEPS. Dr. Gros is a very well known expert of the European Monetary Union, Macroeconomic policy, and Economics of transition to a market economy. It is expected that he will bring to the team his invaluable experience of European economic integration, looking at the GCC more from a European perspective. The CEPS team will further include the Head of the Trade Policy Unit, which will in particular contribute on EU- GCC trade issues. Two junior researchers from CEPS will also contribute to the research effort. The FRIDE team will be led by Richard Youngs, whose expertise covers energy issues and security and the interrelationship between economic and political reform. The FRIDE team will also include a junior researcher. The project will benefit from the support of ARI – Arab Reform Initiative. ARI will in particular support work on the role of the private sector, and will organise two research workshops specifically devoted to this aspect. These workshops, the first of which is expected to take place in Riyadh in May 2008, will be geared to establish a platform for discussion and exchange between the research team and leading representatives of the business community. Bassma Kodmani, director of ARI, will play a leading role in the mobilization of ARI’s unequalled network of contacts in the regional business community to ensure active participation and interplay at the workshops. ARI will also disseminate output from the research component through its web site. The project envisages three further research workshops. These will be extended meetings of the research team to discuss early drafts of the research papers. External experts, primarily from the GCC region (including expatriate experts residing in the region) will be invited to participate and comment on the ongoing research work. In order to facilitate the presence of outside experts, all research workshops will take place in the region – care will be given to scheduling research workshops in the temporal and physical proximity of other JISR activities, in order to maximize synergies. Specific papers may be commissioned from outside experts for discussion at the research workshops, and funds have been budgeted for honoraria in this respect.

Work Package 5: In order to ensure that the knowledge gathered, analyzed and archived in this project is widely circulated, Work Package 5 will guarantee its wide circulation and easy access to GCC citizens, especially its young population, thanks to the creation of a website. All the workshop papers and results of the research project will be posted. In addition, basic information of the EU and EU-GCC relations will be added and regularly updated even after completion of the project. The website will be based on the already existing web portal on GCC-EU relations of the Gulf Research Center but will signiﬁcantly expand access, broaden the amount of information and materials to be posted and serve as a stepping stone towards the creation of a viable and dynamic networks of professionals and specialists with a keen interest in promoting ties between the EU and the GCC. Such activity will ensure the sustainability of the project on the long-term and will help maintaining the interest on the topic, especially among the youth. EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

The second part of Work Package 5 which supports the work packages of other Consortium Members is divided between Brussels and Riyadh. The objective of this work package is to make the project visible to stakeholders both internally and externally through several media channels and focused awareness events.

WP5.2 E-Newsletters The purpose of the newsletter is to facilitate the growth of the project and to help foster a sense of community among consortium partners as well as external stakeholders. The newsletter will provide an update on the project status. Stakeholders will be encouraged to make suggestions and put forward comments and ideas. The newsletter will be in the form of a four (4) page e-Newsletter produced quarterly in both English and Arabic. Eight (8) e-Newsletters are contemplated over the course of the project life. The purpose of the e-Newsletter is (1) to provide timely dissemination of the project as it progresses, (2) provide relevant information about the project to target audiences and groups and (3) provide opportunities for networking. The e-Newsletter will be published on the website as well as distributed to a wide audience using mail base lists.

WP 5.3 Articles/Op-Eds Over the project lifecycle we contemplate six (6) articles and/or op-eds for EU and GCC news media that will sum up the most important ﬁndings of the project. Articles will aim: • Academic community • Research Community • Business Community • Government entities

All ﬁve components of the project attempt to address the needs identiﬁed which are: awareness raising, policy debating and greater understanding of who are these two regions and what they can do together in the future. 27

WP Number 1 WP Title GCC-EU Partnership Program: Understanding the European Union Activity Type 4 Trainings in GCC countries (UAE and Saudi Arabia) Participant Name CEPS GRC IoDS Participant Number 4 1 8 Person-Days per 64 16 30 Participants Duration 4 days each

- This WP looks to raise awareness among specialized GCC citizens of the activities, institutions and future development of the EU. Objectives - By fostering a better understanding of the EU among GCC diplomats, academics and opinion-makers, this projects aims to facilitate further cooperation between the two regions.

Task 1: Training of 30 GCC diplomats and academics Task 2: Training of 30 GCC diplomats and academics Description Task 3: Training of 30 GCC diplomats and academics Task 4: Training of 30 GCC diplomats and academics

D1.1.1: Publication of a “Program Reader” D1.1.2: 30 GCC diplomats trained D1.1.3: Circulation of Training Summary D1.1.4: Uploading of Training Summary on Project Website D1.2.1: Publication of a “Program Reader” D1.2.2: 30 GCC diplomats trained D1.2.3: Circulation of Training Summary Deliverables D1.2.4: Uploading of Training Summary on Project Website D1.3.1: Publication of a “Program Reader” D1.3.2: 30 GCC diplomats trained D1.3.3: Circulation of Training Summary D1.3.4: Uploading of Training Summary on Project Website D1.4.1: Publication of a “Program Reader” D1.4.2: 30 GCC diplomats trained D1.4.3: Circulation of Training Summary D1.4.4: Uploading of Training Summary on Project Website EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

WP Number 2 Considering the Scope for Expanding EU-GCC Cooperation: Taking the WP Title Relationship Forward Activity Type Workshop Bertelsmann NTUA- Participant Name CEPS EIAS FRIDE GRC IAI Sciences- KU Stiftung EPU Po Participant 3 4 5 10 6 1 7 11 9 Number Person-days per 60 174 30 55 30 14 30 30 30 Participants Duration 2 days each - The aim of this work package is to give policy-makers and practitioners of both Objectives regions the opportunity to discuss future policy outlines and possibly resolve current deadlocks on speciﬁc issues. Task 1: Workshop on “Challenges and Prospects for Cooperation under the French Presidency of the EU”, Paris, Sciences-Po Task 2: Workshop on Education Collaboration, Kuwait University, Bertelsmann Stiftung Task 3: Workshop on Security issues, Berlin, Bertelsmann Stiftung Description Task 4: Workshop on Economic Integration, Brussels, CEPS Task 5: Workshop on Political Reform and Governance, Madrid, FRIDE Task 6: Workshop on “New Areas of Cooperation: GCC-EU and Mediterranean Issues”, Rome, IAI Task 7: Workshop on Air Transportation, Energy and Sustainable Environment Policies, Dubai, EAIS and EPU-NTUA

D2.1.1: Publication of one Edited Volume of five papers D2.1.2: Uploaded conference papers on the project’s website D2.2.1: Publication of one Edited Volume of five papers D2.2.2: Uploaded conference papers on the project’s website D2.3.1: Publication of one Edited Volume of five papers D2.3.2: Uploaded conference papers on the project’s website D2.4.1: Publication of one Edited Volume of five papers Deliverables D2.4.2: Uploaded conference papers on the project’s website D2.5.1: Publication of one Edited Volume of five papers D2.5.2: Uploaded conference papers on the project’s website D2.6.1: Publication of one Edited Volume of five papers D2.6.2: Uploaded conference papers on the project’s website D2.7.1: Publication of one Edited Volume of five papers D2.7.2: Uploaded conference papers on the project’s website 29

WP Number 3 WP Title EU Textbooks Translation Activity Type Translation of 6 Textbooks Participant Name GRC Participant Number 1 Person-days per 426 Participants Duration 24 months - This projects aims at disseminating accurate and good quality basic information on the EU in order to address the knowledge gap about the EU in the region. Objectives - The principal objective is to reach the widest number of readers hence the necessity to translate some of the basic books on the EU

Task 1: Translation and edition of book 1 Task 2: Evaluation of book 1 Task 3: Proof reading of book 1 Task 4:Typesetting of book 1 Task 5: Cover design of book 1 Task 6: Printing of book 1 Task 7: Translation and edition of book 2 Task 8: Evaluation of book 2 Task 9: Proof reading of book 2 Task 10:Typesetting of book 2 Task 11: Cover design of book 2 Task 12: Printing of book 2 Task 13: Translation and edition of book 3 Task 14: Evaluation of book 3 Task 15: Proof reading of book 3 Task 16:Typesetting of book 3 Task 17: Cover design of book 3 Task 18: Printing of book 3 Description Task 19: Translation and edition of book 4 Task 20: Evaluation of book 4 Task 21: Proof reading of book 4 Task 22:Typesetting of book 4 Task 23: Cover design of book 4 Task 24: Printing of book 4 Task 25: Translation and Edition of Book 5 Task 26: Evaluation of book 5 Task 27: Proof reading of book 5 Task 28:Typesetting of book 5 Task 29: Cover Design of book 5 Task 30: Printing of book 5 Task 31: Translation and edition of book 6 Task 32: Evaluation of book 6 Task 33: Proof reading of book 6 Task 34:Typesetting of book 6 Task 35: Cover design of book 6 Task 36: Printing of book 6 EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

D3.1.1: Translation of Book 1 D3.1.2: Publication of Book 1 D3.2.1:Translation of Book 2 D3.2.2: Publication of Book 2 D3.3.1: Translation of Book 3 Deliverables D3.3.2: Publication of Book 3 D3.4.1: Translation of Book 4 D3.4.2: Publication of Book 4 D3.5.1: Translation of Book 5 D3.5.2: Publication of Book 5 D3.6.1: Translation of Book 6 D3.6.2: Publication of Book 6

WP Number 4 WP Title GCC Economic Diversiﬁcation and Development Prospects Activity Type Research Participant Name CEPS FRIDE GRC ARI Participant Number 4 6 1 2 Person-days per 135 285 1676 87 Participants Duration 24 months

- WP4 will engage in a comprehensive analysis of GCC economic and social development trajectories, giving special attention to issues of sustainability and competitiveness, broadly defined. - Against the background of development challenges induced by historical oil dependency, it will conduct a thorough analysis of local factors of production, discussing both conventional, “hard” factor endowments (capital, natural resources) and softer, institutional and social factors (institutions, human capital, business capabilities). - Underlying themes of the project are the role of a diversifying GCC as new economic hub in the MENA region and in the global context, Objectives as well as – closely related – the new developmental role of its private sector. - The findings will be evaluated in relation to EU interests and options in the region and, by virtue of the GCC’s increasing significance, in neighbouring regions. - A summary paper will investigate how the results of the various sectoral studies feed into this global picture. The objective will be to deliver comprehensive scenarios in a number of crucial areas of development, combined with actionable policy knowledge on a little understood region which the EU can ill afford to ignore. 31

Task 1: Research Workshop Meeting 1 Description Task 2: Research Workshop Meeting 2 Task 3: Research Workshop Meeting 3

D3.1: Publication of Report: “Economic Diversiﬁcation – cross cutting analyses” D3.2: Publication of Report: “Economic Diversiﬁcation – sectoral analyses” D3.3: Publication of Report: “Role, Development and Competitiveness of the Financial Sector” Deliverables D3.4: Publication of Report: “Potential for Specialisation in Other Services, Including Tourism” D3.5: Publication of Report “Business Environment and the Role of the Private Sector” D3.6: Publication of Report: “Labor Market, Unemployment, Migration” D3.7: Publication of Report: “The Gulf Region in the Global Economic Context” EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

WP Number 5 WP Title Project Website and Dissemination Activity Type Dissemination Participant Name GRC Participant Number 1 Person-days per 358 Participants Duration 24 months - This WP aims at raising awareness of the project and attract Objectives interest to it to ensure its success

Task 1: Creation and design of the project’s website Task 2: Creation of an electronic bridge between the project’s website and ARI’s website in order to allow access to both databases Task 3: Distribution of informational and educational materials relating to the most frequent topics of discussion on GCC and EU- Description GCC Relations on the project’s website Task 4: Drafting and distribution by mail, e-mail and other means of talking points, press releases, fact sheets, and op-ed pieces to media outlets in order to promote the GCC countries throughout EU 27. This WP includes servicing EU journalists enquiries and cultivating coverage in leading EU news outlets.

