DOCSLIB.ORG

Technology Assessment of Autonomous Intelligent Bipedal and Other Legged Robots

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Technology Assessment of Autonomous Intelligent Bipedal and Other Legged Robots TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF AUTONOMOUS INTELLIGENT BIPEDAL AND OTHER LEGGED ROBOTS FINAL REPORT Contract Number MDA972-02-M-0025 Submitted To: Dr. Alan Rudolph Defense Sciences Office Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 3701 North Fairfax Drive Arlington, Virginia 22203-1714 Phone: (703)-696-2240 Fax: (703)-696-3999 [email protected] Submitted By: Dr. Robert Finkelstein, President Robotic Technology Inc. 11424 Palatine Drive Potomac, Maryland 20854-1451 Phone: (301)-983-4194 Fax: (301)-983-3921 [email protected] And Dr. James Albus, Senior NIST Fellow Intelligent Systems Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Building 220, Room B124 Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-0001 Phone: (301)-975-3418 Fax: (301)-990-9688 [email protected] Revised 13 May 2003 & 21 November 2004 CONTENTS Section Page I. Executive Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations 2 1.0 Purpose 5 2.0 Background 5 3.0 Expert Panel 10 4.0 Expert Survey Results 36 5.0 User Survey Results 53 6.0 Metrics for Humanoid and Legged Robots 63 7.0 Functional Analysis 69 8.0 State of Humanoid and Legged Robot Technology 89 9.0 Roadmap 105 Appendix A: Prospective and Actual Survey Experts 113 Appendix B: Survey Form for Survey of Robot Experts 122 Appendix C: Aggregated Expert Survey Results 130 Appendix D: User Survey Participants 188 Appendix E: Survey Form for Survey of Robot Users 190 Appendix F: Aggregated User Survey Results 197 Appendix G: Metrics Figures 231 Appendix H: Functional Diagram of Any Legged Robot 238 Appendix I: References 239 1 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS I.1 Purpose The purpose of this project is to perform a technology assessment of supervised autonomous intelligent humanoid robots, to examine current technology and systems to determine the feasibility of humanoid robots, and other legged robots, for militarily useful behavior in the near to far term (e.g., years 2002 - 2030) and to provide a technology roadmap for developing and demonstrating a humanoid robot for a selected military mission. The expectation is that DARPA will support the development and demonstration of militarily useful humanoid robots. I.2 Background There are a number of ongoing programs in the Department of Defense (DOD) for the development of combat robotics, but they emphasize the development wheeled or tracked vehicle platforms, not humanoid robots. But the world of artifacts is designed by humans for humans – such as tools, buildings, and vehicles. A humanoid robot, with biped legs, dexterous arms and hands, and sufficient intelligence, could function smoothly in that world: moving about in buildings, climbing stairs or ladders, opening doors with doorknobs instead of force, using existing tools, operating existing machinery, driving existing vehicles - and firing existing weapons. In the natural environment, military wheeled vehicles can operate on about 30% of the earth’s land surface, and military tracked vehicles can travel on about 50%. Legged organisms and machines, including bipedal humanoids, can travel over nearly the entire land surface. Also, humans will interact most easily with robots that appear to be human. While programs in several countries are focused on developing humanoid robots, Japanese companies, in general, have expended the most effort in developing humanoid robots. Although these robots have advanced sensing and control for autonomic effector movement (such as walking), they are limited in their autonomous interaction with the environment. Because the U.S. is more advanced in autonomous intelligent control (albeit, for vehicles), an interesting project would be to integrate a U.S. control system (such as the NIST hybrid 4D/RCS) with a suitable humanoid robot. The resulting autonomous, intelligent, robots will have widespread military and civil applications. I.3 Expert Panel We assembled technology data from in-house RTI databases, Japanese and other industrial humanoid robot developers, and U.S. government and university laboratories. For technology and program guidance, we formed an advisory panel of U.S. humanoid robot experts. The panel provided insight into several key issues: the U.S. is rapidly falling behind the Japanese (and perhaps even the Europeans) in developing humanoid robots; hexapod robots are inappropriate as large legged robots; quadruped and hybrid robots, such as a Centaur-type robot, can be militarily useful; rapidly advancing technology will make militarily valuable humanoid robots feasible on the battlefield by 2015 (and as capable, efficient, and reliable as human soldiers by 2035); the 4D/RCS control architecture can be used to achieve supervised, intelligent autonomous humanoid robots; and the advent of humanoid robots will have major 2 civilian societal impacts and advance the scientific understanding of human physiology and psychology. I.4 Expert Survey A survey of robotics experts provides insights in the form of comments, opinions, and scoring of the survey forms. The experts judge the current state of technology for developing militarily useful robots as generally poor because of the lack of enabling technologies (such as adaptable bipedal leg control). The experts foresee 2012 as the expected year in which the technology will be at least satisfactory, although there are some optimists forecasting a year sooner than 2007 (depending primarily on