W.M. Keck Observatory | Annual Report 2010 Headquarters location: Kamuela, Hawai’i, USA A world in whichvision all humankind is inspired and united by the pursuit of knowledge of the infinite Management: variety and richness of the Universe. California Association for Research in Astronomy Partner Institutions: California Institute of Technology (CIT/Caltech), To advance themission frontiers of astronomy and share our University of California (UC), discoveries, inspiring the imagination of all. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Observatory Groundbreaking: 1985 Observatory Director: First light Keck I telescope: 1992 Taft E. Armandroff First light Keck II telescope: 1996 Deputy Director: Hilton A. Lewis

FY2010 Number of Full Time Employees: 114

Cover: The Keck Telescope dome opens to another evening of Number of Observing Astronomers FY2010: 453 observing the universe. Number of Keck Science Investigations: 405 Number of Refereed Articles FY2010: 283 this page: The Keck II Laser aims for space unknown on a cold winter night in November, 2010. The laser causes Fiscal Year begins October 1 sodium atoms in a layer of atmosphere 60 miles above the Federal Identification Number: 95-3972799 Earth to scintillate and form an artificial star. That guide star is used to measure how Earth’s atmosphere is distorting starlight. The distortions are then cancelled out by the Keck Adaptive Optics System. contents Director’s Report 3 Cosmic Visionaries 6 Science Highlights 7 A Day in the Life 12 Finances 18 Fueling Discovery 20 Kudos 22 Science Bibliography 24

2 | W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 director’sreport Taft E. Armandroff

Welcome to the W. M. Keck Observatory Report papers resulting from our telescopes and those for 2010. Keck Observatory held its position as the papers’ impacts on the forward progress of world leader among optical / infrared telescopes astronomy. I am very pleased that the Observatory with another year of high scientific productivity and produced more papers in 2010 than in the past strong progress in developing new instrumentation two years and that these papers had broad and and adaptive optics innovations to advance deep scientific impact. While Keck’s research astronomical discovery. results spanned all areas of astronomy, from our own solar system through the earliest galaxies in The theme for this the Universe, the Annual Report is a past year marked “Day in the Life of extraordinary Keck Observatory.” milestones in the Inside we highlight area of extrasolar the activities and planets. In fact, at extraordinary Keck 2010 can easily people supporting be labeled the “Year our noble mission of the Exoplanet.” of exploring the The public has Universe. Cutting- been captivated edge astronomy by a number requires a diverse of compelling and talented team, achievements in from astrophysicists exoplanet research to accountants, from featured in the optics engineers to Report. vehicle maintenance specialists. I am The Keck Observatory leadership team: from left to right: Hilton Lewis, Deputy Director; The study of Kevin McCann, Software Department Manager; Kyle Kinoshita, Technical Services grateful to our Department Manager; Taft Armandroff, Director; Peter Wizinowich, Optical Systems planets beyond professional staff, Manager; Margarita Scheffel, Chief Financial Officer; Debbie Goodwin, Advancement our solar system Board of Directors, Director; Bob Goodrich, Observing Support Manager; Sean Adkins, Instrument Program has been a priority Manager; and Rich Matsuda, Operations and Infrastructure Manager. Science Steering focus at Keck Committee, the Observatory since astronomers who observe at Keck, our federal the first extrasolar planet was detected in 1995. funders, and private philanthropists who have all The telescopes feature instrumentation that is contributed to the Observatory’s success in 2010. uniquely suited to the study of extrasolar planets, including our HIRES spectrograph on Keck I which Keck Observatory evaluates its scientific output enables extremely precise radial velocities to reveal annually based on the number of refereed research exoplanets via the “Doppler wobble” technique. In

W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 | 3 addition, our world- by our observer leading adaptive community. optics system on the Keck II telescope The past ten years has the ability have witnessed to concentrate astonishing the light of stars discoveries at into a focused Keck. What will point, enabling be revealed about astronomers to our Universe in MOSFIRE, Keck Observatory’s new, cutting-edge multi-object infrared spectrograph, is recognize the much shown undergoing assembly in the instrument lab at Caltech. MOSFIRE team members the decade to fainter planets Nick Konidaris (right) and Bob Weber are shown carefully guiding the MOSFIRE camera come? The entire orbiting them. into position. U.S. astronomy Progress in 2010 community has includes the first been engaged in assessment of how common Earth-mass planets and a scientific planning process, the Decadal Survey, “super-Earths” are relative to more massive planets which maps the scientific frontiers and achievements such as Jupiter. In addition, two different teams used that are both attainable and highly prized. The Keck Observatory to identify and study two different Astro2010 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal exoplanets of a type that have been sought for Survey report, New Worlds, New Horizons in decades: only slightly more massive than Earth and Astronomy and Astrophysics, was released in August rocky. Another remarkable exoplanet result featured 2010. Keck Observatory and our community in this Report is the first direct spectroscopy of the of astronomers contributed significantly to the atmosphere of an exoplanet, achieved using Keck’s process. We enthusiastically welcomed the release adaptive optics system. of this publication, which directly influences federal funding priorities in astronomy in the near term. Over the past year, Keck Observatory has made enormous progress on two of our multi-year The Astro2010 Report put forward a number of instrumentation initiatives: the Multi Object recommendations that Keck Observatory will Spectrograph for Infrared Exploration (MOSFIRE) utilize to continue our vital leadership role in and the next U.S. astronomy.

generation Laser The number of research publications per telescope resulting from data from an Astro2010 Guide Star Adaptive observatory is plotted versus year of publication for Keck Observatory and several other prioritized scientific Optics (LGS AO) major astronomy facilities. Note the leadership position that Keck Observatory (orange topics in which the symbols and line) has sustained in this scientific productivity metric. system for the Keck observing 180 Keck I telescope. community has Both MOSFIRE 160 excelled and and the new LGS to which our 140 AO system are CFHT telescopes and ESO3.6m scheduled for on- 120 instrumentation Gemini sky commissioning HST possess a strong 100 in 2011. The JCMT ability to contribute Keck 80 opportunity to apply Magellan with current Mayall these new tools 60 capabilities and to the major open Subaru future plans: UKIRT 40 questions in modern VLT Cosmic Dawn -

astronomy is 20 searching for the eagerly anticipated first stars, galaxies, 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