D5.1: Project Website Deliverables D5.2: 2 quarterly newsletter one in the EU the other one in GCC countries D5.3: 6 Op-Eds and articles

2.2 Deliverables:

Deliverable 3 Dissemination Deliverable Name Nature 4 Deliverable Date (Month) Nber Level D1-1-1 30 GCC diplomats trained T PU Months 2 D1-1-2 Publication of Training Material P PU Month 2 D1-2-1 30 GCC diplomats trained T PU Month 8 D1-2-2 Publication of Training Material P PU Month 8 D1-3-1 30 GCC diplomats trained T PU Month 14 D1-3-2 Publication of Training Material P PU Month 14 D1-4-1 30 GCC diplomats trained T PU Month 19 D1-4-2 Publication of Training Material P PU Month 19 33

D2-1-1 Publication of Edited Volume R PU Month 2 Uploaded conference papers D2-1-2 W PU Month 2 on the project’s website D2-2-1 Publication of Edited Volume R PU Month 7 Uploaded conference papers D2-2-2 W PU Month 7 on the project’s website D2-3-1 Publication of Edited Volume R PU Month 9 Uploaded conference papers D2-3-2 W PU Month 9 on the project’s website D2-4-1 Publication of Edited Volume R PU Month 11 Uploaded conference papers D2-4-2 W PU Month 11 on the project’s website D2-5-1 Publication of Edited Volume R PU Month 13 Uploaded conference papers D2-5-2 W PU Month 13 on the project’s website D2-6-1 Publication of Edited Volume R PU Month 17 Uploaded conference papers D2-6-2 W PU Month 17 on the project’s website D2-7-1 Publication of Edited Volume R PU Month 19 Uploaded conference papers D2-7-2 W PU Month 19 on the project’s website D2-8-1 Publication of Edited Volume R PU Month 21 Uploaded conference papers D2-8-2 W PU Month 21 on the project’s website D3-1-1 Translation of Book 1 T PU Month 1 D3-1-2 Publication of Book 1 P PU Month 6 D3-2-1 Translation of Book 2 T PU Month 7 D3-2-2 Publication of Book 2 P PU Month 9 D3-3-1 Translation of Book 3 T PU Month 10 D3-3-2 Publication of Book 3 P PU Month 12 D3-4-1 Translation of Book 4 T PU Month 13 D3-4-2 Publication of Book 4 P PU Month 17 D3-5-1 Translation of Book 5 T PU Month 18 D3-5-2 Publication of Book 5 P PU Month 20 D3-6-1 Translation of Book 6 T PU Month 21 D3-6-2 Publication of Book 6 P PU Month 23 D4-1 Research Papers 7 P PU Months 3,6,9,12,15,18 & 21 D4-2 Research Workshops 3 M RP Months 9,15 & 21 D5-4 E-Newsletters 8 R PU Months 3, 9, 14 & 21 D5-8 Articles 6 A PU Months 3, 9 & 18 EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

2.3 Expected Impact:

The Al-Jisr (Bridge in Arabic) project proposal on “Public Diplomacy and Outreach Devoted to the European Union and EU-GCC Relations” is designed to fulfill the objectives as laid on in the initial proposal document. This includes, first, to enhance public and well as professional knowledge and understanding of the European Union, its policies and institutions, among GCC citizens. Second, the project will strengthen analysis and debate about EU-GCC relations and contribute to the future of policy-making between the two regions. This includes both current issues already defining the relationship as well as future areas that will propel the ties between the two critical regions further. And third, the Al-Jisr project will promote closer links between the EU and the GCC through both the dissemination of information on the EU within the GCC states as well as materials on the Gulf region within EU circles.

The al-Jisr project is particular structured to advance the decisions of the May 2007 EU-GCC Joint Ministerial Council meeting. Here, the joint communiqué stated that the “council stressed its political will to strengthen relations and co-operation in all areas covered by [the 1988 Cooperation] Agreement.” This includes “cooperation in the field of energy … the urgency of finding practical ways to strengthen co-operation in the field of education between universities in both regions … new opportunities opened by the Seventh EU Framework Programme in the field of science and technology … emphasizing the importance of furthering co-operation 5 on environmental issues … [and] promote cultural dialogue.”

The Al-Jisr project pays particular attention to those areas mentioned in addition to broadening the scope of activities that will set EU-GCC relations on a solid foundation for the coming years. As such, a combination of training, research, outreach and dissemination work was chosen as a method to achieve those objectives laid out the call for proposals.

2.3.1 Expected impact of the Al-Jisr project

The objective of the Al-Jisr project is multifold. A first component of training seeks to raise awareness, provide information and create networks of individuals interested and dedicated to promoting more effective EU-GCC relations. Another component of regularly-held workshops and meetings seeks to highlight specific issues of importance, suggest new areas of cooperation and to review areas where relations have so far not reached their desired outcome. A third aspect is the provision of original analysis of key issues in the current EU-GCC relationship. This will form the basis for informed policy recommendations with an emphasis on the practical applicability of those recommendations that will lead to the improvement in mutual ties. A final component is to engage the public at large with a special emphasis on young people and aspiring professionals who will in the near future lead the qualitative charge to take EU-GCC relations to a new level. The Al-Jisr project thus combined high-level activity with grassroots interaction that both provides an immediate catalogue of action to be implemented with a more long-range effect to impact relations over the next few decades.

All of this is aimed to contribute to the policy-making process in both the EU and the GCC organizations and countries to develop long-term coherent strategy aimed at optimizing the relationship. In particular, the research and workshop activities are seen as decision-support tools for the identiﬁcation of proper policies and strategies leading to greater synergy between the two regions.

The main outputs and associated impact can be listed as follows:

• Broadening an understanding of the European Union, its institutions and policies, and its ongoing transformation through in-depth training sessions for policy ofﬁcials to be held in the GCC countries. Given that the target audience for the training sessions are junior professionals who will in many instances be intricately involved in the formulation of their country’s policies towards the EU, these activities will not only provide relevant information about the European Union but also set the basis for people-to-people contact and building up a strong network of individuals. 35

• Policy-oriented recommendations to be passed on to both European Union and GCC ofﬁcials and specialists in key areas to identify a concrete course of action for future EU-GCC relations. Within the framework of the workshops, particular emphasis is given to identifying areas of potential cooperation alongside a set of policy steps that can be implemented to achieve greater coordination and cooperation. The workshop will deal both with sets of current policy issues as well as identify new areas of cooperation that can impact the relationship overall. It will also draw on the relevant specialists from both sides as a further mechanism to provide networks of excellence.

• Conceptual analysis of the key issues deﬁning the current EU-GCC economic relationship in line with the expected signing and ultimate implementation of the EU-GCC Free Trade Agreement. The project will deliver integrated research into the Gulf’s long-term institutional and sectoral development and hence its long-term geo-economic signiﬁcance with particular emphasis on the implications this has for the EU in terms of threats and opportunities.

• Raising awareness among a broad sector of the GCC population about the European Union and its policies and contributing to an understanding at the university level by providing materials in the Arabic language in coursework. As higher education institutions develop in the region, the project aims to heighten the interest in European studies and in promoting young, ambitious and qualiﬁed students

• Establishing closer links among EU and GCC research institutions, governmental agencies, universities, the business community, and other interested individuals and stakeholders to look into the scope of expanding EU-GCC relations that would allow the ties as such to be moved forward. A key aspect here is to better understand and focus on the institutional changes occurring at both levels and the impact that those changes have on the bi-lateral relationship as well as with relations with other countries in the Middle East as well as other regions of the world.

2.3.2 Steps to bring about these impacts

In order to achieve the desired results and outcomes, the Al-Jisr project has put together a consortium of expert institutions and individuals who all have experience and have worked in the field of GCC-EU relations for many years. It was seen as essential as far as the composition of the consortium was concerned to tool together resources and to channel the relevant expertise in order for the project to achieve integrated results with an applied policy focus. Given that the field of EU-GCC relations is still relatively new and the amount of information and analysis available is still limited, there is also an emphasis of providing structure and direction to the field of EU-GCC studies and to move away from isolated and limited approaches that would not produce the desired result. Among all of the consortium partners, there exists a strong common agreement about the goals and objectives of this project as well as about the mechanism through which the anticipated outcome can be achieved.

Furthermore, the project has built in a degree of flexibility to allow it to respond to current developments in EU- GCC relations and to incorporate new fields of interests and shifts in perspectives. The steering committee of the Al-Jisr project will meet regularly to assess progress and achievement as well to identify and outline the next steps to be taken in line with project objectives. The close interaction with policy officials on both sides will also allow the project within the components of the training and workshop sessions to undertake issues of particular concern and to focus the debate within these sessions to the specific areas with which policy officials are concerned. In this manner, there is constant interaction with stakeholders which allows the project to integrate relevant feedback.

There is also the aspect that activities will be carried out in both regions thereby raising awareness on a broad level and allowing for different respective points of views to be raised. This, in turn, will encourage dialogue on the very issues that are deemed critical in order for the EU-GCC relations to move away from a history of complacency to become part of a dynamic and interactive policy process. EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

2.3.3 Relevance at the European level

While a majority of the project is aimed at increasing the information and understanding about EU policies in the GCC countries, the proposed activities are equally important to closely analyze the developments occurring in the GCC countries and the larger Gulf region for EU ofﬁcials and those concerned with better understanding the dynamics and transformations that are changing the daily political, economic, social and security-related realities in the Gulf. The Al-Jisr project contains numerous points of relevance for EU policies, in particular as the European Union increases its role as an international actor in the political, economic and security ﬁeld.

The potential beneﬁts include an improved coordination among national policies and the ability to reach a level of consensus about the components that make up an effective EU approach to the Gulf region. With the Gulf’s strategic signiﬁcance growing at all levels, such awareness and consensus is seen as being more critical than ever. The project will also serve as an impetus to carry forward other related projects in the European Union domain for example with regard to the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, the EU’s Neighborhood policies, the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy, and the EU’s expansion and accession talks with countries like Turkey.

2.3.4 Dissemination of Project Results and Management of Intellectual Property

It has been considered absolutely essential as part of the overall project objectives that Al-Jisr delivers results that are measurable, applicable and policy-oriented. The ultimate goal of the project is to increase the knowledge about the various aspects of EU-GCC relations given the fact that an adequate and thorough understanding and awareness will have a direct impact on the quality and direction of future EU-GCC ties.