funding). They expect humanoid robots to be used for at least some military missions by 2020. The most promising humanoid robot mission is deemed to be reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA), followed by military operations in urban terrain (MOUT). They expect humanoid robots to have a significant impact on military operations by 2024. The experts deem hybrid legged robots to be more useful for the military than pure bipedal humanoids (with the humanoid second in importance). They judge the biped to be the most technically difficult legged robot to develop. The experts judge propulsion (suitable energy source) to be the most pressing humanoid R&D need, followed by bipedal leg control. The experts think that semi-autonomy (about half teleoperation and half autonomy) is sufficient for most missions. The expected unit cost of a military humanoid robot, forecast by the experts, is about $1 million. {Note: This is comparable to the unit manufacturing cost of the Honda Asimo humanoid, reported to be $1 million (after a development cost of $100 million), with an annual leasing cost to the user of about $150,000 [Washington Post, 3 Aug. 02, P.C01], and a possible sales price of $100,000 [Economist, Vol. 357, Issue 8202, P.102)]. But another source reports that the Asimo production cost is about $80,000 [The Industrial Robot, V. 28, Issue 3, P.186]. By comparison, the Sony Aibo quadruped dog robot costs about $1,500, selling more than 100,000 units [Economist, Vol. 357, Issue 8202, P.102)]. The Sony HOAP-1 humanoid robot is expected to sell for $41,000 [PC Magazine, 13 Nov. 01, P.67], while the Sony SDR-3X humanoid manufacturing cost is about $24,000 [The Industrial Robot, V. 28, Issue 3, P.186]. A security humanoid robot, to be manufactured by a Sanyo Electric Co. team, is to sell for about $86,000 [Hara, Yoshika, CMP Media, 16 Sep. 03, P.A157].} I.5 User Survey A survey of prospective humanoid and legged robot users judges countermine and explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) missions as the primary way they would likely employ the robots (with RSTA a close second). The users predict that humanoid robots will have significant military worth, but that they will not be ubiquitous throughout the military in the 21st century. The users tended to be more pessimistic than the experts about the promising missions for humanoid robots, but while the experts selected RSTA as the most promising mission, the users selected countermine/EOD operations. The users favored quadruped robots as their legged choice over bipedal humanoids. While the experts expect a unit cost of $1 million for military humanoid robots, the users predict a cost of about $400,000. The major issue for users is technology, followed closely by safety. The users favor somewhat greater autonomy for 3 humanoid robots than the experts. And they think that humanoid robots should be fielded the sooner the better. I.6 Metrics for Humanoid and Legged Robots We defined, weighted, and scored metrics and submetrics against which to evaluate prospective humanoid and legged robots, as they are designed and proposed. The four main metrics are: effectiveness, efficiency, life cycle cost, and development risk. I.7 Functional Analysis We decomposed the major functions (sensing, processing, etc.) of any legged robot in terms of the corresponding subsystems and described various approaches for the subsystems to function as part of an autonomous legged robot. I.8 State of Humanoid and Legged Robot Technology After examining the literature, we concluded that in recent years there has been significant progress in the technology of bipedal humanoid and other legged robots (primarily hexapods and quadrupeds). Teleoperation (and telepresence) of legged robots is feasible in the near-term and militarily useful. A number of tools, including genetic algorithms, neural networks, expert systems, vision-based walking, and various kinds of control algorithms, are being developed for optimal gait control. Many of these techniques will enable humanoid robots to learn complex tasks in uncertain environments without the need for programmers to foresee every contingency. Methods for robot cognition are improving and humanoid robots are becoming more lifelike in their movement and ability to interact with humans. Nevertheless, more progress is needed for humanoid robots to achieve military worth. I.9 Roadmap The U.S. Army’s EOD Technical Detachment issued the U.S. military’s first known Mission Needs Statement for a humanoid robot and are eager to cooperate in the development of humanoid robots for EOD missions. As we show, the Technology Readiness Levels of humanoid robot subsystems for the EOD mission must be elevated.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Traversing Tight Tunnels—Implementing an Adaptive Concertina Gait in a Biomimetic Snake Robot Henry C