4 | W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 and black holes; New Worlds - seeking nearby, individuals and foundations than any other habitable planets; Dark Energy - its properties, science. Keck Observatory is the archetype for which are responsible for the perplexing acceleration public-private partnerships in astronomy, with of our present-day Universe; Dark Matter – which the Keck Foundation and other philanthropists is likely composed of new types of elementary like Gordon and Betty Moore supporting the particles; and finally, testing Einstein’s general theory Observatory alongside NASA and the National of relativity in important new ways by observing Science Foundation. Clearly, private support is black hole systems. These topics appeal to both the more important to Keck today than ever before. public and our profession. The federal agencies often explicitly require private matching funds in order to secure a federal grant, In addition, the Astro2010 report proposed a new typically at the 30 percent level. We have placed funding initiative at the National Science Foundation securing private matching funds high on our astronomy division: Mid-Scale Innovations Program. strategic priorities, and we realize donors recognize This program will fund initiatives that will enable the benefit of leveraging federal funding through Keck Observatory and our peers to propose their own philanthropy. More broadly, it is clear that transformative instrumentation and systems to one of the key strengths of Keck Observatory is that extend the scientific reach of our telescopes. The we do not rely solely on federal funding at a time Mid-Scale Innovations Program has the potential to when a national conversation is occurring on the be the most scientifically nimble and cost effective limits of federal spending. The tradition we have of initiative recommended by Astro2010. A number private individuals and foundations acting on their of initiatives in the Keck Observatory Scientific interests in astronomy and astronomy education by Strategic Plan are excellent candidates for the Mid- supporting Keck Observatory is of great strategic Scale Innovations Program once it is implemented. importance. Two of the eight exemplar projects listed in the Astro2010 report for such a mid-scale program In closing, astronomy is rich with opportunities mirror two priority Keck Observatory initiatives: our for continued advances and discoveries. All of proposed Next Generation Adaptive Optics System us at Keck Observatory feel incredibly privileged and new instrumentation to increase our knowledge to be part of this “golden age” of exploration. We of exoplanets. remain deeply committed to maintaining Keck Observatory’s leadership in developing the best The Astro2010 Decadal Survey recognized the tools and innovations, enabling their use by the importance of public-private partnerships to foremost researchers in astronomy, and sharing new astronomy, noting that historically astronomy science results to enhance humanity’s fundamental has attracted more philanthropic interest from understanding of the cosmos.

Winter storms can transform the Mauna Kea summit area into an Arctic scene. This image was stitched from several shots taken from atop the Keck II dome by Keck electronics engineer Andrew Cooper.

W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 | 5 cosmicW. M. Keck Observatory visionariesKeck Observatory Board of Directors Science Steering Committee George Blumenthal, Chair Christopher Martin, Co-Chair Edward Stolper, Vice-Chair Jason Prochaska, Co-Chair Michael Bolte Charles Beichman Theodore J. Keck, liaison Michael Bolte, ex-officio Shrinivas Kulkarni Judith Cohen Mario Perez, liaison Dale Cruikshank Thomas Soifer Richard Ellis Peter Taylor Andrea Ghez Karl Glazebrook, observer Keck Observatory Shrinivas Kulkarni, ex-officio Advancement Advisory Council Michael Liu Sanford Robertson, Chair, and Jeanne Robertson Geoffrey Marcy Clive Davies, Vice-Chair, and Carol Davies Jerry Nelson, ex-officio Taft Armandroff, ex-officio Pieter van Dokkum, observer Marc and Lynne Benioff Michael Bolte, ex-officio C. Wallace and Bobbie Jean Hooser Shrinivas Kulkarni, ex-officio Arthur and Rita Levinson Gordon Moore John Cutler and Anne Barasch Ryan Rob and Terry Ryan Doug and Deborah Troxel

6 | W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 science highlights

Exoplanets, Exo-Earths & Super Ear2010ths Not only are exoplanets becoming common, but massive than Earth, down to those just three to ten about one in four stars could have Earth-sized times the mass of Earth. The data provide the first planets in orbit around them, according to a team snapshot of how common planets of different sizes of astronomers including UC Berkeley astronomers are around those 166 stars, as well as a sampling that Andrew Howard and Geoffrey Marcy, and Caltech can be used to estimate how common planets are astronomer John Johnson. throughout our galaxy.

What they discovered is that if the exoplanets around the stars near Earth are typical of the rest of the Milky Way galaxy, then one or two of every 100 stars have Jupiter-sized planets and roughly six of 100 have Neptune mass planets. They also found that about 12 of every 100 have super-Earth’s ranging in mass from three to ten times that of Earth. This trend of larger numbers of smaller planets suggests that about 23 out of a hundred Sun-like stars could have planets with masses of one-half to two times that of Earth.

“This is a first estimate, and the real number could Artist’s conception of a dwarf star and its large, hot, gassy exoplanet. These “Hot Jupiters” may be less common than Earth- be one-in-eight instead of one-in-four, said Howard. sized exoplanets, according to a 2010 Keck exoplanet survey. “But it’s not one in 100, which is glorious news.” Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

The team discovered this by employing the Keck Observatory’s High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) to conduct the most detailed survey yet of nearby stars. A total of 166 G and K type stars within 80 light-years of Earth were observed over five years to gather data on how they are wobbling – a sure sign that planets are orbiting them. G-type stars are similar to our Sun, while K stars are a bit cooler, and orange-red in color.

The observational data from their survey was Artist’s conception of Kepler 10b, the first small rocky exoplanet designed to show the number, mass and orbital ever detected. Kepler 10b has more than four times the mass of distance of planets around these stars, from Jupiter- Earth and is far too close to its star to support life. Credit: NASA like planets in the range of 1,000 times more

W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 | 7 Another exoplanet coup of 2010 was the detection expected – perhaps as hot as 1,200 K (1,700 degrees of the first small rocky exoplanet. This discovery Fahrenheit). Yet theoretical models for gas giants was accomplished by combining the power of Keck’s suggest that HR8799b should be about 400 K cooler. HIRES and the Kepler satellite. The scorching hot One possibility that could explain the discrepancy rocky planet is named Kepler 10b and has just 4.6 is that the exoplanet is a lot more dusty and cloudy times the mass of Earth. It orbits its star in a mere than expected. 20 hours at a distance of just one-twentieth that of Mercury’s orbit around the Sun. “Direct studies of extrasolar planets are just in their infancy. But even at this early stage, we are learning Painstaking work using Keck’s HIRES enabled they are a different beast than objects we have Marcy, with another team, to determine the mass known about previously,” said University of Hawaii of Kepler 10b by measuring how it was tugging on astronomy professor Michael Liu, coauthor of the its star. Kepler scientists, for their part, were able to study. determine the size of the planet by how much the star dimmed when the planet passed in front of it. In the same exoplanet system another team of researchers made an astounding discovery in 2010: On the other end of the exoplanet continuum, University of Hawaii astronomers using Keck’s a fourth gas giant planet orbiting closer to its parent laser guide star adaptive optics system and the star than the others. The planet, dubbed HR8799e, OH-Suppressing Infrared Imaging Spectrograph was spotted using the high contrast, near infrared (OSIRIS) detected and studied the light of a young adaptive optics on the Keck II Telescope. The first gas giant exoplanet, and they got a surprise: it is far three planets discovered in that system were directly too hot. imaged by Keck’s adaptive optics in 2008. None of exoplanets conform to current models of how planetary systems evolve.