In light of this objective, the project includes the following speciﬁc activities:

Workshops: A series of seven workshops bringing together policy ofﬁcials from both the EU and the GCC backed by relevant specialists to highlight particular areas and issues where the EU and the GCC can improve their cooperation and identify common steps forward. Each workshop features specialized presentations, discussion rounds and ends with a session to put forward policy recommendations. The results and recommendations will be disseminated widely both within the EU and the GCC. Each workshop is also anticipated to lead to a specialized publication.

Training Programs: A series of four training sessions conducted in the Gulf region and in conjunction with local Gulf institution to raise awareness about EU policies. Each training session will include materials on the EU given to participants prior to the sessions. The sessions themselves are a mixture of lectures, discussion rounds and ﬁeld visits to encourage practical oriented information combined with intense interaction among all training participants. Attendees will come from all six GCC countries and reﬂect different policy areas.

Publications: Each of the workshops outlined above as well as the specialized research project will lead to a series of publications that will be distributed among a wide array in both the EU and the GCC member regions. The publications will range from edited volumes, to training materials, to speciﬁc policy papers. The project will also issue regular opinion pieces and a quarterly electronic newsletter that will highlight project issues and areas of action.

There is also a series of translated materials including key textbooks on the EU to be used and distributed among all universities in the GCC countries as well as relevant agencies and institutions. Publications also include regular press releases that will be issued in numerous languages including English and Arabic.

Website: The Al-Jisr project includes a dedicated web portal that will include all the materials associated with the project as well as contain additional material about the EU and the GCC countries. It will serve both as a dissemination device to circulate projects news and developments and well as a research gateway providing factual information about the members countries of each region and speciﬁc materials related to the history 37

and development of EU-GCC relations. The website will beneﬁt from the project’s cooperation with the ARI as an electronic bridge will be created between both websites’ database, increasing dramatically the amount of information both in English and Arabic on the EU and Arab countries available to the user. The website will include multimedia items with an aim to make the material user-friendly and provide for more of an interactive mechanism. The website will also function in both languages of English and Arabic.

2.4 Project Risks and Risk Management:

2.4.1 Risk management

The management, coordination and integration functions of the Al-Jisr project are considered very important aspects. The Al-Jisr consortium has devoted considerable attention throughout the project design process, to identifying potentially critical issues and to devising the most appropriate built-in provisions to tackle them. The fact that a broad-based consortium exists mitigates potential problems from a failure to adequately contribute and/or deliver outputs. In addition to the formal consortium, a much broader informal network of other individuals and institutions stands ready to assist the project in its various activities to ensure success. The regular meetings of the steering committee will also ensure that the risk management remains low in addition to the constant supervision by the project coordinator.

2.4.2 Scientiﬁc and technological risk

The level of S&T risks is perceived to be low, owing to the Consortium profile itself, which can rely on the outstanding qualifications of a wide and diversified series of partners.

2.4.3 Management risk

The consortium comprises 8 partners, some of which are involved in more than one WP. The size and duration of the project has meant that a substantial effort has been carried out to ensure that management tasks and procedures are stringently and effectively carried out, without however introducing an over-constraining, bureaucratic structure. The project management structure has been designed to achieve the most appropriate balance, and reduce management risks to the minimum. Its main features are (a) simplicity with a clear distinction between administrative and scientific coordination and a straightforward multi-layer structure; (b) a division of labor with activities largely equally distributed among the various consortium partners; (c) a clearly identified workplan and schedule of deliverables; (d) a proven track record of management experience from the project coordinator as well as longstanding experience by the consortium partners in their relative areas of responsibility and (e) flexibility in terms of structures that coordination that can adjust to the specific implantation requirements of the project over time.

2.4.4 Quality control

All main Deliverables of the Project will undergo a peer review based quality control. This will be handled by the steering committee, who will nominate peer reviewers as needed, and coordinate the overall process. EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

3. Project Management

3.1 Project Organization:

Structure of “Al Jisr” Project

Dissemination

Education Policy-Making

Trainings Workshops

Awareness Raising Better understanding of EU- GCC relations Translation Research

3.1.1 Organizational Structure:

Steering Committee Five Members

Coordinating Partner

Project Manager

Project Assistant

Leader Leader Leader Leader Leader Leader Leader Leader Leader Leader 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 39

3.1.2 Responsibilities

Project Manager:

The Project Manager (PM) bears responsibility for: - implementing the Project’s work-plan in conformity with the terms and deadlines agreed with the EC - ensuring that all the documentation, including background and foreground information, is appropriately and timely circulated to all concerned - establishing, ﬁnalizing and managing all contractual arrangements arising from the progressive implementation of the work-plan, particularly for what concerns the inclusion of additional participants and/or subcontractors (i.e. beyond those already explicitly identiﬁed at the outset).

In addition, the PM will be responsible for maintaining the appropriate levels of communication with the EC. This includes: - maintaining the necessary level of day to day communication with the EC - inviting the EC ofﬁcer)s) in charge to any project meeting or event as deemed appropriate

Finally, the PM will have responsibilities for overall legal, contractual, financial and ethical issues. In particular, the PM will ensure the allocation of funds provided by the Commission in a timely and appropriate manner, supervise the consistency with the financial requirements of the project, and obtain audit certificate from each partners. The PM will also be responsible for the Establishment of the Steering Committee. The PM will be a staff member of the coordinating organization, namely GRC.

Project Assistant:

The Project Assistant (PA) reporting to the PM and the Steering Committee (SC), will be in charge of the day to day operational management of the project activities, set up and maintain a database of contacts, run project documentation management including information related to pre-existing know-how and knowledge of all parties concerned. The PA will ensure timely and effective communication is maintained within the Consortium, between the Consortium and the Commission, as well as between the Consortium and the SC. The PA will be a staff member of the coordinating organization, namely GRC.

Steering Committee:

The SC is the main governing body of the project. Its role is mainly to: - monitor the development of the project work-plan and assess its compliance with the expected scientiﬁc and technological goals and standards. - orient or re-orient the future phases of the work-plan - discuss and evaluate the contents of the main project deliverables - recommend speciﬁc dissemination initiatives and review their implementation

The SC will meet at least 3 times over the project lifetime. GRC as PM moderates the meetings and is also responsible for drafting and circulating the minutes of each meetings. If deemed appropriate, the SC may decide to invite other, non-lead partners to its meetings. The agenda of the SC meetings will typically include the following (non exhaustive) list of topics: - review of work-plan and state of advancement - presentation and discussion of detailed activities within each Work Package - administrative issues - dissemination activities EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

Organization’s Leaders:

Leaders share responsibilities with the Coordinator for the timely and effective implementation of the activities of the project. Their responsibilities involve: - the coordination of each Work Package for which each leader is in charge - substantive contributions to the coordination of the project, in particular through the active participation of all the leaders to the activities of the SC.

3.2.1 Staff Effort (Person/day)

Bertels- EPU- Kuwait Sciences- ARI mann Stif- CEPS FRIDE GRC IAI IoDS Total NTUA Univeristy Po tung

Category I 220 220 Project Manage- Category II 440 440 ment Subtotal 660 660 Category I 24 10 34 WP1 Category II 40 20 60 Subtotal 64 30 94 Category I 20 66 40 10 10 10 10 166 WP2 Category II 40 108 15 20 20 20 20 243 Subtotal 60 174 55 30 30 30 30 409 Category I WP3 Category II 426 426 Subtotal 426 426 Category I 15 75 205 876 1171 WP4 Category II 72 60 80 800 1012 Subtotal 87 135 285 1676 2183 Category I 119 119 WP5 Category II 239 239 Subtotal 358 358 TOTAL Category I 15 20 165 40 215 1215 10 10 10 10 1710 TOTAL Category II 72 40 208 12 100 1905 20 20 20 20 2417 GRAND 87 60 373 55 315 3120 30 30 30 30 4130 TOTAL 41

3.2 Consortium

3.2.1 Partners

This project’s strategy relies on the cooperation of a group of organizations based in the member states of the European Union and the Gulf Cooperation Council and whose collaboration towards the support and organization of each Work Package is essential. All organizations involved, including the coordinating partner will be part of a Consortium. The consortium is built around a set of existing ties of cooperation between the different partners and will aim at maximizing the synergies that these ties make possible.

Arab Reform Initiative (ARI)

Team Leader: Dr. Bassma Kodmani is the Director of the Arab Reform Initiative and a Senior Associate Research Fellow at the Collège de France. Between 1999 and 2005, she was a Senior Program Officer in Governance, Civil Society & International Cooperation for the Ford Foundation’s Middle East and North Africa Office. From 1991 until 1998, she was the Head of the Middle East Department of the Institut Français des Relations Internationales in Paris. Between 1990 and 1998 she was an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Sorbonne and Marne-la-Vallée in Paris. She also worked as a consultant for the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Paris. Since 1981, she has been completing the following other activities: Consultancy work for various French government departments (Prime Minister’s office, Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Planning). Political analysis for major radio and television networks (including special commentator for CNN for the duration of the Middle East Peace conference in Madrid in 1991 and special analyst for French television during the Gulf war of 1991). Consultancy work for various French and multinational corporations. Lecturer at the French Ecole Nationale d’Administration and the Military College of Saint-Cyr, 1985-1991.

Dr Kodmani has a PhD in Political Science from the Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris, she has published many articles and several books.

The Organization: The Arab Reform Initiative (ARI) is a consortium of fifteen key policy research centers – 10 from the Arab world, 4 in Europe and one in the US, established in 2005. In the aftermath of the war on Iraq and in response to the declared objective of G8 countries to promote democracy in the Broader Middle East, the directors of the 15 think tanks decided to join forces and define their own strategy for promoting democratic reforms in Arab countries. The basic principle of the Initiative was to enable the Arab centers to set the agenda, define priorities and voice their vision of reform while their western partners would facilitate the collaboration through organizational backing and help convey the messages of the network to the relevant constituencies in their own countries.

ARI seeks to combine scholarly work and advocacy. It works to produce practical and intellectual tools rooted in the historic and cultural references of Arab societies that can serve to inﬂuence existing situations. It promotes sustained exchanges and dialogues on reform across the region and with outside partners.

The Initiative is a collaborative venture of a new brand. It relies on an extensive network of scholars and experts from within its member organizations and beyond, and engages with a wide range of civil society organizations, activists from political and social movements and strong connections with decision-making circles in the various Arab countries. It draws strength from its ability to reach deeply into each national context and engage broad communities within Arab societies to provide a variety of stakeholders with an opportunity to articulate a home grown vision of reform processes and ways to build democratic societies based on human rights and social justice.

Our ambition is to utilize fully this strength in order to create a common space among Arab societies to debate issues, exchange experiences and build a community of practice where research informs local initiatives. We seek to serve as facilitators of debate among very diverse groups and representatives of different schools of EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

thought, and providers of analytical depth on the issues that are at the heart of controversies and confrontations within societies and between social and political groups and governments.

ARI seeks also to fill a gap in European and American thinking on democracy promotion in the MENA region by opening a common space of exchanges with other regions. This sustained exchange and flow of first hand analysis is designed to shed light on the differences in perceptions in the West and the flawed approaches that can sometimes result from it.

