By DAVID GROVE BUILDING RESEARCH GROUP Bò^I .V Me V£L ^ Wpp

PLANNING RESEARCH STUDIES NUMBER

by DAVID GROVE BUILDING RESEARCH GROUP bò^I .V me V£L ^ Wpp

JL^-Q-ÇL. c

K r _ VH O , S^- T

Reçu ie ;...}o Cote fcxempl. N° Entrée ^>. \~^b\ ,

J ft

David Grove was born in 1923 and educated at Quarry Bank High School, Liverpool, and Balliol College, Oxford. After taking a degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1947, he carried out planning research for a number of local authorities and new town development corporations in England, and is co-author with Max Lock and Gerald King of Bedford by the River (London: John Murray: 1952). He joined the staff of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in October, 1961. PLANNING RESEARCH STUDIES NUMBER ONE

POPULATION PATTERNS their impact on Regional Planning

by DAVID GROVE M.A. OXON. A preliminary analysis of the 1960 Census of Ghana

BUILDING RESEARCH GROUP Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

KUMASI JULY 1963 PLANNING RESEARCH STUDIES FORTHCOMING TITLES

THE TOWNS OF GHANA—their role as service centres by David Grove and Laszlo Huszar

TEMA MANHEAN —a social and architectural study of the new fishing village by D.A.P. Butcher and others FOREWORD by the Vice-Chancellor, R. P. Baffour O.B.E., D.SC.(ENG.), F.R.A.S., M.l.MECH.E., M.I.NUC.E.

It gives me great satisfaction to launch the first in a series of Planning Research Studies—the work of various members of the Building Research Group, which is part of the Faculty of Architecture. The group is concerned mainly with problems of housing, and town and regional planning.

Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana and Chancellor of this University, recently said "the university is, and must always remain, a living, thinking and serving part of the community to which it belongs." I am happy that the Building Research Group—like other departments here—is striving to live up to this dictum.

Members of the group are at present giving assistance to the Volta River Authority in its tremendous task of resettling some 75,000 people whose homes and land will be flooded when the dam is complete. They have helped to plan and carry out the necessary social surveys and to select sites and design layouts for new villages.

Last year members of the group made national surveys for the United Nations Regional Planning Mission. The present publication arises out of this work. It makes use of data from the 1960 Census kindly supplied by the Census Office in advance of publication. David Grove's analysis provides a background to some of the problems of population distribution and movement that will arise as the economy develops.

I commend this study—and those that will follow—to all concerned with the realisation of Ghana's present plans, and to everyone interested in the problems of newly emergent nations.

R. P. BAFFOUR

July, 1963 Advice on the layout and typography of this booklet was given by the Department of Commercial Design in the Faculty of Art of Kwame Nkrumah University. The cover was designed by two students of the department, K. Asmah and G. A. Boateng. The symbol was inspired by the legend of the giant Asebu Amamfi.

According to legend, Asebu Amamfi was a giant who, together with his brother Kwegya, led their tribe, the ASEBUS from the sea to Asebu—a district about 10 miles from Cape Coast on the road to Kumasi. Kwegya was a fisherman and settled at Moree, but Amamfi settled in Asebu, for he was a farmer. On market- days he travelled to Moree and exchanged farm products for fish. He was so strong that instead of taking a bag or a basket to the market, he carried a whole hut in which sat his sister Amam- fuwa, who fried maize for him as they travelled along the road. The fried maize was said to have been delivered hot from the pot. Amamfi used one of the cannons that lay in the Moree Castle as a walking stick. Up to this day there are a lot of old cannons lying in front of his palace at Asebu. CONTENTS

Foreword by the Vice-Chancellor

Introduction 9

The Urban-Rural Pattern 9

The Present Distribution of Population 10

Population and the Economy 12

Migration Trends and the Future Population Pattern 13

Age and Sex 15

Birthplace 16

The Working Population 17

Some Conclusions 20

References 20

Appendices

1 Sources and Summaries 21

2 Rural Population Density 23

3 Urban Authorities and Towns over 5,000 within them 25

4 Migration Trends 26

Tables

1 Population Characteristics 29

2 Density 40

Maps

1 Rural Population Density at end

2 Rural Migration Trends at end CORRIGENDUM: The reference to appendix 5 in paragraph 4 (opposite) should read Table 2.

Printed at University Press, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Introduction

1 The aim of this study is to discuss briefly some of the 1960 Census data that are relevant to regional planning. It arose out of the survey work carried out by the Building Research Group for the United Nations Regional Planning Mission in 1962. The Census office kindly provided certain material in advance of publication. Appendix 1 describes the available data and the analyses and summaries attached to this paper.

2 Much more data of planning significance will eventually be provided from the 1960 Census, e.g. a detailed breakdown of occupation and industry; information on housing conditions. But the material now available is of great value; it enables us to calculate broad population densities, to identify the main areas of emigration and immigration, and to assess the degree of economic and social development by reference to the proportion employed in agriculture.

3 It must be emphasised that all the figures relate to whole local council areas, as they were constituted at the time of the Census. Fifteen of these were "urban" (including city and municipal councils) and fifty-four "rural". The latter are a little larger on the average than English counties, with about the same degree of variation in area. Most of them have populations between 50,000 and 150,000. Within such large districts there are great variations in population density, many of which were described by Dr. Hilton in his atlas based on the 1948 Census.1 Migration trends also affect different parts of the districts to differing extents. Other characteristics, such as age and employment patterns, are likely to vary less —particularly in the less developed parts of the country where there are only a few small towns. But averages must not be taken to apply to all parts of a district—particularly in the more developed parts of the country with settlements of varying size and character. A more detailed study can be made now that Census figures for small areas have been published.

The Urban-Rural Pattern

4 There is no generally accepted definition of a "town" in Ghana. Among the sixty-nine local authorities in i960 only fifteen had city, municipal or urban councils. For the present purpose the ninety-eight settlements with 5,000 or more people (see appendices 3 and 5) will be treated as towns. This definition has been used in population studies in a number of other African countries.2

5 At least one of the ninety-eight places—Tema New Village—is not a true town; there may be others more properly defined as large villages. Conversely, there are a number of genuine towns with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants, e.g. Half Assini, Wiawso, Lawra, Kete Krachi, Ada. The Building Research Group is now engaged on a study of service centres

9 which it is hoped will provide inter alia a more precise definition of a town. Until this is completed no refinement can be made to the 5,000 and over criterion.

6 The number of town dwellers on this definition was one-and-a-half million— just under a quarter of the total population. This is believed to be a high proportion for tropical Africa—though no recent figures for other countries are available. About 650,000—or more than two-fifths of the town dwellers—were in Accra, Kumasi and Sekondi-Takoradi; a further 140,000— making altogether half the urban population—were in the next four biggest towns: Cape Coast, Tamale, Koforidua and Winneba. Four of the seven biggest towns are on the coast and only one is more than 150 miles from the sea.

7 Only ten of the ninety-eight towns have more than 20,000 people, while another twenty-six have between 10,000 and 20,000. Almost two-thirds of Ghana's towns are therefore quite small places at an early stage of urban growth. More than half of the small towns are in the south-central part of the country; a few of them are "suburbs" of the larger towns. The picture is one of an unbalanced distribution of urban centres, both by size and location.

8 Urban densities can only be calculated for the fifteen places with "urban" councils; but the figures are not very significant because the jurisdiction of most of these councils extends over considerable rural tracts outside the built-up area. This is true even of Accra with a density of 4,464 persons per square mile, Kumasi with 3,519, and Sekondi-Takoradi with 2,090. Less than three-quarters of the population of Sekondi-Takoradi municipal area lived in continuous settlements with more than 5,000 people, and only two-fifths of the population of Tarkwa Urban District. Obuasi, only seven square miles in extent, has a density of 3,797; this is perhaps typical of medium-sized towns. Other urban areas are so extensive that their overall densities are much lower, e.g. Nsawam: 677, Keta: 413, Sunyani: 136.

9 Appendix 3 lists the "towns" with 5,000 and more people included in each urban council area. Some of the latter cover developing conurbations such as Sekondi-Takoradi and Oda, each with three separate settlements of more than 5,000. The New Juaben district is also a conurbation in an advanced stage of development, but Koforidua is the only town in it with more than 5,000 people.

The Present Distribution of Population

10 The average population density for the whole of Ghana is 73 persons per square mile and the average rural density (outside the ninety-eight "towns") 57. But the distribution is by no means even. Four broad zones of differing density may be distinguished—•

10 There is a great concentration in the south-central part of the country. The heavy line on Map 1 encloses all the local council areas along the coast from Axim to Tema, those within the triangle of railways connecting Accra, Kumasi and Takoradi, and those served by the railway spurs to Prestea and Awaso. Within this area are all the mines, more than half the cocoa, and four of the five ports operating in 1960. Covering only one-sixth of the area of Ghana, it has:

nearly half the population three-fifths of the towns four-fifths of the town dwellers.