“There’s no simple model that can make all four planets at their current location,” said Bruce Macintosh, a senior scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the principal investigator for the Keck Observatory research. “It’s a challenge for our theoretical colleagues.”

Finally, there was what many called the Goldilocks planet of 2010: Gliese 581g, a small rocky planet candidate orbiting in what is considered to be the Image of the HR8799 planetary system taken with the Keck II “not-too-cold, not-too-hot” habitable zone around Telescope and Adaptive Optics System. This image shows planet the red star Gliese 581, just 20 light-years from HR8799b (approximately 5 times the mass of Jupiter), planets Earth. The habitable zone is where liquid water HR8799c and HR8799d (approximately 7 times the mass of Jupiter) and the most recently discovered, innermost planet could exist, and therefore life as we know it has a HR8799e. Credit: Bruce Macintosh/Christian Marois chance of evolving. If confirmed, Gliese 581g will bring astronomers that much closer to finding the Holy Grail of detecting another world like Earth. The planet, known as HR8799b is about seven times Steven Vogt of UC Santa Cruz and Paul Butler of the mass of Jupiter. But unlike Jupiter, the spectrum the Carnegie Institution of Washington led the team of HR8799b’s light shows little or no methane gas in whose 11 years of observations using the HIRES its atmosphere. The presence or absence of methane instrument on the Keck I Telescope made headline gas can reveal a lot about a planet’s temperature. news with their announcement of this sixth planet The absence suggests the planet is much hotter than around Gliese 581.

8 | W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 ECHOES OF A SUPERNOVA Like a thunderclap bouncing off the walls of a Every echo studied with the Keck I LRIS came from canyon, the light of a supernova explosion has been a spot with a different view of the explosion. The caught bouncing off of interstellar dust, literally Keck spectra showed that gas streaming away from opening new windows with different views of the the supernova’s ground zero in one direction was original exploding star. hitting speeds of almost nine million miles per hour – faster than gases seen from two other perspectives. The light of Cassiopeia A supernova explosion The discovery is backed up by earlier research that (known to astronomers as simply Cas A) passed showed the neutron star, which is all that remains Earth 330 years ago, before anyone could give it any of the exploded star, is hurtling through space at significant telescopic attention. But light from the almost 800,000 miles per hour in the opposite blast went in all directions and some of it bounced direction of the high-speed gas. This suggests the off of interstellar dust to the sides and behind the supernova explosion not only blasted with more dead star. In 2010 some of those light echoes were power in one direction, but it also acted like a captured by the Keck I Telescope’s Low Resolution gigantic rocket engine and launched the neutron star Imaging Spectrometer (LRIS) and studied by UC in the other direction. One of the big implications Berkeley astronomer Alex Filippenko. What he and of the discovery is that it compels researchers who other researchers discovered from the delayed light create theoretical models of supernovae to consider is that the Cas A explosion was surprisingly lopsided. lopsided explosions in their work.

“One of the big uncertainties in our understanding of how massive stars explode is whether the explosions are spherically symmetric, the same in all directions,” said Filippenko. “Up until now, we have had some The Cassiopeia A supernova exploded more than three centuries ago, but the echoes of its intense light are still bouncing off of indirect evidence for asymmetries, but our new Keck surrounding interstellar dust. observations of light echoes directly reveal them.” Credit: NASA / CXC / GSFC / U. Hwang et al.

W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 | 9 Someday the Milky Way and Andromeda will collide like these two galaxies, known as “The Mice” or NGC 4676. Closer to home, the Keck Telescopes have allowed astronomers to observe how dwarf galaxies are colliding with Andromeda. Credit: NASA/HST

CRUMBS OF GALACTIC SNACKS

No matter where astronomers look in the universe galaxies that have collided with, and are still being they see sometimes subtle or sometimes very incorporated into, Andromeda. graphic evidence of galaxies in collision. But because most galaxies are extremely far away, it is difficult To confirm and better understand these streams of to gather many details about the galaxy-eats-galaxy dismembered dwarf galaxies, the international team drama, which takes place over billions of years. that discovered them, including Puragra Guhathakurta Luckily, our nearest large neighboring galaxy, of UC Santa Cruz, turned to the Keck II Telescope’s Andromeda, has been found to have a large appetite DEEP Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph (DEIMOS). for dwarf galaxies and is near enough that the Keck The spectrograph spreads out the light from each star Telescopes can extract some secrets. into individual spectra, which allows astronomers to measure the velocity of the stars. This distinguished “With M31, it’s like a traffic accident that’s happened Andromeda’s red giant stars from much closer right in front of us,” said Keck Observatory director foreground stars in the Milky Way. Taft Armandroff. The Keck spectral data confirmed that there are, The latest evidence of Andromeda’s cannibalizing indeed, coherent groups of Andromeda’s red giant of dwarf galaxies has been found in the form of stars moving with a common velocity consistent with streams of well mixed populations of stars far above a merger of a dwarf galaxy with a larger galaxy: a tidal and below the galaxy’s main disc, in the galactic stream of stars moving together as a group through halo. These streams of stars are the remains of dwarf space through the parent galaxy’s halo.

A STARRIER, STARRY NIGHT It is a testament to how little is known about the Astronomer Pieter van Dokkum and his team went universe that in the year 2010 a discovery can be hunting for the signature of dim and diminutive made that changes something as fundamental as red dwarf stars in gigantic elliptical galaxies located how many stars are thought to exist. Yet that is between 50 million and 300 million light-years what astronomers determined using the recently from Earth. They found that despite these sorts of enhanced sensitivity of the Keck Telescope’s Low stars being only one-tenth to one-fifth the mass of Resolution Imaging Spectograph (LRIS), which can the Sun, they are far more plentiful than expected. gather spectra from very faint, distant objects. The team found there are about 20 times more red

10 | W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 dwarfs in elliptical galaxies than in our own Milky “All these discoveries underscore how much untilled Way galaxy, which is a smaller, spiral galaxy. This terrain there is in astronomy,” said Keck Observatory suggests that the overall number of stars in the director, Taft Armandroff. universe may be three times greater than previously thought.

“No one knew how many of these stars there were,” said van Dokkum, a Yale University astronomer who led the research. “Different theoretical models predicted a wide range of possibilities, so this answers a longstanding question about just how abundant these stars are.”

Among the implications of the discovery is that there could be somewhat less dark matter in elliptical galaxies, since more visible matter (a.k.a. stars) has been found. Another implication is for exoplanets. More stars mean more exoplanets, even habitable planets where liquid water and life might exist.

Spectra of the stars in elliptical galaxies reveal they are rich in “There are possibly trillions of Earths orbiting these red dwarf stars. That’s good news because red dwarfs are much stars,” van Dokkum said. “It’s one reason why people longer lived than larger, brighter stars. That means, in turn, that are interested in this type of star.” Red dwarfs are these small stars are the most likely to have had time to evolve typically more than 10 billion years old, and so have mature planetary systems. Keck Observatory’s telescopes and instruments lead the world in gathering these spectra. been around long enough for complex life to have Credit: Pieter Van Dokum possibly evolved on their exoplanets.

