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Dissertation Herstellung und Charakterisierung Artifizieller Assemblierungsmorphologien und Komposit-Materialien aus Rekombinanten Spinnenseidenproteinen Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) im Promotionsprogramm „Molekulare Biowissenschaften“ der Bayreuther Graduiertenschule für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften (BayNAT) vorgelegt von Elena Doblhofer M.Sc. Juni 2016 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde von August 2011 bis Juni 2016 am Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, unter Betreuung von Herrn Prof. Dr. Thomas Scheibel angefertigt. Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Bayreuther Graduiertenschule für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften (BayNAT) der Universität Bayreuth genehmigten Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) Dissertation eingereicht am: 01.07.2016 Zulassung durch das Leitungsgremium: 12.07.2016 Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium: 17.01.2017 Amtierender Direktor der BayNAT: Prof. Dr. Stephan Kümmel Prüfungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Thomas Scheibel (Erstgutachter) Prof. Dr. Josef Breu (Zweitgutachter) Prof. Dr. Hans-Werner Schmidt (Vorsitz) Prof. Dr. Andreas Möglich Two roads diverged in a wood, and I — I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. Robert Frost (1874–1963). Mountain Interval, 1920 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ZUSAMMENFASSUNG .................................................................................................................... 1 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 4 1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Kunststoffe ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Nachhaltige Lösungswege für den Ersatz synthetischer Polymere ............................... 14 1.2.1 Proteinmaterialien ................................................................................................... 14 1.2.2 Materialien aus Spinnenseidenproteinen ................................................................ 22 1.3 Wirkstofftransport und Wirkstofffreisetzung ................................................................ 23 1.4 Nanokomposit-Materialien ............................................................................................ 29 1.5 Spinnenseide .................................................................................................................. 33 1.5.1 Natürliche Spinnenseide von Radnetzspinnen........................................................ 33 1.5.2 Rekombinante Spinnenseidenproteine eADF4 ....................................................... 34 1.5.2.1 Rekombinante Herstellung .............................................................................. 35 1.5.2.2 Assemblierungsmorphologien rekombinanter Spinnenseidenproteine ........... 36 1.5.2.3 Partikel aus eADF4 ......................................................................................... 38 1.5.2.4 Filme hergestellt aus eADF4 ........................................................................... 40 2 Zielsetzung ......................................................................................................................... 42 3 Synopsis .............................................................................................................................. 44 3.1 Spinnenseidenproteinpartikel als Wirkstofftransporter ................................................. 46 3.1.1 Beladung und Freisetzung von Modellwirkstoffen mit unterschiedlichen Molekulargewichten und Ladung. .......................................................................... 46 3.1.2 Auswirkungen von Beladung mit Modellwirkstoffen auf Partikeleigenschaften und Zellaufnahme ................................................................................................... 49 3.1.3 Charakterisierung der Partikel bezüglich elektrophoretischer Mobilität ................ 52 3.2 Spinnenseide als Matrix in Barriere-Beschichtungen .................................................... 56 4 Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ 60 5 Teilarbeiten und Darstellung des Eigenanteils ................................................................... 78 5.1 Teilarbeit I ..................................................................................................................... 79 V INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 5.2 Teilarbeit II .................................................................................................................... 87 5.3 Teilarbeit III ................................................................................................................... 