    Earth and Space 2018 158 Traversing Tight Tunnels—Implementing an Adaptive Concertina Gait in a Biomimetic Snake Robot Henry C. Astley1 1Biomimicry Research and Innovation Center, Dept. of Biology and Polymer Science, Univ. of Akron, 235 Carroll St., Akron, OH 44325-3908. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Snakes move through cluttered habitats and tight spaces with extraordinary ease, and consequently snake robots are a popular design for such situations. The remarkable locomotor performance of snakes is due in part to their diversity of locomotor modes for addressing a range of environmental challenges. Concertina locomotion consists of alternating periods of static anchoring and movement along the snake’s body, and is used to negotiate narrow spaces such as tunnels or bare branches. However, concertina locomotion has rarely been implemented in snake robots. In this paper, the anchor formation process in live snakes during concertina locomotion is quantified and used to implement concertina locomotion in a snake robot, with automatic detection of the width of the tunnel walls to modulate the waveform. This allows effective concertina locomotion in tunnels of unknown width, without prior knowledge of tunnel geometry, expanding the range of gaits in snake robots. INTRODUCTION The elongate, limbless body plan is extremely common throughout nature, in both vertebrate and invertebrates alike (Pechenik, J. A. 2005; Pough, F. H. et al. 2002), and has evolved independently numerous times (Gans, C 1975). Indeed, within lizards (Order Squamata) alone there are over two dozen independent evolutions of limblessness or functional limblessness (Wiens, J. J. et al. 2006). Snakes are by far the most successful limbless taxon, with a near-global distribution, nearly 3000 species, and a wide range of ecological niches and habitats (Pough, F.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to 2D-Animation Working Practice
    Prelims-K52054.qxd 2/6/07 5:18 PM Page i Character Animation: 2D Skills for Better 3D This page intentionally left blank Prelims-K52054.qxd 2/6/07 5:18 PM Page iii Character Animation: 2D Skills for Better 3D Second edition Steve Roberts AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier Prelims-K52054.qxd 2/6/07 5:18 PM Page iv This eBook does not include ancillary media that was packaged with the printed version of the book. Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA First published 2004 Second edition 2007 Copyright © 2007, Steve Roberts. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved The right of Steve Roberts to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (ϩ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (ϩ44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or idead contained in the material herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Limbless Locomotion: Learning to Crawl with a Snake Robot
    Limbless Locomotion: Learning to Crawl with a Snake Robot Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Robotics Kevin J. Dowling Advised by William L. Whittaker The Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213 December 1997 This research was supported in part by NASA Graduate Fellowships 1994, 1995 and 1996. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the author and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of NASA or the U.S. Government. Ó 1997 by Kevin Dowling. Limbless Locomotion: Learning to Crawl Snake robots that learn to locomote Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Robotics by Kevin Dowling The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Robots can locomote using body motions; not wheels or legs. Natural analogues, such as snakes, although capable of such locomotion, are understood only in a qualitative sense and the detailed mechanics, sensing and control of snake motions are not well understood. Historically, mobile vehicles for terrestrial use have either been wheeled, tracked or legged. Prior art reveals several serpentine locomotor efforts, but there is little in the way of practical mechanisms and flexible control for limbless locomoting devices. Those mechanisms that exist in the laboratory exhibit only the rough features of natural limbless locomotors such as snakes. The motivation for this work stems from environments where traditional machines are precluded due to size or shape and where appendages such as wheels or legs cause entrapment or failure.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Behaviour
    ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOUR Structure Introduction Objectives Colouration Source ofColour in Animals Colour Perception Adaptive Colouration Mimicry Types of Min~icty Different Forms of Mimicry Bioluminescence Luminous Organs in Fish Bioluminescent Molecules Mechanism of Bioluminescence Colour and Type of Emitted Light Significance of Bioluminescence Defence in Animals Adaptations for Defence Various Means of Defence in Animals Territorial Deknce Echolocation Sonar or Echolocation in Bats . Echolocation in Aquatic Mammals Echolocation in Birds Locomotion in Vertebrates Basic Locomotion Plans Locomotion in Water Locomotion in Air Locomotion on Ground Scansorial Locomotion Summary Terminal Questions Answers 16.1 INTRODUCTION In the earlier two units we attempted to answer the proximate question. How do animals behave in different ways in terms of genetic hormonal, neuronal and expenential differences among individuals. In this unit we seek ultimate answers i.e. the adaptive value of a particular behaviour. Adaptation is a fact of nature. Organisms are equipped in a variety of ways to survive successfully in their environment. This fitness to live under specific environmental L conditions is conferred on organisms through the interaction of variation and Natural Selection. Consequently all heritable adaptive changes are evolutionary changes. The pressing need for survival in organisms has resulted in the evolution of a variety of strategies for (a) luring the prey for food; (b) attracting the mate for reproduction, and (c) defending oneself from predators. These strategies are related to the habitat of the animal. For example, in the darkness of caves, bats and cave birds navigate and hunt through I echolocation. In the abyssmal depths of the sea, fishes emit various patterns of light for j the purposes of schooling, navigating and finding conspecific mates and food.