Winter storms on Mauna Kea can move in quickly and force summit crews to close up the observatory and abandon the mountain.

W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 | 11 a dayof Keck Obinserva ttheory lıfe

The stars are out only at night, but respect and admiration within the observing machines to a premier operating and maintaining the W. international astronomy community. roster of astronomers. M. Keck Observatory demands Welcome to a day in the life of Keck a specialized team of committed Observatory. As dawn breaks on the windward professionals working around the coast of the Big Island, Keck’s day clock and 365 days a year. This The unwavering priority of any day at crew and facilities team assemble portion of the Annual Report is Keck is to make sure the telescopes in Hilo and Waimea and load up for about the people of Keck and what are prepped and “on sky” each and their uncommon hour-plus commute it takes to be the world-leading every night of the year. In service of to the telescope facility at 13,603 optical/infrared observatory in the twin 10-meter telescopes and feet above sea level. A myriad of the 21st Century. Nearly all of the accompanying instrumentation and tasks and details go on behind the accompanying images were captured infrastructure are Keck’s approximately scenes before the convoy of Keck by Photographer Rick Peterson over 120 employees, comprised of vehicles departs for the summit. a two day period in early 2011. They engineers, scientists, administrators The crew’s first stop is the Mauna reflect the vibrant sense of purpose and support staff. Alongside an Kea Observatories’ base camp, Hale shared by a high-performance arsenal of computing power located Pohaku, or House of Stone, where workforce which has earned Keck at headquarters in Waimea and at breakfast cafeteria style is combined Observatory the highest marks the telescope facility on the summit with time to acclimate before in scientific productivity in a very of Mauna Kea, they deliver the cutting ascending to higher elevation. competitive field and the greatest edge technology of these world famous 5:00am 6:00am 7:00am 8:00am 12 | W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 A Work Place crew settles in to execute a incoming starlight to jiggle and blur. Like No Other detailed plan of action. In addition Using a small deformable mirror that to servicing the telescopes and changes its shape up to 2,000 times Beyond Hale Pohaku the pavement addressing any equipment failures a second, Keck’s AO improves image ends, guard rails become scarce, from the previous night’s observing quality by a factor of ten or more. and the air gets thinner, cold and run, the day crew is responsible This observing innovation results dry. Snow and ice are issues to for implementing a strategic list in unprecedented clarity of cosmic contend with in winter months, of priorities to improve equipment targets ranging from exoplanets and making driving hazardous and develop new capabilities that brown dwarfs to distant galaxies. and a safety monitoring and will lead to the next great leaps in communication system imperative. ground-based observing capabilities. Keck’s natural guide star adaptive Although Mauna Kea is considered optics systems have been generating one of the best astronomical sites science on both telescopes for in the world, weather cancels Next Generation Lasers several years. Since 2004 the Keck observing about 20 percent of the II telescope also employed a Laser nights each year. Moreover, on a Since the mid-1990’s Keck Guide Star (LGS) AO system that dormant volcanic peak with 40% Observatory has been a leader in propagates a 15-watt sodium dye less atmosphere, altitude sickness is developing and using adaptive optics laser and excites sodium atoms a real danger. This remote, strikingly (AO) systems that are regarded in Earth’s upper atmosphere, beautiful and austere environment as revolutionary in the field of creating an artificial star or beacon is, quite literally, not for the faint of astronomical research. AO systems to help measure atmospheric heart nor weak at knees. measure and compensate for the distortion. In a multi-year and atmospheric turbulence of Earth that multimillion dollar development Once inside the industrial looking plagues all ground-based optical/ project funded by federal grants Observatory complex, the hearty infrared telescopes and causes and private philanthropy, Keck

9:00am 10:00am 11:00am W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 | 13 Observatory welcomed in 2009 results, however, are quantum leap Keck’s two primary mirrors are a next generation LGS AO system improvements in observational data. each comprised of 36 hexagonal for the Keck I telescope. The key segments. Each mirror piece is about element of the new more efficient six feet in diameter, weighs 880 system, a 20-watt solid-state laser A Cleaner Reflection pounds and is coated with a thin, designed and built by Lockheed reflective layer of pure aluminum. Martin Coherent Technologies and A surprise for astronomy newcomers There are two methods to keeping Keck’s development team, was is that no one looks through an these mirror segments clean. One is commissioned in 2010. eyepiece on the Keck Telescopes. a periodic dusting of the mirror that Today’s optical/infrared observatories takes place “in situ” where carbon On this day several optics specialists, benefit from modern electronics and dioxide snow is sprayed on the mirror engineers and technicians work on process their cosmic data using CCD to collect dust particles that adhere tools ranging from CAD drawings detectors, similar to those in digital to the snow and are pulled off the to screw drivers in order to adjust cameras. On the Keck telescopes, mirror when the snow sublimates or and install the new high-energy incoming starlight is collected and turns into a gas. laser beam transport system into focused by the mirror faces and its custom-designed location on the then analyzed by a sophisticated The second method is much more Keck I telescope. Instead of more suite of seven distinct imagers complicated and requires removing power-limited optical fibers, the and spectrographs, or with the segments individually from the significant upgrade uses mirrors interferometer. Paramount to this telescope, stripping them bare, in what is called a Free Space process, of course, is keeping the inspecting them carefully and Transport system. The challenges mirrors at maximum reflectivity. The recoating them in a special vacuum of these custom one-of-a-kind photons of some of the targets being chamber using deposition to evenly systems require persistence and a studied have travelled billions of light place a fresh layer of aluminum only relentless commitment to detail. The years to reach the Keck telescopes. 120 nanometers thick on the naked

12:00pm 1:00pm 2:00pm 3:00pm 14 | W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 mirror. The recoating process takes headquarters meeting rooms, a tremendous amount of interest place in a room, located midway team of engineers and astronomers and support from astronomy between the two telescopes, which sort through a series of glitches enthusiasts young and old, local houses all the equipment for this gleaned from reviewing recent and global. Free astronomy talks, task as well as a “mirror barn” where telescope night logs. Like resident mentorships, classroom visits, spare segments are stored. Segment physicians, the software experts summit tours and visitor centers at stripping is just one of the many rotate on call 24 hours each day and both Headquarters and the Summit maintenance tasks that must be night to provide immediate response are first-hand opportunities to learn scheduled into a typical day on the to problems that come up during an and interact with Keck astronomy. summit. observing run. With the internet and social media tools, Keck’s educational presence is growing in leaps and bounds Technology Driven A Commitment to across the planet. Here, UC Berkeley Education astronomer Alex Filippenko, a Because computers outnumber veteran Keck observer and well- people almost three to one at Keck The Observatory is a full time loved college professor, shares an Observatory, software expertise research facility with limited intimate look at Keck’s telescope matters. In addition to making resources for Education and structure with patrons of the sure all computers are patched Public Outreach. Still, employees Observatory. and up-to-date, the Software group are encouraged to dedicate two also engineers and upgrades the percent of their work time to At the Waimea headquarters visitor invisible computer programs that community service projects of their center guests enter with curiosity run the telescope, instruments, choosing. With a firm commitment and leave with new information and infrastructure that defines to being good corporate citizens, about Keck Observatory and Hawai’i Keck. In one of the Observatory’s the Observatory has garnered a astronomy they gather from the