Within this area are six of the eight districts with rural densities of 200 or more persons per square mile, and five of the eight with 150-199. Only six of its twenty-one non-urban districts have rural densities below 100. One of these covers the Accra plains; the others form a broad belt of relatively thin population running north-east from Takoradi and in part following the old boundary between the Colony and Ashanti. The average density for the whole south-central area is 205 persons per square mile—a high figure for Africa and similar to the densities of some less developed European countries. Two out of every five persons live in towns (1.2 million) and the area includes six of the seven towns with more than 25,000 people.

Beyond this area density falls away in every direction except the east. Here on either side of the lower Volta and in the southern part of the Togo hills are eight districts with rural densities exceeding 90 persons per square mile, together with the urban district of Keta. The average density is 150, but only 13 per cent, of the population live in towns—one-third of the proportion for the more highly developed south-central area. The "triangle" and its eastward extension—considered together as a continuous belt of relatively high density—have 58 per cent, of Ghana's population on 22 per cent, of the land, with an average density of 190 persons per square mile-

The only other areas with a relatively high population density are in the externe north-west and north-east of the country. The Upper Region, excluding the less populous Wala (87) and Tumu (89) districts, has an average density of 130 persons per square mile. Settlement here is of an entirely different character from the rest of the country, consisting of an even spread of large compounds each surrounded by cultivated land, with very few nucleated centres. Only three per cent, of the population live in the two towns with more than 5,000 people.

The remaining three-quarters of the land area is occupied by only one-third of the population at an average density of 35 persons per square mile. There is a great belt of sparsely peopled territory stretching from the coast west of Cape Three Points; northwards through the more remote parts of the Western Region; then across the full width of the country to take in most of Brong-Ahafo and Northern regions, and the northern halves of Ashanti, Eastern and Volta regions; and extending to the northern boundary through the Wala and Tumu districts. In this vast area only the districts

11 immediately west and north of Kumasi have rural densities exceeding 75 persons per square mile, while most of the area is covered by districts with average densities below 25. Only one person in ten lives in the twenty-four towns, half of which are in the relatively more developed northern Ashanti and central Brong-Ahafo.

Population and the Economy

11 In the most general terms this pattern of population distribution may be as the result of a colonial explained economy being superimposed upon a subsistence economy. The subsistence economy underlies the population pattern everywhere and is still dominant in the more remote areas in general those with a very high proportion of their menfolk engaged in agriculture (see below). Representing an adjustment to natural conditions at a very low level of technique and communications, it includes areas of both high and low rural density; the latter may be due to poor fertility or difficulty of clearance, or to the shattering of a previous equilibrium either by overcropping and land exhaustion (parts of the Upper Region), or by the effect of wars and slave raids (parts of northern Ashanti, eastern Brong-Ahafo and western Northern Region).

12 The colonial economy introduced monetary exchange, and a higher level of technique and communication, but these were concentrated on the winning of minerals and timber and the production of cocoa and other cash crops, all for export to the metropolitan countries. Local crafts declined but were replaced by increasing imports of manufactured goods rather than by a national industry. There was a gradual growth of food production for the internal market, but an increasing amount of food was imported from abroad.

13 This type of economy produced a characteristic pattern of population distribution. Numbers grew most in the areas where minerals and timber could most easily be won and where cash crops could most profitably be grown. These areas were all in the forest that covers most of the southern third of the country. Within it population distribution was largely controlled by the very limited spread of railways and roads. Hence both the pre¬ dominance of the "transport triangle" and also the considerable variations in density still remaining within it. Towns grew up to perform specialised functions—mining; timber and cocoa collecting; colonial administration; ports; only slowly and partially did the towns acquire a broader range of urban functions, and until very recently these did not include manufacturing. Most of the towns are on or near the coast because the money economy was and remains primarily an import-export economy; a national internal market is still in process of formation. The unique role of Kumasi as the only great inland commercial centre—railhead and chief market for most of the north—reflects not only the comparative wealth of Ashanti, but also the poverty of much of the rest of the country, which has been unable to support more than one major town in the interior. While large parts of Ghana remained at a subsistence level they were not immune from certain disruptive effects of the colonial economy such as the migration of large numbers of young men from the north and the Volta Region to the south-central zone.

12 Migration Trends and the Future Population Pattern

14 This account of population distribution does no more than clothe with up- to-date figures a pattern of which the outlines were already well-known. What is unfortunately less well-known are the directions in which the pattern may be changing. Since valid comparisons with the 1948 Census cannot yet be made we must rely on hints contained in the 1960 data. Some of them are very broad hints.

15 It is known that men migrate more than women and the ratio of males to females may therefore be used as an indication of areas tending to gain or lose population. There are 102 males to every 100 females in Ghana. An excess of males is characteristic of some underdeveloped countries with a low expectation of life. But in Ghana it is due primarily to immigration from other parts of Africa. Among native-born Ghanaians there are 98 males to every 100 females, but among residents born in other African countries there are nearly twice as many men as women.

16 But we have to compare the male: female ratio not for the total population but for those aged 15 and over, because adults migrate more than children and there are some districts where there is an overall excess of males but an excess of females among the adults. Unfortunately, the male-female ratio for native-born adult Ghanaians is not known. However, if we assume that all residents born in other African countries are aged 15 and over (which will not be far wrong) we can estimate the ratio of males to females among native-born Ghanaians aged 15 and over as 95: 100. Any district with a ratio significantly higher than this probably contains an immigrant population, and any district with a significantly lower ratio must have lost people by emigration. The ratios are given in Appendix 4. Conclusions must be drawn with great caution for two reasons—

(i) There is considerable temporary migration, e.g. of labourers from the north to the mines and farms of the south. In such districts the male: female ratios do not necessarily indicate a net gain or loss of population by migration, since there could be a constant interchange between two areas. But not all the migrants return; and in any case, the direction of migration, even if it is temporary, shows the areas which are regarded as having more or less favourable economic and social opportunities.

(ii) The male : female ratio among migrants will not be the same for all areas. For instance, there will undoubtedly be a higher proportion of men among migrants to a purely mining area than to a more diversified city. Hence the ratios of 149 for Tarkwa and 144 for Obuasi do not necessarily show a greater movement into these towns than into Takoradi with 139 and Kumasi with 133.

Making full allowance for these qualifications it still seems possible to make a preliminary judgment for each district as to whether migration has resulted in a small or large gain of population, in a small or large loss, or in little change. This is done on Map 2. The conclusions tend to be confirmed by

13 an analysis of the birthplace data which is referred to later. It must again be emphasised that the estimates apply to whole districts. Patterns of migration are likely to vary between different parts of a single district even more than population densities. In some of the more heterogeneous districts certain areas may have lost population by migration while others have gained. This could account for such apparent anomalies as "little change" in the South Kwahu district which contains the flourishing town of Nkawkaw. The range of variation in the male : female ratio is much greater above than below the average are some because there quite small districts such as Tema and Sunyani with spectacular migration increases, whereas most of the decreases are from the As measured larger districts. by the male : female ratio, recent migration has two principal features—

(i) Most "urban" areas have gained by migration. The three major cities—Accra, Kumasi and Sekondi-Takoradi—have grown con¬ siderably; so have the two biggest mining centres—Tarkwa and Obuasi—and Sunyani. Koforidua, Oda, Cape Coast, Agona Swedru, Nsawam and Tamale have grown less sharply. But Keta has apparently suffered a loss. Of course, these figures are for complete "urban" areas, which—as we have pointed out—generally include a great deal of rural land. There have also been gains in the "rural" areas that include Bibiani, Dunkwa, Konongo/Odumasi, and Kade/Akwatia. Movement to urban centres was characteristic of the colonial era which established the towns as centres of admini¬ stration and channels of trade. The attainment of independence has reinforced this trend by increasing urban opportunities, particularly in administration and education. Most of the first manufacturing industries have also been in located the major towns. But not everybody moving into the towns finds a job there; the proportion of unemployed in 1960 was highest in the biggest towns.

(ii) The most striking feature of rural migration trends is that most of the districts with inward migration had relatively low densities in 1960 and most of those with outward migration had relatively high densities. Of the seventeen rural districts showing a migration loss, thirteen had rural densities of 100 or more persons per square mile seven (including of the eight districts with 200 or more persons per square mile). Of the twenty-five districts showing a migration gain, eleven had rural densities under 50 persons per square mile, and another five had densities between 50 and 74. Looking at the matter in another way, of twenty-seven districts with rural densities of or 100 more, only six experienced inward migration. Of sixteen districts with rural densities under 50, only two experienced outward migration. There is thus a clearly marked movement from the more densely peopled to the less densely peopled areas—

from the old cocoa lands of Akwapim and southern Ashanti the long-developed coastal fringe the poor and overcrowded Upper Region

into the newer cocoa lands of western Ashanti and Brong-Ahafo the Western Region with its forestry and mining as well as expanding cocoa production the great belt of sparsely peopled but potentially productive country in the Volta basin.