    [Show full text]
  • THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS Thispage Intentionally !Efi Blank THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS
    ROY A. SORENSEN THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS Thispage intentionally !efi blank THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS ROY A. SORENSEN OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS New York Oxford Oxford University Press Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris Săo Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin lbadan Copyright © 1992 by Roy A. Sorensen First published in 1992 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Av enue, New York, New York 10016 First Issued as an Oxford University Press paperback, 1998 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press, !ne. AU rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sorensen, Roy A. Thought expriments Roy A. Sorensen p. cm. Includes bibliographica1 references and index. ISBN 0-19-507422-X ISBN 0-19-512913-X (pbk.) 1 Thought and thinking. 2. Logic 3. Philosophy and science 1. Title B105.T54S67 1992 !01-dc20 9136760 1357 986 42 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For Julia, a woman of fine distinctions Thispage intentionally !efi blank ACKNOWLEDG MENTS This book has indebted me to many people. The first group consists of the individuals who attended colloquia given at the Graduate Center of the City University of New Yo rk, Columbia University, Dartmouth College, Rutgers University, the State University of New Yo rk at Stony Brook, Virginia Tech, and the 1990 lnter-University Conference for Philosophy of Science in Du­ brovnik.
    [Show full text]
  • S41467-019-13405-W OPEN Comparative Analysis of Squamate Brains Unveils Multi-Level Variation in Cerebellar Architecture Associated with Locomotor Specialization
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13405-w OPEN Comparative analysis of squamate brains unveils multi-level variation in cerebellar architecture associated with locomotor specialization Simone Macrì 1, Yoland Savriama 1, Imran Khan1 & Nicolas Di-Poï 1* Ecomorphological studies evaluating the impact of environmental and biological factors on the brain have so far focused on morphology or size measurements, and the ecological 1234567890():,; relevance of potential multi-level variations in brain architecture remains unclear in verte- brates. Here, we exploit the extraordinary ecomorphological diversity of squamates to assess brain phenotypic diversification with respect to locomotor specialization, by integrating single-cell distribution and transcriptomic data along with geometric morphometric, phylo- genetic, and volumetric analysis of high-definition 3D models. We reveal significant changes in cerebellar shape and size as well as alternative spatial layouts of cortical neurons and dynamic gene expression that all correlate with locomotor behaviours. These findings show that locomotor mode is a strong predictor of cerebellar structure and pattern, suggesting that major behavioural transitions in squamates are evolutionarily correlated with mosaic brain changes. Furthermore, our study amplifies the concept of ‘cerebrotype’, initially proposed for vertebrate brain proportions, towards additional shape characters. 1 Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. *email: nicolas.di-poi@helsinki.fi
    [Show full text]
  • Consequences of Abiotic and Biotic Factors on Limbless Locomotion
    MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Gary W. Gerald, II Candidate for the Degree: Doctor of Philosophy ___________________________________________ Director (Dennis L. Claussen) ___________________________________________ Reader (Alan B. Cady) ___________________________________________ Reader (Phyllis Callahan) ___________________________________________ (Nancy G. Solomon) ___________________________________________ Graduate School Representative (Robert L. Schaefer) ABSTRACT CONSEQUENCES OF ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC FACTORS ON LIMBLESS LOCOMOTION Gary W. Gerald II Snakes have the ability to move in a variety of ways depending on the habitat in which they are moving. All of these modes require some sort of lateral bending of the elongate body to generate the required force necessary for propulsion. However, the