4:00pm 5:00pm 6:00pm W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 | 15 volunteers who have staffed the Magic Hours Back up on the mountain, the center since September, 2009. shadows are growing long and the Today students from Waimea As evening approaches a crowd day crew has headed back down to Country School walk across town on grows in the same place the summit their families. Tonight’s instruments a short field trip to learn about this crew departed 12 hours earlier. have been calibrated and the national treasure located in their This time it is members of the local telescopes turned over to computer backyard. community coming to hear a Keck control. Now, a much smaller astronomy lecture. Tonight University night crew takes their place at the Many enthusiasts become regulars of Hawai’i astronomer Brent Tully summit facility. Keck Observatory’s to Keck Observatory’s popular and his colleague Kristin Chiboucas Observing Support team consists of monthly Astronomy Talks that take of the Gemini North Telescope have support astronomers and scientists, place in the Headquarters’ state of a packed house for their joint talk. an AO operations team, and the art conference center. Most of They explain a new technique using Observing Assistants (OA). For them, the presentations reveal discoveries the Keck Telescopes for revealing being a night owl is a necessary fresh from the telescopes and are mysterious objects that appear ingredient of job satisfaction. delivered by Keck astronomers who superficially like individual stars, Tonight, while OA Gary Puniwai have a passion for sharing their work but are actually Compact Dwarf readies the Keck I telescope in the with the public. At the end of 2010, Galaxies. Are they remnant cores of operations room beside the southern the lectures were enjoyed by sell-out galaxies that have been gobbled up dome, night attendant, Sniffen crowds of 120-140 residents, the by larger galaxies or are they mega- Joseph suits up for his first hour majority coming from West Hawai’i — star clusters formed by some other shift as an airplane spotter – the Keauhou to Kapa’au. mechanism? It is still too early to coldest job in Hawai’i. This is a Laser tell. Some of the data presented Guide Star Adaptive Optics night is from observations made just the for the Keck II telescope, and that night before. means spotters take turns outside 7:00pm 8:00pm 9:00pm 10:00pm 16 | W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 watching to make sure no aircraft U.S. astronomy community also possible with real time collaboration. come close to the summit. If a pilot earns time on the Kecks through Here, Richard Ellis, the Steele approaches too close by mistake, programs funded by NASA and Family Professor of Astronomy Joseph shutters the laser to avoid the National Science Foundation. at Caltech and highly recognized potential eye damage to the pilot. Astronomers’ proposals are reviewed British astronomer, shares time on The elevation, wind and nighttime semi-annually by peer panels at the Keck II telescope with graduate temperatures require Arctic attire their respective institutions. Many student Andrew Newman. They focus uncharacteristic of a typical Hawaii are rejected and must wait for the adaptive optics on understanding wardrobe. next round of submissions -- the the large scale distribution of matter Observatory is oversubscribed by a in the universe and the evolution of factor of five to six. the cosmos back to the early dawn Eyes on the Prize of galaxies. In Keck’s early days, astronomers Keck astronomer Paul Butler was would fly in to Kona or Hilo then Keck’s astronomers make an recently asked by a journalist travel to the summit for their night impressive impact on the entire what was the prize for discovering or nights on the telescope. Today field of modern astronomy research, something profound on Keck. the scientists can observe remotely from early galaxy formation to solar Immediately he answered, “Getting from headquarters in Waimea system research, black holes, dark more telescope time.” Access to or from select campus facilities, matter, dark energy and exoplanets. the world’s two largest telescopes though most still prefer being in As this night’s astronomers are and advanced instrumentation is Hawaii to optimally conduct their wrapping up a long evening of precious and divided among the research. Working side by side with observations to retire to the Visiting University of California, Caltech, and Keck’s black belt team of Support Scientist Quarters on campus, to a lesser percentage NASA and the Astronomers the unexpected can be another work day begins at the Keck University of Hawai’i. The broader exploited and other synergies made Observatory.

11:00pm 12:00am 1:00am W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 | 17 exploring new worlds with keck Before the 1990’s the only planets we knew about kicked off the Campaign with a fundraising event were the ones we learned in school. Today, Pluto hosted by Hualalai Resort Friends of Keck John and is no longer an official planet and the number of Anne Ryan and Mike Sack and John Saul, where planets astronomers have found orbiting nearby guests learned that at designated giving levels they stars is skyrocketing. At the end of 2010 over would be given distinctive honors in the Keck 500 exoplanets had been detected, the majority Exoplanet Registry. confirmed by astronomers from Keck Observatory. In this dynamic area of modern astronomy their The Registry recognizes donors who contributed Holy Grail is the detection of an Earth-mass planet $5,000 with naming rights on select exoplanets found in a “Goldilocks” orbit, not too close (hot) nor that were discovered using HIRES. The exoplanet too far (cold) from its parent star such that liquid naming is commemorated with a plaque and water could exist. The discovery of a potentially descriptive information about the exoplanet, its habitable world like ours is imminent. mass, distance from Earth, orbital period, and host constellation. At year’s end the Registry had 25 The Exploring New Worlds Campaign was exoplanets named by Keck contributors and over launched in the spring of 2010 to fund an upgrade half of the funds raised to complete the project. to Keck’s planet hunting instrument, the High Resolution Echelle Spectrograph, or HIRES. Once The search for Earth-like planets began when commissioned, the new system will keep the humans first looked to the stars and wondered, Spectrograph locked on its targets with better “Are we alone.” With the Exploring New Worlds sensitivity and accuracy, pushing measurements campaign, Keck Observatory will be able to take us toward Earth-mass capabilities. Keck Observatory one step closer to the answer.