While ARI believes there is no blue print for democracy and that the process of democratization should be home grown, it also believes in comparisons and interaction with other regions to explore diverse paths to democracy. Arab societies need to be informed about successful transitions to democracy in different developing countries and the diversity of those processes and resulting political systems. Such a comparative approach is at the heart of ARI philosophy of how democratic transition can occur.

Bertelsmann Stiftung

Team Leader: Christian-Peter Hanelt is an educated TV journalist. He is Senior Expert and Director of the Project “Europe and the Middle East” at the International Relations Program of the Bertelsmann Stiftung, Guetersloh. He manages the famous Kronberg Middle East Talks and conceptualizes and organizes workshops and conferences for experts on topics about the Arab-Israeli Conﬂict, Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and the EU-GCC relations. Together with Sven Behrendt he published “Bound to Cooperate – Europe and the Middle East” (Gütersloh 2000). Mr Hanelt studied political sciences and history in Kiel/Germany and Damascus/ Syria.

The Organization: In order to apply its expertise as effectively as possible, the Bertelsmann Stiftung is structured according to subject areas. Centers of Excellence in the following four areas support the foundation’s overall efforts by carrying out interdisciplinary work: Philanthropy and Foundation Development; Corporate Culture and Management; Communities and Regions; and Culture. The Bertelsmann Stiftung responds to especially complex social challenges with its interdisciplinary projects, addressing topics such as demographic change, work/life balance and modern policy management. The Carl Bertelsmann Prize is awarded annually to honor innovative and exemplary solutions in areas of pressing social concern.

The Bertelsmann Stiftung is involved in a variety of international educational projects. In addition to the political activities of our International Relations program, we work to ensure that successful solutions receive the recognition they deserve in Germany and abroad, and implement them on site. Examples include projects in Egypt, Poland, Spain, and Israel. Knowledge transfer is strategically coordinated and takes the requirements speciﬁc to each partner country into account along with the on-site content and funding issues inherent to each international partnership.

Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS)

Team Leader: Daniel Gros is the Director of Research of CEPS. He has served on the staff of the IMF, as an advisor at the European Commission, and as visiting professor at the Catholic University of Leuven and University of Frankfurt. In addition to this he has taught at the European College (Natolin) as well as various Universities across Europe, including the University of Basel, Bocconi University, the Kiel Institute of World Studies and the Central European University in Prague.

Daniel has advised the governments of Russia, Ukraine & other Central and Eastern European countries on trade and exchange rate matters and their relations with the EU. From 2003-2005 he was advisor to the European Parliament and member of the Conseil Economique de la Nation. Proceeding that (2001-2003) he was a member of the Conseil d’Analyse Economique (advisory bodies to French Prime Minister and Finance Minister). 43

Originally from Germany, Daniel attended University in Italy, where he obtained a Laurea in Economia e Commercio, as well as the United States, where he earned his M.A. and Ph.D (University of Chicago, 1984). Since April 2005 he is President of San Paolo IMI Asset Management. He has published widely in international academic and policy-oriented journals and he authored numerous monographs and four books.

Experts: Selen Sarısoy Guerin is Head of Trade Policy Unit at CEPS and a LUISS Research Fellow. Her areas of expertise include trade policy, international trade, international investment, capital ﬂows; FDI and corruption. Guerin has a PhD in Economics from Trinity College Dublin, an MBA from University of Maine and a BA in International Relations and Political Science from Boğazici University, İstanbul. She is the coordinator and leading author of a project on Qualitative Analysis of a Potential Free Trade Agreement between South Korea and the EU. Other publications in refereed journals include: “The Role of Geography in Economic and Financial Integration: A Comparative Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment, Trade and Portfolio Investment Flows”, The World Economy, vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 189-209; “Does Deposit Insurance Stimulate Capital Flows?” Economics Letters, 69(2), pp. 193-200.

Mahmut Tekce is an associate research fellow at CEPS and a lecturer at Marmara University Department of Economics, Istanbul. Tekce completed his MA and PhD in Economics at Marmara University. His areas of expertise include trade policy, agricultural and rural policies, Turkey-EU relations. He gives lectures on the economics of the EU and agricultural economics. He is one of the authors of the project on “Qualitative Analysis of a Potential Free Trade Agreement between South Korea and the EU”, and the chapter on “The Evolution of the Turkish Transport Sector in Light of EU Harmonisation”. Tekce is also the author of the chapters “Agricultural Transformation in Turkey: Implications of Turkey’s Integration into the EU”, and “China’s Human Capital and Growth”, and has publications and conference presentations on free trade agreements, rural policies in Turkey and Europe, and unemployment in the EU.

Chris Napoli is a Research Assistant at CEPS. His academic interests include the effects of EU regulatory policies on trade ﬂows, EU external trade policy, transatlantic economic relations, and WTO law. Chris is a PhD Candidate in International Affairs at the University of Kent. Prior to this Chris obtained a Masters degree in International Affairs from the University of Kent, and a bachelor of Commerce degree from Queen’s University (Kingston, Canada). He has written reports on the Effects of a Free Trade agreement between Canada and the EU on Quebec Industries; and is currently performing research on Development in India and China, the External Trade Balance of the United States, and the effects of Doha’s Pause on EU trade policy.

Before moving to Europe Chris spent time with the Canadian Government in the departments of ‘Health Canada’ and ‘Fisheries and Oceans Canada’.

Arno Behrens is Research Fellow at the Unit for Energy, Climate Change and Sustainable Development of the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS). Before that, he worked as Second Secretary at the German Federal Foreign Ofﬁce in the context of the 2007 German Presidency of the European Union. Other cornerstones of his career include the European Commission, the Sustainable Europe Research Institute (SERI), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

Main research areas include European responses to energy and climate change issues as well as policy options in support of sustainable development. Mr Behrens is an economist with training in environmental economics and management, as well as in international development. He currently works on a PhD about the sustainability of current patterns of global natural resource and energy use.

Elspeth Guild is Senior Associate Research Fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, as well as Professor of European Migration Law at the Radboud University, Nijmegen. She is also a partner at the London law ﬁrm Kingsley Napley. She lectures widely on EU law and recently acted as special advisor to the UK House of Lords Inquiry into EU economic migration. Her main areas of interest and specialization include: European immigration and asylum law, human rights law and integration. Her latest publications include: Guild, E. (2007), Security and European Human Rights: protecting Individual Rights in Time of Exception and Military Action, Centre for Migration Law, Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers; Guild, E. (2006), EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

“The judicialisation of armed conﬂict: Transforming the twenty-ﬁrst century”, in J. Huysmans, A. Dobson and R. Prokhovnik (eds), The Politics of Protection, Sites of Insecurity and Political Agency, Routledge. E. Guild (Ed) (2006), Constitutional Challenges to the European Arrest Warrant, Centre for Migration Law, Wolf Legal Publishers: Nijmegen.

Sergio Carrera is Head of Section and Research Fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS). He is also an external expert on “Freedom, Security and Justice” for the European Economic and Social Committee and on “immigration and integration” the European Parliament (DG IPOL). He is also PhD candidate in the Faculty of Law of the University of Maastricht, where previously he obtained an LL.M on “European, International and Comparative Law”. He is also involved in the management and coordination of various trans-European and international projects such as ELISE (European Liberty and Security) and CHALLENGE (Changing Landscape of European Liberty and Security). His main areas of specialization are European Migration and Asylum Law, Freedom of movement and Judicial Co-operation in Civil Matters. His latest publications include: Carrera S. & T. Balzacq (eds.), Security versus Freedom: A challenge for Europe’s future? Ashgate Publishing: Hampshire, 2006; - Carrera S. & E. Guild, The Hague Programme & the EU’s Agenda on Freedom, Security and Justice: Delivering Results for Europe’s Citizens?, in “Priorities for the Finish Presidency of the EU July-December 2006, CEPS Working Document No. 248, Centre for European Policy Studies, CEPS: Brussels, July 2006; Carrera, S., Building a Common Policy on Labour Immigration: Towards a Comprehensive and Global Approach in the EU?, CEPS Working Document No. 256, February 2007; Carrera, S., D. Bigo, E. Guild and R. Walker, The Changing Landscape of European Liberty and Security: Mid-term Report on the Results of the CHALLENGE Project, CHALLENGE Paper No. 4, February 2007; Carrera, S., The EU Border Management Strategy: FRONTEX and the Challenges of Irregular Immigration in the Canary Islands, CEPS Working Document, No. 261, March 2007.

Michael Emerson is an Associate Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Brussels. A graduate in philosophy, politics and economics at Balliol College, Oxford, he joined the European Commission in 1973. From 1991 to 1996, he was the ﬁrst ambassador of the European Commission to the USSR and then to Russia. From 1996 to 1998, he was a Senior Research Fellow at the London School of Economics. In 1998, he joined CEPS, where he leads the European Neighbourhood Programme. He holds a doctoral honoris causa from the Universities of Kent and Keele.

George Dura is a researcher at CEPS and a PhD candidate in Political Science at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium. His areas of expertise include EU enlargement, European Neighbourhood Policy towards the states of Eastern Europe, EU-Russia relations, EU Energy Policy, Conﬂict Resolution and the Europeanization of foreign policy. George Dura has a BA in European Politics at the University of Kent in the UK and MA in European Integration at the VUB in Brussels.

Tamás Dávid-Barrett is head of research at Global Economics, a research consultancy. His research is focused on structural change, both at the national level in emerging markets and on a global level. Beside research, he has managed a number of projects concerned with policy formation and public administration reform. In parallel, he has led an award-winning emerging market research department for an international investment bank for more than 10 years. Tamas believes in conducting on-the-ground primary research as the best basis for insightful analysis and for crafting appropriate policy recommendations. During the past 10 years he has made 80+ research trips to more than 30 countries around the world. Tamás read economics at the University of Cambridge and at the Budapest University of Economics.

The Organization: CEPS was founded in Brussels in 1983, is among the most experienced and authoritative think tanks operating in the European Union today. CEPS serves as a leading forum for debate on EU affairs, but its most distinguishing feature lies in its strong in-house research capacity, complemented by an extensive network of partner institutes throughout the world. Among CEPS’s core competencies are trade and international economics; EU Justice and Home Affairs; EU Neighbourhood Policy; Climate Change and the Environment; and EU Finance and Budgetary Issues. Among its strongest features is CEPS’s complete independence to set its own research priorities and freedom from any outside inﬂuence. 45

European Institute for Asian Studies (EIAS)

Team Leader: Dr Fraser Cameron is Director of the EU-Russia Centre, Senior Advisor to the European Policy Centre (EPC) and to the European Institute for Asian Studies (EIAS), all in Brussels. He is also Director of ECAN, an academic and think tank network linking European and Chinese researchers and scholars.

He is a Visiting Professor at the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin, at the Europa College in Bruges and at a number of other universities in Europe, the US, Canada and Asia. A former academic and diplomat, Dr Cameron was an adviser in the European Commission for more than a decade and served at the EU’s delegation in Washington DC.

