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By DAVID GROVE BUILDING RESEARCH GROUP Bò^I .V Me V£L ^ Wpp PLANNING RESEARCH STUDIES NUMBER by DAVID GROVE BUILDING RESEARCH GROUP bò^I .V me V£L ^ Wpp JL^-Q-ÇL. c K r _ VH O , S^- T Reçu ie ;...}o Cote fcxempl. N° Entrée ^>. \~^b\ , J ft David Grove was born in 1923 and educated at Quarry Bank High School, Liverpool, and Balliol College, Oxford. After taking a degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1947, he carried out planning research for a number of local authorities and new town development corporations in England, and is co-author with Max Lock and Gerald King of Bedford by the River (London: John Murray: 1952). He joined the staff of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in October, 1961. PLANNING RESEARCH STUDIES NUMBER ONE POPULATION PATTERNS their impact on Regional Planning by DAVID GROVE M.A. OXON. A preliminary analysis of the 1960 Census of Ghana BUILDING RESEARCH GROUP Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology KUMASI JULY 1963 PLANNING RESEARCH STUDIES FORTHCOMING TITLES THE TOWNS OF GHANA—their role as service centres by David Grove and Laszlo Huszar TEMA MANHEAN —a social and architectural study of the new fishing village by D.A.P. Butcher and others FOREWORD by the Vice-Chancellor, R. P. Baffour O.B.E., D.SC.(ENG.), F.R.A.S., M.l.MECH.E., M.I.NUC.E. It gives me great satisfaction to launch the first in a series of Planning Research Studies—the work of various members of the Building Research Group, which is part of the Faculty of Architecture. The group is concerned mainly with problems of housing, and town and regional planning. Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana and Chancellor of this University, recently said "the university is, and must always remain, a living, thinking and serving part of the community to which it belongs." I am happy that the Building Research Group—like other departments here—is striving to live up to this dictum. Members of the group are at present giving assistance to the Volta River Authority in its tremendous task of resettling some 75,000 people whose homes and land will be flooded when the dam is complete. They have helped to plan and carry out the necessary social surveys and to select sites and design layouts for new villages. Last year members of the group made national surveys for the United Nations Regional Planning Mission. The present publication arises out of this work. It makes use of data from the 1960 Census kindly supplied by the Census Office in advance of publication. David Grove's analysis provides a background to some of the problems of population distribution and movement that will arise as the economy develops. I commend this study—and those that will follow—to all concerned with the realisation of Ghana's present plans, and to everyone interested in the problems of newly emergent nations. R. P. BAFFOUR July, 1963 Advice on the layout and typography of this booklet was given by the Department of Commercial Design in the Faculty of Art of Kwame Nkrumah University. The cover was designed by two students of the department, K. Asmah and G. A. Boateng. The symbol was inspired by the legend of the giant Asebu Amamfi. According to legend, Asebu Amamfi was a giant who, together with his brother Kwegya, led their tribe, the ASEBUS from the sea to Asebu—a district about 10 miles from Cape Coast on the road to Kumasi. Kwegya was a fisherman and settled at Moree, but Amamfi settled in Asebu, for he was a farmer. On market- days he travelled to Moree and exchanged farm products for fish. He was so strong that instead of taking a bag or a basket to the market, he carried a whole hut in which sat his sister Amam- fuwa, who fried maize for him as they travelled along the road. The fried maize was said to have been delivered hot from the pot. Amamfi used one of the cannons that lay in the Moree Castle as a walking stick. Up to this day there are a lot of old cannons lying in front of his palace at Asebu. CONTENTS Foreword by the Vice-Chancellor Introduction 9 The Urban-Rural Pattern 9 The Present Distribution of Population 10 Population and the Economy 12 Migration Trends and the Future Population Pattern 13 Age and Sex 15 Birthplace 16 The Working Population 17 Some Conclusions 20 References 20 Appendices 1 Sources and Summaries 21 2 Rural Population Density 23 3 Urban Authorities and Towns over 5,000 within them 25 4 Migration Trends 26 Tables 1 Population Characteristics 29 2 Density 40 Maps 1 Rural Population Density at end 2 Rural Migration Trends at end CORRIGENDUM: The reference to appendix 5 in paragraph 4 (opposite) should read Table 2. Printed at University Press, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Introduction 1 The aim of this study is to discuss briefly some of the 1960 Census data that are relevant to regional planning. It arose out of the survey work carried out by the Building Research Group for the United Nations Regional Planning Mission in 1962. The Census office kindly provided certain material in advance of publication. Appendix 1 describes the available data and the analyses and summaries attached to this paper. 