Major Contributors and Keck Exoplanet Registry Members Amy and Morton Friedkin William J. and Dorothy K. O’Neill Foundation Jeanne and Sanford Robertson Anne Barasch Ryan and John Cutler Ryan Michael Sack and John Saul / Chester Woodruff Foundation Campaign Contributors Debbie and Joe Schell Thomas Blackburn Peggy and Bill Cameron Additional Members of the Keck Exoplanet Registry Alexander and Andrew Earls Bertie B. and David Elliott Susan and J.C. Henry Laurie and Jack Goldstein Judith and Hantz Hummelt Bobbie J. and C. Wallace Hooser Doreen and David Keyes Carlton A. Lane Laurie and Mike Kozlak The Mahoney Tallman Family Foundation Carole and Alan Polito Joanne and James Markiewicz Maura and James Schumacher Janet and Stephen Rogers Susan and Ken Thomas “

Astronomy is the science whose discoveriesfinances owe least to chance, “in which human understanding appears in its whole magnitude… Georg C. Lichtenberg

The most important advances in astronomy have in fiscal year 2010 this amount was $12.6 million. A been sourced by the generosity of visionaries renewable partnership agreement with the National compelled by this profound enterprise to know the Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a cosmos in its entirety. For his study of our solar one-sixth partner in Keck since 1996, provided an system, Galileo had the Medici family as his patrons. additional $3.1 million for general operating support James Lick provided the financial resources to in 2010. Competitive grants, contracts and private build California’s famed Lick contributions are key to Keck’s Observatory, and the Palomar continued astro-leadership. Observatory benefitted from Packaged together into unique the Rockefeller largess. In the public-private partnerships, mid-1980’s, the W. M. Keck they direct precious resources Foundation took the next for the Observatory’s strategic ambitious leap forward in advances in instrumentation funding astronomy research. and future capabilities. In They awarded two capital grants 2010, Keck earned new federal totaling $138 million to develop funding totaling $2.8 million and construct the revolutionary and, from the private sector, Hualalai Friends of Keck, from left to right, Mike Sack, segmented mirror design of Anne Ryan and John Saul, are major contributors to the $540,755 in charitable gifts the first, then second 10-meter Exploring New Worlds campaign. and pledges. The majority of telescopes now known as the these dollars were applied to twin Kecks. The Foundation’s namesake William adaptive optics innovations, a technology where Myron Keck, whose fortune came from Superior Oil Keck continues to dominate in world astronomy. Company of California, believed in investing in high The total budget for Keck Observatory in fiscal year risk/high reward ventures, and the breakthrough 2011 is $24.3 million to support its professional staff, research facility on Mauna Kea continues to be operations and development initiatives. Audited one of the Los Angeles-based charity’s favorite financial statements are available upon request and philanthropic success stories. directly from the Observatory’s website.

Keck Observatory today is managed as a private, tax-exempt non-profit organization dedicated to astronomical research and education. Through its 2010 Public Funding Sources original founding agreement between the academic partners, Caltech and the University of California, Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy the Observatory is ensured an annual base of Jet Propulsion Laboratory operating support through 2018. The base only National Aeronautics and Space Administration sustains the day to day operations and maintenance National Science Foundation costs for the summit and headquarters facilities, and University of California

W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 | 19 fueling 2010 Pdiscoveryatrons October 1, 2009 –September 30, 2010

Cosmic Contributors Stellar Associates Gifts of $10,000 or More in FY10 Annual Gifts of $3,000 to $10,000 Linda and James Clifford Thomas Blackburn Carol and Clive Davies Polly and Tom Bredt Susan and Michael Dell Peggy and Bill Cameron The Fairmont Orchid Hawaii Sharlee and Peter Eising Bobbie J. and C. Wallace Hooser Bertie B. and David Elliott Hualalai Resort Amy and Morton Friedkin M.R. and Evelyn Hudson Foundation Laurie and Jack Goldstein T. J. Keck Sylvia and Karl Hess W. M. Keck Foundation Carlton A. Lane Rita and Arthur Levinson The Mahoney Tallman Family Foundation William J. and Dorothy K. O'Neill Foundation Joanne and James Markiewicz Jeanne and Sanford Robertson Jan and Frank Morgan Terry and Rob Ryan Janet and Stephen Rogers Anne Barasch Ryan and John Cutler Ryan John Ryan Company Michael Sack and John Saul Judy and Ken Siebel Debbie and Joe Schell Lisa Persdotter and Charles Simonyi Chester Woodruff Foundation Charles Simonyi Fund for Arts and Sciences

20 | W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 Planetary Associates Sharon and Joe Levy Annual Gifts of $1,500 to $3,000 Carolyn and Jack Lewis Liz and Taft Armandroff Katherine Loo and Jim Raughton Patricia and Richard Bader Marlene and Sandy Louchheim Doris and Earl Bakken Janet Marott Zora and Les Charles Calli and Bob McCaw Nathalie and David Cowan Samuel McClung, Sr. Barbara and James Lago Pablo McLoud The Merck Company Foundation Lilian and D.B. Murray Milly and Mac Morris Jocelyn and Jerry Nelson Craig E. Nelson Dona and Gary Novack Margarita and Thomas Scheffel Pacific Island Institute, Ltd. Sandra and Dale Sebring Packard Research Foundation Hemal and Thomas Surrette Hannah and Lyle Packard Xavier Pecquery More Friends of Keck Observatory Riley and Nancy Pleas Family Foundation Alison and Bill Boeckmann Carole and Alan Polito Diana and Andrew Bonnici Susan and Paul Prudler Elizabeth W. Bours A S Ranjan Ann and John Broadbent Denise and John Ray Rosalind and Stephen Butterfield Teresa and Hugh Reilly Jim Canales and James McCann R. Michael Rich AJ Clifford Stephanie Robinson Ginny and Hal Cogger Siemer and Hand Travel Linda Copman and Family Gretchen and Richard Scheumann Karri and Mark Copman Joan and Richard Schleicher Marilyn and John Dougery Barbara and Thomas Schmidt Alexander and Andrew Earls Maura and James Schumacher Carl Feinberg Janet and Dennis Shannon Peggy and Peter Georgas Michael Shara Deborah Goodwin and James Fritz Shooters Film Production Hakman Family Trust Mary and Jas Singh Dana Hankins Softub Inc. Thomas N. Hansen M. D. Mary Anna and Tom Soifer Beth Collins Hebner and Mark Hebner Elizabeth and David Sonne Susan and J.C. Henry Wayne S. Spilove Connie and Kenneth Hess Alice and Edward Stone Catherine and Bill Honig Priscilla Studholme Judith and Hantz Hummelt The Swig Foundation Sue and Dick Humphries Mercedes Talley Pam and Gary Jaffe The Tananbaum Family Charitable Fund Jaffe Estate Wines Taube Family Foundation Anne and Burton Kaplan Coralyn and Peter Taylor Cynthia Roher and Thomas Kapp Susan and Ken Thomas Doreen and David Keyes Angie and Tom Thornbury Val Kim and Gerald Weldon Ellen and Jack Toigo Ann and Paul Koehler Janice and Steve Webb Laurie and Mike Kozlak Deborah and John Winter Sandy Kurtzig and Carl Brunsting Barbara and Ron Winters Darla and Earl Laing Dr. Marcia Wishnick and Mr. Stanley Wishnick Linda and Doug Lanterman Elizabeth and Ron Laub