Dr Cameron was Director of Studies at the European Policy Centre from 2002-2005. He is the author of several of books and articles on European and international affairs. His most recent books include ÚS Foreign Policy after the Cold War (2005) and An Introduction to European Foreign Policy (2007). He is a well- known commentator on international affairs and moderator of conferences and workshops. He has extensive experience of working with the corporate world in Europe and elsewhere.

The Organization: The European Institute for Asian Studies (EIAS) carries out research, organises conferences, seminars and other events, and publishes a regular newsletter on all aspects of EU-Asian relations. This includes wider Asia, ie - Iran and the Persian Gulf. It is located close to the EU institutions and regularly hostings brieﬁngs for visiting politicians and academics which bring together all stakeholders in the EU capital.

Electrical and Computer Engineering School National Technical University of Athens (EPU-NTUA)

Team Leader: Prof. J.-E. Samouilidis, is an emeritus professor of the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens. He is the founder of EPU-NTUA, being its head for more than 25 years. Currently, he is director of International cooperation projects. Prof. Samouilidis has a unique record in energy policy and planning, security of supply and regional development. He has a complete grasp of the EU energy policy activities, having supervised more than 60 relevant projects. He has also held high level government positions as a special advisor to ministers and a national delegate, being involved in several actions for the promotion of international energy cooperation. He had a major consulting role in the creation of the Energy Forum; during the period, 2001-2003 he was Director of the EC MEDA project: “Euro- Mediterranean Energy Policy Training Network” and the coordinator of the Ad-hoc Group “Energy Policy” of the EU-Mediterranean Energy Forum, which aimed to develop detailed common Mediterranean Energy Policy guidelines and make proposals regarding actions of “regional interest”. It should be noted that Prof. Samouilidis through his participation as Project manager or Senior energy advisor has acquired extensive experience in the concerned region (GCC). Recent projects he has been involved include among others the EC-Synergy project “EUROGULF: An EU-GCC Dialogue for Energy Stability and Sustainability” 2003-2005, facilitating the EU-GCC energy policy dialogue for the Development of renewable energies, promotion of the rational use of energy, the reduction of CO2 emissions and the promotion of Economic and Political Conditions for Energy Security. During this period, he was also director of the EC project “EU-GCC Cooperation through the Promotion of Hydrocarbon Technology Transfer – Improving the EU Security of Supply“, which aimed at the continuation and furthering of the EU-GCC energy dialogue. He was also director of the EC Thermie project “Bridging GCC needs with EU oil and gas advanced technology“. His high level proﬁle in the area of energy policy dialogue facilitation is the best guarantee for the delivery of high level outputs in organising such events in familiarity with the policies, priorities and sensitivities of the GCC.

The Organization: EPU-NTUA, is a multidisciplinary scientiﬁc unit which carries out research and development projects and provides high level consulting services on a wide range of complex societal and technical problems. EPU-NTUA operates within the School of Electrical & Computer Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens, the oldest, most prestigious and most competitive academic institute in Greece. Through the implementation of EC and national projects, EPU-NTUA has acquired signiﬁcant experience in all sectors related to technical assistance on issues concerning energy, environment and technology. EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

International energy policy dialogue facilitation is one of the most competitive qualifications of the unit. EPU-NTUA has attained international experience in providing high standard scientific support as well as organization and implementation of tailor made workshops, conferences and seminars (preparation of all necessary technical and scientific documentation, project management and co-ordination, information and dissemination), especially in the area of energy policy formulation and analysis. The EPU-NTUA team has also great experience in the transfer of know-how and has implemented several capacity building activities on practically all issues concerning energy policy.

Indicative recent project references of EPU-NTUA include among others the following:

- “EUROGULF: An EU-GCC Dialogue for Energy Stability and Sustainability”, 2003-2005, 0.7 MEuro,

- “EU-GCC Cooperation through the Promotion of Hydrocarbon Technology Transfer – Improving the EU Security of Supply”, 0.8 MEuro, 2003-2004,

- “Bridging GCC needs with EU oil and gas advanced technology”, 0.6 MEuro, 1998-2001,

- “Euro-Mediterranean Energy Policy Training Network”, 2.9 MEuro, 2000-2003,

- “Support to the ad hoc groups (energy policy, interconnections, economic analysis) of the EU-Mediterranean Energy Forum” 1.8 MEuro,

- “Technical Consultant of the Energy Department of the Greek Ministry of Development”, 2003-2006, 1.0 MEuro,

- “3rd Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference on Energy, Athens May 20-21, 2003”, 0.28 MEuro,

- “EU Energy efﬁciency policy and measures projects in Bulgaria and Romania”, 1999-2001, 0.46 MEuro,

- “Reinforcing Energy dialogue between black sea countries and the EU”, 1999-2000, 0.4 MEuro,

- “Decision support on the promotion of renewable energy sources and rational use of energy in the framework of the new environment in the Greek energy market”, Greece, 0.16 Meuro, 2005-2008, etc. In addition, EPU-NTUA can mobilise all the academic network of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), within which EPU-NTUA operates. NTUA comprises 8 Engineering Schools (covering all engineering specialities) and one School of Sciences (Maths, Physics, Mechanics & Humanities), with 700 teaching and research members (all holding Ph.D.) and 1100 doctoral students (engineers) who can provide backstopping on practically any technical issue.

Fundación para la Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE)

Team Leader: Richard Youngs is the Coordinator of the Democratisation Programme at FRIDE. He also lectures at the University of Warwick in the UK. Prior to joining FRIDE, he was EU Marie Curie Research Fellow from 2001 to 2004. He studied at Cambridge (BA Hons) and Warwick (MA, PhD) universities, and previously worked as Analyst at the Foreign and Commonwealth Ofﬁce, United Kingdom.

The Organization: FRIDE is a think tank based in Madrid that aims to provide the best and most innovative thinking on Europe’s role in the international arena. It strives to break new ground in its core research interests of peace and security, human rights, democracy promotion, and development and humanitarian aid, and mould debate in governmental and non-governmental bodies through rigorous analysis, rooted in the values of justice, equality and democracy.

A European think tank for Global Action: FRIDE seeks to provide fresh and innovative thinking on Europe’s role on the international stage. As a 47

prominent European think tank, FRIDE beneﬁts from political independence, diversity of views and the intellectual background of its international staff. FRIDE’s research and activities are based on a set of core international values. We do not seek to act as uncritical advocates for these values, but rather to engage in rigorous analysis of the difﬁcult debates on ethical questions in international relations. Our main contribution to international debates stems from our focus on: • The Development and Promotion of Democracy

• The World’s Conﬂict-blighted Failing or Fragile States

• The Improvement of Humanitarian Action and Development

• The Protection of Human Rights and International Justice FRIDE has established the Club de Madrid and the magazine Foreign Policy Edición española, is co-founder of the Toledo International Centre for Peace (CITpax), and is associated with Development Assistance Research Associates (DARA) and the Francisco Fernández Ordóñez Foundation (CAFFO).

PEACE & SECURITY: The World’s Failing or Fragile States Around 50 states in the developing world currently suffer the effects of chronic institutional fragility. Amongst these, approximately 20 are at war, whilst many others are beset by serious internal violence. These states cannot guarantee the security or basic needs of their citizens, stimulate lasting economic growth, or even claim to have authority over all their national territory.

FRIDE analyses the ways in which the international community reacts to these crisis states, examining policies from peacekeeping to post-conﬂict assistance, and placing emphasis on the causes and consequences of violence and armed conﬂict through case studies in affected countries. This programme explores the theories used to understand and diagnose state fragility, and produces policy proposals aimed at boosting the effectiveness and legitimacy of the international community in tackling the ‘black holes’ of the new world order.

DEMOCRATISATION: Progressive European Thinking on Democracy: From the Middle East, to Russia, China, Africa and Latin America debates on the introduction or ‘deepening’ of democracy have become increasingly vibrant, high proﬁle and often divisive. FRIDE seeks to contribute to this increasingly important

HUMAN RIGHTS: Protection of Human Rights: In recent years, International Criminal Justice has played an increasingly important role in ensuring the protection of human rights in the wake of armed conﬂict. Fighting impunity and securing redress for victims are now seen as vital steps towards rebuilding the rule of law in such contexts. FRIDE explores the roles and relative merits of international courts, national judicial systems and local customary law in bringing about justice for victims of human rights violations once conﬂicts have ended. The impact on fundamental rights of new policies towards security and terrorism is also a central research issue.

HUMANITARIAN ACTION & DEVELOPMENT: Better Aid: Strengthening the effectiveness of foreign aid is an essential part of FRIDE’s research. This programme aims to promote poverty reduction and the alleviation of human suffering by improving European donor governments’ policies, encouraging greater coherence, and enhancing the sensitivity of foreign and domestic policies to the developmental and humanitarian impact of aid. As part of this programme, FRIDE studies how aid might be harnessed so as to foster social inclusion and democracy across the developing world. Incorporating other areas of expertise, the programme also contributes to the debate on aid effectiveness, empowerment and post-conﬂict aid, and best practice in humanitarian crisis responses. EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

Gulf Research Center (GRC)

Team Leader: Dr. Christian Koch is the Research Director for International Studies at the GRC thus combining the various international and foreign relations issues of the GCC States. His particular interest and specialty is that of GCC-EU Relations and the overall development of the Gulf’s ties with the European Union and its member states. His responsibilities range from managing the research staff and devising the research agenda, arranging the Center’s outreach programs and working with the Chairman to establish the GRC’s work plan. He was formerly the Head of the Strategic Studies Section at the Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research (ECSSR), a position he held for 6 years.

Dr. Koch has authored and edited well over 30 published articles and books in both English and German, many of which have been syndicated in local and international newspapers. His books include: A Window of Opportunity: Europe, Gulf Security and the Aftermath of the Iraq War, editor with Felix Neugart (Dubai: Gulf Research Center); Unfulﬁlled Potential: Exploring the GCC-EU Relationship, editor (Dubai: Gulf Research Center); and Gulf Security in the Twenty-First Century, editor with David Long (London: I.B. Tauris). He received his doctorate in political science in 1999 from the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität in Erlangen- Nürnberg with a dissertation on the role of voluntary association in the political development of Kuwait.

The Organization: The driving force behind GRC is the achievement of excellence in four core areas of activity: social science research, education, media and consultancy services. GRC is a pioneering interdisciplinary organization that aims to provide knowledge for all, using a variety of mediums to overcome traditional barriers. As a non-proﬁt research organization, GRC’s business model is unique in that it relies on its virtual community to generate revenue required to produce research and education solutions. The model is a self-perpetuating cycle that ensures the Center’s independence and ability to respond to the needs of the community.

Contributors from within the Center and its network of experts create the Content which is then disseminated through a variety of Channels in a Commercialized form and made available to the Community of people interested in the study and development of the region. In many cases, members of the community contribute to the Center’s research activities, thus completing this creative cycle.

Institute of Diplomatic Studies (IoDS)

Team Leader: Ambassador Al-Ammar received a Doctorate of Philosophy in Public Administration from the State University of New York. His main publications are: Saudi Labor Market After One Generation from Now; Executive Strategy for Saudization in the Private Sector; The Reality of Small and Mid Size Establishments’ Role in Availing Employment for Saudi Citizens (1999); Administrative Reform at the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Reality and Hope (1997); Study of the Training Needs of the Ministry for Islamic Affairs (1995); Designing of Training Programs of the Institute of Public Administration (1989).