biomechanical mechanisms of each mode of limbless movement differ substantially among each other. Despite the potential importance of using multiple modes of movement in different ecological situations, we know very little about the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on multiple locomotor modes in these animals. The goal of this dissertation was to examine how temperature, habitat usage, and morphology affect four of the most common modes of limbless locomotion (lateral undulation, concertina, swimming, and arboreal) and shed light on the question of what ecological conditions most likely contributed to limb reduction in the early snake ancestor. The first chapter assessed the influence of temperature on different modes of locomotion. Decreasing temperature limits performance of each mode differently because of differences in the underlying physiological mechanisms governing each mode. The second chapter closely examined the combined effects of temperature and perch diameter on the speed and balance of limbless arboreal locomotion.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis and Experiments for Tendril-Type Robots Lara Cowan Clemson University, [email protected]
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2008 Analysis and Experiments for Tendril-Type Robots Lara Cowan Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Robotics Commons Recommended Citation Cowan, Lara, "Analysis and Experiments for Tendril-Type Robots" (2008). All Theses. 325. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/325 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTS FOR TENDRIL-TYPE ROBOTS A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Computer Engineering by Lara Suzanne Cowan May 2008 Accepted by: Dr. Ian D. Walker, Committee Chair Dr. Darren Dawson Dr. Stan Birchfield i ABSTRACT New models for the Tendril continuous backbone robot, and other similarly constructed robots, are introduced and expanded upon in this thesis. The ability of the application of geometric models to result in more precise control of the Tendril manipulator is evaluated on a Tendril prototype. We examine key issues underlying the design and operation of ―soft‖ robots featuring continuous body (―continuum‖) elements. Inspiration from nature is used to develop new methods of operation for continuum robots. These new methods of operation are tested in experiments to evaluate their effectiveness and potential. ii DEDICATION To my parents and teachers, whom I could not have done this without, and the inspiration of science fiction.
    [Show full text]
  • The Energetic Cost of Limbless Locomotion
    Reprint Series 3 August 1990, Volume 249, pp. 524-527 The Energetic Cost of Limbless Locomotion MICHAELWALTON, BRUCE C. JAYNE, AND ALBERTF. BENNETT Copyright 63 1990 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science The Energetic Cost of Limbless Locomotion The net energetic cost of terrestrial locomotion by the snake Coluber constrictor, moving by lateral undulation, is equivalent to the net energetic cost of running by limbed animals (arthropods, lizards, birds, and mammals) of similar size. In contrast to lateral undulation and limbed locomotion, concertina locomotion by Coluber is more energet- ically expensive. The findings donot support the widely held notion that the energetic cost of terrestrial locomotion by limbless animals is less than that of limbed animals. PECIES WITH REDUCED LIMBS OR NO contact with the ground (4, 12). In narrow limbs and elongate bodies have passageways such as tunnels, snakes often Sevolved independently from limbed perform concertina locomotion exclusively antecedents in several groups of vertebrates: (4). Snakes performing concertina locomo- salamanders, caecilians, amphisbaenians, liz- tion stop periodically, and certain parts of ards, and snakes (1). An important factor the body are moved forward while others proposed to explain the evolution of limb- maintain static contact with the ground. In lessness is its presumptively low energetic passageways, snakes alternately press them- cost, such that energetic expenditure during selves against the sides by forming a series of locomotion by limbless animals is expected bends and then extend themselves forward to be less than that of limbed animals of from the region of static contact (4, 13). In similar size (1,2).