W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 | 21 Honors and Recognitikudoson Nelson Awarded Kavli Prize In Astrophysics the California Institute of Technology was awarded the prestigious Cosmology Prize of The Peter and Jerry Nelson, the project scientist for the Keck Patricia Gruber Foundation in 2010. Observatory, is internationally renowned as a developer of innovative designs for advanced “Professor Steidel pioneered the techniques needed telescopes. In 2010 to find young galaxies and led the efforts that have Nelson’s achievements opened a direct observational window to a time were recognized with the when the Universe was only about one tenth of its $1 million Kavli Prize in current age,” the official Gruber Foundation citation Astrophysics, sharing said. Steidel received a $500,000 award and a gold this award with two medal in October at the University of Chicago. other telescope pioneers. Nelson, a physicist at UC Santa Cruz, is the Pierce Prize For Treu founding director of the Center for Adaptive The research of University Optics, a National Science Credit: UC Santa Cruz of California at Santa Foundation science and Barbara astronomer technology center headquartered at UC Santa Cruz. Tommaso Treu, a frequent observer at Nelson is currently project scientist for the Thirty Keck Observatory, was Meter Telescope, or TMT, which is planned for recognized in 2010 by the construction a short distance from the Keck American Astronomical Observatory on Mauna Kea. The TMT will have Society (AAS). Treu, a Credit: UC Santa Barbara a 30-meter primary mirror, consisting of 492 native of Italy, received the segments. It will use similar technology to that of the Newton Lacy Pierce Prize, recognizing outstanding Keck Telescopes. achievement from an astronomer under the age of 36. According to a citation from the AAS, Treu was awarded the Pierce Prize “for his insightful work Gruber Foundation into the physical understanding of the formation and Cosmology Prize evolution of galaxies, groups and clusters, including Goes To Steidel the coupled evolution of the luminous, dark matter and black hole components.” Charles Steidel has leveraged the power Said UC Santa Barbara vice chancellor for research of the Keck Telescopes Michael Witherell: “This prize recognizes the to explore some of outstanding discoveries Tommaso has already made the earliest galaxies in early in his career, and the impact they have had in the Universe. For that the field of astronomy. He joins a very select group breakthrough work of astronomers who have won this prize over its the Lee A. DuBridge history.” Credit: California Institute of Professor of Astronomy at Technology

22 | W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 Keck Employee Is Also Top Volunteer Team Keck Goes Gold

Keck Telescope Employees of Keck Observatory had a special electronics engineer reason to celebrate in 2010, above and beyond their Andrew Cooper is also contributions to astronomy. At North Hawaii’s one of Keck Observatory’s annual Relay for Life, Keck received the coveted 1st most active volunteers. Place Gold Level award for “Most Monies Raised by Besides leading evening a Team.” Led by Keck staffer Miki Brand, the group public stargazing at the of employees and their families raised $5,304.62 for Hale Pōhaku Visitor the American Cancer Society. Information Station (VIS), Cooper is the In addition to Brand, the hard-working team self-appointed repair members were Steve Doyle and wife Kaui, Naomi Credit: WMKO and maintenance man of Ahuna and daughter, Dayna, Joe Gargiulo, Julia the telescopes housed there for public use. Before Simmons and Ohana, Scott Johnson and daughter, Cooper came along, the telescopes used for public Emily, Ed Wetherell, Liz Chock and Ohana, Al viewing were in poor shape. Honey, HealohaMele Genovia, Kirk Tateishi, Shui Hung Kwok and wife, Betty, Myrna and Kevin In 2010 Cooper was awarded the Mister Fixit award Tsubota, Jason Chin and wife, Peggy, Jim Lyke and for volunteering more than 300 hours of his time wife, Didi, Sudha LaVen and Ohana, and former in a single year – a contribution matched only by Keck employee Janlyn Ryusaki-Phillips. The group volunteers who are retirees. He has contributed activity has become a strong tradition at the more than 725 hours since he began volunteering Observatory with penny wars, bake sales, spaghetti in 2007. Cooper and his wife Deborah were also feeds and other tried and true ideas that raise funds awarded the Ohana O Ka Lani Award for their to benefit this well known charity. combined volunteering efforts. Without volunteers like Andrew and Deborah, the VIS could not manage the large number of visitors who come to Mauna Kea to gain a greater understanding of the Universe.

Relay for Life Keck team members from left: Steve Doyle, Miki Brand, Nick and Liz Chock. Credit: WMKO

W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 | 23 Science BibliographyRefereed publications FY2010

Key to Publications: JPhCS: Journal of Physics Conference Series A&A: Astronomy and Astrophysics JQSRT: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer AdSpR: Advances in Space Research MNRAS: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society AJ: Astronomical Journal Nature ApJ: Astrophysical Journal NewAR: New Astronomy Review ApJL: Astrophysical Journal Letters P&SS : Planetary and Space Science ApJS: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series PASJ : Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan Ap&SS: Astrophysics and Space Science PASP: Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific ARA&A: Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics PhST : Physica Scripta Volume T CoAst : Communications in Asteroseismology Science EM&P : Earth, Moon, and Planets Icarus

Abdo, A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; et. al. Aspin, C.; Reipurth, B. Barton, E.; Cooke, J. The First Catalog of Active Galactic Nuclei V1647 Orionis: Optical Photometric and Mg II Absorption Characteristics of a Volume- Detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope Spectroscopic Monitoring Through the Limited Sample of Galaxies at z ~ 0.1 ApJ 715 429 2010 May 2003-2006 Outburst AJ 138 1817 2009 December AJ 138 1137 2009 October Allers, K.; Liu, M.; Dupuy, T.; Cushing, M. Bennert, V.; Treu, T.; Woo, J.; et. al. Discovery of A Young L Dwarf Binary, SDSS Aspin, C.; Reipurth, B.; Herczeg, G.; Capak, P. Cosmic Evolution of Black Holes and

J224953.47+004404.6AB The 2008 Extreme Outburst of the Young Spheroids. IV. The MBH-Lsph Relation ApJ 715 561 2010 May Eruptive Variable Star EX Lupi ApJ 708 1507 2010 January ApJ 719 L50 2010 August Alves-Brito, A.; Meléndez, J.; Asplund, M.; et. al. Bennett, D.; Rhie, S.; Nikolaev, S.; et. al. Chemical similarities between Galactic bulge Bakos, G.; Howard, A.; Noyes, R.; et. al. Masses and Orbital Constraints for the OGLE- and local thick disk red giants: O, Na, Mg, Al, HAT-P-13b,c: A Transiting Hot Jupiter with a 2006-BLG-109Lb,c Jupiter/Saturn Analog Si, Ca, and Ti Massive Outer Companion on an Eccentric Planetary System A&A 513 A35 2010 April Orbit ApJ 713 837 2010 April ApJ 707 446 2009 December Amanullah, R.; Lidman, C.; Rubin, D.; et. al. Bensby, T.; Feltzing, S.; Johnson, J.; et. al. Spectra and Hubble Space Telescope Light Bakos, G.; Torres, G.; Pál, A.; et. al. Chemical Evolution Of The Galactic Bulge As Curves of Six Type Ia Supernovae at HAT-P-11b: A Super-Neptune Planet Transiting Traced By Microlensed Dwarf And Subgiant 0.511 < z < 1.12 and the Union2 Compilation a Bright K Star in the Kepler Field Stars ApJ 716 712 2010 June ApJ 710 1724 2010 February A&A 512 A41 2010 April