14 18 Ghana is now on the threshold of a new stage of development—the replacement of both the subsistence and colonial economies by a modern industrial and agricultural economy serving a national market. This change will be accompanied by a considerable increase in the urban population, brought about mainly by people migrating from the villages to fill the increasing number of jobs in the towns. There are two dangers to be guarded against in carrying through the transformation of the economy—

(i) that of concentrating most new development in the well-established large towns; this would give rise to all the evils of congestion and would perpetuate the present inequalities between regions.

(ii) that of locating isolated new developments in a large number of small towns, in response to immediate pressures; this would inhibit the establishment of new major centres to stimulate the balanced growth of each region.

19 The national plan should provide for the necessary increase in town dwellers by selecting a limited number of places in each part of the country to develop as centres of industry, trade, administration and social services. The growth of more balanced towns to serve the new pattern of the economy would then be accompanied by their more even distribution both as regards size and location.

20 Recent movements of population to "new" areas in the main follow the ever increasing spread of the communications network. They are laying the basis for a fuller use of the nation's human and natural resources. If such movements can be encouraged and consolidated by the siting of industries and the expansion of towns in the developing areas, they can lead to the dispersion of prosperity to all parts of the country and to the establishment of a more even and more stable distribution of both the urban and rural populations.

Age and Sex

No less than 45 per cent, of Ghana's population in 1960 were under the age of 15. But there were very few over 65. This is chactareristic of a population that has recently started to increase rapidly. The proportion of children will probably increase for a time until lower death rates begin to affect the higher age groups when the proportion of working age will increase.

There has not been time to analyse the age/sex data in detail; but it is clear from inspection that when this can be done some significant facts will emerge. For instance, emigration from the Upper Region causes a wide disparity between the number of young men and women. In Lawra (88) there were only 61 men to every 100 women in the 15-44 age group, and in Frafra (92) there were only 59. The loss of young men is even greater than these ratios indicate because there is a considerable excess of boys over girls in the 5-14 age group. Thus, in the Northern and Upper regions as whole the male : female ratios among children are—

15 Below 1 95 100 1-4 98 100 5-9 118 100 10-14 136 100

A District Commissioner in the Upper Region offered two explanations for these startling figures—

(i) that boys from the age of 4 or 5 spend a lot of time in the bush with the cattle and build up resistance to disease through fresh air and exercise;

(ii) that female circumcision results in the death of many girls.

It is hard to believe that these are the principal reasons, particularly as female circumcision is not universal and is not carried out until the onset of puberty. It seems more likely that, whether deliberately or not, girls are given a smaller share of the limited supply of food and medical attention than boys. In the more prosperous and sophisticated Western and Central regions the ratios are quite different:—

Below 1 97 100 1-4 98 100 5-9 91 100 10-14 88 100

The falling proportion of boys is in accordance with the experience of more developed countries.

23 The high proportion of young men who leave the northern districts can be seen by comparing the numbers in the 5-14 and 15-24 groups. In Frafra, for instance, there were in 1960 some 18,000 boys aged 5-14. There were only 6,000 men aged 15-24. This does not mean that 12,000 young men had left the district, because (a) the number of children surviving into the 5-14 group has probably increased in recent years, and (b) some of the 5-14 would not survive into adult life. But well over half the men must be away from home for a large part of their active lives. When the Census was taken in March, some—but by no means all—of the men who migrated for the dry season only were still in the south.

Birthplace

24 Local Migration 24 per cent, of all females and 18 per cent, of all males were enumerated in a town or village different from their birthplace but in the same region. In every district the proportion of females is higher—no doubt because more women than men move when they marry. In some parts of the Upper Region many more women than men move—ten times as many in Kassena-Nankani (91) and eight times as many in Frafra (92). We were told in the area that each village is a clan, and that men and women from the same clan do not intermarry. Judging by the Census data this is also true in Tumu (89) and Builsa (90) and to a lesser extent in Wala (87) and Lawra (88) but not in Kusasi (93) and not in any district of the Northern Region, except possibly Nanumba (82) where

16 four-fifths of both men and women had moved. An explanation for this has been suggested, viz. that women move when they marry but return to the mother's home to bring forth. This would result in most people being enumerated away from their birthplace. The theory has not been checked-

25 Inter-Regional Migration More men than women have moved from one region to another. There are considerable variations but there appears to be a close correlation between the proportion of people born in another region and the male : female ratio used above to assess the extent of migration. The proportion of strangers from another region is invariably above average in the towns, even one like Keta which seems to have had a net loss by migration. In Tamale the proportion born in another region is lower than in most towns, but at 18 per cent, for men and 15 per cent, for women it represents a significant and unusual movement—that of administrative staff and skilled workers from the south to the only major urban centre in the north. Such movement will be required on an increasing scale to implement any policy of spreading industrial development and urbanisation more evenly over the country.

26 Immigration from other African Countries There were more than half-a- million foreign Africans in Ghana in 1960—10 per cent, of all males and six per cent, of all females enumerated here. The proportions are above average in the towns and also in some of the expanding districts near the border, e.g. Buem Krachi (56) where a fifth of both males and females were foreign-born.

27 In most districts the total number of persons born either in another region or in another African country is greater than the number born in another settlement in the same region (including people moving within the district). In other words, long-distance movement is more common than short- distance movement. Some expanding districts, however, have greater short-distance movement—e.g. North Kwahu (42), Amenfi-Aowin (16), Asin (12)—indicating strong population currents within the Eastern, Western and Central regions. In Brong-Ahafo, on the other hand, most new settlers come from outside the region.

28 In the bigger towns a very high proportion of the population were born elsewhere—69 per cent, of the males and 65 per cent, of the females in Sekondi-Takoradi, 62 per cent, of the males and 56 per cent, of the females in Kumasi (though this includes some movement within the urban areas— which are not single census settlements).

The Working Population

29 Just over one-and-half-million men were gainfully occupied in 1960 and there were also 100,000 unemployed. The total occupied and unemployed amounted to 89 per cent, of all males aged 15 and over. The potential working population was even greater, for the category "other" included

17 a number of men unemployed but not actively seeking work (as well as members of the Workers' Brigade). The very high proportion of men available for work reflects (a) the small numbers enjoying full-time education after the age of 15, (b) the small number of retired people owing to the low expectation of life.

There were almost one million women recorded as gainfully occupied and 50,000 unemployed—a total of 57 per cent, of all females aged 15 and over. This is also a high figure. But there are some curious features of the female employment statistics which suggest that the true figure is either higher or lower. This problem is discussed later.

Males The proportion of males aged 15 and over who were gainfully occupied or unemployed is above the national average of 89 per cent, in every district of the Upper and Northern Regions expect Tamale Urban. The highest figure is 95-5 per cent, for Nanumba (82). The proportion is also high in Brong- Ahafo, where the South district (70) has the highest figure in the country (95-6 per cent.) except for Tema (95-9). All districts in the Western Region and most of those in Ashanti and Eastern Region are above the national average though not so high as in the north. The figure for Akwapim and for New Juaben (33 and 37) is only 8T6 per cent.—no doubt reflecting the large number of schools and colleges in that area. There are even lower figures in parts of the Volta and Central Regions, e.g. Keta 76'2, Kpandu 80*2, Cape Coast 77-3. The only districts in these regions where employment exceeds the national average are Buem Krachi (56), Asin (12) and Denkyere (13); these are also the only districts with migration gain.

One million men (63'9 per cent, of all employed males) were shown by the 1960 Census to be engaged in agriculture, forestry and fishing. But the total number of men working on farms and contributing to the country's food production is greater than this. Most craftsmen and traders in the villages (and some in the towns) are also farmers or fishermen. Persons with more than one occupation were normally allocated by the Census to the occupation from which they derived the greatest income. Since the agricultural output of craftsmen and traders is mainly food for their own consumption (though some of them also grow cash crops) they will usually have been classified as non- agricultural. A detailed analysis of occupations in the Census will enable some estimate of their numbers to be made.