The Organization: Mission • Carrying out the Ministry’s institute-based strategy which focuses on building and developing the professional capabilities of the Ministry and diplomatic circles’ employees; providing them with the know- how to promote the quality of their performance, service and interaction. The training courses, content and presentation; and instructors, skills and abilities, should be improved continuously. • Achieving the board of directors’ prospects to develop the institute into an intellectual hub capable of analyzing, crystallizing, evaluating and anticipating all issues in connection with the Kingdom’s foreign affairs and ﬁnding suitable alternatives that cope with local, regional and international developments. Creating and promoting a distinguished study and research center infrastructure to foster the endeavors of Ministry of Foreign Affairs ofﬁcials. • Upgrading the Institute services to mirror the spirit of innovation and responsibility, with highest standards of performance in place. 49

• Cooperating with relevant governmental departments, as well as institutions, regional or international, to promote the Institute activities and achieve its objectives in consistence with the instructions of the board of directors.

Core Objectives: • Building and promoting the skills and experience of diplomatic circle and Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ employees through basic and advanced training courses. • Acquiring, updating and sharing knowledge through participating in symposiums, workshops and conferences focusing on diplomacy and international relations among other issues relevant to the Ministry. • Conducting and publishing studies, researches and reference works in diplomacy and international relations. • Providing the Ministry with consultations about the best way to develop the Ministry’s activities.

Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI)

Team Leader: Roberto Aliboni is Vice-President at the International Affairs Institute-IAI in Rome and head of the Institute’s programme on the Mediterranean and the Middle East. He taught International Economics at the Universities of Naples and Perugia from 1972 to 1979 and held research positions in different Institutes. In 1994, he conceived of and successfully established the Mediterranean Study Commission (MeSCo), the network of Mediterranean Institutes dealing with international and security affairs (transformed in the Euro-Mediterranean Study Commission-EuroMeSCo in 1996). Presently he is Co- President of EuroMeSCo’assembly and member of the Scientiﬁc Council of the Tampere Peace Research Institute-TAPRI. He published numerous articles and books. Among his most recent publications: “Dopo l’Iraq: Stabilità e Cooperazione nel Golfo”, in Roberto Aliboni (a cura di), Il Golfo e l’Unione Europea. Rapporti economici e di sicurezza, Quaderni IAI, n. 28, settembre 2007, pp. 75-98. “Europe’s Role in the Gulf: A Transatlantic Perspective”, The International Spectator, Vol. XLI, No. 2, April- June 2006, pp. 33-50. “Globalization and the Wider Black Sea Area: Interaction with the European Union, Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East”, Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, June 2006, pp. 157-168. “10 ans de dialogue politique et de sécurité au sein du processus de Barcelone : une tentative d’évaluation”, Géoéconomie, No. 35, Automne 2005, pp. 101-121. «EMP Approaches to Human Rights and Democracy», in Haizam Amirah Fernandez, Richard Youngs (eds.), The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: Assessing the First Decade, Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior-FRIDE, Real Instituto Elcano de Estudios Internacionales y Estratégicos, Madrid, 2005, pp. 47-57. Promoting Democracy in the EMP. Which Political Strategy?, EuroMeSCo Reports, November 2004. “Democracy in the Arab countries and the West”, in Mediterranean politics, vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring 2004), pp. 82-93 (in collaboration with Laura Guazzone).

The Organization: The Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) was founded on 11 October 1965 on the initiative of Altiero Spinelli, its first director, with the support of the Fondazione Adriano Olivetti, the Associazione di cultura e politica “Il Mulino”, Centro Studi “Nord e Sud” and the Ford Foundation. In 1991, the Institute moved to Palazzo Rondinini, an elegant eighteenth century Baroque building in the heart of Rome where the main activities organized by the Institute take place.

A non-proﬁt organization, it is funded by individual and corporate members, public and private organizations, major international foundations, and by a standing grant from the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The main objective of the Institute is to promote an understanding of the problems of international politics through EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

studies, research, meetings and publications, with the aim of increasing the opportunities of all countries to move in the direction of supranational organization, democratic freedom and social justice (IAI Bylaws, Article 1).

RESEARCH: An interdisciplinary approach and policy-oriented objectives characterize the Institute’s analysis of international events. The IAI strives to maintain a global perspective, evaluating Italian positions with respect to those of other international actors. To this end, the Institute has involved an increasing number of foreign researchers in its projects, and has strengthened its ties with similar institutes abroad through regular bilateral and multilateral meetings.

In addition, the IAI belongs to the following international networks of research centres: EINIRAS (European Information Network on International Relations and Area Studies), EU-Consent, EuroMeSCo (Euro- Mediterranean Study Commission); GDN (Global Development Network); ISN (International Relations and Security Network), TEPSA (Trans European Policy Studies Association) and the Transatlantic Editors’ Forum.

Principal ﬁelds of research: • the European Union: institutional developments and enlargement and security • defence economics and politics • global economic trends and the internationalisation of the Italian economic system • transatlantic relations • the Mediterranean and the Middle East.

CONFERENCES: The conference activities of the IAI are broadly organized as follows: • public meetings and conferences • bilateral meetings with other Italian institutes and foreign counterparts • study groups and seminars related to research topics • lectures by foreign and Italian guest speakers • meetings of the Global Outlook of the Laboratory (see below)

All these activities are organized with the purpose of furthering the understanding of topical issues in international relations.

The Global Outlook of the Laboratory is an initiative of the Istituto Affari Internazionali conceived in 1996 as a venue for debate, analysis and proposals on topics of special relevance for Italy’s contemporary economic international action. The overall objective is to put forth a series of proposals for the formulation of policies for the internationalisation of the sistema Italia (Italian economic system) and, more generally, of Italian foreign economic policy.

LIBRARY: The library was set up in 1965, the year the Institute was founded. It contains more than 24,000 volumes, including current and older serials, with approximately 1000 new acquisitions per year. The current periodicals number almost 300. All publications are being catalogued in an on-line data base, which now contains more than 17,000 entries. The library provides various high-quality services to Italian and foreign scholars and students in the area of international issues , namely a reference service and a number of on-line tools (Current periodicals list, New acquisitions list, Subject lists from catalogue, and the IAI Library Notes, a feature of the Institute’s English review “The International Spectator”. 51

Kuwait University (KU) Team Leader: Dr. Haila Al-Mekaimi is Professor of Political Science and Head of Euro-Gulf Research Unit at the College of Social Sciences at Kuwait University . She has special interest in fostering dialogue between the West and the Arabic world, therefore, she has established Euro-Gulf Research Unit at Kuwait University in 2005. She obtained her B.A. in political science at Kuwait University (1996), her M.A. from University of Wisconsin/Milwaukee (1999), and her Ph.D. from Boston College (2003). She has obtained a Diploma in Jewish Studies from University of Wisconsin/Milwaukee (1999). She has carried out extensive research on Islamic groups in cross-cultural comparison including the Middle East, Europe and the CIS region. She has published extensively in English and Arabic on Islamic groups, Gulf security, democracy, women empowerment and European-Gulf relations. She was invited to participate in the NATO public diplomacy toward the GCC states (2006).

The Organization: The “EURO-GULF Research Unit” at Kuwait University, College of Social Sciences, was established in 2006 with the cooperation of the Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris (sciences-Po). The unit is directed by Dr Haila AL MEKAIMI, Political Sciences Professor.

Sciences-Po (IEP) Team Leader: Gilles Kepel holds degrees in Arabic, English and Philosophy, a diploma from the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris (IEP) and doctorates in sociology and political science. He is a Professor at the IEP, where he heads the post-graduate programme on the Arab and Muslim worlds. He was Visiting Professor at N.Y.U. in 1994 and at Columbia University in 1995-96.

The Organization: Sciences Po has traditionally educated the French political and diplomatic elite, but its academic focus spans not only the political and economic sciences, but also law, communications, ﬁnance, business, urban policy, management, and journalism. Its campus is just off the Seine River, and within walking distance of Notre Dame de Paris, the Panthéon, and the Assemblée Nationale. It comprises 17th and 18th century mansions located on and around Rue Saint-Guillaume in the VIIe arrondissement of the Left Bank.

3.2.2 Consortium Agreement

The Consortium rules and procedures will be formalized in an agreement which will include detailed provisions to deal with critical issues such as: - Decision rules within the Consortium - Non compliance of a contractor and possible conﬂicts that may arise internally to the Consortium - Delays in the work plan implementation, red ﬂag procedures and sharing of responsibilities

Each partner who is a member of the Consortium commits itself to respecting the terms of understanding existing with the coordinating organization on the role and responsibilities of each one of them. Each partner is represented by a Leader of their choice who will be coordinating with the Steering Committee and the coordinating organization on the different activities. EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

4. Project Implementation 4.1 Project plan X X X M24 X X X M23 X X M22 X X X M21 X X X X X M20 X X M19 Year 2 Year X X M18 X X X X M17 X X X M16 X X M15 X X X M14 X X X X M13 X X X M12 X X M11 X X X M10 Work Package 1 Package Work 2 Package Work 4 Package Work 5 Package Work Work Package 3 Package Work X X X M9 X X X X M8 X X M7 Year 1 Year X X X M6 X X X M5 X X X M4 X X M3 X X X M2 X X X X M1 5-1 Training 1-1 Training 1-2 Training 1-3 Training 1-4 Training Research 4-1 Research Workshop 2-1 Workshop 2-2 Workshop 2-3 Workshop 2-4 Workshop 2-5 Workshop 2-6 Workshop 2-7 Workshop Dissemination Dissemination Translation 3-1 Translation 3-2 Translation 3-3 Translation 3-4 Translation 3-5 Translation 3-6 Translation 53

4.2 Detailed work description Work No. Type of Pack- Title of Partners Start Day Duration Activity age Staff EU-GCC Partnership Year 1 1-1-1 Program: Understanding the Training 5 GRC + CEPS 4 days Month 2 European Union Publication of Program Year 1 1-1-2 Publication 2 CEPS 5 days Reader + CD-Rom Month 1 EU-GCC Partnership Saudi Diplomatic Year 1 1-2-1 Program: Understanding the Training 5 4 days Institute + CEPS Month 8 European Union Publication of Program Year 1 1-2-2 Publication 2 CEPS 5 days Reader + CD-Rom Month 6 EU-GCC Partnership Year 2 1-3-1 Program: Understanding the Training 5 GRC + CEPS 4 days Month 14 European Union Publication of Program Year 2 1-3-2 Publication 2 CEPS 5 days Reader + CD-Rom Month 12 EU-GCC Partnership Year 2 1-4-1 Program: Understanding the Training 5 GRC + CEPS 4 days Month 20 European Union Publication of Program Year 2 1-4-2 Publication 2 CEPS 5 days Reader + CD-Rom Month 18 The EU and the GCC: Challenges and Prospects GRC + Sciences- Year 1 2-1-1 Workshop 4 1 day for Cooperation under the Po Month 1 French Presidency of the EU GRC + Sciences- Year 1 3 2-1-2 Publication of Edited Volume Publication 4 Po Month 4 months Promoting Political reform Year 1 2-2-1 under the EU-GCC Workshop 4 GRC+ FRIDE 1 day Month 6 Framework Year 1 3 2-2-2 Publication of Edited Volume Publication 4 GRC + FRIDE Month 9 months Optimizing Educational GRC+ Opportunities in the GCC Bertelsmann Year 1 2-3-1 Workshop 4 1 day Countries: What Role for the Stiftung + Kuwait Month 10 EU? University GRC+ Year 2 3 2-3-2 Publication of Edited Volume Publication 4 Bertelsmann Month 13 months EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