99 5.4 Teilarbeit IV ................................................................................................................. 134 5.5 Teilarbeit V .................................................................................................................. 133 6 Publikationsliste ............................................................................................................... 155 DANKSAGUNG .......................................................................................................................... 156 (EIDESSTATTLICHE) VERSICHERUNGEN UND ERKLÄRUNGEN ................................................... 158 VI ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In den letzten Jahrzehnten waren vor allem Kunststoffe aus synthetischen Polymeren für den enormen technischen und medizinischen Fortschritt der Menschheit verantwortlich. Dabei zeigte sich aber schon bald nach ihrer Kommerzialisierung auch die Kehrseite dieser vielseitigen und kostengünstigen Materialien. Das Auffinden von Plastikteilen in verendeten Seevögeln und Mikroplastik in marinen Habitaten, sowie den damit verbundenen Folgen bewegte Wissenschaftler dazu, Alternativen zu petrochemisch hergestellten und nicht bioabbaubaren Stoffen zu finden. In diesem Zusammenhang rückten bioabbaubare Materialien aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen zwar bereits in den Fokus der Wissenschaft, konnten jedoch bisher nur wenige kommerzielle Anwendungen finden. Die Gründe dafür waren meist die teure Produktion und nur geringe Verfügbarkeit in ausreichender Qualität. Eine Materialklasse, die als Ersatz für synthetische Polymere fungieren kann, sind Proteine. Sie sind bioabbaubar und stellen eine Vielzahl an funktionellen Gruppen zur Modifikation zur Verfügung. Rekombinante Spinnenseidenproteine bieten aufgrund biotechnologischer Herstellung eine einfache Möglichkeit zur Modifikation der Primärstruktur auf Basis einer Änderung der Gensequenz und gewährleisten zusätzlich hohe Reinheit. Spinnenseidenproteine sind außerdem nur wenig immunogen, nicht toxisch und Materialien daraus weisen eine gute mechanische Belastbarkeit auf. In den letzten Jahren wurde daher vor allem das anionische, rekombinante Spinnenseidenprotein eADF4(C16) aus der Konsensussequenz der repetitiven Kerndomäne des Dragline- Seidenproteins ADF4 (Araneus diadematus Fibroin) der europäischen Gartenkreuzspinne abgeleitet und etabliert. Dieses eignete sich aufgrund seiner negativen Nettoladung vor allem für Wechselwirkungen mit positiv geladenen Substanzen, sowie für Anwendungen in denen nur geringe Interaktion zwischen Zellen und Proteinoberfläche gewünscht ist (z.B. Beschichtungen für Implantate). Um eine Erweiterung der Anwendbarkeit von rekombinanten Spinnenseidenproteinen zu erreichen, lag der Fokus der vorliegenden Dissertation in der Entwicklung eines polykationischen, rekombinanten Spinnenseidenproteins, eADF4(ĸ16) genannt. Hierfür wurde die Aminosäure L- Glutaminsäure (bei pH 7 negativ geladen) in jedem C-Modul von eADF4(C16), gegen die Aminosäure L-Lysin (bei pH 7 positiv geladen) ausgetauscht. Nach erfolgreicher 1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Herstellung und Reinigung dieses Proteins wurde dessen Anwendung in Form zweier verschiedener Assemblierungsmorphologien getestet. Im ersten Teil konnte gezeigt werden, dass aus eADF4(ĸ16) sphärische Partikel durch Präzipitation mittels kosmotroper Salze hergestellt werden konnten, die als Wirkstofftransportsysteme Anwendung finden. Analysen der Interaktion der eADF4(ĸ16) Partikel mit niedermolekularen Modellwirkstoffen ergaben daraufhin, dass zwar negativ geladene Modellwirkstoffe in den Spinnenseidenproteinpartikeln aufgenommen werden konnten, diese aber nur eine geringe elektrostatische Interaktion zwischen den Modellsubstanzen und der Proteinmatrix aufwiesen. So führte eine Inkubation der beladenen Partikel unter physiologischen Bedingungen zur Freisetzung der Modellsubstanz innerhalb von einigen Minuten. Ein anschließender Versuch durch Einkapseln der Modellsubstanz mittels Layer-by-Layer-Technik, bei der das entgegengesetzt geladene Spinnenseidenprotein eADF4(C16) für die Hülle verwendet wurde, führte entgegen der Erwartungen nicht zu einer Verzögerung der Substanzfreisetzung. Im Gegensatz zu niedermolekularen Modellsubstanzen zeigten größere Moleküle mit negativer Ladung, wie zum Beispiel kurze DNA-Stränge, die als Modell für siRNA fungieren können, eine verlangsamte Diffusion unter physiologischen Bedingungen. So konnte eine retardierte Freisetzung beobachtet werden, wodurch sich Partikel aus eADF4(ĸ16) als potentielles Transportsystem zur systemischen Applikation
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