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In the Sierra Nevada Mountains and Foothills of California and Nevada

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In the Sierra Nevada Mountains and Foothills of California and Nevada in the sierra nevada mountains and Foothills of california and nevada USDA natural resources conservation service california and nevada Table of Contents BASKET GRASS . 5 BEARGRASS . 6 BLUE DICKS . 7 CALIFORNIA BLACK OAK . 8 CALIFORNIA BUCKEYE . 9 CAMAS . 10 CHOKECHERRY . 11 DEERGRASS . 12 DOGWOOD . 13 DOUGLAS-FIR . 14 ELDERBERRY . 15 FREMONT COTTONWOOD . 16 GOLDEN CURRANT . 17 GRAY PINE . 18 MARIPOSA LILY . 19 MILKWEED . 20 NARROWLEAF CATTAIL . 21 ONION . 22 RED ALDER . 23 REDBUD . 24 SINGLELEAF PINYON . 25 STRAWBERRY . 26 TANOAK . 27 TARWEED . 28 TULE . 29 WAVYLEAF SOAPROOT . 30 WHITE BRODIAEA . 31 WILD ROSE . 32 WILLOW . 33 YERBA SANTA . 34 YARROW . 35 2 NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS 3 Tribal Names Map of California and Nevada © 2003 Steve Matson © 2002 Dean Wm. Taylor © 2000 Robert E. Preston, Ph.D. Native Uses of Native Plants is published by the Natural Resources Conservation Service in California and Nevada with information from the National Plant Basket Grass or Sedge Data Center and the PLANTS database. The culturally significant plants featured in this book help us under- Carex sp. stand how some tribes utilized their natural resources ETHNOBOTANIC USES and preserve their history. For detailed information The leaves and roots of basket grass are used for both please visit http://plants.usda.gov and select the link wrapping and twining of “grass” baskets. Patterns are for culturally significant plants. woven with dyed strands of sedge or sedge roots. 4 NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS 5 Reina Rogers, NRCS Reina Rogers, NRCS Reina Rogers, NRCS Reina Rogers, NRCS Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California Reina Rogers, NRCS Blue Dicks, Brodiaea Dichelostemma capitatum ETHNOBOTANIC USES Reina Rogers, NRCS Native Americans dig large quantities of brodiaea corms Beargrass before flowering, during flowering, or after seeding, depending on the taste of the tribe and individual family. Xerophyllum tenax These corms form an important starch source in the diet ETHNOBOTANIC USES of many native people who annually visit gathering sites Beargrass is used for baskets and jewelry. to restock their supply. 6 NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS 7 Reina Rogers, NRCS Charles Webber Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1998 California Academy © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California of Sciences Reina Rogers, NRCS Reina Rogers, NRCS © 2002 Charles E. Jones © 2002 George Jackson Beatrice F. Howitt © California Academy of Science California Buckeye California Black Oak or Horse Chestnut Quercus kelloggii Aesculus californica ETHNOBOTANIC USES ETHNOBOTANIC USES California black oaks provide a fountain of resources to Buckeye seeds are used for medicine, to stupefy Native Americans including food, medicine, dyes, or kill fish, and for spindles in fire making kits. utensils, games, toys, and construction materials. Warning: Buckeye seeds are poisonous to humans in Acorns form a staple food — eaten in the form of soup, their raw state. Do not plant buckeyes near apiaries as mush, and bread. the flowers are poisonous to honey bees. 8 NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS 9 Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California Brother Alfred Brousseau Reina Rogers, NRCS © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California Reina Rogers, NRCS © 2002 Steve Tyron Camas, Blue Camas Reina Rogers, NRCS Camassia quamash Chokecherry ETHNOBOTANIC USES Camas continues to be one of the most important “root” Prunus virginiana foods of western Native Americans. It is also used ETHNOBOTANIC USES for medicine. Fruits are eaten raw or cooked into jellies, jams, syrup, or Warning: Death camas (Zigadenus venenosus) can be pudding. Inner bark is medicinal. Seeds are used for confused with edible camas bulbs and is toxic. Be sure of jewelry. Small twigs and branches are used for arrow your identification of camas bulbs before eating them! shafts, cradle boards, and other household items. 10 NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS 11 Reina Rogers, NRCS Reina Rogers, NRCS © 2003 steve matson Reina Rogers, NRCS Deergrass Dogwood Muhlenbergia rigens Cornus sp. ETHNOBOTANIC USES ETHNOBOTANIC USES Deergrass is a very significant basketry material used by Dogwood is commonly used for medicinal purposes, many native people. The flower stalks are used in the also for tobacco, sacred bows and arrows, stakes, and foundations of coiled baskets. other tools. 