The proportion of men recorded in agriculture varies considerably. It is over 90 per cent, in every district of the Upper and Northern regions except West Gonja (80) and Tamale Urban—reflecting the extreme backwardness of the northern economy. In Brong-Ahafo most districts have over 80 per cent, of their men in agriculture. This high figure is reached in only a few remote districts of other regions—Sefwi-Wiawso (17) in the Western, North Kwahu (42) in the Eastern, and Kumasi West (63) in Ashanti. The only rural districts that fall below the national average are those which contain one or more important towns, such as West Akim Abuakwa (39) and South Kwahu (41). The proportion engaged in agriculture in most of the urban districts, while below the national average, is yet remarkably high; this is mainly because they extend beyond the built-up area. Only Accra, Kumasi, Sekondi- Takoradi, Tarkwa and Obuasi have fewer than 10 per cent, of their men in agriculture. The proportion of men engaged in agriculture is often used as a crude index of a region's degree of economic development—the higher the proportion the lower the overall level of productivity. This is broadly true of Ghana but is subject to at least two important qualifications—

(i) On the one hand, the level of agricultural productivity varies from one area to another. For instance, Brong-Ahafo has almost as high a proportion of its men in agriculture as the Northern and Upper regions, but the cocoa farmers of the former are more prosperous than the subsistence farmers of the latter.

(ii) On the other hand, non-agricultural employment is not mainly in manufacturing or mining but in non-productive services. Many people are wastefully employed in trade, domestic service, and similar occupations where they add little to the wealth of the country.

The national average unemployment rate for men was 5-8 per cent. The rate is above this in all the urban areas except Keta, exceeding ten per cent, in the five biggest towns—Tamale (the highest in the country—12*4) ; Sekondi- Takoradi, Kumasi, Accra and Cape Coast. Brong-Ahafo South is the only rural district where unemployment topped ten per cent; in most it was below the national average. There was very little recorded unemployment in the Volta and Upper regions; these are the main sources of migrants to other parts of the country.

Females For an agricultural country the proportion of women gainfully occupied shows some surprising variations. In the north it is generally well below the national average of 53-7 per cent—but not uniformly so. In Lawra (88) it is as high as 74-1 per cent, while in neighbouring Tumu (89) it is only l-6. West Gonja (80) had only 4 per cent, of its women occupied, East Gonja (81) 53. Female employment presents a difficult problem to Census takers in a peasant country where most women work on family farms but are not paid for their services. The Census counted as occupied all persons who had either worked for remuneration for one day in the previous month or worked unpaid in family businesses for one week in the previous month. Clearly it would not be easy for the enumerators to apply this definition to the wives and daughters of peasant farmers, particularly during the dry season when little work was being done on the land. It can be concluded that the variations in the proportion of women employed in the northern districts are not of economic significance—though differences in social customs may have affected the way in which the enumerators' questions were answered.

There is a generally higher proportion of women recorded as occupied in the south (three times as high on the average as in the north), and the variations are smaller. This is presumbly due to (a) the greater opportunities for petty trade, and (b) the larger number of women who work farms of their own. The proportion of women working in the big towns is almost invariably below the regional average. Less than half the women in Accra and Sekondi- Takoradi are gainfully occupied and only just over half in Kumasi and Cape Coast. A curious fact is that in three districts of Volta Region—Anlo

19 South (50), Keta and Tongu (53) more women than men are employed, possibly owing to the great importance of fish trading. In Anlo South and Keta only 10 per cent, of occupied women are engaged in agriculture. In some of the urban areas the proportion of women engaged in agriculture is greater than the proportion of men—presumably because the wives of some urban workers carry on subsistence farming.

Some Conclusions

38 The most outstanding conclusion from this initial study of the 1960 Census is that Ghana's population is on the move—and clearly has been for some time. Two-fifths of all males and females (and presumbly an even higher proportion of adult men and women) were enumerated in a place other than the one they were born in. One of the primary aims of the national plan should be the establishment of a stable population distribution with both town and village dwellers more evenly spread over the country. This would make maximum use of human and natural resources and provide a basis for balanced and complementary industrial and agricultural development in every region. Such a plan would require considerable further migration— some of it following existing directions of movement, some quite new direc¬ tions. The fact that so much of the population is already on the move is a factor strongly favouring such a plan.

39 Based as it is on only a selection of Census data for the whole of local council areas, this report inevitably raises more questions than it answers. But it may provide a useful framework within which the Census data for smaller areas can be more fully analysed, and may point to a number of problems— both statistical and substantial—requiring further investigation.

40 Consideration should be given to taking another national census—if possible on a sample basis—in 1965. So many fundamental changes have taken place since 1948 that a comparison of the 1948 and 1960 censuses cannot establish present trends of natural increase and migration. Data collected in 1965 will become available at a time when the progress of the Seven Year Plan will have laid the basis for rapid economic advance. Detailed statistics will be more valuable then than at any other time, for it is then that a pattern of physical development to last for many years must be clearly set forth.

41 Meanwhile, there is a great need for detailed studies of population change in typical expanding and contracting areas. We need to know more about the actual processes of migration and their effect on land use, urban growth and other physical characteristics, so that the proposals for new and developing communities can take full account of the present behaviour and desires of the people.

References

1 T. E. Hilton, Ghana Population Atlas, Nelson (on behalf of University College of Ghana), 1960.

2 R. W. Steel, "The Towns of Tropical Africa", in Essays on African Population (ed. Barbour and Prothero), Routledge, 1961.

20 Appendix 1 SOURCES AND SUMMARIES

Available Information

1 For each of the 69 local council areas the following data were made available for each sex (totals for both sexes were not given and there was not time to make the addition):

(i) Age — all ages below 1 year 1—4 5—9 10—14 15—24 25—44 45—64

65 and over

(li) Birthplace — locality (i.e. village or town) of enumeration another locality, same region another region in Ghana another African country

a non-African country (iii) Economic employed—total Activity —in agriculture unemployed homemaker other

These headings are the same as those in Volume II of the 1960 Census Report which gives the figures for smaller areas but which was published after this paper went to press.

2 The Census Office also provided: (i) A list of the 98 separate settlements (i.e. continuous built-up areas) with a population of 5,000 or more. The location of these places is shown on a map in the Census reports. (ii) A map of the local council areas at the scale of 1 : 2,000,000. (iii) The area in square miles of each local council district.

Analyses and Summary

3 Basic Statistics Table 1 gives for each local council area the following percentages which are thought to be the most significant: Age persons aged 15+ as % total population. Birthplace persons born in another locality of the same region as % total population. persons born in another region of Ghana as % total population. persons born in another African country as % total populaton.

21 Employment persons aged 15+ in employment as % total popula¬

tion aged 15 + . persons engaged in agriculture as % total employed population. persons aged 15 + unemployed as % total population

aged 15 + .

There is a table for each of the present regions, but regional percentages are given only for those regions which have remained unchanged since 1960. The regional summary sheet gives percentages for Northern and Western regions as constituted in 1960. Regional boundaries are shown on Maps 1 and 2 but the names of the regions are not stated. They can be indentified from the local council code numbers given in Table 1.

Density Table 2 shows the overall population density for each area and the rural density for areas other than those with urban councils. The rural density has been estimated by subtracting the population of towns with 5,000 and more people from the total population of each district. Since the area of these towns was not known it could not be subtracted from the total area of each district so rural densities are somewhat underestimated. Rural densities are shown on Map 1, and listed in Appendix 2 in descending order.

Urban Authorities Appendix 3 shows the towns with 5,000 or more people included in each urban council area.

Migration The male : female ratio in each district has been used as a measure of migration trends. The ratios are listed in Appendix 4 and summarised on Map 2.

22 Appendix 2 RURAL POPULATION DENSITY

N.B. —1. Municipalities and urban council areas excluded.

2. Populations of towns with more than 5,000 people subtracted from district populations—this means rural densities are slightly underestimated because the area of the towns was not known and could not be subtracted from the total area.