Anglada-Escudé, G.; Shkolnik, E.; Weinberger, A.; Barger, A.; Cowie, L. Bhalerao, V.; van Kerkwijk, M.; Harrison, F.; et. al. et. al. Active Galactic Nuclei Selected from GALEX The Polar Cataclysmic Variable 1RXS Strong Constraints to the Putative Planet Spectroscopy: The Ionizing Source J173006.4+033813 Candidate around VB 10 Using Spectrum at z~1 ApJ 721 412 2010 September Doppler Spectroscopy ApJ 718 1235 2010 August ApJ 711 L24 2010 March Bihain, G.; Rebolo, R.; Zapatero Osorio, M.; et. al. Barnabè, M.; Auger, M.; Treu, T.; et. al. Candidate free-floating super-Jupiters in the Apps, K.; Clubb, K.; Fischer, D.; et. al. The non-evolving internal structure of early- young σ Orionis open cluster M2K: I. A Jupiter-Mass Planet Orbiting the type galaxies: the case study A&A 506 1169 2009 November M3V Star HIP 79431 SDSSJ0728+3835 at z = 0.206 PASP 122 156 2010 February MNRAS 406 2339 2010 August Bolton, J.; Becker, G.; Wyithe, S.; et. al. A First Direct Measurement Of The Arcavi, I.; Gal-Yam, A.; Kasliwal, M.; et. al. Barnes, J.; Barman, T.; Jones, H.; et. al. Intergalactic Medium Temperature Around A Core-collapse Supernovae from the Palomar A search for molecules in the atmosphere of Quasar At z= 6 Transient Factory: Indications for HD 189733b MNRAS 406 612 2010 July a Different Population in Dwarf Galaxies MNRAS 401 445 2010 January ApJ 721 777 2010 September

24 | W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 - Science Bibliography Borucki, W.; Koch, D.; Brown, T.; et. al. Chornock, R.; Bloom, J.; Cenko, S.; et. al. Davis, S.; Richer, H.; Rich, R.; et. al. Kepler-4b: A Hot Neptune-like Planet of a G0 The Quasar SDSS J1536+0441: An Unusual The Spectral Types of White Dwarfs in Star Near Main-sequence Turnoff Double-peaked Emitter Messier 4 ApJ 713 L126 2010 April ApJ 709 L39 2010 January ApJ 705 398 2009 November

Bowler, B.; Liu, M.; Cushing, M. Chornock, R.; Filippenko, A.; Li, W.; Silverman, J. Dawson, K.; Aldering, G.; Amanullah, R.; et. al. The Benchmark Ultracool Subdwarf Large Late-Time Asphericities in Three Type An Intensive Hubble Space Telescope Survey HD 114762B: A Test of Low-Metallicity IIP Supernovae for z>1 Type Ia Supernovae by Targeting Atmospheric and Evolutionary Models ApJ 713 1363 2010 April Galaxy Clusters ApJ 706 1114 2009 December AJ 138 1271 2009 November Chun, M.; Kulkarni, V.; Gharanfoli, S.; Takamiya, M. Bresolin, F.; Stasinska, G.; Vilchez, J.; et. al. Adaptive Optics Imaging of a Massive Galaxy Delsanti, A.; Merlin, F.; Guilbert, A.; et. al. Planetary Nebulae In M33: Probes Of Associated With a Metal-Rich Absorber Methane, ammonia, and their irradiation Asymptotic Giant Branch Nucleosynthesis AJ 139 296 2010 January products at the surface of an intermediate- And Interstellar Medium Abundances size KBO? A portrait of Plutino (90482) Orcus MNRAS 404 1679 2010 June Cohen, J.; Gould, A.; Thompson, I.; et. al. A&A 520 A40 2010 September A Puzzle Involving Galactic Bulge Microlensing Brittain, S.; Rettig, T.; Simon, T.; et. al. Events Demarco, R.; Wilson, G.; Muzzin, A.; et. al. Near Infrared Spectroscopic Study of V1647 ApJ 711 L48 2010 March Spectroscopic Confirmation of Three Red- Ori Sequence Selected Galaxy Clusters at ApJ 708 109 2010 January Cohen, J.; Huang, W. z=0.87, 1.16 and 1.21 from the SpARCS The Chemical Evolution of the Ursa Minor Survey Browning, M.; Basri, G.; Marcy, G.; et. al. Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy ApJ 711 1185 2010 March Rotation and Magnetic Activity in a Sample of ApJ 719 931 2010 August M-Dwarfs Dilday, B.; Smith, M.; Bassett, B.; et. al. AJ 139 504 2010 February Colucci, J.; Bernstein, R.; Cameron, S.; et. al. Measurements of the Rate of Type Ia M31 Globular Cluster Abundances from High- Supernovae at Redshift 0.3 from the Sloan Brusa, M.; Civano, F.; Comastri, A.; et. al. Resolution, Integrated-Light Spectroscopy Digital Sky Survey II Supernova Survey The XMM-Newton Wide-field Survey in the ApJ 704 385 2009 October ApJ 713 1026 2010 April Cosmos Field (XMM-COSMOS): Demography and Multiwavelength Properties of Obscured Connelley, M.; Reipurth, B.; Tokunaga, A. DiPompeo, M.; Brotherton, M.; Becker, R.; et. al. and Unobscured Luminous Active Galactic An Adaptive Optics Survey For Close Spectropolarimetry of Radio-selected Broad Nuclei Protostellar Binaries Absorption Line Quasars ApJ 716 348 2010 June AJ 138 1193 2009 November ApJS 189 83 2010 July

Buchhave, L.; Bakos, G.; Hartman, J.; et. al. Conroy, C. Do, T.; Ghez, A.; Morris, M.; et. al.

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W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2010 - Science Bibliography | 31 The best thing for being sad is to learn something. That is the only thing that never fails. You may grow old and trembling in your anatomies, you may lie awake at night listening to the disorder of your veins, you may miss your only love, you may see the world about you devastated by evil lunatics, or know your honor trampled in the sewers of baser minds. There is only one thing for it then… TO LEARN!

Learn why the world wags… and what wags it.

Merlyn’s Advice From “The Once and Future King” by T. H. White Shared by Robert Masuda

For more information contact: Debbie Goodwin Director of Advancement 65-1120 Mamalahoa Highway The road to the summit of snow-capped and Kamuela, Hawai‘i 96743 808.881.3814 magnificent Mauna Kea. www.keckobservatory.org