EU-GCC Cooperation and the Mediterranean: Year 2 2-4-1 Publication 4 GRC + IAI 1 day Impacting Stability and Month 13 Development Year 2 3 2-4-2 Publication of Edited Volume Publication 4 GRC + IAI Month 16 months Climate Change and Security: EU-GCC GRC + EPU-NTA Year 2 2-5-1 Workshop 4 1 day Cooperation and the +EIAS Month 17 Environment GRC + EPU-NTA Year 2 3 2-5-2 Publication of Edited Volume Publication 4 +EIAS Month 20 months EU-GCC Economic Year 2 2-6-1 Relations: Toward Greater Workshop 4 GRC + CEPS 1 day Month 20 Regional Integration Year 2 3 2-6-2 Publication of Edited Volume Publication 4 GRC + CEPS Month 23 months Towards a New Gulf Security GRC + Architecture: Gulf Regional Year 2 2-7-1 Workshop 4 Bertelsmann 1 day Threats and European Month 23 Stiftung Policies GRC + Year 2 3 2-7-2 Publication of Edited Volume Publication 4 Bertelsmann Month 24 months Stiftung Year 1 2 3-1-1 Translation of Book 1 Translation 2 GRC Month 1 months Year 1 3-1-2 Editing Edition 1 GRC 2 weeks Month 3 Proof Year 1 3-1-3 Proof Reading 1 GRC 2 weeks Reading Month 3 Year 1 3-1-4 Typesetting Typesetting 1 GRC 1 week Month 4 Cover Year 1 3-1-5 Cover design 1 GRC 1 week design Month 3 GRC Year 1 3-1-6 Printing Printing 1 2 weeks (outsourcing) Month 4 Year 1 2 3-2-1 Translation of Book 2 Translation 2 GRC Month 5 months Year 1 3-2-2 Editing Edition 1 GRC 2 weeks Month 7 Proof Year 1 3-2-3 Proof Reading 1 GRC 2 weeks Reading Month 7 55

Year 1 3-2-4 Typesetting Typesetting 1 GRC 1 week Month 8 Cover Year 1 3-2-5 Cover design 1 GRC 1 week design Month 7 GRC Year 1 3-2-6 Printing Printing 1 2 weeks (outsourcing) Month 8 Year 1 2 3-3-1 Translation of Book 3 Translation 2 GRC Month 9 months Year 1 3-3-2 Editing Edition 1 GRC 2 weeks Month 11 Proof Year 1 3-3-3 Proof Reading 1 GRC 2 weeks Reading Month 11 Year 2 3-3-4 Typesetting Typesetting 1 GRC 1 week Month 12 Cover Year 1 3-3-5 Cover design 1 GRC 1 week design Month 11 GRC Year 2 3-3-6 Printing Printing 1 2 weeks (outsourcing) Month 12 Year 2 2 3-4-1 Translation of Book 4 Translation 2 GRC Month 13 months Year 2 3-4-2 Editing Edition 1 GRC 2 weeks Month 15 Proof Year 2 3-4-3 Proof Reading 1 GRC 2 weeks Reading Month 15 Year 2 3-4-4 Typesetting Typesetting 1 GRC 1 week Month 16 Cover Year 2 3-4-5 Cover design 1 GRC 1 week design Month 15 GRC Year 2 3-4-6 Printing Printing 1 2 weeks (outsourcing) Month 16 Year 2 2 3-5-1 Translation of Book 5 Translation 2 GRC Month 17 months Year 2 3-5-2 Editing Edition 1 GRC 2 weeks Month 19 Proof Year 2 3-5-3 Proof Reading 1 GRC 2 weeks Reading Month 19 Year 2 3-5-4 Typesetting Typesetting 1 GRC 1 week Month 20 Cover Year 2 3-5-5 Cover design 1 GRC 1 week design Month 19 EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

GRC Year 2 3-5-6 Printing Printing 1 2 weeks (outsourcing) Month 20 Year 2 2 3-6-1 Translation of Book 6 Translation 2 GRC Month 21 months Year 2 3-6-2 Editing Edition 1 GRC 2 weeks Month 23 Proof Year 2 3-6-3 Proof Reading 1 GRC 2 weeks Reading Month 23 Year 2 3-6-4 Typesetting Typesetting 1 GRC 1 week Month 24 Cover Year 2 3-6-5 Cover design 1 GRC 1 week design Month 23 GRC Year 2 3-6-6 Printing Printing 1 2 weeks (outsourcing) Month 24 GRC + FRIDE + Year 1 4 Research 10 2 years CEPS Month 1 Economic diversification and GRC + FRIDE + Year 1 4 4-1 Research 4 Cross Cutting Analysis CEPS Month 1 months Economic diversification and GRC + FRIDE + Year 1 4 4-2 Research 4 Sectoral Analysis CEPS Month 5 months The role, development GRC + FRIDE + Year 1 4 4-3 and competitiveness of the Research 4 CEPS Month 9 months financial sector The potential for GRC + FRIDE + Year 1 4 4-4 specialization in other Research 4 CEPS Month 12 months services, including tourism Business environment and GRC + FRIDE + Year 2 3 4-5 Research 4 the role of the private sector CEPS Month 15 months Labour market, GRC + FRIDE + Year 2 3 4-6 Research 4 unemployment, migration CEPS Month 17 months The Gulf region in the global GRC + FRIDE + Year 2 3 4-7 Research 4 economic context CEPS Month 21 months Dissemina- Year 1 3 5-1-1 Website Development 3 GRC tion Month 1 months Dissemina- Year 1 5-1-2 Website Design 2 GRC 1 month tion Month 1 Dissemina- Year 1 5-1-3 Website Maintenance 1 GRC tion Month 1 Dissemina- Year 1 Every 3 5-1-4 E-Newsletter 3 GRC tion Month 4 months Dissemina- Year 1 Every 4 5-1-5 Articles and Op-Eds 2 GRC tion Month 5 months 57

5. Budget 5.1 Budget Overview

Table 1: Overview of Income Contributions Euros Grant Requested 922059.07 Contribution from the Consortium of Partners 948516 Total 1870575.07

Table 2: Overview of Costs Eligible Costs Euros WP1-1 10000 WP1-2 10000 WP1-3 10000 WP1-4 10000 WP2-1 1485 WP2-2 1485 WP2-3 1485 WP2-4 1485 WP2-5 1485 Activities WP2-6 1485 WP2-7 1485 WP3-1 10500 WP3-2 10500 WP3-3 10500 Direct Costs WP3-4 10500 WP3-5 10500 WP3-6 10500 WP5-2 8800 WP5-3 18200 Project Manager 47960 Costs of Project Project Assistant 30800 Staff Category I 689714 Category II 355022 Costs of Travel 154900 Travel of Accommodation 181125 Project Staff Subsistence 99280 EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

Costs of WP5-1 12000 Equipment WP5-1 7000 Steering Committee 15000 Other Direct Costs Meetings

Audits 15000 Total Direct 1748201 Costs Indirect Indirect Costs 7% of Total Direct Costs 122374.07 Costs Total 1870575.07

Table 3: Overview of Funding Funding Euros ARI 33000 Bertelsmann Stiftung 84000 CEPS 85600 EIAS 15500 FRIDE 100000 GRC 552500 IAI 25000 IoDS 50000 Sciences-Po 3000 Total 948516 Contribution requested 922059.07 from the Commission Total 1870575.07 59

Table 4: Overview Budget by Partners Bertels- Sciences- ARI mann CEPS EIAS FRIDE GRC IAI IoDS Po Stiftung Activities 16600 3500 1000 1200 37700 70500 2700 0 1200 Category I 12000 6000 99900 7500 82000 515224 5600 2000 4100 Category II 10000 6000 42000 8000 9600 300193 2989 2000 2000 Honoraria 0 10000 0 5000 5000 75000 5000 0 5000 Travel of 6000 24500 15600 14490 33750 0 20000 18200 18000 staff Accom- modation of 6000 14000 8860 10040 12000 39170 5400 27690 5000 staff Subsistence 0 11000 3840 5270 6400 32015.7 3000 16110 3000 of staff Equipment 7000 0 0 0 0 12000 0 0 0 Other direct 0 9000 0 0 0 0 1750 0 1700 costs Indirect 0 0 0 0 13550 105573.4 3250.7 0 costs Total Costs 57600 84000 171200 51500 200000 1150586 49689 66000 40000 Partner’s contribution 33000 84000 85600 15500 100000 552500 25000 50000 3000 to project Net from 24600 0 85600 36000 100000 598086 24689 16000 37000 project EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

5.2 Detailed Forward Budget

Table 5: Work Packages Estimated Work Package 1: Trainings in GCC countries cost in € Organization Rooms Rental (4 rooms @ €1000) 4000 Costs Activity Costs Publication of Program Reader + CD-Rom 36000 Category I (1 Category I Staff @ €218 * 10 days * 4 trainings) 8720 Salaries Category II (1 Category II Staff @ €156 * 20 days * 4 trainings) 12480 Honoraria Honoraria for Speakers (8 speakers @ €1500 * 4 trainings) 48000 International Travel for speakers (8 flights @ € 900 * 4 trainings) 28800 Regional Flights for Participants (20 flights @ €300 * 4 24000 Travel trainings) Regional Flights for Project Manager (1 flight @ €300 * 4 1200 trainings) Accommodation for Speakers (3 nights @ € 195 * 8 speakers * 18720 4 trainings) Accommodation for Participants (5 nights @ € 195 * 20 Accommodation 78000 participants * 4 trainings) Accommodation for Project Manager (5 nights @ € 195 * 4 3900 trainings) Daily Subsistence for Speakers (2 days @ € 85 * 8 speakers * 5440 4 trainings) Daily Subsistence for Participants (5 days @ € 85 * 30 Subsistence 51000 participants * 4 trainings) Daily Subsistence for Project Manager (5 days @ € 85 * 4 1700 trainings) Total 321960 61