200 or more Persons per Square Mile 309 (6) Mfantsiman (CR) (Coast W & E of Cape Coast) 279 (65) Kumasi South (A) (City to Lake Bosumtwi) 277 (4) Komenda—Edina—Eguafo—Abrem — Asebu (CR) (around Saltpond) 238 (9) Agona (CR) (around Agona Swedru)

220 (52) Anlo North (VR) (E end Keta lagoon) 210 (50) Anlo South (VR) (W end Keta lagoon) 201 (7) Gomoa—Awutu—Effutu (CR) (Coast near Winneba) 200 (2) Ahanta—Shama (WR) (E & W of Takoradi)

150—199 Persons per Square Mile

197 (92) Frafra (UR) (around Bolgatanga) 194 (31) South Akim (ER) (W of Koforidua) 194 (34) Ada (ER) (W side Volta delta) 189 (36) Manya—Yilo—Osudoku (ER) (E of Koforidua) 186 (33) Akwapim (ER) (Hills S of Koforidua) 178 (11) Breman—Ajumako (CR) (Oda—Cape Coast road) 167 (41) South Kwahu (ER) (around Nkawkaw) 155 (39) West Akim Abuakwa (ER) (Kade—Asamankese)

100—149 Persons per Square Mile 147 (91) Kassena—Nankani (UR) (around Navrongo) 136 (93) Kusasi (UR) (around Bawku) 129 (55) Kpandu (VR) 120 (62) Amansie (A) (around Bekwai) 118 (35) Akwamu—Anum—Boso (ER) (around Akosombo) 117 (68) Kumasi North (A) (Offinso and beyond) 113 (30) Western Akim (ER) (SE of Oda) 107 (38) East Akim Abuakwa (ER) (N of Koforidua) 105 (88) Lawra (UR) (far NW) 105 (18) Sefwi—Anhwiaso—Bekwai—Bibiani (WR) (Bibiani—Awaso) 101 (54) Ho (VR)

75—99 Persons per Square Mile 98 (66) Kumasi East (A) (Konongo area) 91 (53) Tongu (VR) (E side Volta delta) 89 (63) Kumasi West (A) (towards Bibiani and Tepa) 83 (20) Accra Rural (Accra plains)

23 50—74 Persons per Square Mile

66 (72) Brong-Ahafo Central (Sunyani area) 64 (1) Nzima—Evalue—Ajomoro—Gwira) WR) (Axim area) 63 (60) Adansi—Banka (A) (Obuasi area) 60 (13) Denkyere—Twifu—Heman (CR) (Dunkwa area) 59 (90) Builsa (UR) (SW of Navrongo) 56 (12) Asin (CR) (Cape Coast—Kumasi road) 50 (70) Brong-Ahafo South (Mim—Goaso)

25—49 Persons per Square Mile

48 (56) Buem Krachi (VR) (Kete Krachi area) 46 (14) Wassaw—Fiase—Mpehor (WR) (Prestea—Tarkwa area) 39 (67) Sekyere (A) (Mampong—Effiduasi) 38 (85) Western Dagomba (NR) (N of Tamale) 35 (86) South Mamprusi (NR) (S of Gambaga scarp) 35 (87) Wala (UR) (Wa area) 31 (82) Nanumba (NR) (S of Yendi) 30 (73) Brong-Ahafo North (Wenchi area) 29 (17) Sefwi-Wiawso (WR) (W of Wiawso) 26 (42) North Kwahu (ER) (eastern Afram plains)

Under 25 Persons per Square Mile

23 (16) Amenfi—Aowin (WR) (Asankrangwa—Enchi—Samreboi) 17 (83) Eastern Dagomba (NR) (N of Yendi) 16 (89) (Tumu UR) (E of Wa and Lawra) 13 (74) Brong-Ahafo East (Attebubu area) 11 (81) Eastern Gonja (NR) (Salaga area) 6 (80) Western Gonja (NR) (Bole—Damongo)

24 Appendix 3 "URBAN" AUTHORITIES AND "TOWNS" OVER 5,000 WITHIN THEM

Population of Population of Whole Council Area Individual "Towns'-'

Western Sekondi—Takoradi 123,313 Sekondi 34,513 Takoradi 40,937 Effiakuma 10,167 85,617

Tarkwa—Abosso 49,272 Tarkwa 13,545 Abosso 5,095 18,640

Central 41,230 Cape Coast 56,914 Cape Coast Swedru 20,546 Agona Swedru 18,293 Nyakrom—Nkum 23,870 Nyakrom 13,467 Eastern Nsawam 29,793 Nsawam 20,240 New Juaben 53,815 Koforidua 34,856 Akim Swedru 6,881 Oda/Swedru 52,395 Achiase 9,760 Oda 19,666 36,307

Volta Keta Keta 29,711 16,719 Kedzi 5,015 Dzelukope 5,511 27,245

Ashanti Kumasi 218,172 Kumasi 180,642 Old Tafo 10,909 191,551 Obuasi Obuasi 26,578 22,818

Brong-Ahafo 12,160 Sunyani 15,810 Sunyani Northern Tamale 58,183 Tamale 40,443 Accra Accra Accra 388,396 337,828 Teshie 19,823 Nungua 7,068 364,719 Tema 14,937 Tema 27,127 New Village 7,662 22,599

Note: The difference between the population of the whole council area and the sum of the individual "towns" within it is made up of settlements with fewer than 5,000 people covered by the council area.

25 MIGRATION TRENDS Appendix 4

Number of males aged 15+ per 100 females aged 15+

Large Gain

Tema 22 159 Brong-Ahafo South 70 158 Sunyani 71 153 Tarkwa—Abosso 15 149 Obuasi 61 144 Brong-Ahafo East 74 141 Sekondi-Takoradi 03 139 Accra City 21 133 Kumasi City 64 133 Sefwi-Anhwiaso-Bekwai-Bibiani 18 127 Kumasi West 63 126 Wassaw-Fiaso-Mpohor 14 122 Sefwi-Wiawso 17 121 Amenfi-Aowin 16 120 Denkyere-Twifu-Heman 13 116 Western Akim 30 116 North Kwahu 42 116 West Akim Abukwa 39 114 New Juaben 37 113 Adansi Banka 60 112 Kumasi East 66 111 Brong-Ahafo Central 72 110

Small Gain

Brong-Ahafo North 73 107 East Akim Abuakwa 38 106 Oda-Swedru 40 106 Western Gonja 80 106 Akwamu-Anum-Boso 35 105 Asin 12 105 Tamale 84 105 Swedru 08 103 Buem Krachi 56 103 Sekyere 67 103 East Gonja 81 103 Cape Coast 05 102 Accra Rural 20 102 Nsawam 32 101 Eastern Dagomba 83 101 Kumasi North 68

26 Little Change

Kpandu 55 ... Manya-Yilo-Osudoku 36

Nanumba 81 ...

South Akim 31 .

Ho 54 .... Western Dagomba 85 Nzima-Evalue-Ajomoro-Gwira 01 Ahanta-Shama 02

Ada 34 .... South Mamprusi 86

South Kwahu 41 .

Amansie 62 ...

Small Loss

Kusasi 93 Nyakrom-Nkum 10 Wala 87 Mfantsiman 06 Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem-Asebu 04 Keta 51 Builsa 90 Breman-Ajumako 11 ... Agona 09

Large Loss

Anlo South 50 Kumasi South 65 Akwapim 33 Gomoa-Awutu-Effutu 07 Anlo North 52

Tumu 89 . Kassena-Nankani 91 Tongu 53 Frafra 92 Lawra 88

TABLE 1 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS

CODE SEX POPULATION AGE BIRTHPLACE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY REGIONAL SUMMARY

1-4 TD ° bo ^ < § *->0 ID - % % % o _ inBorn%another locality,regionsame in%Bornanother inGhanaregion inBorn%another Africaincountry 15+ employedpopulation Employed population inagriculture 15+ population unemployed ] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

WESTERN REGION (1960) M 694,288 55-6 22-5 11-8 8-0 82-7 56T 6-3 Includes present Central F 683,259 55-5 26-0 8-3 4-2 66-8 61-0 3-5 Region

M 64-2 5T 31-4 17-3 76-7 16-6 9-5 ACCRA DISTRICT 261,537 F 230,270 56-6 6-8 29-0 10-0 54T 5-3 7-7

M 54-7 25-0 15-4 10-8 82-7 62-4 5-5 EASTERN REGION 552,448 F 541,748 54-3 29T 13-2 6.2 65-5 54-3 3-5

M 52-9 18-0 5-8 10-9 81-2 69-2 4-0 VOLTA REGION 379,093 F 398,192 55-7 21-6 5-0 8-4 66-2 54-4 2-1

M 54-8 18-5 20-2 11-5 83-5 56-9 7-0 ASHANTI REGION 567,958 F 541,175 52-5 20-2 16-4 5-5 65-4 68-5 3-0

BRONG-AHAFO M 309,544 55-9 11-2 20-6 12-6 84-9 79-7 7-3 REGION F 278,376 51-7 14-3 16-4 6-0 47-6 83-3 2-9

NORTHERN REGION (1960) M 635,392 54-1 13-9 2-8 5-9 87-5 89-3 2-8 Includes present Upper F 653,525 60-0 32-3 2-2 5-4 18-8 70-1 0-9 Region

M 55-4 17-8 13-8 10-1 83-2 63-9 5-8 GHANA TOTAL 3,400,270 F 3,326,545 55-5 24-0 10-9 6T 53-7 58-4 3-0

29 m h > r

economic activity birthplace > O population O § m X

00 tn rn

WESTERN REGION

District

% % % % 15 % 15 % + Born + in Aged 15overand in%Bornanother locality,same inBornanother Ghanain-Tegion inanother Africaincountry employedpopulation Employed population agriculture population unemployed region o 00 on no UJ c/l -0 - PO ■£>

