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Chapter One Introduction: the Quest 1 NoTEs Chapter One Introduction: The Quest 1. For example, Daniel Burston, The Legacy of Erich Fromm (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991); Mauricio Cortina and Michael Maccoby (eds.), A Prophetic Analyst: Erich Fromm's Contribution to Psychoanalysis (Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson, 1996). 2. See Pamela Pilbeam, Republicanism in Nineteenth Century France, 1814-1871 (London: Macmillan, 1995). 3. Biographical details of Fromm's life are taken from Rainer Funk, Erich Fromm: His Life and Ideas (New York: Continuum, 2000), except where stated. 4. Erich Fromm, Beyond the Chains of Illusion: My Encounter with Marx and Freud (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1962), p. 5. 5. Ibid., pp. 5-6. 6. Hermann Cohen, Religion of Reason: Out of the Sources of judaism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Fromm pays tribute to the influence of "that great opus" in You Shall Be As Gods (New York: Henry Holt, 1991), pp. 12-13; on Cohen's neo-Kantian social­ ism see Harty van der Linden, Kantian Ethics and Socialism (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1988). 7. The manuscript of the projected work is published as part three of Erich Fromm, On Being Human (New York: Continuum, 1998), and comprises discussions of Meister Eckhart, Karl Marx, and their common religious concern. 8. Erich Fromm, Psychoanalysis and Religion (Yale: Harvard University Press, 1978), pp. 93-95. 9. Erich Fromm, The Sane Society (New York: Henry Holt, 1990), p. 60. 10. Fromm, Psychoanalysis and Religion, p. 1. 11. Fromm, The Sane Society, p. 140. 12. Terry Eagleton, After Theory (New York and London: Allen Lane Penguin, 2003), p. 121. 13. Erich Fromm, Escape From Freedom (New York: Henry Holt, 1994), p. 263. 14. Erich Fromm, "Sex and Character" (1943) in Fromm, Love, Sexuality and Matriarchy: About Gender (New York: Fromm International, 1999), pp. 114-115. 15. Margaret Canavan, "Sleeping Dogs, Prowling Cats and Soaring Doves: Three Paradoxes in the Political Theory of Nationhood" in Political Studies 49 (2), 2001, p. 212. 16. Fromm, Beyond the Chains ofIllusion, p. 10. 17. For an excellent collection on his work as a psychoanalyst see Mauricio Cortina and Michael Maccoby (eds.), A Prophetic Analyst: Erich Fromm's Contribution to Psychoanalysis (Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1996). 18. Erich Fromm, To Have or To Be? (New York: Continuum, 2002), p. 174. 19. Ibid., p. 197 and p. 173. 20. Ibid., p. 174. 21. Ibid., p. 175. 22. Fromm, The Sane Society, p. 362. 23. Fromm, To Have or To Be?, p. 105. 154 I NOTES 24. Ibid., parts one and two. 25. Charles Pasternak, Quest: The Essence ofHumanity (Chichester and Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2003). 26. Erich Fromm, "Psychoanalysis and Sociology" in Stephen E. Bronner and Douglas M. Kellner (eds.), Critical Theory and Society: A Reader (London: Routledge, 1989), pp. 37-39. 27. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works, volume four (New York and London: International Publishers and Lawrence & Wishart, 1975), p. 93. 28. Erich Fromm, The Dogma of Christ (New York: Henry Holt, 1993), pp. 46--47. 29. Ibid., p. 48. 30. Fromm, Psychoanalysis and Religion, pp. 48-49. 31. Fromm, The Working Class in Weimar (London: Berg, 1984), p. 228. 32. Max Horkheimer, Foreword to Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History ofthe Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), p. xxv 33. As reported by Wolfgang Bonss, Introduction to Fromm, The Working Class in Weimar, p. 3. 34. Ibid., p. 33. 35. T. W. Adorno, E. Frenkel-Brunswick, D. Levinson, and R. Nevitt Sanford, The Authoritarian Personality (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969)-most acknowledgements to Fromm's path-breaking work are provided in Else Frenkel-Brunswick's contribution. 36. This view is convincingly expressed by Jose Brunner in "Looking into the Hearts of the Workers, or: How Erich Fromm Turned Critical Theory into Empirical Research" in Political Psychology 15 (4), 1994. 37. Erich Fromm, "The Method and Function of an Analytic Social Psychology: Observations on Psychoanalysis and Historical Materialism" in Fromm, The Crisis of Psychoanalysis (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), pp. 110-134. This is also published in A. Arato and E. Gebhardt (eds.), The Essential Frankfurt School Reader (New York: Urizen Books, 1978), pp. 477--496. 38. Erich Fromm, "Sozialpsychologischer Teil" in Erich Fromm Gesamtausagbe (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Antalt and Mi.inchen: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1999), volume one, pp. 139-187-originally published in Studien iiber Autoritiit und Familie, Schriften des Institut fi.ir Sozialforschung 5 (Paris: Alcan, 1936). 39. Erich Fromm, The Revision ofPsychoanalysis, Rainer Funk (ed.) (Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press, 1992), p. 33. 