12 NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS 13 Reina Rogers, NRCS Reina Rogers, NRCS Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California Charles Webber © 1998 California Academy of Sciences Elderberry Sambucus nigra ETHNOBOTANIC USES Reina Rogers, NRCS Douglas-Fir Native Americans consider all parts of the elderberry plant to be valuable. Berries, leaves and flowers are used Pseudotsuga menziesii for food, medicine, and dyes. Twigs and wood are used ETHNOBOTANIC USES for medicine, arrow shafts, and musical instruments. Douglas-Fir is used for jewelry, basketry materials, Warning: New growth of elderberry contains building materials, and as medicine. a glucoside than can be fatal to livestock. 14 NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS 15 Dr. Robert Thomas and Margaret Orr © 1999 California Academy of Sciences Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California z © 1967 Dean Wm. Taylor Gerald and Buff Corsi © 2002 California Academy of Sciences Brother Alfred Brousseau Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California Fremont Cottonwood or Poplar Golden Currant Populus fremontii ETHNOBOTANIC USES Ribes aureum The cottonwood tree has many medicinal uses. It is also ETHNOBOTANIC USES used for musical instruments, basketry, clothing and Golden currant is used for food, fresh and dried for various household items. winter use. 16 NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS 17 © 1999 Larry Blakely Reina Rogers, NRCS © 1999 Larry Blakely © 1982 Steve Lowens Reina Rogers, NRCS Charles Webber © 1998 California Academy of Sciences Gray Pine Mariposa Lily Pinus sabiniana Calochortus sp. THNOBOTANIC SES E U ETHNOBOTANIC USES The seeds of the gray pine are eaten or used in jewelry Many native people in California and Nevada enjoy the by many Native Americans. Gray pine is also used in sweet bulbs of this plant. Bulbs are generally used fresh as construction materials. they do not store well. 18 NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS 19 Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California Reina Rogers, NRCS Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California Reina Rogers, NRCS Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California Reina Rogers, NRCS Narrowleaf Cattail Milkweed Typha angustifolia Asclepias syriaca ETHNOBOTANIC USES ETHNOBOTANIC USES All parts of the cattail are edible when gathered at the Many native peoples have used and continue to use appropriate stage of growth. The young shoots, milkweed for fiber, food, and medicine. Milkweed rhizomes, and pollen are mainly used. Cattails are also supplies tough fibers for making string, ropes, and used for matting, bedding material, ceremonial bundles, coarse cloth. and housing materials such as thatchings, roofing Warning: Milkweed may be toxic when taken materials, clothing, diapers, and where other absorbent internally, without sufficient preparation. materials are needed. 20 NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS 21 Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California Reina Rogers, NRCS Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1995 Saint Mary’s College Beatrice F. Howitt of California © 1999 California Academy of Sciences Charles Webber © 1998 California Academy of Sciences © 2002 Tony Morosco Red Alder or Western Alder Onion Alnus sp. Allium sp. ETHNOBOTANIC USES ETHNOBOTANIC USES Native American people have long recognized the value Bulbs and leaves of onion are used for food. The leaves of alder and found use for its bark layers, roots, leaves, can also be eaten as a snack by rolling them into balls twigs, cones, and sap. It is used for basketry dyes, and sprinkling with salt. medicine, wood, fiber, and food. 22 NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS 23 Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California Reina Rogers, NRCS Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California Reina Rogers, NRCS Reina Rogers, NRCS Brother Alfred Brousseau © 1995 Saint Mary’s College of California Redbud Singleleaf Pinyon Cercis orbiculata Pinus monophylla ETHNOBOTANIC USES ETHNOBOTANIC USES Redbud is highly valued by Native American basket Native Americans use this tree for fuel wood, the pine weavers for their wine red branches. Stems are used in nuts for food, and melt pinyon pitch as a watertight the warp, weft, and designs of baskets. application for baskets and pottery vessels. 24 NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS NATIVE USES OF NATIVE PLANTS 25 Reina Rogers, NRCS © 2002 George Jackson Reina Rogers, NRCS William R. Hewlett © 1999 California Academy of Sciences Charles Webber © 1998 California Academy of Sciences Strawberry Tanoak Fragaria vesca Lithocarpus densiflorus ETHNOBOTANIC USES ETHNOBOTANIC USES Native Americans in California and Nevada gather and Tanoak acorns are the preferred acorns for many native eat fresh strawberries. peoples. This acorn
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