2 Much more data of planning significance will eventually be provided from the 1960 Census, e.g. a detailed breakdown of occupation and industry; information on housing conditions. But the material now available is of great value; it enables us to calculate broad population densities, to identify the main areas of emigration and immigration, and to assess the degree of economic and social development by reference to the proportion employed in agriculture. 3 It must be emphasised that all the figures relate to whole local council areas, as they were constituted at the time of the Census. Fifteen of these were "urban" (including city and municipal councils) and fifty-four "rural". The latter are a little larger on the average than English counties, with about the same degree of variation in area. Most of them have populations between 50,000 and 150,000. Within such large districts there are great variations in population density, many of which were described by Dr. Hilton in his atlas based on the 1948 Census.1 Migration trends also affect different parts of the districts to differing extents. Other characteristics, such as age and employment patterns, are likely to vary less —particularly in the less developed parts of the country where there are only a few small towns. But averages must not be taken to apply to all parts of a district—particularly in the more developed parts of the country with settlements of varying size and character. A more detailed study can be made now that Census figures for small areas have been published. The Urban-Rural Pattern 4 There is no generally accepted definition of a "town" in Ghana. Among the sixty-nine local authorities in i960 only fifteen had city, municipal or urban councils. For the present purpose the ninety-eight settlements with 5,000 or more people (see appendices 3 and 5) will be treated as towns. This definition has been used in population studies in a number of other African countries.2 5 At least one of the ninety-eight places—Tema New Village—is not a true town; there may be others more properly defined as large villages. Conversely, there are a number of genuine towns with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants, e.g. Half Assini, Wiawso, Lawra, Kete Krachi, Ada. The Building Research Group is now engaged on a study of service centres 9 which it is hoped will provide inter alia a more precise definition of a town. Until this is completed no refinement can be made to the 5,000 and over criterion. 6 The number of town dwellers on this definition was one-and-a-half million— just under a quarter of the total population. This is believed to be a high proportion for tropical Africa—though no recent figures for other countries are available. About 650,000—or more than two-fifths of the town dwellers—were in Accra, Kumasi and Sekondi-Takoradi; a further 140,000— making altogether half the urban population—were in the next four biggest towns: Cape Coast, Tamale, Koforidua and Winneba. Four of the seven biggest towns are on the coast and only one is more than 150 miles from the sea. 7 Only ten of the ninety-eight towns have more than 20,000 people, while another twenty-six have between 10,000 and 20,000. Almost two-thirds of Ghana's towns are therefore quite small places at an early stage of urban growth. More than half of the small towns are in the south-central part of the country; a few of them are "suburbs" of the larger towns. The picture is one of an unbalanced distribution of urban centres, both by size and location. 8 Urban densities can only be calculated for the fifteen places with "urban" councils; but the figures are not very significant because the jurisdiction of most of these councils extends over considerable rural tracts outside the built-up area. This is true even of Accra with a density of 4,464 persons per square mile, Kumasi with 3,519, and Sekondi-Takoradi with 2,090. Less than three-quarters of the population of Sekondi-Takoradi municipal area lived in continuous settlements with more than 5,000 people, and only two-fifths of the population of Tarkwa Urban District.
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