Caracterización Histológica, Molecular Y Metabólica De La Progresión Fenotípica De La Enfermedad De Mcardle En El Modelo Murino

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Caracterización Histológica, Molecular Y Metabólica De La Progresión Fenotípica De La Enfermedad De Mcardle En El Modelo Murino ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Caracterización histológica, molecular y metabólica de la progresión fenotípica de la enfermedad de McArdle en el modelo murino Autor: Alberto Real Martínez Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR) Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB) Director: Dr. Tomás Pinós Figueres Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR) 2 1. Introducción ............................................................................................................................ 10 1.1 Músculo esquelético ......................................................................................................... 10 1.1.1 Formación y desarrollo del músculo esquelético ....................................................... 11 1.1.2 Maquinaria de contracción del músculo esquelético ................................................ 12 1.1.3 Fibras musculares del músculo esquelético ............................................................... 15 1.1.4 Afectación de las fibras musculares en la patología y con el envejecimiento ........... 18 1.2 Mecanismos generales de la regeneración de las fibras musculares ............................... 18 1.2.1 Regeneración diferencial de los distintos tipos de músculos .................................... 23 1.2.2 Regeneración de las fibras musculares en patologías crónicas ................................. 24 1.2.3 Regeneración de las fibras musculares: envejecimiento ........................................... 25 1.2.4 Susceptibilidad y resistencia de los distintos tipos de fibras musculares al daño en la enfermedad ......................................................................................................................... 27 1.3 Metabolismo del músculo esquelético ............................................................................. 28 1.3.1 Glucogénesis .............................................................................................................. 29 1.3.2 Glucogenolisis............................................................................................................. 30 1.3.3 Glucólisis ..................................................................................................................... 31 1.3.4 Oxidación de ácidos grasos ........................................................................................ 32 1.4 Mioquinas .......................................................................................................................... 35 1.5 “Crosstalk” músculo esquelético-tejido adiposo .............................................................. 37 1.5.1 Tejido adiposo ............................................................................................................ 37 1.5.2 Captación y liberación de ácidos grasos libres por parte del músculo esquelético ... 40 1.6 “Crosstalk” músculo esquelético-hígado .......................................................................... 41 1.7 Glucógeno fosforilasa ........................................................................................................ 45 1.7.1 Dominios de la enzima glucógeno fosforilasa. ........................................................... 46 1.7.2 Función y regulación de la enzima glucógeno fosforilasa .......................................... 48 1.7.3 Isoformas de la glucógeno fosforilasa ........................................................................ 49 3 1.8 Glucogenosis ..................................................................................................................... 50 1.8.1 Glucogenosis hepáticas .............................................................................................. 50 1.8.2 Glucogenosis musculares ........................................................................................... 50 1.9 Enfermedad de McArdle: visión general ........................................................................... 52 1.9.1 Sintomatología ........................................................................................................... 54 1.9.2 Histología .................................................................................................................... 55 1.9.3 Diagnóstico ................................................................................................................. 56 1.9.4 Modelos animales ...................................................................................................... 58 1.9.5 Generación del modelo murino de la enfermedad de McArdle ................................ 59 1.9.6 Tratamientos .............................................................................................................. 65 2. Objetivos ................................................................................................................................. 69 3. Materiales y Métodos ............................................................................................................. 70 3.1 Aprobación ética ............................................................................................................... 70 3.2 Ratones .............................................................................................................................. 70 3.3 Genotipaje del modelo murino de la enfermedad de McArdle ........................................ 70 3.4 Curva de supervivencia ..................................................................................................... 70 3.5 Mediciones anatómicas y bioquímicas de los ratones McA ............................................. 71 3.6 Tinción de Hematoxilina/Eosina en tejido muscular ......................................................... 71 3.7 Tinción PAS en tejido muscular ......................................................................................... 72 3.8 Inmunofluorescencia de tejido muscular .......................................................................... 72 3.8.1 Cuantificación del área fibrótica alrededor de las fibras musculares ........................ 73 3.8.2 Cuantificación de núcleos centrales de las fibras musculares ................................... 74 3.8.3 Cuantificación del tamaño promedio de las fibras musculares ................................. 76 3.8.4 Cuantificación del tamaño promedio para cada tipo de fibra muscular.................... 76 3.8.5 Cuantificación de núcleos centrales de las fibras musculares específicas ................. 77 3.8.6 Cuantificación de fibras musculares positivas para MHCe ........................................ 78 4 3.8.7 Cuantificación de la proporción de los distintos tipos de fibras ................................ 79 3.8.8 Cuantificación de la proporción de tipos de fibras oxidativas y glucolíticas .............. 79 3.8.9 Cuantificación de fibras musculares positivas para el transportador de glucosa GLUT 4 ........................................................................................................................................... 80 3.9 Cuantificación bioquímica de glucógeno .......................................................................... 80 3.10 Estudios de expresión de mRNA ..................................................................................... 81 3.11 Obtención de extractos proteicos de tejido hepático, tejido muscular y tejido adiposo82 3.12 Medición cuantitativa de proteínas ................................................................................ 82 3.13 Western blot ................................................................................................................... 83 3.14 Actividad Glucógeno sintasa ........................................................................................... 85 3.15 Análisis estadístico .......................................................................................................... 85 3.16 Bases de datos consultadas ............................................................................................ 85 4. Resultados ............................................................................................................................... 86 4.1 Desviación de la herencia Mendeliana en los ratones McArdle ....................................... 86 4.2 Elevada tasa de mortalidad de los ratones McArdle ........................................................ 87 4.3 Diferencias fenotípicas y asociadas a la edad en la anatomía y la bioquímica de los ratones McArdle ...................................................................................................................... 88 4.4 Incremento de la desestructuración, la fibrosis y la nucleofilia a nivel histológico en los músculos de los ratones McArdle ........................................................................................... 92 4.5 Mayor proporción del área fibrótica en los músculos de los ratones McArdle
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