40. John Schaar, Escape From Authority: The Perspectives ofErich Fromm (Evanston, New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1964), p. 8. 41. Fromm, The Crisis ofPsychoanalysis, chapters 2 and 5. 42. Fromm, The Revision ofPsychoanalysis, p. 9. 43. Ibid., p. 33. 44. Fromm, The Revision ofPsychoanalysis, pp. 7-8. 45. The book was first published in Great Britain in 1942 under a different tide, The Fear of Freedom. Confusingly, this tide has been retained in subsequent editions, for example, Erich Fromm, The Fear ofFreedom (London: Routledge, 1997). 46. Fromm, Escape From Freedom, pp. 11-12. 47. Ibid, p. 276. 48. Ibid., pp. 256-257 and 287. In his discussion of social character in The Sane Society he emphasizes the interaction between human nature and the nature of the external conditions, stating that humanity is not a "blank sheet of paper on which culture writes its text," p. 81. 49. Fromm, Escape From Freedom, p. 296; cf. Erich Fromm, "The Application of Humanist Psychoanalysis to Marx's Theory'' in Fromm, On Disobedience and Other Essays (New York: Seabury Press, 1981), pp. 29-30. 50. Erich Fromm, Man For Himself An Inquiry Into the Psychology ofEthics (New York: Henry Holt, 1990), pp. 57-58. NOTES I 155 51. Michael Maccoby, Introduction to Eric Fromm and Michael Maccoby, Social Character in a Mexican Village (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Books, 1996), p. xxii. 52. This aspect of Fromm's work is beyond the scope of this book. 53. In discussion with Jurgen Habermas in "Theory and Politics: A Discussion with Herbert Marcuse, Jurgen Habermas, Heinz Lubasz, and Tillman Spenglar" in Telos 38 (1978-1979), p. 127, Marcuse asserts "the real reason for Fromm's departure from the Institute was his castration of Freudian theory, especially the revision of the Freudian concept of instinctual drives." 54. According to Rainer Funk this was $4000, or one year's salary-Rainer Funk, Erich Fromm: His Life and Ideas (New York: Continuum, 2000), p. 92, but RolfWiggershaus reports a figure of £20,000-RolfWiggershaus, The Frankfort School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance (Cambridge: Polity, 1995), p. 271. On Fromm's involvement and break with the School see Funk, Wiggershaus, pp. 52-64 and 265-273, and Jay, The Dialectical Imagination, pp. 88-106. 55. This is discussed in Jay's The Dialectical Imagination, pp. 103-105. 56. Herbert Marcuse, "Critique of Neo-Freudian Revisionism" in Eros and Civilisation: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud (London: Routledge, 1998), pp. 238-274. For Fromm's attack on Marcuse see "The Alleged Radicalism of Herbert Marcuse" in Fromm, The Revision ofPsychoanalysis. 57. For an excellent discussion of the details of the Fromm-Marcuse dispute see John Rickert, "The Fromm-Marcuse Debate Revisited" in Theory and Society 15 (3), 1986, pp. 351-399. See also Daniel Burston, The Legacy ofErich Fromm (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), ch. 9, and Jay, The Dialectical Imagination, pp. 106-112. 58. "Theory and Politics: A Discussion with Herbert Marcuse, Ji.irgen Habermas, Heinz Lubasz, and Tillman Spenglar" in Telos 38 (1978-1979), p. 127. 59. Fromm, Man For Himself, pp. 12-13 and 211-212. 60. Ibid., p. 14. 61. Ibid., p. 20. 62. Ibid., chapter three. 63. Ibid., p. 43. 64. Erich Fromm, The Heart ofMan: Its Genius for Good and Evil (New York, Evanston and London: Harper and Row, 1964), p. 116n. 65. Ibid., p. 117. 66. Ibid., p. 121. 67. Erich Fromm, The Art ofLoving (London: Thorsons, 1995), pp. 65-83. 68. Funk, Erich Fromm: His Life and Ideas, p. 139. 69. Erich Fromm, The Art ofLoving, p. 103. Fromm quotes this passage in his posthumously published article on "The Alleged Radicalism of Herbert Marcuse" in Fromm, The Revision ofPsychoanalysis, pp. 126-127. 70. Erich Fromm, "Psychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism" in Fromm, D. T. Suzuki, and R. De Martino, Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis (London: Souvenir Press, 1993) [originally 1960]. 71. Fromm, To Have or To Be?, p. 6. 72. Ibid., p. 109-110. Fromm relates the having character to Ibsen's Peer Gynt. 73. Ibid., p. 77. 74. Ibid., p. 78. 75. Ibid., p. 199. 76. Ibid., p. 185. The qualities of the "new man" are listed on pp. 170-172. 77. Fromm, Escape From Freedom, p. 268. 78. Fromm, Psychoanalysis and Religion, p. 26. 79. Ibid., pp. 33-36 and p. 85. 80. Ibid., p. 37. 81. Ibid., pp. 49-50. 82. Fromm, Escape From Freedom, p. 271. 156 I NOTES 83. Fromm, The Sane Society, p. 239. For a sample of Luxemburg's work see Rosa Luxemburg, Selected Political Writingr (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971). Landauer, less well-known in the English-speaking world, was a communitarian socialist who emphasized the spiritual dimension of socialism-Gustav Landauer, For Socialism (St. Louis: Telos Press, 1978). 84. Fromm, The Sane Society, p. 240. 85. Fromm, To Have or To Be?, p. 160. 86. This is from a recently discovered review by Fromm of Trotsky's Diary in Exile-1935, published by Harvard University Press in 1958. See Science and Society 66 (2), 2002, pp.
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