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Analysis of the Motor Circuit of Juvenile Caenorhabditis Elegans
    Functional Analysis of the Motor Circuit of Juvenile Caenorhabditis elegans by Yangning Lu A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Physiology University of Toronto © Copyright by Yangning Lu 2020 Functional Analysis of the Motor Circuit of Juvenile Caenorhabditis elegans Yangning Lu Doctor of Philosophy Department of Physiology University of Toronto 2020 Abstract Caenorhabditis elegans generates alternating dorsal-ventral bending waves across developmental stages. The overall level of dorsal and ventral muscle output is symmetric. In adults, this behavioral symmetry correlates with anatomy symmetry: distinct pools of cholinergic motor neurons activate dorsal and ventral body wall muscles, whereas distinct pools of GABAergic motor neurons contra-laterally inhibit dorsal and ventral muscles, respectively. However, in the first stage larva (L1), cholinergic motor neurons only make neuromuscular junctions to the dorsal muscle, and GABAergic motor neurons to the ventral muscle. How does an asymmetric motor circuit produce symmetric motor output? In the past five years, my colleagues and I undertook anatomical and functional analyses of the L1 larva motor circuit to address this question. First, my colleagues fully reconstructed the connectivity of a complete L1 larva, from which we identified all candidate cellular components for muscle activity. Next, to elucidate the functional contribution of these candidates, I developed a novel all-optical manipulation methodology that allows fast and systemic probing of functional connections of neural circuits. Third, I led the effort to combine free-moving calcium ii imaging, cellular ablation, chemogenetics, optogenetics, and all-optical interrogation to pinpoint mechanisms for the symmetric L1 muscle output.
    [Show full text]
  • Snakelike Robots Locomotions Control
    Course 5: Mechatronics - Foundations and Applications Snakelike robots locomotions control Oleg Shmakov May 29, 2006 Abstract In this paper you can ¯nd a review of snakelike robot constructions as well as report on biometrical requisites for development such devices and give a some description of mechanical and mathematical models snakes movement. Point out on existence rational model of snakes's movement. This model is very helpful to develop e®ective algorithms to control locomotion snakelike robots witch have no wheels. In report described the real hardware snakelike robot locomotion control and give a detailed description of snakelike robot developed in Scienti¯c Research and Design Institute of Robotics and Technical Cybernetics in Saint Petersburg, Russia. This model have already performed showing di®erent modes of locomotion. 1 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Why snakelike robots? 3 2.1 Advantages . 3 2.2 Applications . 4 3 Biomechanics of snake 4 3.1 Bionics . 4 3.2 Locomotion modes . 5 4 Review: mechanic model of snakelike robots 8 4.1 Hirose . 8 4.2 Burdick and Chirikjian . 11 4.3 Dowling . 13 4.4 Howie Choset - CMU . 13 4.5 Dobrolyubov A.I. 15 4.6 Ivanov A.A. 15 5 Mathematical model of snakelike robots 18 5.1 Genetic algorithms . 18 5.2 The determined approach . 20 6 Hardware realization control 22 7 Snakelike robot CRDI RTC 22 8 Conclusions 26 2 1 Introduction Nowadays snakelike robots are an actively upcoming area in robotics. Frequently the term snake like robot is applied to all hyper redundant robots; those are consisted from modules connected by active or passive joints.
    [Show full text]
  • Bio-Inspired Robotics
    In the name of God Course Title: Bio-Inspired Robotics Mohammad Iqbal (Thanks to Masoud Asadpour) Lecture: Bio Inspired Locomotion Animal Locomotion Animal locomotion is the study of how animals move. Not all animals move, but locomotive ability is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. As all animals are heterotrophs, they must obtain food from their environment. Some animals such as sponges are sessile, and move the fluid in which they live through their body (this is known as filter feeding). However, most animals must move around to find food, a mate, and so forth. Ability to do so efficiently is therefore essential to their survival. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotion Locomotion Froms Animals move through a variety of fluids, such as water, air and mud. Some may move through more than one, such as seals and otters. In some cases locomotion is facilitated by the substrate on which they move. Froms of locomotion include: Through a fluid medium Swimming Flight On a substrate Terrestrial On water http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotion Locomotion Problems Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and often gravity as well. In terrestrial environments gravity must be overcome, though the friction is much less of an issue (except for crawling animals like worms, for which friction is much higher). In aqueous environments however, friction (or drag) becomes the major challenge, with gravity being less of a concern. Although animals with natural buoyancy need not expend much energy maintaining vertical position, though some will naturally sink and must expend energy to remain afloat. Friction may also present a problem in flight, and the aerodynamically efficient body shapes of birds highlight this point.
    [Show full text]