82.3 70.0 NZIMA-EVALUE- 45,948 59.2 21.2 1 ^2 u>on Lh to 4^ co ON 61.4 66.3 Lo tO on AJOMORO-GWIRA 47,135 60.8 28.3 4^

O on

83.5 61.9 AHANTA-SHAMA 38,017 55.3 25.9 to ^2 ON oj 4^ 00 00 to 00 y\ 76.9 60.9 to 31.5 38,675 58.0

10.8 78.4 19.3 18.0 SEKONDI-TAKORADI 66,445 64.7 32.1

^2 ON MUNICIPAL 00 no 7.0 9.9 45.6 î— 16.3 56,868 54.2 39.2

85.8 49.4 15.2 Wassaw-Fiase-Mpohor 59.1 31.4 48,825

^2 0->ON Lo 10 51.4 68.3 54.9 36.5 11.1 ON y\ 43,005

82.8 23.9 18.6 Tarkwa-Abosso Urban 27,332 67.6 37.4

u> 00 00 00 oo►-» ^0 41.2 18.3 11.2 ■«s 21,940 56.7 46.0

AMENFI ON 70.2 24.7 14.0 - AOWIN 40,219

Óto ^ ^2 00 u> 00 00 h- ö Lj ^ Ch Lo -o 10 ON 87.3 Ul 8.7 00 27.9 00 35,876 H-*

SEFWI es 88.6 82.3 57.1 18.5 18.5 - WIAWSO 35,772 ^2 Lo^ tO to NO 62.3 86.8 4^ 52.9 22.9 13.1 00 Lj 31,706

45.8 ÕO 87.1 21.1 26.4 10.4 SEFWI-ANHWIASO- 25,690 58.8 ^2 0to 67.7 ►-» 5.3 70.0 28.1 19.1 BEKWAI-BIBIANI 22,702 52.7 ON

£ to «I'

CTQ

, O(D 3O) 1c/D. .—1 oncrggo.3o 203 g-g.geglitS"

O Lk) > r m

► O o G > H O z n K ► O H M W

«3

HH Pd NH ^0 CT! ►fl [H

o m § X > o m m O O z o g o > o H < H code m x population > «î

on cd *d

CENTRAL REGION

district

% % % % %15 % Aged % inBorn inBorn 15+ X 15 overand inBornanother locality,same another Ghanainregion another Africaincountry employedpopulation Employed population inagriculture population unemployed

region © - - Ol ON OO -4 LO NO to -P»

y;t:r

42» Komenda-Edina-Eg uafo- 81.8 70.5 34,707 52.3 15.7

to— ^2 Ol 42» ^4 LO NO h— tO Abrem-Asebu to 83.3 53.0 37,410 57.8 16.9 Ol LO

roi © Ol Cape Coast Municipal 17.0 67.2 29.3 28,346 59.1 15.3 ^2 901

LO LO 11.0 ON LO 55.0 21.5 28,568 56.9 16.7

82.2 71.3 60,208 51.1 10.7

^2 Pr boLO LO -o tO -O 71.1 52.9 Ol 64,637 57.6 13.9 LO ON oi

Gomoa-Awutu-Effutu 81.4 71.1 80.833 13.4

^2 Ol Oi Ol -4 NO LO 42» I* 42* tO NO ^4 70.3 63.7 42» 16.6 Ol 90,278 *00LO -P» ON

oo 11.2 78.8 56.6 30.0 19.3

^2 OO © © 42» On ON © 00 r4 ^4 to r4 7.3 60.6 J— 53.7 33.2 17.5 to lo"lo ©

3 AGONA ON

21.7 11.7 82.1 67.6 24,278 48.5 ^2 ©on ON tO 9.9 78.1 67.2 26,810 53.8 25.0 Ol

I ©

NYAKROM-NKUM 78.9 '69 11,790 47.1 21.9

83.5 BREMAN-AJUMAKO 27.5 48,732 48.0

Ö ^2 ^on ON ON LU LU LU LU 4^. ^ to 69.4 -o LU Ol 28.9 52,707 53.4 -o

ASIN

88.6 72.2 21.4 9'SI to 28,382 53.4

^2 601 Lo to bc 87.7 81.5 »— 23.1 27,338 52.8 y\ to i

1 !

84.4 61.9 Denkyere-Twifu-Heman 27.1 18.6 38,518 56.0 LO' U> <1 LO

69.5 74.6 u> 31.2 13.1 >*2 35,224 52.8

2 3 _dcd p.Q.cdcdc«c/l.. r-t- ,_,. -i *£|S- s.^SI§S§S economic activity > O m birthplace population jcODE ffl X

EASTERN REGION

District

% % % % 15 % % 15 + %Born Born + in Aged 15overand inanother locality,same inBornanother Ghanainregion inanother Africaincountry population Employed population agriculture population unemployed employed o - - region oo -j NO 4l 10

60.6 15.2 88.7 55.5 16.4 26.1 54,145

oo O ^2 WEST AKIM h- bo oo 72.5 oo 72.5 23.8 8.0 52.1 18.5 49,689

74.7 11.9 10.5 79.6 51.4 32.2 56,920 b

^2 Oh SOUTH AKIM ON oo 64.0 53.7 10.9 8.4 54.0 36.7 56,444

36.3 22.4 20.5 80.6 56.9 19.7 14,741 y

on NSAWAM URBAN ^2 bo

oo 30.6 23.1 12.9 62.4 54.3 25.5 to 15,052

65.0 11.6 75.5 52.7 25.5 36,761 b bON ^2 4l AKWAPIM OO on oo ON 59.2 oo 9.3 57.8 57.8 29.5 41,985

79.9 87.1 51.7 8.3 24,806 b pbob bon ADA ^2 r4 to oo y 28.1 to 80.0 4l 55.1 12.1 25,310

64.4 24.2 81.1 56.6 17.7 16,800

^2 bbo to Oh 69.2 Akwamu-Anum-Boso lo tO to 74.6 4l 21.4 56.4 20.0 15,881 ON oo

74.2 84.1 55.2 81,431 b — b ^2 b to oon tO l/l 47.2 Manya-Yilo-Osudoku lo CN 4l <1 74.1 ï LO 56.5 co tO 82,277 L/)

30.1 23.2 12.6 74.9 58.6 22.6 27,455 b

^2 4l New Juaben Urban on 29.0 70.1 lo 19.5 1 8.1 26,360 54.1 26.1

83.0 71.3 28.7 60,279 54.0 bob ^2 b b k)4l East Akim Abuakwa L/l no NO 62. C lo oo 66.7 52.8 30.7 lo 57,811

83.1 49.4 19.2 20.4 83,757 56.5 20.1

y\ ^2 oo ONNO West Akim Abuakwa

49.4 13.5 54.8 no NO 18.1 77,597 53.2 24.0

35.0 13.2 82.7 11.4 18.5 26,496 56.6

in O lo b Oda/Swedru Urban 00 50.2 4l 7.7 53.3 54.6 13.0 16.9 26,043

57.2 12.0 34,740 51.3 31.2 I

SOUTH KWAHU òö ^2 on On lo NO OJ oo O CO 65.6 |l 8.4 "(l 36,569 53.5 36.0 b

82.9 85.8 19.7 11.8 34,117 55.1 35.4

NORTH KWAHU

K> tO 81.5 4l 59.3 lo 14.6 5.1 30,730 52.4 39.3

62.4 82.7 15.4 10.8 552,484 54.7 25.0

F TOTAL LO l/l j Lh b 54.3 13.2 6.2 65.5 541,748 54.3 29.1 & r m

o ffl O HM 5 d n O d d d ► d o ►

Pd P* Cß co '"Ö

S o O z g o > o h < H > O r > o code X POPULATION HÍ td 70 *0 ta ta ta Ch ta (-ï

ACCRA CAPITAL

district

% % % % % % Aged% inBorn inBorn inBorn 15+ 15+ 15andover another locality,regionsame another Ghanainregion another Africaincountry employedpopulation Employed population inagriculture population unemployed o

- G\ 00 4^ Ch vo CO t—A to

Accra Rural Areas 85.4 73.8 55.9 to 38,920 00^

Ih vo to 77.7 19.2 Ih tO î— vO 4^ 37,374 57.1 -4 Ih to CO

ACCRA CITY 10.5 32.9 19.1 74.4 65.2 to 207,130

VO CO tO 9.0 to 30.1 11.3 48.9 MO 56.3 -íc. ■AS 181,266 Ih Ch

TEMA

16.6 46.1 16.4 86.9 71.1 14.3 to to 15,497

4^VO 57.5 2.1 ï-* 8.5 18.5 44.6 O 11,630 59.8

76 7

TOTAL Ih

31.4 17.3 261,547 64.2

ps ch lo yx 00 on 10.0 54.1 on ï-* 29.0 230,270 56.6

1 [RTHPLACE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY H o z AGE CODE SEX O r cj hi hi co