Estimated Work Package 2: Workshops in Europe and GCC countries cost in € WORKSHOPS IN EUROPE (5) Organization Rooms Rental (2 rooms @ €1000) 2000 Costs Activity Costs Publication of Edited Volumes 6000 Category I (1 Category I Staff @ €335 * 10 days * 5 Workshops) 16750 Salaries Category II (1 Category II Staff @ €152 * 20 days * 5 15200 Workshops) Honoraria Honoraria for Speakers (5 speakers @ €1000 * 5 workshops) 25000 International Travel for GCC participants (8 flights @ € 900 * 5 36000 workshops) Travel Regional Flights for European Participants (8 flights @ 250 * 5 10000 workshops) International Flights for Project Manager (€ 900 * 5 workshops) 4500 Accommodation for GCC Participants (3 nights @ € 135 * 8 16200 participants * 5 workshops) Accommodation for European Participants (2 nights @ € 135 * Accommodation 10800 8 participants * 5 workshops) Accommodation for Project Manager (3 nights @ € 135 * 5 2025 workshops) Daily Subsistence for Participants (2 days @ € 95 * 25 23750 participants * 5 workshops) Subsistence Daily Subsistence for Project Manager (2 days @ € 95 * 5 950 workshops) WORKSHOPS IN GCC COUNTRIES (2) Activity Costs Publication of Edited Volumes 2400 Category I (1 Category I Staff @ €335 * 10 days * 2 Workshops) 6700 Salaries Category II (1 Category II Staff @ €152 * 20 days * 2 6080 Workshops) Honoraria Honoraria for Speakers (5 speakers @ €1000 * 2 workshops) 10000 International Travel for European participants (15 flights @ € 27000 900 * 2 workshops) Travel Regional Flights for GCC Participants (5 flights @ 300 * 2 3000 workshops) Regional Flights for Project Manager (€ 300 * 2 workshops) 600 EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

Accommodation for European Participants (3 nights @ € 195 * 17550 15 participants * 2 workshops) Accommodation for GCC Participants (2 nights @ € 195 * 5 Accommodation 3900 participants * 2 workshops) Accommodation for Project Manager (2 nights @ € 195 * 2 780 workshops) Daily Subsistence for Participants (2 days @ € 85 * 25 8500 participants * 2 workshops) Subsistence Daily Subsistence for Project Manager (2 days @ € 85 * 2 340 workshops) Total 256025

Estimated Work Package 3: Translation cost in € Copyright (for 6 Books) 12000 Activity Costs Printing (2500 Copies of 6 Books of 250 Pages on average) 51000 Category II (Translation + Edition: 4 Category II Staff @ €100 * 132000 55 days) Category II (Evaluation: 2 Category II Staff @ €75 * 3 days) 2700 Salaries Category II (Proof Reading: 3 Category II Staff @ €75 * 6 days) 8100 Category II (Typesetting: 1 Category II Staff @ €75 * 4 days) 1800 Category II (Cover Design: 1 Category II Staff @ €85 * 3 days) 1530 Total 209130

Estimated Work Package 4: Research Activity cost in € GRC Researchers (4 Category I + 2 Category II Staff) 442860 CEPS Researchers (2 Category I + 2 Category II) 55000 Salaries FRIDE Researchers (1 Category I + 1 Category II Staff) 91700 ARI Researcher (1 Category 1 + 1 Category II Staff) 22000 Honoraria Local Experts (15 Category I staff) 75000 Travel International Travel for researchers (22 ﬂights @ € 900) 19800 Accommodation for Researchers (5 nights @ € 195 * 10 Accommodation 29250 researchers * 3 workshops) Subsistence Daily Subsistence for Researchers (95 days @ € 80) 7600 Total 743210 63

Estimated Work Package 5: Website and Dissemination cost in € E-Newsletter Emailing & Distribution 4000 Building Mail List 4800 Activity Costs Publication Promotion 9000 Translations 9200 Category II (4 Category II Staff @ €110 * 80 days) 35200 Category I (2 Category I Staff @ €116 * 37 days) 8584 Salaries Category II (2 Category II Staff @ €58 * 37 days) 4292 Category I (2 Category I Staff @ €120 * 42 days) 10000 Category II (2 Category II Staff @ €60 * 42 days) 5040 Website Software 12000 Equipment Costs Electronic Bridge Between Project’s Website and ARI’s 7000 Total 109116

Table 6: Activity Costs Activity Costs Estimated cost in € WP1 Publication of Program Reader + CD-Rom 36000 WP2 Publication of Edited Volumes 8400 WP3 Copyright 12000 WP3 Printing 51000 WP5-2 E-Newsletter E-mailing & Distribution 4000 WP5-2 Building Mail List 4800 WP5-3 Publication Promotion 9000 WP5-3 Translations 9200 Total 134400

Table 7: Organization Costs

Organization Costs Estimated cost in €

WP1 Rooms Rental 4000 WP2 Rooms Rental 2000 Total 6000 EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

Table 8: Overview of Staff Costs Staff Estimated cost in € Project Manager 47960 Project Assistant 30800 Category I 689714 Category II 355022 Total 1123496

Table 9: Detailed Project Staff Costs Number Daily Estimated Nature of Staff Pax of Days Rates cost in € Costs ALL Project Manager: Christian Koch 1 220 218 47960 Salary ALL Project Assistant: Marie Lillo 1 440 70 30800 Salary WP1-1 Category I 8 4 375 12000 Honoraria WP1-1 Category I 1 10 218 2180 Salary WP1-1 Category II 1 20 156 3120 Salary WP1-2 Category I 8 4 375 12000 Honoraria WP1-2 Category I 1 10 218 2180 Salary WP1-2 Category II 1 20 156 3120 Salary WP1-3 Category I 8 4 375 12000 Honoraria WP1-3 Category I 1 10 218 2180 Salary WP1-3 Category II 1 20 156 3120 Salary WP1-4 Category I 8 4 375 12000 Honoraria WP1-4 Category I 1 10 218 2180 Salary WP1-4 Category II 1 20 156 3120 Salary WP2-1 Category I 5 2 500 5000 Honoraria WP2-1 Category I 1 10 335 3350 Salary WP2-1 Category II 1 20 152 3040 Salary WP2-2 Category I 5 2 500 5000 Honoraria WP2-2 Category I 1 10 335 3350 Salary WP2-2 Category II 1 20 152 3040 Salary WP2-3 Category I 5 2 500 5000 Honoraria WP2-3 Category I 1 10 335 3350 Salary WP2-3 Category II 1 20 152 3040 Salary WP2-4 Category I 5 2 500 5000 Honoraria WP2-4 Category I 1 10 335 3350 Salary WP2-4 Category II 1 20 152 3040 Salary WP2-5 Category I 5 2 500 5000 Honoraria WP2-5 Category I 1 10 335 3350 Salary WP2-5 Category II 1 20 152 3040 Salary 65

WP2-6 Category I 5 2 500 5000 Honoraria WP2-6 Category I 1 10 335 3350 Salary WP2-6 Category II 1 20 152 3040 Salary WP2-7 Category I 5 2 500 5000 Honoraria WP2-7 Category I 1 10 335 3350 Salary WP2-7 Category II 1 20 152 3040 Salary WP3-1 Category II 3 55 97 22000 Salary WP3-1 Category II 2 3 75 450 Salary WP3-1 Category II 2 6 75 1350 Salary WP3-1 Category II 1 4 75 300 Salary WP3-1 Category II 1 3 84 255 Salary WP3-2 Category II 3 55 97 22000 Salary WP3-2 Category II 2 3 75 450 Salary WP3-2 Category II 2 6 75 1350 Salary WP3-2 Category II 1 4 75 300 Salary WP3-2 Category II 1 3 84 255 Salary WP3-3 Category II 3 55 97 22000 Salary WP3-3 Category II 2 3 75 450 Salary WP3-3 Category II 2 6 75 1350 Salary WP3-3 Category II 1 4 75 300 Salary WP3-3 Category II 1 3 84 255 Salary WP3-4 Category II 3 55 97 22000 Salary WP3-4 Category II 2 3 75 450 Salary WP3-4 Category II 2 6 75 1350 Salary WP3-4 Category II 1 4 75 300 Salary WP3-4 Category II 1 3 84 255 Salary WP3-5 Category II 3 55 97 22000 Salary WP3-5 Category II 2 3 75 450 Salary WP3-5 Category II 2 6 75 1350 Salary WP3-5 Category II 1 4 75 300 Salary WP3-5 Category II 1 3 84 255 Salary WP3-6 Category II 3 55 97 22000 Salary WP3-6 Category II 2 3 75 450 Salary WP3-6 Category II 2 6 75 1350 Salary WP3-6 Category II 1 4 75 300 Salary WP3-6 Category II 1 3 84 255 Salary WP4 Giacomo Luciani 1 120 690 82800 Salary WP4 Steffen Hertog 1 216 435 93960 Salary WP4 Eckart Woertz 1 324 235 76140 Salary EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

WP4 Category I 1 216 435 93960 Salary WP4 Category II 1 400 120 48000 Salary WP4 Category II 1 400 120 48000 Salary WP4 Daniel Gros 1 25 1000 25000 Salary WP4 Category I 1 25 600 15000 Salary WP4 Category II 1 30 250 7500 Salary WP4 Category II 1 30 250 7500 Salary WP4 Category I 1 400 205 82100 Salary WP4 Category II 1 120 80 9600 Salary WP4 Bassma Kodmani 1 15 800 12000 Salary WP4 Nasma Haidar 1 72 140 10000 Salary WP4 Category I 15 4 1250 75000 Honoraria WP5-1 Category II 4 80 105 35200 Salary WP5-2 Category I 2 37 116 8584 Salary WP5-2 Category II 2 37 58 4292 Salary WP5-3 Category I 2 42 120 10000 Salary WP5-3 Category II 2 42 60 5040 Salary Total 186 4081 1123496

Table 10: Travel and Subsistence Costs for Project Staff Travel, Accommodation and Subsistence Costs Estimated Cost in € WP1 Travel 54000 WP1 Accommodation 100620 WP1 Subsistence 58140 WP2 Travel 81100 WP2 Accommodation 51255 WP2 Subsistence 33540 WP4 Travel 19800 WP4 Accommodation 29250 WP4 Subsistence 7600 Total 435305

Table 11: Equipment Costs

Equipment Costs Estimated cost in €

WP5-1 Website Software 12000

WP5-1 Electronic Bridge Between Project’s Website and ARI’s 7000

Total 19000 67

Table 12: Audits Audits Estimated Cost in € 2 Audits 15000 Total 15000

Table 13: Steering Committee Meetings Costs Steering Committee Meetings Estimated Cost in € 3 Meetings 15000 Total 15000

Table 14: Grand Total Total Direct Costs 1748201 Indirect Costs (7%) 122374.07 GRAND TOTAL 1870575.07 EU-GCC Al Jisr Project

Footnotes:

1 On the Euro-Arab Dialogue see Saleh Al-Mani and Salah Al-Shaikhly, The Euro-Arab Dialogue: A Study in Associative Diplomacy (London: Frances Pinter, 1983). The quote is from the preamble of the Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the GCC listed in the Ofﬁcial Journal of the European Communities, OJ No. L 54/3, February 25, 1989.

2 EU Strategic Partnership with the Mediterranean and the Middle East, Final report approved by the European Council, June 2004, available under http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsUpload/Partnership%20Medite rranean%20and% 20Middle%20East.pdf

3 T = Training P= Publication R = Report A = Article I = Interview C = Conference M = Meeting W = Website

4 PU = Public RP = Restricted Public

5 CE-GOLFE 3503/07 (Presse 100), 17th GCC-EU Joint Council and Ministerial Meeting (Riyadh, 8 May 2007), Joint Communiqué