VOLTA REGION

DISTRICT

% % %15 % 15+ + % % % Born Aged 15overand inBornanother locality,sameregion inBornanother inGhanaregion inanother Africaincountry employedpopulation Employed inpopulation agriculture population unemployed o -

- Ol Os -4 00 LO 4^ so to

77.2 65.9

50 ^2 Ol ANLO SOUTH OS Oi o L4 OS 4^ oo LO OO OS -4 to so LO 4^» bo to LO 4^ 00 SO SO soOl >—k^ so 79.4 9.7 lo

71.6 38.2

bo' ^2 SO— KETA URBAN Ol 01 Ol Os Ol OS ;0 00 4^ LO Ol L4 -4 00 os LO LO o 4^ OO so tO ^4 tO 80.4 10.4 00to oi toOl

82.2 68.2

to— 52 ^2 ANLO NORTH Oi Ol H- —1 Ol oos OS ^4 4^ 00 LO vo Ö so 4^ 48.8 4^ SO OS to 79.7 OS-O OS 4^ -o os•— LO Ol

81.4 75.7

Oto too ^2 Os Ol Ol — TUNGU Oi Os Oi Os os oo so 4^ 00 00 so o LO Ol so — 77.0 lo 4^» so to Ol 4^ 85.2 Lo to-4 OS i—

80.9 62.8

^2 soO Ol toOl Ol OS 4^ HO Ol Ol os Os OS Lo Ol 00 00 lo Ol lo Ol tO 4^ 73.3 bs 60.5 so to to 4^. ■o 4^ -4 to»— to o o

76.5 63.6

^ ö— Oi— ^2 SO— 4^ 01 Ol KPANDU Ol Ol Ol Oi 4^ OS 4^ 00 Ol 4^ ^4 Ol tO OS 57.1 o SO n 53.8 SO Ol so to to— O) 4^

85.7 78.1

o— Oso ^2 0o so— Ol Ol k) BUEM KRACHI Ol 01 bo 04 h- OS CO Os to Ol LO to to so 4^ bo 67.8 LO o to 60.0 to 00 Ol'Ol to to 4^

Z'69

S Vf öco ^2 O— OS Ol OS Ol — TOTAL U> to os co oo LO Ol o o 4^ to GO SO to SO «O SO to to '.^1 to 4^. -4 SO U) so■o — co1— Ol

4^ > r m

O G G > H O z n X > ► o HW H w n

05 W3 h3 ►a ï—ï sa sa

«••

CODE X POPULATION > O m BIRTHPLACE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

CZ3 cn

n > t > Z j

DISTRICT

% % %

% % Aged Born %15 %15 15 in Born Born + + overand another locality,same inanother inGhanaregion inanother Africaincountry population Employed population inagriculture population unemployed

employed O - - CA ON region OO CO 4^ to -O NO

ADANS I BANKA O 35,324 54.8 19.2 28.0 87.8 74.2 ON

u2 b b b

CO 32,723 52.9 22.0 23.3 OO 68.5 85.0 tOON

OBUASI URBAN 14,582 65.0 20.2 37.9 13.7 ON n2 b ON 00 bON H- bON CO 11,996 54.4 22.7 43.5 7.4 ON ONNO ^4

73,534 10.1 AMANSIE 49.2 22.7 84.6 75.9 ON

to OOON oo to [ b 7.4 2■n 75,840 52.6 24.6 yi 81.5 85.0 ^H-

16.8 KUMASI WEST 82,240 56.6 26.6 20.9 84.9 81.9 On CO b

CO 10.0 71,516 51.4 29.6 15.9 41.7 81.3 00

62.5 29.7 15.0 78.8 KUMASI MUNICIPAL 115,249 18.3 9.5 10.2 ON u2

102,923 52.8 29.3 7.9 56.1 19.8 12.4 6.0

KUMASI SOUTH 51,534 46.8 11.5 82.8 66.0 ON ON ^2 b b b—» b CANO 57,361 53.1 12.6 ^h- 76.9 85.0 S*i""1

KUMASI EAST 61,928 54.4 15.1 12.1 85.6 68.6

ON ON ^2 bto ON OO ON 58,524 51.9 17.2 toto 6.0 65.6 75.9 to

SEKYERE 69,094 52.5 15.1 15.4 11.0 85.4 67.9

ON -4 T12 bb.

67,322 52.7 16.9 10.7 3.9 82.1 62.2

KU MASI NORTH 64,473 52.1 17.0 83.5 70.0

ON ÕO ^2 b bOs ca NO to CO 59.8 79.3 62,970 52.5 18.0 CJ J— ôo

TOTAL 567,958 54.8 18.5 20.2 11.5 83.5 56.9

^2 bö

541,175 52.5 20.2 16.4 5.5 65.4 68.5 --J

OJ CA > o economic activity > o m V H X r m code a X population CO ►0 C/a

BRONG AHAFO

REGION

district

% % % % 15+ 15+ % % % Born 15 in Aged overand inBornanother locality,sameregion inBornanother Ghanainregion another Africaincountry employedpopulation Employed inpopulation agriculture population unemployed O

Os - 00 LM so LO 4^ ■o to

10.7 46.5 46,213 61.9

b b O ^2 b 00 00 00 LO -j b Brong Ahafo South SO ^ -o SO Os 45.3 so 00 3.8 -O 35,376 51.5 b oo lm

35.1 14.6 85.4 8,758 63.0

b ^2 bOO d ps 00 § § 4^ LO > g LO so tO 45.8 55.2 -J -o LO 17.8 GO 7,052 51.6 LM

13.5 85.5 77.7 13.2 117,617 54.0 ^2 bSO lo 00 Brong Ahafo Central b -0 7.2 63.1 84.9 17.0 H— to 112,751 51.4 H-'1—' 4^

83.1 81.5 100,497 52.6

b bCS )0Os OO Brong Ahafo North LO b bo bo -0 LO t-' b to 43.0 86.7 Os 93,807 51.4 i—'|—1 LM

87.7 85.0 8.5 32.3 36,459 61.6

^2 Ò\00 ^4 lm LO Brong Ahafo East lm vo LM 4^ 16.7 62.0 12.3 27.8 29,390 52.2 oo

79.7 11.2 20.6 12.6 84.9 309,544 55.9 ^2 lob TOTAL bO 47.6 83.3 14.3 16.4 6.0 278,376 51.7 ffl aaoo x population > o [rthplace economic activity

CA tri co

NORTHERN REGION

District

% % % % % %15 15+ Aged 15andover %Borninanother locality,same inBornanother inGhanaregion inBornanother inAfricacountry + populationemployed Employed population inagriculture population unemployed

- region O -

on LO 4^ LA 00 to no -o

32,371 88.2 55.0 23.4 10.3 87.1

o West gonja

oo on lo ^4^ 30,066 55.9 4^ 8.4 4.1 52.4 28.4 to■-*

53.2 89.8 90.1 28,419 25.9

1°P Eastern Gonja on oo no 00 4^ no 4^ 27,373 53.8 4^ to 52.6 71.2 28.7 oo ö

91.3 22,927 53.0 44.1 93.8

P Nanumba í"4

00 lo co LO to 00 no 72.9 23,010 to LO 29.2 55.0 48.1 to

90.7 62,994 55.4 17.5 89.5

Pï™4 Eastern Dagomba on oo LA oo L/J íoH- 59,479 no to 4^. 4.7 45.2 57.9 25.0 ï-* OJ

29,641 58.8 17.5 17.9 74.9 35.6 12.4

Tamale Urban u> 00 00 4^ 2.9 3.6 28,542 57.8 19.7 14.5 ON _4^ 25.5

42,071 51.6 25.3 87.4 94.1 2.3

P^ Western Dagomba 00 LA 00 <Ï 61.9 0.6 40,217 57.3 44.3 1—»t—* toON 10.8

52,541 51.7 17.0 10.2 90.5 92.6 1.1

P South Mamprusi ON 00 00

51,922 h-* 8.7 5.3 27.5 0.3 56.8 26.9

ta «-»•

S^ cd Er fpOQ * trCD O 3t-t dp^o S s ^3 ZXIs• OnO S"*ö- o* !»8h5' (S Z«

•-0 d > O m O S O > 9 < 3 § 1 0 w 2 H ffl m CODE w X 0 d r ►d GO ►d ►d

UPPER REGION

DISTRICT

% % Aged % % 15 % 15and inBorn inBorn region inBorn + in country Employed in over another locality,same another Ghana another Africain employeepopulation population agriculture 1%15+ population unemployed 0 = - Ol region CK 00 LO 4a VO to •O

88.3 64,518 50.6 11.1 11.0 90.7

bto P WALA ^2 00ON OO tO 9.8 17.0 -o 66,455 56.9 36.8 LO 67.9

89.2 53,025 46.9 11.9 90.0

b P ^2 b bto LAWRA Ol boi OO ÒO to 74.1 61,168 56.6 36.4 to 87.0

89.7 92.4 20,818 49.8 7.8

P P b OH- ï"1 TUMU ^2 01

bo OO b4a vo lo 1.6 16.3 22,722 57.3 50.6

89.8 96.1 24,246 59.3 3.2

P b P b 0 b rb BUILSA O ^2 Pb 0

1.8 19.5 VO 26,676 65.3 31.3

r* 00

44,556 56.3 4.6

0 Prb b H- KASSENA On on Ol-0 Ol►— b01 4a - NANKANI to "to \o 48,841 64.8 44.5 LO 00

85.5 92.5 69,907 56.3 5.1 1.3

21.6 87.7 V£> to 80,121 67.0 40.1 2.1 to>—

85.9 92.5 87,358 58.1 6.5

KUSASI ^2 OH- <1 bo lo LO lo H- to VO "lo 10.3 45.0 86,933 64.6 13.1 lo 4^

o £

^d-

^CD -, 2.® CO yx ^ CD dCDr-f tr 1CD

a2; ? m_ ^a^ n> OCD &8|'S tJ g.<8 s CD H-. o o2-S 50« >-i aqCD {/>

TABLE 2 DENSITY

DISTRICT DENSITY TOWNS IN DISTRICTS AREA IN RURAL RURAL DENSITY CODE No TOTAL POP. POP. PER SQ. MLS. POP. POP. PER SQ. ML. (See Map 1) SQ. MILE TOWN POP.

01 93,083 1,366 68 AXIM 5,619 87,464 64

02 76,692 318 241 SHAMA 6,718 KWESIMINTSIM 6,333 13,051 63,641 200

— — — 03 123,313 59 2,090 —

ELMINA 04 72,117 202 357 8,534 MOREE 7,634 16,168 55,949 277

— — — 05 56,914 46 1,237 —

ANOMAßU 06 124,843 332 376 5,423 TANTUM 6,834 SALTPOND 9,869 22,126 102,717 309

APAM 07 171,111 57 300 8,728 ßODWOASE 5,723 SENYA-BERAKU WINNEBA 7,984 MUMFORD 25,376 8,666 56,477 114,634 231

— — 08 20,546 17 1,209 — —

09 51,088 165 310 ABODOM 5,085 KWANYAKO 6,694 11,774 39,309 238

10 23,870 77 310 7,542 BESEASE 11 101,439 497 204 5,356 ESIKUMA 12,898' 88,541 178

12 55,720 897 62 FOSO 5,284 50,436 56

13 73,742 1,011 73 DUNKWA 12,689 61,053 60

14 91,830 1,727 53 PRESTEA 13,246 78,584 46

— — — 15 49,272 64 770 —

16 76,095 3,027 25 ASANKRANGWA 5,497 70,598 23

— 17 76,478 2,338 29 — SAME 29

18 48,392 337 144 BIBIANI 12,942 35,450 105

20 76,294 845 90 PRAMPRAM 6,065 70,229 83

— 21 388,396 87 4,464 — — —

22 27,127 63 431 "

40 DENSITY

DENSITY DISTRICT AREA IN TOWNS IN DISTRICTS RURAL RURAL DENSITY TOTAL POP. POP. PER CODE IS O. POP. POP. PER SQ. ML. SQ. MLS. POP. (See Map 1) SQ. MILE TOWN

30 103,834 87 119 AKROSO 5,398 98,436 113

31 113,364 505 224 KIBI 5,069 SUHUM 10,193 15,262 98,012 194

— — 32 29,793 44 677 — —

33 78,746 359 219 AKROPONG 5,606 LARTEH 6,381 11,987 66,759 186

— — 194 34 50,116 258 194 SAME

— — 118 35 32,681 276 118 SAME 189 36 163,708 816 201 SOMANYA 9,258 154,450

— 37 53,815 38 1,416 — — —

38 118,090 873 135 NEW TAFO 10,557 KUKURANTUMI 5,061 BEGORO 9,289 24,907 93,183 107

AKWATIA 12,592 39 161,354 773 209 ASAMANKESE 16,718 KADE 6,274 PRAMKESE 6,146 41,730 119,624 155

— — — 40 52,539 98 536 —

41 71,309 303 235 M PRAl-SO 5.193 NKAWKAW 15,627 20,820 50,489 167

— — SAME 26 42 64,847 2,484 26

41 TABLE 2 DENSITY

DENSITY TOWNS IN DISTRICTS RURAL RURAL DENSITY DISTRICT AREA IN CODE No TOTAL POP. POP. PER POP. POP. PER SQ. ML. SQ. MLS. POP. (See Map 1) SQ. MILE TOWN

50 69,872 227 308 ANYAKO 5,097 ANLOGA 11,038 TEGBI 5,924 22,059 47,813 201

— — 51 29,711 72 413 — —

52 141,434 584 242 AFLAO 7,439 DZODZE 5,776 13,215 128,219 220

— — 53 86,056 942 91 — SAME

54 116,993 1,017 115 HO 14,519 102,474 101

55 118,999 785 152 HOHOE 9,502 KPANDU 8,070 17,572 101,427 129

48 56 214,230 4,316 50 KADJEBI 7,419 206,739

— — SAME 63 60 68,047 1,077 63

— — — 61 26,578 7 3,797 — 140,281 120 62 149,374 1,171 128 BEKWAI 9,093

89 63 153,756 1,669 92 1EPPA 5,409 148,347

— — — 64 218,172 62 3,519 —

— — SAME 279 65 108,895 391 279

66 120,452 978 123 AGOGO 8,319 KONONGO 10,771 ODUMASI 5,540 24,630 95,822 98

6,213 67 136,416 2,976 46 EFFIDUASE EJURA 7,078 MAMPONG 7,943 21,234 115,182 39

— 117 68 127,443 1,086 117 1 SAME

42 TABLE 2 DENSITY

DENSITY DISTRICT TOWNS IN DISTRICTS RURAL RURAL DENSITY AREA IN CODE NO. TOTAL POP. POP. PER POP. POP. PER SQ. ML. (See Map I) SQ. MLS. SQ. MILE TOWN POP.

70 81,589 1,502 54 mim 6,805 74,784 50

— — — 71 15,810 116 136 —

72 230,368 2,795 82 bechem 5,501 berekum 11,148 chiraa 5,672 dormaa/ ahenkro 7,107 duayaw/ nkwanta 5,576 nsuatre 6,262 TECHIMENTIA 5,583 46,849 183.519 66

73 194,304 5,686 34 nkoranza 6,250 techiman 8,755 wenchi 10,672 25,677 168,627 30

— 74 65,849 5,174 13 — same 13

80 62,437 9,439 7 damongo 6,575 55,862 6

— 81 55,792 5,002 11 — same 11

— 82 45,937 1,475 31 — same 31

83 122,473 6,169 20 yendi 16,096 106,377 17

— — 84 58,183 93 626 — —

85 82,288 2,001 41 savelugu 5,949 76,339 38

86 104,463 2,996 35 — — same 35

87 130,973 3,362 39 wa 14,342 116,631 35

88 114,193 1,085 105 — — same 105

89 43,540 2,687 16 — — same 16

90 50,922 857 59 — — same 59

91 93,397 634 147 — — same 147

92 150,028 735 204 BOLGANTANGA 5,515 144,513 197

93 174,291 1,188 147 bawku 12,719 161,572 136

MAP RURAL POPULATION DENSITY

Yendi

h,jwre - Krachi • p/enchi 5 Atebutu

^ • Mampon^ •Kpandu.^

Xumn:

-Nkawkaw Bifeiani 'BikwàTS

pbuait jo. matvso _ÎÎP—= Niawam~20

\ . . Asankrarujwa äff# mm i^onaSivedr ACCRA Pretba

'inneba Tartwa

Cape Coost MILES

F^ckuncií PER SQUARE MILE iokoradi UNDER ZOO and over 50-74 100- 149

UR&AN

150-199 AREAS 25-49 75-99

Based on the map in the I960 Census report, •Photo-lithographed and Printed Drawn by A. Boateng and C. Holm, K.N.U.S.T. by the Survey of Ghana, Accra. -

- RURAL MIGRATION TRENDS

iTamale

Keti- lírachi Atebubu 4- 4- 4- -I- 4- 4-4" 4- \

, 4- +r * x + +

RATIOS)

LARGE LARGE LITTLE

CHANCE GAIN GAIN

Based on the map in the I960 Census report,- Photo-lithographed and Printed Drawn by A. Boateng and C. Holm, K.N.U.S.T. by the Survey of Ghana, Accra.